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Retirement Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Defined Contribution Plan [Abstract]  
Retirement Benefit Plans
15.
Retirement Benefit Plans
Substantially all U.S. employees are covered by various retirement benefit plans, including postretirement medical plans and defined contribution savings plans. Retirement benefits for eligible employees in foreign locations are funded principally through defined benefit plans, annuity or government programs. The total cost of benefits for our plans was $11,926, $13,253 and $12,108 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
We had a qualified, funded defined benefit retirement plan (the “U.S. Pension Plan”) covering certain current and retired employees in the U.S. During 2015, the plan was amended to freeze benefits for all participants effective January 31, 2017. On February 15, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the U.S. Pension Plan, effective May 15, 2017. Participants who elected an immediate lump sum distribution were paid out in December 2017. Assets for participants who elected or are currently receiving annuity payments and those who have elected to defer their benefits were transferred to the annuity company, Pacific Life, in December 2017. Excess assets were transferred from the Tennant Company Pension Trust to the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan to deliver future discretionary benefits to plan participants. As of December 31, 2018, we held excess assets of $6,408 for future discretionary benefit payments.
We have a U.S. postretirement medical benefit plan (the “U.S. Retiree Plan”) to provide certain healthcare benefits for U.S. employees hired before January 1, 1999. Eligibility for those benefits is based upon a combination of years of service with us and age upon retirement.
Our defined contribution savings plan (“401(k)”) covers substantially all U.S. employees. Under this plan, we match up to 3% of the employee’s annual compensation in cash to be invested per their election. We also make a profit sharing contribution to the 401(k) plan for employees with more than one year of service in accordance with our Profit Sharing Plan. This contribution is based upon our financial performance and can be funded in the form of Tennant stock, cash or a combination of both. Expenses for the 401(k) plan were $8,073, $4,404 and $8,359 during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
We have a U.S. nonqualified supplemental benefit plan (the “U.S. Nonqualified Plan”) to provide additional retirement benefits for certain employees whose benefits under our 401(k) plan or U.S. Pension Plan are limited by either the Employee Retirement Income Security Act or the Internal Revenue Code.
We also have defined benefit pension plans in the United Kingdom and Germany (the “U.K. Pension Plan” and the “German Pension Plan”). The U.K. Pension Plan and German Pension Plan cover certain current and retired employees and both plans are closed to new participants. In December 2018, the U.K. Pension Plan was amended to close all future accrual of benefits to existing active members, resulting in a curtailment gain of $165 relating to past service benefits.
We expect to contribute approximately $146 to our U.S. Nonqualified Plan, $779 to our U.S. Retiree Plan, $360 to our U.K. Pension Plan and $34 to our German Pension Plan in 2019.
Weighted-average asset allocations by asset category of the U.K. Pension Plan and the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:
Asset Category
Fair Value
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Cash and Cash Equivalents
$
6,408

 
$
6,408

 
$
—

 
$
—

Investment Account held by Pension Plan(1)
10,842

 
—

 
—

 
10,842

Total
$
17,250

 
$
6,408

 
$
—

 
$
10,842

(1) 
This category is comprised of investments in insurance contracts.
Weighted-average asset allocations by asset category of the U.K. Pension Plan and the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan as of December 31, 2017 are as follows:
Asset Category
Fair Value
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Cash and Cash Equivalents
$
6,305

 
$
6,305

 
$
—

 
$
—

Investment Account held by Pension Plan(1)
11,163

 
—

 
—

 
11,163

Total
$
17,468

 
$
6,305

 
$
—

 
$
11,163

(1) 
This category is comprised of investments in insurance contracts.
Estimates of the fair value of the U.K Pension Plan and the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan assets are based on the framework established in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. A brief description of the three levels can be found in Note 14. The Investment Account held by the U.K. Pension Plan invests in insurance contracts for purposes of funding the U.K. Pension Plan and is classified as Level 3. The fair value of the Investment Account is the cash surrender values as determined by the provider which are the amounts the plan would receive if the contracts were cashed out at year end. The underlying assets held by these contracts are primarily invested in assets traded in active markets.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Level 3 investments of our U.K. Pension Plan during the years ended December 31 are as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
Fair value at beginning of year
$
11,163

 
$
9,562

Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net
(856
)
 
(535
)
Net gain
1,138

 
1,190

Foreign currency
(603
)
 
