10-K

,

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

Commission file number: 001-6615

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	95-2594729
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400 Southfield, Michigan	48033
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (248) 352-7300

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	SUP	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s $0.01 par value common equity held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter was $106,713,694, based on a closing price of $3.95. On February 24, 2023, there were 27,016,125 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s 2023 Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Auditor Firm Id: 34 Auditor Name: Deloitte & Touche LLP Auditor Location: Detroit, Michigan

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		PAGE
PART I
Item 1	Business.	1
Item 1A	Risk Factors.	3
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments.	16
Item 2	Properties.	16
Item 3	Legal Proceedings.	16
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures.	16
Item 4A	Information About Executive Officers.	17
PART II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.	19
Item 6	[Reserved]	19
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	20
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	29
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.	30
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	63
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures.	63
Item 9B	Other Information.	63
Item 9C	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	63
PART III
Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.	64
Item 11	Executive Compensation.	64
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.	64
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.	64
Item 14	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	64
PART IV
Item 15	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	65
Schedule II	Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.	69
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary.	70
SIGNATURES		71

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. We have included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”)) and from time to time our management may make statements that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements are based upon management’s current expectations, estimates, assumptions and beliefs concerning future events and conditions and may discuss, among other things, the impact of COVID-19, supply chain disruptions, increased energy costs and semiconductor chip shortages, as well as the Ukraine Conflict (as defined herein), on our future growth and earnings. Any statement that is not historical in nature is a forward-looking statement and may be identified using words and phrases such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “will,” “will likely result,” “will continue,” “plans to,” “could,” “continue,” “estimates” and similar expressions. These statements include our belief regarding general automotive industry and market conditions and growth rates, as well as general domestic and international economic conditions.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside the control of the Company, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements and from the Company’s historical results and experience. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Part II - Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this Annual Report and those described from time to time in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Readers are cautioned that it is not possible to predict or identify all of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results and that the risks described herein should not be considered to be a complete list. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

ITEM 1 - BUSINESS

Description of Business and Industry

Superior Industries International, Inc.’s (referred to herein as the “Company,” “Superior,” or “we” and “our”) principal business is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in North America and Europe and to the aftermarket in Europe. We employ approximately 7,700 full-time employees, operating in eight manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe. We are one of the largest aluminum wheel suppliers to global OEMs and one of the leading European aluminum wheel aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 94 percent of our sales in 2022 and are primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Honda, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz Group, Nissan, PSA, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley) and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the principal markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European and Asian OEMs.

Demand for our products is mainly driven by light-vehicle production levels in North America and Europe and customer take rates on specific vehicle platforms that we serve and wheel SKUs that we produce. North American light-vehicle production in 2022 was 14.3 million vehicles, as compared to 13.0 million vehicles in 2021 and 2020, respectively. In Western and Central Europe, light-vehicle production in 2022 was 13.4 million vehicles, as compared to 12.8 million and 13.6 million vehicles in 2021 and 2020, respectively. While industry production volumes in 2020 were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021 and 2022 volumes were constrained by the semiconductor chip shortage which started in the first two quarters of 2021, worsened in the last half of the year and continued throughout 2022.

The majority of our customers’ wheel programs are awarded two to four years before actual production is scheduled to begin. Our purchase orders with OEMs are typically specific to a particular vehicle model. Each year, the automotive manufacturers introduce new models, update existing models and discontinue certain models. In this process, we may be selected as the supplier on a new model, we may continue as the supplier on an updated model or we may lose the supply contract for a new or updated model to a competitor.

Customer Dependence

We have proven our ability to be a consistent producer of high-quality aluminum wheels with the capability to meet our customers’ requirements regarding delivery, overall customer service, price, quality, and technology. We continually strive to enhance our relationships with our customers through continuous improvement programs, not only through our manufacturing operations but in the engineering, design, development and quality areas as well.

GM, Ford and VW Group were our only customers individually accounting for 10 percent or more of our consolidated sales in 2022 and 2021. Our sales to these customers in 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	2022			2021
(Dollars in millions)	Percent of Sales	Dollars		Percent of Sales	Dollars
GM	26%	$	431.3	26%	$	362.3
Ford	16%	$	253.9	13%	$	179.0
VW Group	14%	$	223.4	14%	$	194.0

The loss of all or a substantial portion of our sales to these customers would have a significant adverse effect on our financial results. Refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report.

Raw Materials

Aluminum accounted for the vast majority of our total raw material requirements during 2022. Our aluminum requirements are met through purchase orders with major global producers. During 2022, we successfully secured aluminum commitments from our primary suppliers sufficient to meet our production requirements, and we anticipate being able to source aluminum requirements to meet our expected level of production in 2023.

We have contractual price adjustment clauses with our OEM customers to minimize the aluminum price risk, as well as the price risk associated with silicon and alloy premium. In the aftermarket business, we use derivatives to hedge price variability on our aluminum purchases.

When market conditions warrant, we may also enter into purchase commitments to secure the supply of certain other commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as natural gas, electricity and other raw materials.

1

Foreign Operations

We manufacture all of our North American products in Mexico for sale in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The overall cost for us to manufacture wheels in Mexico is currently lower than in the United States, due to lower labor costs as a result of lower prevailing wage rates. Similarly, we manufacture the majority of our products for the European market in Poland, for sale throughout Europe. Similar to our Mexican operations, the overall cost to manufacture wheels in Poland is substantially lower than in both the United States and Germany at the present time due principally to lower labor costs.

We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars or other derivative instruments to hedge the effect of foreign currency fluctuations on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. In such cases, subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, may hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency costs denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty, respectively, in order to reduce the effect of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates on our margins and cash flows.

Competition

Competition in the market for aluminum wheels is based primarily on delivery, overall customer service, price, quality and technology. Competition is global in nature with a significant volume of exports from Asia into Europe and North America. Some of the key competitors in North America include Central Motor Wheel of America, CITIC Dicastal Co., Ltd., Prime Wheel Corporation, Enkei, Hands Corporation, and Ronal. Key European competitors include Ronal, Borbet, Maxion and CMS. We believe we are the leading manufacturer of alloy wheels in the European aftermarket, where the competition is highly fragmented. Key aftermarket competitors include Alcar, Brock, Borbet, ATU and Mak.

Research and Development

Our policy is to continuously review, improve and develop our engineering capabilities to satisfy our customer requirements in the most efficient and cost-effective manner available. We strive to achieve this objective by attracting and retaining top engineering talent and by maintaining the latest state-of-the-art computer technology to support engineering development. Our engineering centers located in Fayetteville, Arkansas and Lüdensheid, Germany, support our research and development in North America and Europe for our global OEM customers. Research and development of our European aftermarket wheels is performed in Bad Dürkheim, Germany.

Government Regulation

Safety standards in the manufacture of vehicles and automotive equipment have been established under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended. We believe that we are in compliance with all federal standards currently applicable to OEM suppliers and to automotive manufacturers.

Environmental Compliance

Our manufacturing facilities, like most other manufacturing companies, are subject to solid waste, water and air pollution control standards mandated by federal, state and local laws. Violators of these laws are subject to fines and, in extreme cases, plant closure. We believe our facilities are in material compliance with all presently applicable standards. The cost of environmental compliance was approximately $2.9 million in 2022 and $3.0 million in 2021. We expect that future environmental compliance expenditures will approximate these levels and will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, climate change legislation or regulations restricting emission of “greenhouse gases” could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the vehicles that use our products. Refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors—We are subject to various environmental laws” of this Annual Report.

Sustainability

We published our 2022 Sustainability Report on August 31, 2022. That report reflected the results of the materiality assessment we conducted in 2021 to identify the sustainability interests of our stakeholders and develop our sustainability strategy. Based on that input, we remain committed to reducing natural gas, electricity and water consumption, solid waste and air emissions at our facilities. All Superior manufacturing plants have implemented Environmental Management Systems that are ISO14001 certified and are subject to annual audits by an independent third party.

The 2022 Sustainability Report confirmed our goal to be carbon neutral by 2039 and reported the carbon footprint of our global operations. We reduced our carbon footprint by approximately 9% and our emissions per pound of aluminum shipped by 18% versus 2020 levels. We continue to explore opportunities to:

•reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and

•offer low or zero carbon wheels to our customers.

2

Furthermore, our research and development team continues to develop light weighting solutions, such as our patented Alulite™ technology, and aerodynamic solutions that will assist in reducing our customers’ carbon footprint. We also collaborate with our customers and suppliers regarding sustainability practices throughout their supply chains.

Employees

As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 7,700 full-time employees, with 4,500 employees in North America and 3,200 employees in Europe.

Segment Information

We have aligned our executive management structure, organization and operations to focus on our performance in our North American and European regions. Financial information about our reporting segments is contained in Note 5, “Business Segments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

History

We were initially incorporated in Delaware in 1969. Our entry into the OEM aluminum wheel business in 1973 resulted from our successful development of manufacturing technology, quality control and quality assurance techniques that enabled us to satisfy the quality and volume requirements of the OEM market for aluminum wheels. The first aluminum wheel for a domestic OEM customer was a Mustang wheel for Ford. On May 30, 2017, we acquired a majority interest in UNIWHEELS AG, which was a European supplier of OEM and aftermarket aluminum wheels. UNIWHEELS AG was renamed in 2018 to Superior Industries Europe AG. Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “SUP.”

Available Information

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and any amendments thereto are available, without charge, on or through our website, www.supind.com, under “Investor Relations,” as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Also included on our website, www.supind.com, under “Investor Relations,” is our Code of Conduct, which, among others, applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. Copies of all SEC filings and our Code of Conduct are also available, without charge, upon request from Superior Industries International, Inc., Investor Relations, 26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400, Southfield, Michigan 48033.

The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information related to issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

The following discussion of risk factors contains “forward-looking” statements, which may be important to understanding any statement in this Annual Report or elsewhere. The following information should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

Our business routinely encounters and addresses risks and uncertainties. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by the factors described below. Discussion about the important risks that our business encounters can also be found in the MD&A section and in the business description in Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report. Below, we have described our present view of the most significant risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently do not consider significant, could also potentially impair our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our reactions to these risks and uncertainties as well as our competitors’ and customers’ reactions will affect our future operating results.

3

Industry and Economic Risks

The automotive industry is cyclical and volatility in the automotive industry could adversely affect our financial performance.

Predominantly, our sales are made to the European and U.S. automotive markets. Therefore, our financial performance depends largely on conditions in the European and U.S. automotive industry, which in turn can be affected significantly by broad economic and financial market conditions. Consumer demand for automobiles is subject to considerable volatility as a result of consumer confidence in general economic conditions, levels of employment, prevailing wages, general levels of inflation, fuel prices and the availability and cost of consumer credit, as well as changing consumer preferences. Demand for aluminum wheels can be further affected by other factors, including pricing and performance comparisons to competitive products. Finally, the demand for our products is influenced by shifts of market share between vehicle manufacturers and the market penetration of the specific vehicle models being sold by our customers. Decreases in demand for automobiles in Europe and the United States could adversely affect the valuation of our productive assets, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and efforts by our competitors to gain market share could adversely affect our financial performance.

