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Stock-based compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]  
Stock option, restricted stock unit and employee stock purchase plan transactions
Shares available for future grant and reserved for issuance are summarized below:
 
 
As of December 31, 2011
Shares
 
Long-term Incentive
and Director
Compensation Plans
 
Employee Stock
Purchase Plan
 
Total
Reserved for issuance (a)
 
224,383,737

 
27,967,317

 
252,351,054

Shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and RSUs
 
(136,755,907
)
 
(580,095
)
 
(137,336,002
)
Available for future grants
 
87,627,830

 
27,387,222

 
115,015,052

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

 
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009
Stock-based compensation expense recognized in:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenue (COR)
 
$
40

 
$
36

 
$
35

Research and development (R&D)
 
58

 
53

 
54

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A)
 
121

 
101

 
97

Acquisition charges
 
50

 

 

Total
 
$
269

 
$
190

 
$
186

Employee stock purchase plan transactions during 2011 were as follows:
 
 
Employee Stock
Purchase Plan
(Shares)
 
Exercise Price
Outstanding grants, December 31, 2010
 
487,871

 
$
27.83

Granted
 
2,200,718

 
26.04

Exercised
 
(2,108,494
)
 
26.66

Outstanding grants, December 31, 2011
 
580,095

 
$
25.29

Summarized information as of December 31, 2011, about outstanding stock options that are vested and expected to vest, as well as stock options that are currently exercisable, is as follows:

 
 
Outstanding Stock Options (Fully
Vested and Expected to Vest) (a)
 
Options
Exercisable
Number of outstanding (shares)
 
112,230,358

 
82,234,319

Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)
 
4.5

 
3.2

Weighted average exercise price per share
 
$
26.03

 
$
25.97

Intrinsic value (millions of dollars)
 
$
539

 
$
370

(a) Includes effects of expected forfeitures of approximately 1 million shares. Excluding the effects of expected forfeitures, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $543 million.
We estimate the fair values for non-qualified stock options under long-term incentive and director compensation plans using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions (these assumptions exclude options assumed in connection with the National acquisition):
 
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009
Weighted average grant date fair value, per share
 
$
10.37

 
$
6.61

 
$
5.43

Weighted average assumptions used:
 
 
 
 

 
 

Expected volatility
 
30
%
 
32
%
 
48
%
Expected lives (in years)
 
6.9

 
6.4

 
5.9  

Risk-free interest rates
 
2.61
%
 
2.83
%
 
2.63
%
Expected dividend yields
 
1.51
%
 
2.08
%
 
2.94
%
Stock option and RSU transactions under our long-term incentive and director compensation plans during 2011, including stock options and RSUs assumed in connection with the National acquisition, were as follows:
 
 
Stock Options
 
RSUs
 
 
Shares
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price
per Share
 
Shares
 
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair
Value per Share
Outstanding grants, December 31, 2010
 
150,135,013

 
$
27.70

 
18,567,365

 
$
23.06

Granted
 
10,310,816

 
34.55

 
5,879,409

 
33.20

Assumed in National acquisition
 
1,316,283

 
15.75

 
4,884,774

 
27.22

Vested RSUs
 

 

 
(5,359,066
)
 
28.96

Expired and forfeited
 
(22,906,524
)
 
42.59

 
(613,636
)
 
24.43

Exercised
 
(25,582,194
)
 
24.91

 

 

Outstanding grants, December 31, 2011
 
113,273,394

 
$
25.79

 
23,358,846

 
$
25.09

Schedule of share-based compensation, Shares outstanding under stock option plans, by exercise price range
Summarized information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2011, including options assumed in connection with the National acquisition, is as follows:
 
 
 
Stock Options Outstanding
 
Options Exercisable
Range of
Exercise
Prices
 
Number
Outstanding
(Shares)
 
Weighted Average
Remaining Contractual
Life (Years)
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price per
Share
 
Number
Exercisable
(Shares)
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price per
Share
$
.26 to 10.00
 
13,813

 
1.1

 
$
6.64

 
13,813

 
$
6.64

 
10.01 to 20.00
 
26,219,258

 
3.8

 
15.66

 
18,859,398

 
15.91

 
20.01 to 30.00
 
44,961,810

 
5.1

 
24.98

 
31,390,099

 
25.38

 
30.01 to 38.40
 
42,078,513

 
4.3

 
32.99

 
31,971,009

 
32.49

$
.26 to 38.40
 
113,273,394

 
4.5

 
$
25.79

 
82,234,319

 
$
25.97