946

Fair value at end of year
$
10,842

 
$
11,163


The primary objective of our U.K. Pension Plan is to meet retirement income commitments to plan participants at a reasonable cost to us and to maintain a sound actuarially funded status. This objective is accomplished through growth of capital and safety of funds invested. Assets are invested in securities to achieve growth of capital over inflation through appreciation and accumulation and reinvestment of dividend and interest income. Investments are diversified to control risk. The U.K. Pension Plan is invested in insurance contracts with underlying investments primarily in equity and fixed income securities. Our German Pension Plan is unfunded, which is customary in that country.
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31 are as follows:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Discount rate
3.95
%
 
3.28
%
 
2.72
%
 
2.45
%
 
3.95
%
 
3.26
%
Rate of compensation increase
—
%
 
—
%
 
3.50
%
 
3.50
%
 
—

 
—

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs as of December 31 are as follows:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Discount rate
3.28
%
 
3.92
%
 
4.08
%
 
2.45
%
 
2.64
%
 
3.59
%
 
3.26
%
 
3.58
%
 
3.70
%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
—
%
 
5.10
%
 
5.20
%
 
3.80
%
 
3.90
%
 
4.60
%
 
—

 
—

 
—

Rate of compensation increase
—
%
 
—
%
 
3.00
%
 
3.50
%
 
3.50
%
 
3.50
%
 
—

 
—

 
—


The discount rate is used to discount future benefit obligations back to today’s dollars. Our discount rates were determined based on high-quality fixed income investments. The resulting discount rates are consistent with the duration of plan liabilities. The FTSE (formerly known as Citigroup) Above Median Spot Rates for high-quality corporate bonds are used in determining the discount rate for the U.S. Plans. The expected return on assets assumption on the investment portfolios for the pension plans is based on the long-term expected returns for the investment mix of assets currently in the portfolio. Management uses historic return trends of the asset portfolio combined with recent market conditions to estimate the future rate of return.
The accumulated benefit obligations as of December 31 for all defined benefit plans are as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
U.S. Pension Plans
$
1,267

 
$
1,414

U.K. Pension Plan
9,264

 
11,131

German Pension Plan
950

 
1,013


Information for our plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 is as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
Accumulated benefit obligation
$
2,217

 
$
2,427

Fair value of plan assets
—

 
—


As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the U.S. Nonqualified and the German Pension Plans had an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets.
Information for our plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 is as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
Projected benefit obligation
$
2,217

 
$
2,427

Fair value of plan assets
—

 
—


As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the U.S. Nonqualified and the German Pension Plans had a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets.
Assumed healthcare cost trend rates as of December 31 are as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
Healthcare cost trend rate assumption for the next year
6.38
%
 
6.56
%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)
5.00
%
 
5.00
%
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate
2032

 
2032


Assumed healthcare cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for healthcare plans. To illustrate, a one-percentage-point change in assumed healthcare cost trends would have the following effects:
 
1-Percentage-
Point
Decrease
 
1-Percentage-
Point
Increase
Effect on total of service and interest cost components
$
(26
)
 
$
29

Effect on postretirement benefit obligation
$
(599
)
 
$
672


Summaries related to changes in benefit obligations and plan assets and to the funded status of our defined benefit and postretirement medical benefit plans are as follows:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Change in benefit obligation:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Benefit obligation at beginning of year
$
1,414

 
$
40,961

 
$
12,144

 
$
11,136

 
$
9,604

 
$
10,540

Service cost
—

 
—

 
126

 
132

 
45

 
60

Interest cost
43

 
1,538

 
280

 
298

 
293

 
363

Plan participants' contributions
—

 
—

 
13

 
14

 
—

 
—

Plan amendments
—

 
—

 
109

 
—

 
—

 
—

Actuarial loss (gain)
35

 
1,811

 
(514
)
 
327

 
(485
)
 
(524
)
Foreign exchange
—

 
—

 
(583
)
 
1,097

 
—

 
—

Benefits paid
(149
)
 
(1,950
)
 
(1,196
)
 
(860
)
 
(844
)
 
(835
)
Settlement
(76
)
 
(40,946
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Curtailment
—

 
—

 
(165
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Benefit obligation at end of year
$
1,267

 
$
1,414

 
$
10,214

 
$
12,144

 
$
8,613

 
$
9,604

Change in fair value of plan assets and net accrued liabilities:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
$
—