The global automotive component supply industry is highly competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors, including delivery, overall customer service, price, quality, technology and available capacity to meet customer demands. Some of our competitors are companies, or divisions or subsidiaries of companies, which are larger and have greater financial and other resources than we do. We cannot ensure that our products will be able to compete successfully with the products of these competitors. In particular, our ability to maintain or increase manufacturing capacity typically requires significant investments in facilities, equipment and personnel. Additionally, as a result of evolving customer requirements, we may incur labor costs at premium rates, experience increased maintenance expenses or have to replace our machinery and equipment on an accelerated basis. Furthermore, the markets in which we compete have attracted new entrants, particularly from low-cost countries. As a result, our sales levels and margins continue to be adversely affected by pricing pressures reflective of significant competition from producers located in low-cost foreign markets, such as China. Such competition with lower cost structures poses a significant threat to our ability to compete globally. These factors have led to our customers awarding business to foreign competitors in the past, and they may continue to do so in the future. In addition, any of our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately, develop products that are superior to our products, have the ability to produce similar products at a lower cost or adapt more quickly to new technologies or evolving customer requirements. Consequently, our products may not be able to compete successfully with competitors’ products.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted, and may continue to disrupt our business, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

To date, the COVID-19 pandemic (including associated variants) has caused a widespread health crisis, and resulted in an economic downturn and government imposed measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The impact of COVID-19 and uncertainty with respect to the economic effects of the pandemic introduced significant volatility in the financial markets and has had a widespread adverse effect on the automotive industry. In addition to public health considerations, the COVID-19 pandemic has also contributed to supply chain disruptions across a number of industries.

Specific risks to our Company associated with the impact of COVID-19 pandemic include the following:

•negative impacts to our operations resulting from instability in OEM production schedules, reductions in production volumes and production efficiency levels;

•deterioration of worldwide credit and financial markets could limit our ability to access the capital markets, or disrupt consumers’ ability to obtain financing to purchase new vehicles;

•uncertainties associated with COVID-19 impacts on the automotive sector coupled with our negative equity position may result in a decrease in (or elimination of) credit insurance available to our European suppliers, resulting in adverse payment term changes with our suppliers;

•continuing disruptions to the automotive industry supply chain, including shortages of semiconductor chips, electric vehicle batteries, shipping containers, steel, resin and foam.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic or other public health crises adversely affect our operations and global economic conditions more generally, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

4

Risks Relating to our Business, Strategy and Operations

A limited number of customers represent a large percentage of our sales. The loss of a significant customer or decrease in demand could adversely affect our operating results.

GM, VW Group, Ford, Volvo, BMW and Toyota, together, represented 77 percent and 74 percent of our sales in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Global procurement practices, including demand for price reductions may make it more difficult for us to maintain long-term supply arrangements with our customers, and there are no guarantees that we will be able to negotiate supply arrangements with our customers on terms acceptable to us in the future. The contracts we have entered into with most of our customers provide that we will manufacture wheels for a particular vehicle model, rather than manufacture a specific quantity of products. Such contracts range from one year to the life of the model (usually three to five years), typically are nonexclusive and do not require the purchase by the customer of any minimum number of wheels from us. Therefore, a significant decrease in consumer demand for certain key models or group of related models sold by any of our major customers, or a decision by a manufacturer not to purchase from us, or to discontinue purchasing from us, for a particular model or group of models, could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may be unable to successfully launch new products and/or achieve technological advances which could adversely affect our ability to compete resulting in an adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

In order to compete effectively in the global automotive component supply industry, we must be able to launch new products and adopt technologies to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. However, we cannot ensure that we will be able to install and certify the equipment needed for new product programs in time for the start of production, or that the transitioning of our manufacturing facilities and resources under new product programs will not impact production rates or other operational efficiency measures at our facilities. In addition, we cannot ensure that our customers will execute the launch of their new product programs on schedule. We are also subject to the risks generally associated with new product introductions and applications, including lack of market acceptance, delays in product development and failure of products to operate properly. The global automotive industry is experiencing a period of significant technological change. As a result, the success of our business requires us to develop and/or incorporate leading technologies. Such technologies may be subject to rapid obsolescence. Our inability to maintain access to these technologies (either through development or licensing) may adversely affect our ability to compete. If we are unable to differentiate our products, maintain a low-cost footprint or compete effectively with technology-focused new market entrants, we may lose market share or be forced to reduce prices, thereby lowering our margins. Any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Increases in the costs and restrictions on availability of raw materials could adversely affect our operating margins and cash flow.

Generally, we obtain our raw materials, supplies and energy requirements from various sources. Although we currently maintain alternative sources, our business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Fluctuations in the prices of raw materials may be driven by the supply and demand for that commodity or governmental regulation, including trade laws and tariffs. If any of our suppliers seek bankruptcy relief or otherwise cannot continue their business as anticipated, the availability or price of raw materials could be adversely affected. Both domestic and international markets in which we operate experienced significant inflationary pressures in fiscal year 2022, which are expected to continue for the near-term. In addition, the Federal Reserve in the United States and other central banks in various countries have raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also result in recessionary pressures in many parts of the world. While there has been some improvement in the latter part of 2022, we expect inflationary pressure to continue to impact our raw material and other costs in 2023.

Although our OEM contracts provide for the pass through of fluctuating aluminum and certain other raw material costs, we may not be able to do so in the future. Moreover, we establish our aftermarket selling prices six months in advance of the spring and winter sales periods. The aluminum we use to manufacture wheels contains alloying materials, including silicon. The cost of alloying materials is therefore a component of the overall cost of a wheel. The price of the alloys we purchase is based on certain published market indices; however, many of our OEM customer agreements do not provide price adjustments for changes in market prices of alloying materials. Increases or decreases in the market prices of alloying materials could have a material effect on our operating margins and cash flows. Furthermore, our customers are not obligated to accept energy or other supply cost increases that we may attempt to pass along to them. The inability to pass such cost increases on to our customers could adversely affect our operating margins and cash flows.

In 2021, aluminum prices increased by approximately 45 percent and, while we were able to protect the margins of our OEM business by passing these costs on to our customers, rising aluminum prices increased our investment in working capital and therefore reduced our operating cash flow. In addition, since we are not able to pass aluminum price increases on to our aftermarket customers, the margins of our aftermarket business were adversely affected in 2021 and 2022. While aluminum prices began to decline in the latter part of 2022, they remain somewhat elevated in relation to historical levels. In addition, rising silicon, natural gas and electricity costs have increased significantly beginning in 2021 and, if unabated, could continue to adversely affect our margins in 2023.

5

Aluminum and alloy pricing, and the timing of our receipt of payment from customers for aluminum and certain other raw material price fluctuations, may have a material effect on our operating margins and cash flows.

The cost of aluminum is a significant component in the overall cost of our wheels and in our selling prices to customers. Our OEM customer prices are adjusted for fluctuations in aluminum based on changes in certain published market indices, but the timing of price adjustments is based on specific customer agreements and can vary from monthly to quarterly. As a result, the timing of aluminum and certain other raw material price adjustments with customers in sales rarely will match the timing of such changes in cost of sales and can result in fluctuations in our gross profit. This is especially true during periods of frequent and dramatic increases or decreases in the market price of aluminum.

We experience continual pressure from our customers to reduce costs and, if we are unable to generate sufficient cost reductions, our revenues, operating margins and cash flows could be adversely affected.

The global vehicle market is highly competitive, resulting in continual cost-cutting initiatives by our customers. Customer concentration, supplier fragmentation and product commoditization have translated into continual pressure from OEMs to reduce the price of our products. It is possible that pricing pressures beyond our expectations could intensify as OEMs pursue restructuring or other cost-cutting initiatives. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset such price reductions, our operating margins and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in OEMs’ purchasing policies or payment practices could have an adverse effect on our business. Our OEM customers typically attempt to qualify more than one supplier for the vehicle programs we participate on and for programs we may bid on in the future. Accordingly, our OEM customers may be able to negotiate favorable pricing or may decrease wheel orders from us. Such actions may result in decreased sales volumes and unit price reductions for the Company, resulting in lower revenues, operating margins and cash flows.

We may be unable to successfully implement cost-saving measures or achieve expected benefits under our plans to improve operations which could negatively impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.

As part of our ongoing focus to provide high quality products at reasonable prices, we continually analyze our business to further improve our operations and identify cost-cutting measures. We may be unable to successfully identify or implement plans targeting these initiatives or fail to realize the benefits of the plans we have already implemented, as a result of operational difficulties, a weakening of the economy or other factors. Cost reductions may not fully offset decreases in the prices of our products due to the time required to develop and implement cost reduction initiatives. Additional factors such as inconsistent customer ordering patterns, increasing product complexity and heightened quality standards may increase our costs and may make it more difficult to reduce our costs. It is possible that the costs we incur to implement improvement strategies may negatively impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.

We may be unable to attract and retain key personnel, including our senior management team, which may adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract, hire, train and retain qualified managerial, operational, engineering, sales and marketing personnel. We face significant competition for these types of employees in our industry. We may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require to conduct our operations successfully. In addition, key personnel may leave us and compete against us. Our success also depends, to a significant extent, on the continued service of our senior management team. During the last several years we have experienced significant turnover in our senior management members, additional losses of members of our senior management team or other experienced senior employees could impair our ability to execute our business plans and strategic initiatives, cause us to lose customers and experience lower revenues, or lead to employee morale problems and/or the loss of other key employees.

Purchase of additional shares of Superior Industries Europe AG (formerly UNIWHEELS AG) may require a higher purchase price.

Superior executed a Domination and Profit Loss Transfer Agreement (the “DPLTA”) which became effective in January 2018. According to the terms of the DPLTA, we offered to purchase any outstanding shares of UNIWHEELS AG for cash consideration of €62.18 per share. The cash consideration paid to shareholders for shares tendered under the DPTLA may be subject to change based on appraisal proceedings that the minority shareholders of UNIWHEELS AG have initiated.

6

Legal, Compliance and Regulatory Risks

We are from time to time subject to litigation, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

The nature of our business exposes us to litigation in the ordinary course of our business. We are exposed to potential product liability and warranty risks that are inherent in the design, manufacture and sale of automotive products, the failure of which could result in property damage, personal injury or death. Accordingly, individual or class action suits alleging product liability or warranty claims could result. Although we currently maintain what we believe to be suitable and adequate product liability insurance in excess of our self-insured amounts, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or that such insurance will provide adequate protection against future liabilities. In addition, if any of our products prove to be defective, we may be required to participate in a recall. A successful claim brought against us or a requirement to participate in any product recall, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Our business requires extensive product development activities to launch new products. Accordingly, there is a risk that wheels under development may not be ready by the start of production or may fail to meet the customer’s specifications. In any such case, warranty or compensation claims might be raised, or litigation might be commenced, against the Company.

Moreover, there are risks related to civil liability under our customer supply contracts (civil liability clauses in contracts with customers, contractual risks related to civil liability for causing delay in production launch, etc.). If we fail to ensure production launch as and when required by the customer, thus jeopardizing production processes at the customer’s facilities, this could lead to increased costs, giving rise to recourse claims against, or causing loss of orders by the Company. This could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Furthermore, sales of products to our OEM customers are subject to contracts that involve numerous terms and conditions and incorporate extensive documentation developed throughout the sales and contracting process, including quotes and product specifications. These terms and conditions can be complex and may be subject to differing interpretations, which could result in contractual disputes. Contractual disputes may be costly, time-consuming, may result in contract or relationship terminations, and could harm our reputation as well as also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

International trade agreements and our international operations make us vulnerable to risks associated with doing business in foreign countries that can affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We manufacture our products in Mexico, Germany and Poland and we sell our products internationally. Accordingly, unfavorable changes in foreign cost structures, trade protection laws, tariffs on aluminum or wheels, regulations and policies affecting trade and investments and social, political, labor or economic conditions in a specific country or region, among other factors, could have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. Legal and regulatory requirements differ among jurisdictions worldwide. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation. Although we have policies, controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, our employees, contractors, or agents may violate our policies.

It remains unclear what the U.S. administration or foreign governments, including China, will or will not do with respect to tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. In 2018, 25% tariffs (the “301 tariffs”) were imposed by the United States Trade Representative (the “USTR”) on various products imported from China, including aluminum wheels, based on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. While the 301 tariffs are currently still in effect, there is a risk they could be removed or not extended. For example, on October 17, 2022, the USTR initiated the second phase of its four-year review of the 301 tariffs, which focuses on the merits of maintaining the tariffs versus taking alternative actions. Removal of these tariffs may increase competitive pressure from Chinese producers who have cost advantages. This may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Mexico has passed new labor laws that are intended to make it easier for Mexican workers to unionize. As a result, our cost of manufacturing in Mexico may increase, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

A trade war, other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements, changes in United States social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories and countries where we currently manufacture and sell products, and any resulting negative sentiments towards the United States, these territories and countries as a result of such changes, likely would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The cost of manufacturing our products in Mexico, Germany and Poland may be affected by tariffs imposed by any of these countries or the United States, trade protection laws, policies and other regulations affecting trade and investments, social, political, labor, or general economic conditions. Other factors that can affect the business and financial results of our Mexican, German and Polish operations include, but are not limited to, changes in cost structures, currency effects of the Mexican Peso, Euro and Polish Zloty, availability and competency of personnel and developments in tax regulations.

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We are subject to various environmental laws.

We incur costs to comply with applicable environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot ensure that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with such laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in material fines or sanctions. Additionally, changes to such laws or regulations may have a significant impact on our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the storage, handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous substances or wastes and the health and safety of our employees. The nature of our current and former operations and the history of industrial uses at some of our facilities expose us to the risk of liabilities or claims with respect to environmental and worker health and safety matters which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Further, changes in legislation or regulation imposing reporting obligations on, or limiting emissions of greenhouse gases from, or otherwise impacting or limiting our equipment, operations, or the vehicles that use our products could adversely affect demand for those vehicles or require us to incur costs to become compliant with such regulations.

Capital Structure Risks

We do not expect to generate sufficient cash to repay all of our indebtedness (including the Term Loan Facility and Notes) by their respective maturity dates and we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy these obligations, which may not be successful. In addition, we may be unable to repay the redeemable preferred stock upon redemption by the holder.

The Company’s capital structure is heavily leveraged as a result of debt incurred in connection with the 2017 acquisition of our European business, part of which was refinanced on December 15, 2022. At December 31, 2022, our capital structure consisted of:

•$400.0 million Term Loan Facility (the “Term Loan Facility"), together with the Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) referred to as the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities" or the "SSCF”;

•€250.0 million original principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due June 15, 2025 (the “Notes”) with an outstanding balance of €217.1 million, or $232.4 million;

•redeemable preferred stock of $222.8 million (unconditionally redeemable with a $300 million redemption value on or after September 14, 2025 or upon the occurrence of a Redemption Right Event as defined in the Certificate of Designations);

•equipment loans and finance leases of $15.0 million; and

•shareholders’ deficit of $25.3 million.

The Company also has available unused commitments under its revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") of $55.2 million at December 31, 2022. In the event unrestricted cash and cash equivalents fall below $37.5 million at any quarter end (or up to $50.0 million following any increases in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility), the available commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility would be reduced by the amount of any shortfall. At December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents substantially exceeded the requirement.

The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility are scheduled to mature on December 15, 2027 and December 15, 2028, respectively. However, in the event the Company has not repaid, refinanced or otherwise extended the Notes beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to June 15, 2025 or has not redeemed, refinanced or otherwise extended the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to September 14, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to June 15, 2025 or September 14, 2025, respectively. In this event, we would be required to pay all amounts outstanding under the SSCF sooner than they otherwise would be due, we may not have sufficient funds available to pay such amounts at that time, and we may not be able to raise additional funds to pay such amounts on a timely basis, on terms we find acceptable, or at all.

Our ability to make scheduled payments or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain other factors beyond our control. At the present time, we do not expect to generate sufficient cash to repay all principal due under our indebtedness, in full by the respective maturity dates, which will likely require us to refinance a portion or all of our outstanding debt. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital and credit markets and our financial condition at such time. We might not be able to refinance the debt on satisfactory terms. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and associated transactions costs and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations and limit our financial flexibility. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit ratings, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness or issue equity, or to refinance all or portions of these obligations.

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In the absence of sufficient cash flows, refinancing or adequate funds available under credit facilities, we could face substantial liquidity constraints and might be required to reduce or delay capital expenditures, seek additional capital, sell material assets or operations to attempt to meet our debt service and other obligations. The credit agreements governing the SSCF and the Indenture for the Notes restrict our ability to conduct asset sales and/or use the proceeds from asset sales. We may not be able to consummate these asset sales to raise capital or sell assets at prices and on terms that we believe are fair, and any proceeds that we do receive may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. If we cannot meet our debt service obligations, the holders of our debt may accelerate our debt and, to the extent such debt is secured, foreclose on our assets. In such an event, we may not have sufficient assets to repay all of our debt.

Under the Certificate of Designations for our redeemable preferred stock, the holders may redeem the preferred stock either as a result of the occurrence of an early redemption event (a change in control, recapitalization, merger, sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets, liquidation or delisting of the Company’s common stock from the NYSE) or unconditionally on or after September 14, 2025. The redemption obligation of our redeemable preferred stock consists of a redemption price equal to the greater of two times the then-current Stated Value (defined in the Certificate of Designations as $150.0 million, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind), currently $300.0 million, or the product of the number of common shares into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted (5.3 million shares currently) and the then-current market price of our common stock. Under Delaware law, any redemption payment would be limited to the “surplus” that our Board determines is available to fund a full or partial redemption without rendering us insolvent. The shares of preferred stock that have not been redeemed would continue to receive a dividend of 9 percent per annum on the then-current Stated Value, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, until such shares of preferred stock are redeemed. The Board would have to evaluate on an ongoing basis the ability of the Company to make any remaining payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. A redemption payment, if required, for some or all of our outstanding shares of preferred stock would negatively impact our liquidity and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our substantial indebtedness and the corresponding interest expense could adversely affect our financial condition

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2022, our total debt was $647.4 million ($622.0 million net of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $25.4 million). Additionally, we had availability of $55.2 million under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2022. In the event unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances fall below $37.5 million at any quarter end (or up to a maximum of $50.0 million following any increase in borrowings available under the Revolving Credit Facility), the available commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility would be reduced by the amount of the shortfall. At December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents exceeded the liquidity requirement and, accordingly, the full commitment was available, less outstanding letters of credit.

A significant portion of our cash flow from operations will be used to pay our interest expense and will not be available for other business purposes. We cannot be certain that our business will generate sufficient cash flow or that we will be able to enter into future financings that will provide sufficient proceeds to meet or pay the interest on our debt.

Subject to the limits contained in the credit agreements governing our SSCF and the indenture governing the Notes and our other debt instruments, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt could intensify.

In addition, the indenture covering the Notes (the “Indenture”) and the credit agreements governing the SSCF and our other debt instruments contain restrictive covenants that among other things, could limit our ability to incur liens, engage in mergers and acquisitions, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments or acquisitions, redeem our capital stock or pay dividends. In addition, the SSCF requires us to maintain appropriate insurance coverages, including insurance with respect to assets which secure the underlying debt obligations. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of the maturity of all of our debt.

A downgrade of our credit rating or a decrease of the prices of the Company’s common stock, the SSCF or the Notes could adversely impact our financial performance.

The Company, its SSCF, and the Notes, are rated by Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s. These ratings are widely followed by investors, customers, and suppliers, and a downgrade by one or both of these rating agencies might cause: suppliers to cancel our contracts, demand price increases, or decrease payment terms; customers to reduce their business activities with us; or investors to reconsider investments in financial instruments issued by Superior, all of which might cause a decrease of the price of our common stock and our Notes.

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A decrease in our common stock, Notes and/or Term Loan Facility prices, in turn, might accelerate such negative trends. A reduction in the price of the Notes and Term Loan Facility implies an increase of the yield debt investors demand to provide us with financing, which, in turn, would make it more difficult for us to refinance our existing debt, redeemable preferred stock obligations and/or future debt.

The terms of the credit agreements governing the SSCF, the Indenture, and other debt instruments, as well as the documents governing other debt that we may incur in the future, may restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions.

The Indenture, the credit agreements governing the SSCF and our other debt instruments, and the documents governing other debt that we may incur in the future, may contain a number of covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests, including restrictions on our ability to:

•incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;

•create or incur liens;

•engage in mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all of our assets;

•sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;

•make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances or other restricted payments;

•pay dividends or distributions, repurchase our capital stock or make certain other restricted payments;

•prepay, redeem, or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness;

•designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries;

•enter into agreements which limit the ability of our nonguarantor subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us;

•and enter into certain transactions with our affiliates.

In addition, the restrictive covenants in the credit agreements governing the SSCF and other debt instruments require us to maintain specified financial ratios, including a quarterly secured net leverage ratio and a quarterly total net leverage ratio as well as a minimum liquidity. Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests can be affected by events beyond our control. We may not meet those ratios and tests.

A breach of the covenants or restrictions under the Indenture governing the Notes, under the credit agreements governing the SSCF, or under other debt instruments could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors under such facility to accelerate the related debt, which may result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, an event of default under the credit agreements governing our SSCF would permit the lenders under our revolving credit facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under these facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under the SSCF or under other secured debt instruments, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. We have pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral under the SSCF. In the event our lenders or holders of the Notes accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness or be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms acceptable to us. As a result of these restrictions, we may be:

•limited in how we conduct our business;

•unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or

•unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

These restrictions, along with restrictions that may be contained in agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness, may affect our ability to grow or pursue other important initiatives in accordance with our growth strategy.

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Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our SSCF are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease. As of December 31, 2022, $400.0 million of our debt was variable rate debt. Our anticipated annual interest expense on $400.0 million of variable rate debt at the current rate of 12.3 percent would be $49.2 million. We have entered into interest rate swaps exchanging floating for fixed rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility. As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $250 million, maturing $50 million December 31, 2023, $50 million December 31, 2024 and $150 million December 31, 2025. In the future, we may again enter into interest rate swaps to reduce interest rate volatility. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk.

We may be adversely affected by changes in the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) or Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) reporting practices, the method in which SOFR or EURIBOR is determined or the use of alternative reference rates.

The interest rates under our SSCF are calculated using SOFR (or, in certain cases, EURIBOR), or alternate base rates. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the “FRBNY”) began to publish SOFR in April 2018. SOFR was developed for use in certain U.S. dollar derivatives and other financial contracts as an alternative to the U.S. dollar London interbank offered rate (“U.S. dollar LIBOR”). Although the FRBNY has also begun publishing historical indicative SOFR going back to 2014, such historical indicative data inherently involves assumptions, estimates and approximations. Therefore, SOFR has limited performance history and no actual investment based on the performance of SOFR was possible before April 2018. The level of SOFR in future periods may bear little or no relation to the historical level of SOFR. In addition, the differences between SOFR and U.S. dollar LIBOR may mean that market participants would not consider SOFR a suitable substitute or successor for all of the purposes for which U.S. dollar LIBOR historically has been used (including, without limitation, as a representation of the unsecured short-term funding costs of banks), which may, in turn, lessen market acceptance of SOFR or lead to changes to the method in which SOFR is determined.