 
$
46,389

 
$
11,163

 
$
9,562

 
$
—

 
$
—

Actual return on plan assets
—

 
2,536

 
1,138

 
1,189

 
—

 
—

Employer contributions
225

 
276

 
327

 
313

 
844

 
835

Plan participants' contributions
—

 
—

 
13

 
14

 
—

 
—

Excess assets transferred to Defined Contribution Plan
—

 
(6,305
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Foreign exchange
—

 
—

 
(603
)
 
945

 
—

 
—

Benefits paid
(149
)
 
(1,950
)
 
(1,196
)
 
(860
)
 
(844
)
 
(835
)
Settlement
(76
)
 
(40,946
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Fair value of plan assets at end of year
—

 
—

 
10,842

 
11,163

 
—

 
—

Funded status at end of year
$
(1,267
)
 
$
(1,414
)
 
$
628

 
$
(981
)
 
$
(8,613
)
 
$
(9,604
)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:
Noncurrent Other Assets
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,578

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Current Liabilities
(146
)
 
(140
)
 
(34
)
 
(36
)
 
(779
)
 
(771
)
Long-Term Liabilities
(1,121
)
 
(1,274
)
 
(916
)
 
(945
)
 
(7,834
)
 
(8,833
)
Net accrued (liability) asset
$
(1,267
)
 
$
(1,414
)
 
$
628

 
$
(981
)
 
$
(8,613
)
 
$
(9,604
)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of:
Prior service cost
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(109
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Net actuarial (loss) gain
(852
)
 
(915
)
 
42

 
(1,245
)
 
444

 
(41
)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
$
(852
)
 
$
(915
)
 
$
(67
)
 
$
(1,245
)
 
$
444

 
$
(41
)

The components of the net periodic benefit (credit) cost for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Service cost
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
354

 
$
126

 
$
132

 
$
103

 
$
45

 
$
60

 
$
76

Interest cost
43

 
1,538

 
1,659

 
280

 
298

 
358

 
293

 
363

 
396

Expected return on plan assets
—

 
(2,336
)
 
(2,400
)
 
(403
)
 
(379
)
 
(452
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Amortization of net actuarial loss
49

 
43

 
41

 
38

 
74

 
27

 
—

 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service cost
—

 
—

 
41

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Foreign currency
—

 
—

 
—

 
35

 
(1
)
 
97

 
—

 
—

 
—

Net periodic benefit cost (credit)
92

 
(755
)
 
(305
)
 
76

 
124

 
133

 
338

 
423

 
472

Curtailment
—

 
—

 
—

 
(165
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Settlement
49

 
6,373

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Net benefit cost (credit)
$
141

 
$
5,618

 
$
(305
)
 
$
(89
)
 
$
124

 
$
133

 
$
338

 
$
423

 
$
472


The changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Prior service cost
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
109

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Net actuarial loss (gain)
35

 
1,611

 
633

 
(1,249
)
 
(465
)
 
1,718

 
(485
)
 
(524
)
 
6

Amortization of prior service cost
—

 
—

 
(41
)
 
(19
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Amortization of net actuarial loss
(49
)
 
(43
)
 
(41
)
 
(38
)
 
(74
)
 
(27
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Settlement
(49
)
 
(6,373
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss
$
(63
)
 
$
(4,805
)
 
$
551

 
$
(1,197
)
 
$
(539
)
 
$
1,691

 
$
(485
)
 
$
(524
)
 
$
6

Total recognized in net benefit cost (credit) and other comprehensive (income) loss
$
78

 
$
813

 
$
246

 
$
(1,286
)
 
$
(415
)
 
$
1,824

 
$
(147
)
 
$
(101
)
 
$
478


The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid for our U.S. and Non-U.S. plans:
 
U.S. Pension Benefits
 
Non-U.S.
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical Benefits
2019
$
146

 
$
243

 
$
779

2020
138

 
249

 
830

2021
129

 
257

 
752

2022
121

 
265

 
755

2023
112

 
275

 
715

2024 to 2028
468

 
1,511

 
3,424

Total
$
1,114

 
$
2,800

 
$
7,255


The following amounts are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss as of December 31, 2018 and are expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost during 2019:
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Postretirement
Medical
Benefits
Net actuarial loss
$
104

 
$
—

Transition obligation
4

 
—