On September 21, 2017, the European Central Bank announced that it would be part of a new working group tasked with the identification and adoption of a “risk free overnight rate” to serve as a basis for an alternative to benchmarks used in a variety of financial instruments and contracts used in the euro area. On September 13, 2018, the working group on euro risk-free rates recommended the new euro short-term rate (“€STR”) as the new risk free rate for the euro area. €STR was published for the first time on October 2, 2019. In addition, in response to regulatory scrutiny and applicable legal requirements, the European Money Markets Institute (the “EMMI”), as administrator of EURIBOR, conducted a series of consultations on a proposed reformed hybrid methodology for EURIBOR. In July 2019, EMMI published its EURIBOR Benchmark Statement setting forth its reformed hybrid methodology and received regulatory authorization for the continued administration of EURIBOR.

In the future, SOFR and EURIBOR could be subject to further regulatory scrutiny, reform efforts and/or other actions. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes, other reforms or the establishment of alternative reference rates in the United Kingdom, the United States or elsewhere. To the extent these interest rates increase, our interest expense will increase, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

A delisting of our common stock from the NYSE could reduce the liquidity and market price of our common stock; reduce the number of investors and analysts that cover our common stock; limit our ability to issue additional shares, and damage our reputation which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a delisting of our common stock from the NYSE could cause a redemption of some or all of our outstanding redeemable preferred stock which would negatively impact our liquidity.

We are required under the NYSE continued listing standards to maintain a market capitalization of at least $50 million, over a consecutive 30 trading-day period, or maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $50 million. If our market capitalization were to fall below $50 million over a consecutive thirty-day trading period, we would be noncompliant with NYSE continued listing standards which could result in delisting. As of December 31, 2022, our market capitalization was $114.0 million.

A delisting of our common stock could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things: reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock; reducing the number of investors, including institutional investors, willing to hold or acquire our common stock, which could negatively impact our ability to raise equity; decreasing the amount of news and analyst coverage relating to us; limiting our ability to issue additional securities, obtain additional financing or pursue strategic restructuring, refinancing or other transactions; and impacting our reputation and, as a consequence, our ability to attract new business.

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In addition, the holder of our redeemable preferred stock has the right to redeem all of the outstanding shares of redeemable preferred stock if our common stock is delisted from the NYSE. If this were to occur, we would be required to: (1) increase the then carrying value of the redeemable preferred stock to the $300 million redemption value through a corresponding charge (decrease) to our retained earnings, and (2) make a redemption payment in any amount up to $300 million if our Board determined, under Delaware law, that there was a “surplus” sufficient to fund a full or partial redemption and such payment would not render us insolvent. A redemption payment, if required, for some or all of our outstanding shares of preferred stock would negatively impact our liquidity and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Taxation Risks

We are subject to taxation related risks in multiple jurisdictions.

We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant impact on our global provision for income taxes. Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change; new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Changes in tax laws or interpretations of tax laws may result in higher taxes, including making it more costly to move funds amongst different tax jurisdictions. We are subject to ongoing tax audits and may be subject to tax litigation. Audits and litigation can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve and can be highly subjective.

In addition, governmental tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of companies. Many countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, are actively considering changes to existing tax laws, including a global minimum tax, that, if enacted, could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business.

The impact of tax law changes and tax law interpretation could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity.

We may fail to comply with conditions of the state tax incentive programs in Poland.

The Company carries out its business activity in Poland in the area of Tarnobrzeg Special Economic Zone “Euro-Park Wislosan,” sub-zone of Stalowa Wola, Poland which provides various state income tax incentives under certain conditions. The Company conducts its business activity pursuant to permits that stipulate production, trade, and service activities relating to products and services manufactured/provided in the zone. These activities include processing of metals and applying coating on metals, tools, other finished metal products, machines for metallurgy, other parts and accessories for motor vehicles, excluding motorcycles, as well as services relating to recovery of segregated materials and recycled materials. The permits required that certain conditions be met, which include increasing the number of employees, keeping the number of employees at such level and incurring certain levels of capital expenditures. In addition, particular permits indicate deadlines for completion of respective stages of investments.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has five permits that are effective until 2026. As of December 31, 2022, the Company utilized Polish Zloty 243.5 million of the zone-related credit and has fully utilized all credits available under the permits. The Company believes that we have satisfied all conditions required under the permits, however, if the Polish authorities determined that these conditions were not fully satisfied, the Company would have to repay tax incentives received together with interest which could have a material negative impact on our assets, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Tax regulations in Poland are dynamic and subject to varying interpretations, both inside state authorities and between state authorities and enterprises, which can result in a lack of clarity and consistent application. As a result, tax risks in Poland are higher than in countries with a more developed tax system. Tax settlements and other areas of activity subject to specific regulations (e.g., customs or foreign exchange matters) may be inspected by administrative bodies which are entitled to impose penalties and sanctions. Tax settlements may be subject to inspections for five years from the end of the year in which the tax has been paid. Consequently, the Company may be subject to additional material tax liabilities, based on the result of these tax audits.

We are currently unable to fully deduct interest charges on German and U.S. indebtedness.

The interest deduction barriers under German tax law (Zinsschranke) and U.S. tax law limit the tax deductibility of interest expenses. If no exception to these limits applies, the annual net interest expense (interest expense less interest income) is deductible up to 30 percent of the EBITDA taxable in Germany and up to 30 percent of the EBIT taxable in the United States. Nondeductible interest expenses can be carried forward. Interest carry-forwards are subject to the same tax cancellation rules as tax loss carry-forwards. Whenever interest expenses are not deductible or if an interest carry-forward is lost, the tax burden in future assessment periods could rise, which might have alone, or in combination, a material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operation or cash flows.

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We may be exposed to risks related to existing and future profit and loss transfer agreements executed with German subsidiaries of our European operations.

Profit and loss transfer agreements are one of the prerequisites of the taxation of Superior and its German subsidiaries as a German tax group. For tax purposes, a profit and loss transfer agreement must have a contract term for a minimum of five years. In addition, such agreement must be fully executed. If a profit and loss transfer agreement or its actual execution does not meet the prerequisites for taxation as a German tax group, Superior Industries International Germany GmbH (“SII Germany”), formerly known as Superior Industries International AG, and each subsidiary are taxed on their own income (and under certain circumstances even with retrospective effect). Additionally, 5 percent of dividends from the subsidiary to SII Germany, or other Superior European controlling entities within the European Union would be regarded as nondeductible expenses at the SII Germany level, or level of other Superior European controlling entities. Furthermore, the compensation of a loss of a subsidiary would be regarded as a contribution by SII Germany into the subsidiary and thus, would not directly reduce SII Germany’s profits. As a consequence, if the profit and loss transfer agreements do not meet the prerequisites of a German tax group, this could have a future material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

General Risk Factors

The Ukraine Conflict may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a military invasion of Ukraine (the “Ukraine Conflict”). In response to the Russian invasion, various countries have developed comprehensive and coordinated sanctions and export restrictions on Russia, as well as on certain Russian products and certain Russian individuals. These countries and others could impose wider sanctions and take other actions in the future. In addition, the retaliatory measures that have been taken, and could be taken in the future, by NATO, the United States and other countries, have created global security concerns that could result in broader European military and political conflicts and otherwise have a substantial impact on regional and global economies, any or all of which could adversely affect our business, particularly our European operations.

The Ukraine Conflict has also given rise to macroeconomic risks which led, and may continue to lead, to significant declines in global and regional economic growth, particularly in Europe. These risks may not only reduce global demand and automotive production volumes but also have caused, and may continue to cause, further supply chain disruption and drive higher energy and commodity prices, including increases in aluminum, and silicon, as well as inflation and higher interest rates. Energy prices in Europe, particularly in Poland, increased significantly during 2022, partly due to the impact of the Ukraine Conflict and related sanctions and retaliatory measures. Our OEM customers have, at times, temporarily shut down or lowered production as a result of the related supply disruption.

The impact of the Ukraine Conflict, including economic sanctions and export controls such as restrictions on energy exports, or additional military conflict, as well as potential responses to such actions by Russia, is currently unknown. It has led and may continue to lead to further increases of our costs, affect our supply chain and customers, and reduce our sales, earnings and cash flows. In addition, the continuation of the Ukraine Conflict could lead to other disruptions, instability and volatility in global markets that could adversely impact our operations. To the extent the Ukraine Conflict adversely affects our operations and global economic conditions more generally, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

We may not be able to renew our various insurance policies or renew them on terms and condition acceptable to us.

We carry a variety of property, liability, and other insurance policies. These insurance policies might not cover all possible future risks we are exposed to, or we might not be able to successfully enforce an insurance claim. Additionally, although we carry insurance, coverage is limited to losses in excess of any applicable deductible. Coverage under such insurance is also limited to losses up to but not in excess of any applicable coverage limit. Furthermore, we may not be able to renew our various insurance policies or may have to renew them at terms and conditions adverse or unacceptable to us.

Fluctuations in foreign currencies and commodity and energy prices may adversely impact our financial results.

Due to our operations outside of the United States, we experience exposure to foreign currency gains and losses in the ordinary course of our business. We settle transactions between currencies (i.e., U.S. dollar to Mexican Peso, Euro to U.S. dollar, U.S. dollar to Euro and Euro to Polish Zloty). To the extent possible, we attempt to match the timing and magnitude of transaction settlements between currencies to create a “natural hedge.” Based on our current business model and levels of production and sales activity, the net imbalance between currencies depends on specific circumstances. While changes in the terms of the contracts with our customers will create an imbalance between currencies that we hedge with foreign currency forward or option contracts, there can be no assurances that our hedging program will effectively offset the impact of the imbalance between currencies or that the net transaction balance will not change significantly in the future.

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Additionally, we are exposed to commodity and energy price risks due to significant aluminum and silicon raw material requirements and the energy intensive nature of our operations. Natural gas and electricity prices are subject to a number of variables that are outside of our control. We use financial derivatives and fixed-price agreements with suppliers to reduce the effect of any volatility on our financial results. The foreign currency forward or option contracts, the natural gas forward contracts, and the fixed-price agreements we enter into with financial institutions and suppliers are designed to protect us against foreign exchange risks and price risks associated with certain existing assets and liabilities, certain firmly committed transactions and forecasted future cash flows. We have a program to hedge a significant portion of our foreign exchange or commodity and energy price exposures, typically for up to 48 months. However, we may choose not to hedge certain foreign exchange or commodity or energy price exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations, the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures, or our inability to identify willing counterparties. There is no guarantee that our hedge program will effectively mitigate our exposures to foreign exchange and commodity and energy price changes which could have material adverse effects on our cash flows and results of operations. In addition, fixed-price supplier and derivative contracts are subject to counterparty credit risk.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may also affect the USD value of assets and liabilities of our foreign operations, as well as assets and liabilities denominated in nonfunctional currencies, and may adversely affect reported earnings and, accordingly, the comparability of period-to-period results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates or commodity and energy prices may affect the relative prices at which we and our foreign competitors sell products in the same market. In addition, changes in the value of the relevant currencies or commodities and energy prices may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. We cannot ensure that fluctuations in exchange rates or commodity and energy prices will not otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations or cause significant fluctuations in quarterly and annual results of operations and cash flows.

A disruption in our information technology systems, including a disruption related to cybersecurity, could adversely affect our financial condition and financial performance.

We rely on the accuracy, capacity and security of our information technology systems. Despite the security measures that we have implemented, our systems, and those of our customers, suppliers and other service providers, are subject to cyber security incidents, including computer viruses, malware, phishing attacks, and denial-of-service attacks. Our systems are also subject to natural or man-made incidents or disasters or unauthorized physical or electronic access. These types of incidents (collectively, a “system disruption”) have become more prevalent and pervasive across industries, including in our industry, and are expected to continue in the future. A system disruption could result in business disruption, theft of our intellectual property, trade secrets or customer information and unauthorized access to personnel information. Although cybersecurity and the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes, practices and training designed to protect our information technology systems from attack, damage or unauthorized access are a high priority for us, our activities and investment may not be deployed quickly enough or successfully protect our systems against all vulnerabilities, including technologies developed to bypass our security measures. In addition, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers to disclose access credentials or other sensitive information in order to gain access to our secure systems and networks. There are no assurances that our actions and investments to improve the maturity of our systems, processes and risk management framework or remediate vulnerabilities will be sufficient or completed quickly enough to prevent or limit the impact of any system disruption. Moreover, because the techniques used to gain access to or sabotage systems often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate the methods necessary to defend against these types of attacks and we cannot predict the extent, frequency or impact these problems may have on us. To the extent that our business is interrupted or data is lost, destroyed or inappropriately used or disclosed, such disruptions could adversely affect our competitive position, relationships with our customers, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against the damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.

We are also dependent on security measures that some of our third-party customers, suppliers and other service providers take to protect their own systems and infrastructures. Some of these third parties store or have access to certain of our sensitive data, as well as confidential information about their own operations, and as such are subject to their own system disruptions. Any system disruption of any of these third parties’ systems could result in unauthorized access to our information technology systems, cause us to be non-compliant with applicable laws or regulations, subject us to legal claims or proceedings, disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, any of which could adversely affect our financial performance.

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Competitors could copy our products or technologies and we could violate protected intellectual property rights or trade secrets of our competitors or other third parties.

We register business-related intellectual property rights, such as industrial designs, patents and trademarks, hold licenses and other agreements covering the use of intellectual property rights, and have taken steps to ensure that our trade secrets and technological know-how remain confidential. Nevertheless, there is a risk that third parties would attempt to copy, in full or in part, our products, technologies or industrial designs, or to obtain unauthorized access and use of Company secrets, technological know-how or other protected intellectual property rights. Also, other companies could successfully develop technologies, products or industrial designs similar to ours, and thus potentially compete with us.

Further, there can be no assurance that we will not unknowingly infringe intellectual property rights of our competitors, such as patents and industrial designs, especially due to the fact that the interpretations of what constitutes protected intellectual property may differ. Similarly, there is a risk that we will illegitimately use intellectual property developed by our employees, which is subject in each case to relevant regulations governing employee-created innovations. If a dispute concerning intellectual property rights arises, in which the relevant court issues an opinion on the disputed intellectual property rights contrary to us, identifying a breach of intellectual property rights, we may be required to pay substantial damages or to stop the use of such intellectual property. In addition, we are exposed to the risk of injunctions being imposed to prevent further infringement, leading to a decrease in the number of customer orders.

All these events could have a material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

15

ITEM 1B - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2 - PROPERTIES

Our worldwide headquarters is located in Southfield, Michigan. In our North American operations, we maintain and operate four facilities that manufacture aluminum wheels for the automotive industry including our facility for finishing wheels with physical vapor deposition. These facilities are located in Chihuahua, Mexico. We own all of our manufacturing facilities in North America, and we lease our worldwide headquarters located in Southfield, Michigan.

Our European operations include four locations. The European headquarters is located in Bad Dürkheim, Germany which includes our European management, sales and distribution functions, as well as the logistics center and warehouse for the aftermarket business. The largest European production facility is located in Stalowa Wola, Poland and consists of three plants. Another production facility is located in Werdohl, Germany, where most development work is performed. Our European business also includes a location in Lüdenscheid, Germany, that supports our research and development in Europe. We own all of our manufacturing facilities in Europe and we lease our Lüdenscheid facility and our European headquarters in Bad Dürkheim, Germany.

In general, our manufacturing facilities, which have been constructed at various times, are in good operating condition and are adequate to meet our current production capacity requirements. Active maintenance programs keep these facilities in good condition, and we have an active capital spending program to replace equipment as needed to maintain factory reliability and remain technologically competitive on a worldwide basis.

Additionally, reference is made to Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” Note 8, “Property, Plant and Equipment” and Note 14 “Leases,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are party to various legal and environmental proceedings incidental to our business. Certain claims, suits and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us. Based on facts now known, except as provided below and as set forth in Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements regarding a contractual dispute with the parent company of our energy supplier in Poland as well as an ongoing assessment of a loss contingency with an OEM customer, we believe all such matters are adequately provided for, covered by insurance, are without merit, and/or involve such amounts that would not materially adversely affect our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position. Refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors—We are from time to time subject to litigation, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows” of this Annual Report.

In March 2022, the German Federal Cartel Office initiated an investigation related to European light alloy wheel manufacturers, including Superior Industries Europe AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), on suspicion of conduct restricting competition. The Company is cooperating fully with the German Federal Cartel Office. In the event Superior Industries Europe AG is deemed to have violated the applicable statutes, the Company could be subject to a fine or civil proceedings. At this point, we are unable to predict the duration or the outcome of the investigation.

ITEM 4 - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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ITEM 4A -INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Information regarding executive officers who are also Directors is contained in our 2023 Proxy Statement under the caption “Election of Directors.” Such information is incorporated into Part III, Item 10, “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.” All executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and serve at the will of the Board of Directors. The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our executive officers.

Name	Age	Position
Majdi B. Abulaban	59	President and Chief Executive Officer
Kevin Burke	54	Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer
Michael Dorah	57	Senior Vice President and North American President
Joanne M. Finnorn	58	Senior Vice President, Investor Relations, Sustainability and Corporate Secretary
Michael J. Hatzfeld Jr.	50	Vice President of Finance and Corporate Controller
Parveen Kakar	56	Senior Vice President of Sales, Marketing and Product Development
David Sherbin	63	Senior Vice President and General Counsel
C. Timothy Trenary	66	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Set forth below is a description of the business experience of each of our executive officers.

Majdi B. Abulaban	Mr. Abulaban is the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since May 2019. Mr. Abulaban was previously employed by Aptiv PLC (formerly Delphi Automotive) (NYSE: APTV) (“Aptiv”), a technology company that develops safer, greener and more connected solutions for a diverse array of global customers, from 1985 to April 2019, most recently as Senior Vice President and Group President, Global Signal and Power Solutions Segment from January 2017 to April 2019. From February 2012 to January 2017, Mr. Abulaban served as the Senior Vice President and Group President, Global Electrical and Electronic Architecture Segment and President of Aptiv Asia Pacific. Prior to that, Mr. Abulaban held various business unit leadership positions with Delphi in China, Singapore and the United States. Mr. Abulaban holds a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh and a Master of Business Administration from the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University.
Kevin Burke	Mr. Burke is the Company’s Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer, a position he has held since October 2019. He joined Superior from Valeo North America, a Tier One auto supplier and technology company, where he was Head of Human Resources – North America since March 2018, with responsibility for all human resources across the United States, Mexico and Canada. From 2015 to 2017, he was at Lear Corporation, a Tier One auto supplier, as Vice President of Human Resources – Asia Pacific based in Shanghai, China. From 2013 to 2015, Mr. Burke was the Chief Human Resources Officer for ITC Holdings, an independent electric transmission company. Prior to that, he held various HR leadership positions with General Mills, Pulte Homes and Dow Corning Corporation. Mr. Burke earned a Bachelor of Arts in Communication and a Master of Labor & Industrial Relations from Michigan State University, as well as a Master of Business Administration from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School.
Michael Dorah	Mr. Dorah is the Company’s Senior Vice President and North American President, a position he has held since January 11, 2021. Mr. Dorah was previously the Senior Vice President, Manufacturing Systems of Delphi Technologies, Plc. (NYSE;DLPH), a global commercial vehicle parts supplier, from 2019 to 2020. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Operations of Chassix, Inc, a global supplier of precision casting and machining solutions for the automotive industry from 2016-2019. Mr. Dorah also served as Chassix’s General Manager, Chassix, Brazil from 2012 to 2016. Prior to that, Mr. Dorah was the Vice President and General Manager, Brazil for Acument Global Technologies, Inc., a global manufacturer of screws, bolts, nuts and cold formed components for the automotive, industrial and aerospace industries from 2008 to 2010. He also served from 2008 to 2010 as Acument’s Vice President – Operations. Prior to that, Mr. Dorah held various positions with American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. (NYSE;AXL), a global Tier 1 supplier to the automotive industry, from 1996 to 2008 culminating in his position of Director, Purchasing and Global Supply Based Management from 2004 to 2008. Mr. Dorah holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Materials Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology and a Master of Business Administration degree and Master of Science degree in Materials Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Joanne M. Finnorn	Ms. Finnorn is the Company’s Senior Vice President, Investor Relations, Sustainability and Corporate Secretary, a position she has held since June 2022. Ms. Finnorn was Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary from September 2017 to June 2022. Previously, Ms. Finnorn served as Vice President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer of Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company from February 2016 to August 2017. From 2013 to January 2016, Ms. Finnorn served as General Counsel, HouseSetter LLC, a home monitoring company. Ms. Finnorn began her career as an attorney with General Motors in Detroit before taking the role of General Counsel for GMAC’s European Operations in Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Finnorn also served as Vice President & General Counsel and Vice President, Subscriber Services for OnStar LLC. Ms. Finnorn obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Alma College and a Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School.
Michael J. Hatzfeld Jr.	Mr. Hatzfeld Jr. is the Company’s Vice President of Finance and Corporate Controller, a position he has held since December 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Hatzfeld Jr. held various positions with General Motors Company since 2011, most recently as Controller, US Sales and Marketing Unit in 2018, Controller, Global Revenue Recognition Project from 2016 to 2018, Controller, Customer Care and Aftersales Units from 2014 to 2016 and Assistant Director, Corporate Reporting and Analysis from 2013 to 2014. Mr. Hatzfeld Jr. began his career in public accounting at Ernst & Young LLP. Mr. Hatzfeld Jr. holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Duquesne University. Mr. Hatzfeld Jr. is also a Certified Public Accountant.
Parveen Kakar	Mr. Kakar is the Company’s Senior Vice President of Sales, Marketing and Product Development, a position he has held since September 2014. Mr. Kakar joined the Company in 1989 as the Director of Engineering Services and has held various positions at the Company since then. From July 2008 to September 2014, Mr. Kakar served as the Company’s Senior Vice President of Corporate Engineering and Product Development and from 2003 to 2008 as the Vice President of Program Development. Mr. Kakar holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College in India.
David Sherbin	Mr. Sherbin is the Company's Senior Vice President and General Counsel, a position he has held since June 2022. Prior to joining Superior, Mr. Sherbin was General Counsel, Senior Vice President, Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer for Aptiv Plc and Secretary, Chief Compliance Officer and Senior Vice President at Delphi Automotive LLP. Previously, Mr. Sherbin served as General Counsel for Pulte Homes and Federal-Mogul Corporation. Mr. Sherbin received an undergraduate degree from Oberlin College and a graduate degree from Cornell Law School.
C. Timothy Trenary	Mr. Trenary is the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since September 2020. Prior to joining Superior, Mr. Trenary was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Commercial Vehicle Group, Inc. from 2013 to 2020. Previously, Mr. Trenary had served in several Chief Financial Officer roles, including ProBuild Holdings, LLC, EMCON Technologies Holdings Limited, and DURA Automotive Systems, Inc. In addition, he has previously served in various executive positions with both public and private companies. Mr. Trenary began his career in public accounting at Arthur Young & Co., now part of Ernst & Young, and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Michigan State University and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Detroit Mercy.

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PART II

ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Superior Common Stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “SUP.” As of February 24, 2023, there were approximately 340 holders of record of our common stock.

ITEM 6 – [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report immediately prior to Item 1. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Executive Overview

Our principal business is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to OEMs in North America and Europe and to the aftermarket in Europe. We employ approximately 7,700 full-time employees, operating in eight manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe. We are one of the largest aluminum wheel suppliers to global OEMs and one of the leading European aluminum wheel aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 94 percent of our sales in 2022 and are primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Honda, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz Group, Nissan, PSA, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley) and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the principal markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European and Asian OEMs.

Industry Overview

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant volatility in the financial markets and had a widespread adverse effect on the automotive industry. In response to the then current industry production environment, we closed production at our European facilities in late March 2020. In North America, our manufacturing operations ceased production in early April 2020. The Company reopened all of its facilities by June 1, 2020, in line with industry demand and finished goods levels, and in accordance with local government requirements. As a result, COVID-19 had a significant adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition in 2020, but this effect had largely subsided by the end of 2020 with the exception of supply chain disruptions which emerged late in 2020 and continued in 2021 and 2022. We are continuing to monitor the resurgence of the virus, including the emergence of new virus variants and the progress of the vaccination efforts.

A broad range of factors impact automotive industry sales and production volumes, including consumer demand and preferences, dealer inventory levels, labor relations, trade agreements, cost and availability of raw materials and components, fuel prices, regulatory requirements, government initiatives, availability and cost of credit, changing consumer attitudes toward vehicle ownership and other factors. Our sales are driven generally by overall automotive industry production volumes and, more specifically, by the volumes of the vehicles for which we supply wheels. In addition, larger diameter wheels and premium finishes command higher unit prices. Larger cars and light trucks, as well as premium vehicle platforms, such as luxury, sport utility and crossover vehicles, typically employ larger diameter wheels and premium finishes.

The automotive industry continues to be impacted by the supply chain disruption, which emerged as OEM vehicle production resumed and began to scale following the shutdown because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The supply chain disruption includes shortages of semiconductor chips, electric vehicle batteries, shipping containers, steel, resin and foam. In 2022, the semiconductor chip shortage continued to constrain OEM vehicle production. In addition, the Ukraine Conflict has resulted in temporary shutdowns at certain OEM production facilities, which began to affect our production volume in March 2022. Cost inflation that we experienced in 2022 is expected to continue due to high energy rates, particularly in Europe, as well as the Ukraine Conflict. While the prices under our OEM contracts are adjusted for changes in the cost of aluminum, alloy premium and silicon, our aftermarket contracts do not provide such pass through of these costs. Additionally, future increases in raw material costs and OEM production volatility may cause our inventory levels to increase, negatively impacting our cash flows.

Automotive industry production volumes in the North American and Western and Central European regions, our principal markets, are shown below for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2021 and 2020:

Automotive Industry Production (North America and Western and Central Europe)
Twelve Months Ended	December 31,						2022 vs 2021			2021 vs 2020
	2022		2021		2020		% Change			% Change
(Units in thousands)
North America		14,307		13,047		13,024		9.7	%		0.2	%
Western and Central Europe		13,428		12,828		13,584		4.7	%		(5.6	%)
Total		27,735		25,875		26,608		7.2	%		(2.8	%)

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While automotive industry production volumes were initially forecast by IHS, an independent automotive industry analyst firm, in February 2022 to increase nearly 19.1 percent in 2022 (16.6 percent in North America and 21.7 percent in Western and Central Europe), actual industry production volumes increased only 7.2 percent (9.7 percent in North America and 4.7 percent in Western and Central Europe). This was primarily due to continuing semiconductor chip shortages, weaker economies in our principal markets and the Ukraine Conflict. The Ukraine Conflict may continue to have an impact on future automotive production volumes and, therefore, Superior production volumes.

The IHS forecast projects that production volumes in North America and Western and Central Europe will increase 6.2 percent in 2023 (5.4 percent in North America and 7.1 percent in Western and Central Europe). While semiconductor manufacturers have announced plans to expand capacity over the next several years, it is unclear when automotive industry semiconductor chip shortages will subside.

Business Overview

The following chart shows the comparison of our operational performance in 2022 and 2021 (in millions):

 

21

The following table is a summary of the Company’s operating results for 2022 and 2021:

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales
North America	$	943,713		$	744,904
Europe		696,189			639,846
Net sales		1,639,902			1,384,750
Cost of sales		(1,473,515	)		(1,270,035	)
Gross profit		166,387			114,715
Percentage of net sales		10.1	%		8.3	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		68,347			59,339
Income from operations		98,040			55,376
Percentage of net sales		6.0	%		4.0	%
Interest expense, net		(46,314	)		(41,879	)
Other expense, net		(588	)		(2,306	)
Income tax provision		(14,104	)		(7,437	)
Net income		37,034			3,754
Percentage of net sales		2.3	%		0.3	%
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Value added sales (1)	$	770,649		$	753,669
Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange (1)	$	816,514		$	753,669
Adjusted EBITDA (2)	$	194,154		$	166,713
Percentage of net sales		11.8	%		12.0	%
Percentage of value added sales		25.2	%		22.1	%
Unit shipments in thousands		15,592			16,123

(1)Value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange are key measures that are not calculated according to U.S. GAAP. Refer to “Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures” for a definition of value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange and a reconciliation of value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange to net sales, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

(2)Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure that is not calculated according to U.S. GAAP. Refer to “Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures” for a definition of adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

2022 versus 2021

Shipments

Wheel unit shipments were 15.6 million for 2022, compared to wheel unit shipments of 16.1 million in the prior year, a decrease of 3.3 percent. The decrease was driven by a 10.5 percent decrease in European unit shipment volumes, partially offset by a 3.2 increase in shipment volumes in North America.

Net Sales

Net sales for 2022 were $1,639.9 million compared to net sales of $1,384.8 million in the prior year, an increase of 18.4 percent. The increase in revenue was due to $325.1 million attributable to higher aluminum and other cost pass throughs to our OEM customers, as well as certain inflationary cost recoveries, offset by approximately $71.0 million of unfavorable Euro foreign exchange.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $1,473.5 million for 2022, compared to $1,270.0 million in the prior year, an increase of 16.0 percent. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to $218.8 million of higher aluminum costs and $36.3 million of higher conversion costs; partially offset by a reduction in cost of sales of $67.0 million due to foreign exchange primarily related to the Euro.

22

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses for 2022 were $68.3 million, or 4.2 percent of net sales, compared to $59.3 million, or 4.3 percent of net sales in the prior year. The $9.0 million increase was primarily due to the $4.4 million gain on the sale of our Fayetteville, Arkansas facility recognized in 2021 and $3.1 million increase in costs associated with the increase in gross profit and legal and consulting fees.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense for 2022 was $46.3 million compared to net interest expense of $41.9 million in 2021, a $4.4 million increase. The majority of the increase is due to the $3.7 million write off of unamortized debt issuance costs upon repayment of the previously outstanding term loan and termination of the revolving credit facilities. Refer to Note 10 “Debt,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Other Expense

Other expense was $0.6 million in 2022 compared to other expense of $2.3 million in 2021, a decrease of $1.7 million. The higher expense in 2021 is primarily attributable to a net casualty loss of $1.5 million associated with a flood at our Werdohl, Germany location.

Income Tax Provision

The income tax provision for 2022 was $14.1 million on pre-tax income of $51.1 million, representing an effective tax rate of 27.6 percent. The 2022 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to valuation allowances, tax credits, and the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions. The income tax provision for 2021 was $7.4 million on pre-tax income of $11.2 million, representing an effective income tax rate of 66.5 percent. The 2021 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to the recognition of a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, nondeductible charges and U.S. tax on foreign earnings, partially offset by a favorable split of pre-tax jurisdictional income.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income in 2022 was $37.0 million, or earnings per diluted share of $0.02, compared to net income of $3.8 million, or a loss per diluted share of $1.17 in 2021.

Segment Sales and Income from Operations

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Selected data
Net sales
North America	$	943,713	$	744,904	$	198,809
Europe		696,189		639,846		56,343
Total net sales	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	255,152
Income from operations
North America	$	71,772	$	50,798	$	20,974
Europe		26,268		4,578		21,690
Total income from operations	$	98,040	$	55,376	$	42,664

North America

In 2022, net sales of our North America segment increased 26.7 percent while unit shipments increased 3.2 percent, as compared to the prior year. The $198.8 million increase in net sales was due to higher aluminum and other cost pass throughs to our OEM customers, as well as certain inflationary cost recoveries. North American segment income from operations for 2022 was $21.0 million higher than the prior year primarily due to the timing of inflationary cost recoveries and higher unit shipment volumes of $35.4 million, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses of $11.1 million, as well as inflationary cost increases in labor, utilities and other manufacturing costs. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was due to higher compensation, benefit, legal and other expenses of $6.7 million and the $4.4 million gain on the sale of our Fayetteville, Arkansas facility recognized in 2021.

23

Europe

In 2022, net sales of our European segment increased 8.8 percent despite an 10.5 percent decline in unit shipment volumes, compared to the prior year. The increase in net sales of $56.3 million was primarily due to $127.2 million in higher aluminum and other cost pass throughs, as well as certain inflationary cost recoveries, partially offset by unfavorable foreign exchange of $71.0 million and lower unit shipment volumes. European segment income from operations for 2022 was $21.7 million higher than the prior year primarily due to the timing of inflationary cost recoveries and product mix of $34.8 million, partially offset by inflationary cost increases in labor, utilities and other manufacturing costs and unabsorbed fixed costs due to lower production volumes.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $213.0 million compared to $113.5 million at December 31, 2021. Our sources of liquidity primarily include cash and cash equivalents, cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under available debt facilities, factoring arrangements for trade receivables and, from time to time, other external sources of funds. Working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) and our current ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities) were $257.6 million and 2.0:1, respectively, at December 31, 2022, versus $172.4 million and 1.7:1 at December 31, 2021. The increase in our working capital of $85.2 million is due to a $99.5 million increase in our cash and cash equivalents from the effective management of working capital during an inflationary cost environment throughout 2022, as well as the $24.9 million of residual proceeds from the December 2022 refinancing of a portion of our debt obligations.

Our working capital requirements, investing activities and cash dividend payments have historically been funded from internally generated funds, debt facilities, cash and cash equivalents, and we believe these sources will continue to meet our future requirements. Capital expenditures relate to improving production quality and efficiency and extending the useful lives of existing property and expenditures for new product offerings, as well as expanded capacity for existing products. During 2023, we expect that capital expenditures will be approximately $70.0 million, $16.7 million of which has been committed under outstanding purchase orders at December 31, 2022.

In connection with the acquisition of our European operations, we entered into several debt and equity financing arrangements during 2017. On March 22, 2017, we entered into a senior secured credit facility consisting of a $400.0 million term loan facility ("Acquisition Term Loan Facility") and a $160.0 million revolving credit facility (the "US Revolving Credit Facility"), subsequently reduced to $107.5 million by May 2022. On May 22, 2017, we issued 150,000 shares of redeemable preferred stock for an aggregate purchase price of $150.0 million. On June 15, 2017, we issued €250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due June 15, 2025 (the “Notes”). Finally, as part of the European business acquisition, we also assumed $70.7 million of outstanding debt, including a €30.0 million European revolving credit facility (the "European Revolving Credit Facility") which was subsequently increased to €60.0 million. In addition, the European business entered into equipment loan agreements totaling $13.4 million (€12.0 million) in the fourth quarter of 2019. The Company drew down €10.6 million on these equipment loans in the first quarter of 2020 and drew the remaining €1.4 million in the first quarter of 2021.

On December 15, 2022, the Company entered into a $400.0 million term loan facility (the "Term Loan Facility") with Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and other lenders party thereto. The Term Loan Facility requires quarterly principal payments of $1.0 million. Additional principal payments may be due with respect to asset sales, debt issuances and as a percentage of cash flow in excess of a specified threshold. Concurrent with the issuance of the Term Loan Facility, the Company entered into a $60.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and terminated the previously outstanding $107.5 million US Revolving Credit Facility and €60.0 million European Revolving Credit Facility. The $388.0 million proceeds of the borrowings under the Term Loan Facility (consisting of the $400.0 million aggregate principal less the original issuance discount of $12.0 million) were used to repay the $349.2 million balance outstanding under the Acquisition Term Loan Facility and to pay debt issuance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility. As a result of the refinancing, our annual interest expense on the Term Loan Facility is expected to increase by more than $20.0 million in 2023.

Balances outstanding under the Term Loan Facility, Notes, and equipment loans as of December 31, 2022 were $400.0 million, $232.4 million, and $12.4 million, respectively. The balance of the redeemable preferred stock was $222.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility are scheduled to mature on December 15, 2027 and December 15, 2028, respectively. However, in the event the Company has not repaid, refinanced or otherwise extended the maturity of the Notes beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to June 15, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to June 15, 2025. Similarly, in the event the Company has not redeemed, refinanced or otherwise extended the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to September 14, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to September 14, 2025.

24

The redeemable preferred stock may be unconditionally redeemed at the holder's election on or after September 14, 2025 at the redemption amount, currently $300 million, provided the Company has sufficient available funds. Under Delaware law, any redemption payment would be limited to the “surplus” that our Board determines is available to fund a full or partial redemption without rendering us insolvent. The shares of preferred stock that have not been redeemed would continue to receive an annual dividend of 9 percent on the $150.0 million original stated value, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends, which would be paid quarterly. The Board would have to evaluate on an ongoing basis the ability of the Company to make any further redemption payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. The Company intends to repay, refinance or otherwise extend the Notes prior to their maturity and to redeem, refinance or otherwise extend the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, outstanding letters of credit of $4.8 million and available unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility of $55.2 million. As a result, our liquidity totaled $230.7 million at December 31, 2022, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $175.5 million ($213.0 million less $37.5 million related to the contractual liquidity required pursuant to the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility) and available and unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility of $55.2 million.

As part of our ongoing efforts to improve our cash flow and related liquidity, we negotiate with suppliers to optimize our terms and conditions, including extended payment terms. Beginning in 2021, the Company receives extended payment terms for a portion of our purchases with one of our principal aluminum suppliers in exchange for a nominal adjustment to the product pricing. The payment terms provided to us are consistent with aluminum industry norms, as well as those offered to the supplier’s other customers. The supplier intends to finance these extended terms by factoring receivables due from us with a financial institution. We are not a party to the supplier’s factoring agreement with the financial institution. We remit payments directly to our supplier, except with respect to product purchased under extended terms which have been factored by the supplier. These payments are remitted directly to the financial institution in accordance with the payment terms originally negotiated with our supplier. As of December 31, 2022, the Company owed $14.4 million to the financial institution which is included in accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company made $141.5 million in payments to the financial institution pursuant to the supplier’s factoring arrangement for the year ended December 31, 2022. These payments are included in cash flows from operations within the consolidated statements of cash flows.

As of December 31, 2022, we had no significant off-balance sheet arrangements other than factoring of $97.2 million of our trade receivables.

The following table summarizes the cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities		152,570			44,885
Net cash used in investing activities		(57,007	)		(57,524	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,505			(24,025	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(519	)		(2,286	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	99,549		$	(38,950	)

2022 versus 2021

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $152.6 million in 2022, as compared to $44.9 million in 2021. The increase in cash flow provided by operating activities was primarily driven by lower use of cash for working capital (accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable) of $70.2 million and increased profitability $33.3 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $57.0 million in 2022, relatively flat as compared to $57.5 million in 2021 because of a $7.0 million reduction in capital expenditures which was largely offset by proceeds of $6.6 million from the sale of our Fayetteville, Arkansas facility recognized in 2021.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $4.5 million in 2022, as compared to net cash used of $24.0 million in 2021. The $28.5 million increase in cash flow provided by financing activities was primarily due to Term Loan Facility proceeds of $388.0 million, less $349.2 million used to repay the previously outstanding term loan and $12.6 million of debt issuance costs related to the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In this Annual Report, we discuss three important measures that are not calculated according to U.S. GAAP, value added sales, value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange and adjusted EBITDA.

Value added sales represents net sales less the value of aluminum and other costs, as well as outsourced service provider (“OSPs”) costs that are included in net sales. Contractual arrangements with our customers allow us to pass on changes in aluminum and certain other costs. Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange represents value added sales on a constant currency basis. For entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the current period amounts are translated using the prior year comparative period exchange rates, rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the current period. Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange allows users of the financial statements to consider our net sales information both with and without the aluminum, other costs and OSP costs and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Management utilizes value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange as a key metric in measuring and evaluating the growth of the Company because it eliminates the volatility of the cost of aluminum and changes in foreign exchange rates. Management utilizes value added sales in calculating adjusted EBITDA margin to eliminate volatility of the cost of aluminum in evaluating year-over-year margin growth.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest income and expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, restructuring charges and other closure costs and impairments of long-lived assets and investments, changes in fair value of the redeemable preferred stock embedded derivative, acquisition and integration, certain hiring and separation related costs, proxy contest fees, gains associated with early debt extinguishment and accounts receivable factoring fees. We use adjusted EBITDA as an important indicator of the operating performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA is used in our internal forecasts and models when establishing internal operating budgets, supplementing the financial results and forecasts reported to our Board of Directors and evaluating short-term and long-term operating trends in our operations. We believe the adjusted EBITDA financial measure assists in providing a more complete understanding of our underlying operational measures to manage our business, to evaluate our performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace and to establish operational goals. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure may not be computed in the same manner as similarly titled measures used by other companies.

The following table reconciles our net sales, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to our value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange:

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	1,639,902		$	1,384,750
Less: aluminum, other costs, and outside service provider costs		(869,253	)		(631,081	)
Value added sales	$	770,649		$	753,669
Currency impact on current period value added sales		45,865			—
Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange	$	816,514		$	753,669

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The following table reconciles our net income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to our adjusted EBITDA:

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Interest expense, net		46,314			41,879
Income tax provision		14,104			7,437
Depreciation		70,244			73,343
Amortization		20,928			26,292
Restructuring, factoring fees and other (1) (2)		5,530			14,033
Change in fair value of redeemable preferred stock    embedded derivative liability (3)		—			(25	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	194,154		$	166,713
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales		11.8	%		12.0	%
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of value added sales		25.2	%		22.1	%

(1)In 2022, we incurred $3.6 million of accounts receivable factoring fees, $1.1 million of hiring and other costs and $0.8 million of restructuring costs.

(2)In 2021, we incurred $5.3 million of restructuring costs comprised of ongoing fixed costs associated with our Fayetteville, Arkansas facility, relocation and installation costs of repurposed machinery and costs of site preparation activities which occurred as part of the sale of the facility. Additionally, we recognized a gain on sale of $4.4 million related to the sale of the Fayetteville, Arkansas facility. We also incurred $1.5 million of costs from a flood at our Werdohl, Germany facility, $4.5 million related to the Werdohl restructuring, $4.3 million of certain hiring and separation costs, $2.1 million of accounts receivable factoring fees, and $0.7 million of other costs.

(3)The change in the fair value is mainly driven by the change in our stock price during the respective periods.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Accounting estimates are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. These estimates require the use of judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods (refer to Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report for our significant accounting policies related to our critical accounting estimates).

Revenue Recognition – Revenue estimation uncertainty primarily relates to deferral and recognition of tooling revenue and recognition of certain price adjustments on sales to our OEM customers treated as variable consideration. Tooling revenues, related to the initial tooling reimbursed by our customers, are deferred and recognized over the average life of the vehicle wheel program on a straight-line basis. A portion of our selling prices to OEM customers is attributable to the aluminum content of our wheels. Our selling prices are adjusted for changes in the current aluminum market based upon specified aluminum price indices during specific pricing periods, as agreed with our customers. Selling prices for our OEM customers are also adjusted for changes in current market prices for alloy premium and silicon based on either price indices or other contractually defined terms. Our selling prices also incorporate a wheel weight price component which is based on customer product specifications. We estimate the variable consideration using the “most likely” amount estimation approach. Changes in the prices for aluminum, certain other raw materials and other costs are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the respective indices occur, or as our contracts otherwise stipulate. Weights are monitored, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate these price adjustments. In North America, OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Adjustments to selling prices in 2022 and 2021 related to prior year revenues were $1.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements – The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, while other assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as an asset impairment. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We estimate the fair value of these instruments using the income valuation approach. Under this approach, future cash flows are estimated and discounted to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. The discount rate used is the relevant benchmark rate (e.g., SOFR) plus an adjustment for nonperformance risk.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets – Management evaluates the recoverability and estimated remaining lives of long-lived assets whenever facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. Estimation uncertainty in evaluating recoverability of long-lived assets within a given asset group is primarily related to the assumptions used in estimating the cash flows associated with the respective asset group, as well as the discount rate used in determining fair value in the event of an impairment. The asset group is the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset or group of long-lived assets which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other asset groups. An impairment loss occurs when the carrying value of an asset group (including the carrying value of liabilities associated with the long-lived assets within the asset group) exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be realized from the use and eventual disposition of the respective long-lived assets. Fair value is determined primarily by discounting the estimated expected cash flows. If the carrying amount of an asset group is impaired, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company’s asset groups consist of the North American and European reportable segments.

Retirement Plans – Subject to certain vesting requirements, our unfunded retirement plan generally provides for a benefit based on final average compensation, which becomes payable on the employee’s death or upon attaining age 65, if retired. The net periodic pension cost and related benefit obligations are primarily based on assumptions regarding the discount rate and the mortality of the participants, among other factors. The net periodic pension costs and related obligations are measured using actuarial techniques and assumptions (refer to Note 15, “Retirement Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report for a description of these assumptions).

The following information illustrates the sensitivity to a change in certain assumptions of our unfunded retirement plan as of December 31, 2022. They also may not be additive, so the impact of changing multiple factors simultaneously cannot be calculated by combining the individual sensitivities shown.

The effect of the indicated increase (decrease) in selected factors is shown below (in thousands):

			Increase (Decrease) in:
Assumption	Percentage Change		Projected Benefit Obligation at December 31, 2022			2023 Net Periodic Pension Cost
Discount rate		+1.0%	$	(2,068	)	$	92
Rate of compensation increase		+1.0%	$	152		$	8

Income Taxes – The Company operates in a number of geographic locations and is subject to foreign, U.S. federal, state and local taxes applicable in each of the respective jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex and involve uncertainties in the application to our facts and circumstances that may be subject to interpretation. We recognize benefits for uncertain tax positions based on a process that requires judgment in the technical application of laws, regulations and various related judicial opinions. If an uncertain tax position is more likely than not (probability of greater than 50 percent) to be sustained upon examination, we estimate the tax benefit as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are inherently subjective estimates since they require our assessment of the probability of future outcomes. We evaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis, including consideration of changes in circumstances, such as new regulations, recent judicial opinions or the results of recent examinations by tax authorities. Any necessary changes to our estimates are recorded in the period in which the change occurs.

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As a part of our income tax provision, we must also evaluate the likelihood that we will be able to realize our deferred tax assets which is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future years. A valuation allowance must be provided when, in our judgment, based on currently available information, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred tax assets will not be realized. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence, including the following:

•Nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses: A pattern of recent losses is heavily weighted as a source of negative evidence. We generally consider cumulative pre-tax losses in the three-year period ending in the current quarter to be significant negative evidence of future profitability. We also consider the strength and trend of earnings.

•Sources of future taxable income: Future reversals of existing temporary differences are heavily weighted sources of objectively verifiable evidence. Projections of future taxable income are a source of positive evidence only when the projections are combined with a history of recent profitability and can be reasonably estimated. Otherwise, these projections are considered inherently subjective and generally will not be sufficient to overcome negative evidence that includes cumulative losses in recent years, particularly if the projected future profitability is dependent on a turnaround to profitability that has not yet been achieved.

•Tax planning strategies: If necessary and available, tax planning strategies could be implemented to accelerate taxable amounts to utilize expiring carryforwards. These strategies would be a source of additional positive evidence and, depending on their nature, could be heavily weighted.

As of December 31, 2022, substantially all our U.S. and certain German deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, were subject to valuation allowances. If our financial results continue to improve, our assessment of the realization of our net deferred tax assets could result in the release of some or all the valuation allowances. Such a release would result in a material non-cash income tax benefit in the period of release and the recording of additional deferred tax assets. There is a reasonable possibility that within the next six to eighteen months, sufficient positive evidence becomes available to reach a conclusion that all or a significant portion of the valuation allowances against our US net deferred tax assets would no longer be required.

Our accounting for the valuation of deferred tax assets represents our best estimate of future events. Changes in our current estimates, due to unanticipated market conditions, governmental legislative actions or events, could have a material effect on our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, deferred tax assets were $104.7 million and $102.1 million, respectively, and valuation allowances against those deferred tax assets were $67.6 million and $69.4 million (refer to Note 13, “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report for additional information).

ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, as defined in Rule 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company is not required to provide the information required by this item.

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ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Superior Industries International, Inc.

	PAGE
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	31
Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)	34
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	35
Consolidated Balance Sheets	36
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)	37
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	38
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	39

30

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Superior Industries International, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Superior Industries International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 2, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Income Taxes — Refer to Notes 1 and 13 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company operates in many different geographic locations and is subject to foreign, U.S. federal, state and local taxes applicable to each of the respective jurisdictions. Determining the provision for income taxes, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of tax positions requires management to make assumptions and judgments regarding the application of complex tax laws and regulations as well as projected future taxable income, eligible carry forward periods, and tax planning strategies.

The Company recorded an income tax provision of $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and net deferred tax assets of $31.7 million, net of a valuation allowance of $67.6 million, and unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties of $32.3 million as of December 31, 2022. Accounting for income taxes requires management to make assumptions and judgments. Performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s assumptions and judgments required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our income tax specialists.

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How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the provision for income taxes, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of tax positions included the following which were performed with the assistance of our income tax specialists, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the Company’s determination of the provision for income taxes, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of tax positions.

•We tested the provision for income taxes, including the effective tax rate reconciliation, permanent and temporary differences and uncertain tax positions, by evaluating communications with tax advisors and regulators, and testing the underlying data for completeness and accuracy.

•We evaluated the significant assumptions used by management in establishing and measuring tax-related assets and liabilities, including the application of recent tax laws and regulations, as well as forecasted taxable income, eligible carry forward periods and tax planning strategies supporting the realizability of deferred tax assets.

•For a selection of tax positions, we evaluated the application of relevant tax laws and regulations and the reasonableness of management’s assessments of whether certain tax positions are more-likely-than-not of being sustained.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Detroit, Michigan

March 2, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Superior Industries International, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Superior Industries International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated March 2, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Detroit, Michigan

March 2, 2023

33

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
NET SALES	$	1,639,902		$	1,384,750
Cost of sales		1,473,515			1,270,035
GROSS PROFIT		166,387			114,715
Selling, general and administrative expenses		68,347			59,339
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS		98,040			55,376
Interest expense, net		(46,314	)		(41,879	)
Other expense, net		(588	)		(2,306	)
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES		51,138			11,191
Income tax provision		(14,104	)		(7,437	)
NET INCOME	$	37,034		$	3,754
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE – BASIC	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE – DILUTED	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)		86			(20,529	)
Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments:
Change in fair value of derivatives		29,773			(8,370	)
Tax (provision) benefit		(878	)		1,057
Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net of tax		28,895			(7,313	)
Defined benefit pension plan:
Actuarial gains on pension obligation, net of amortization		7,724			1,314
Tax provision		—			—
Pension changes, net of tax		7,724			1,314
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		36,705			(26,528	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	73,739		$	(22,774	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

35

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	213,022		$	113,473
Accounts receivable, net		72,725			83,447
Inventories, net		178,688			172,099
Income taxes receivable		2,261			4,957
Other current assets		42,218			30,279
Total current assets		508,914			404,255
Property, plant and equipment, net		473,960			494,401
Deferred income tax assets, net		35,187			27,715
Intangibles, net		51,497			76,870
Other noncurrent assets		64,181			50,906
Total assets	$	1,133,739		$	1,054,147
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	158,049		$	153,197
Short-term debt		5,873			6,081
Accrued expenses		74,108			71,525
Income taxes payable		13,300			1,076
Total current liabilities		251,330			231,879
Long-term debt (less current portion)		616,145			602,355
Noncurrent income tax liabilities		8,524			8,289
Deferred income tax liabilities, net		3,468			3,913
Other noncurrent liabilities		55,733			77,089
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 18)		—			—
Mezzanine equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value
Authorized – 1,000,000 shares
Issued and outstanding – 150,000 shares outstanding at    December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021		222,753			199,897
European noncontrolling redeemable equity		1,083			1,146
Shareholders’ deficit:
Common stock, $0.01 par value
Authorized – 100,000,000 shares
Issued and outstanding – 27,016,125 and 26,163,077 shares at    December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021		111,105			103,214
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(89,269	)		(125,974	)
Retained earnings		(47,133	)		(47,661	)
Total shareholders’ deficit		(25,297	)		(70,421	)
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ deficit	$	1,133,739		$	1,054,147

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

36

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	Common Stock				Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
	Number of Shares		Amount		Unrecognized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments			Pension Obligations			Cumulative Translation Adjustment			Retained Earnings			Total
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2022		26,163,077	$	103,214	$	(9,051	)	$	(6,133	)	$	(110,790	)	$	(47,661	)	$	(70,421	)
Net income		—		—		—			—			—			37,034			37,034
Change in unrecognized gains/(losses) on    derivative instruments, net of tax		—		—		28,895			—			—			—			28,895
Change in defined benefit plans, net of taxes		—		—		—			7,724			—			—			7,724
Net foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			86			—			86
Common stock issued, net of shares withheld    for employee taxes		853,048		—		—			—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—		7,891		—			—			—			—			7,891
Redeemable preferred 9% dividend     and accretion		—		—		—			—			—			(36,453	)		(36,453	)
European noncontrolling redeemable equity    dividend		—		—		—			—			—			(53	)		(53	)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2022		27,016,125	$	111,105	$	19,844		$	1,591		$	(110,704	)	$	(47,133	)	$	(25,297	)

	Common Stock				Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
	Number of Shares		Amount		Unrecognized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments			Pension Obligations			Cumulative Translation Adjustment			Retained Earnings			Total
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2021		25,591,930	$	95,247	$	(1,738	)	$	(7,447	)	$	(90,261	)	$	(17,323	)	$	(21,522	)
Net income		—		—		—			—			—			3,754			3,754
Change in unrecognized gains/(losses) on    derivative instruments, net of tax		—		—		(7,313	)		—			—			—			(7,313	)
Change in defined benefit plans, net of taxes		—		—		—			1,314			—			—			1,314
Net foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—			—			(20,529	)		—			(20,529	)
Common stock issued, net of shares withheld    for employee taxes		571,147		—		—			—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—		7,967		—			—			—			—			7,967
Redeemable preferred 9% dividend     and accretion		—		—		—			—			—			(34,050	)		(34,050	)
European noncontrolling redeemable equity    dividend		—		—		—			—			—			(42	)		(42	)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2021		26,163,077	$	103,214	$	(9,051	)	$	(6,133	)	$	(110,790	)	$	(47,661	)	$	(70,421	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

37

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		91,172			99,635
Income tax, noncash changes		(9,264	)		(1,958	)
Stock-based compensation		9,679			9,479
Amortization of debt issuance costs		8,654			4,436
Other noncash items		(470	)		(10,505	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		10,180			(38,233	)
Inventories		(11,282	)		(26,371	)
Other assets and liabilities		(3,273	)		6,607
Accounts payable		5,051			(1,691	)
Income taxes		15,089			(268	)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES		152,570			44,885
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Additions to property, plant, and equipment		(57,157	)		(64,113	)
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets		150			6,589
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES		(57,007	)		(57,524	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		388,000			1,658
Repayments of debt		(354,408	)		(4,967	)
Cash dividends paid		(13,648	)		(13,543	)
Financing costs paid and other		(12,589	)		(4,340	)
Payments related to tax withholdings for stock-based compensation		(1,788	)		(1,512	)
Finance lease payments		(1,062	)		(1,321	)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES		4,505			(24,025	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(519	)		(2,286	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		99,549			(38,950	)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period		113,473			152,423
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	213,022		$	113,473

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

38

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2022

NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Superior Industries International, Inc.’s (referred to herein as the “Company,” “Superior,” or “we” and “our”) principal business is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in North America and Europe and to the aftermarket in Europe. We employ approximately 7,700 full-time employees, operating in eight manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe. We are one of the largest aluminum wheel suppliers to global OEMs and one of the leading European aluminum wheel aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 94 percent of our sales in 2022 and are primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Honda, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz Group, Nissan, PSA, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley) and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the principal markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European and Asian OEMs. We have determined that our North American and European operations should be treated as separate reportable segments as further described in Note 5, “Business Segments.”

Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting estimates are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. These estimates require the use of judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe that the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash, certificates of deposit, fixed deposits and money market funds with original maturities of three months or less.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates (refer to Note 4, “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information pertaining to our derivative instruments).

We enter into contracts to purchase certain commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as aluminum, natural gas and electricity. These contracts are considered to be derivative instruments under U.S. GAAP; however, these purchase contracts are not accounted for as derivatives because they qualify for the normal purchase normal sale exemption.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable primarily consists of amounts that are due and payable from our customers for the sale of aluminum wheels. We evaluate the collectability of receivables each reporting period and record an allowance for doubtful accounts representing our estimate of probable losses. Additions to the allowance are charged to bad debt expense reported in selling, general and administrative expenses.

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Inventory

Inventories, which are categorized as raw materials, work-in-process or finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is measured using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method or the average cost method. Inventories are reviewed to determine if inventory quantities are in excess of forecasted usage or if they have become obsolete.

Aluminum is the primary material component in our inventories. The Company had three aluminum suppliers in 2022 and two aluminum suppliers in 2021 which individually exceeded 10 percent of total aluminum purchases and, in the aggregate, represented 61.4 percent and 56.2 percent of our total aluminum purchases, respectively.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The cost of additions, improvements and interest during construction, if any, are capitalized. Our maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense when incurred. Depreciation is calculated generally on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Classification	Expected Useful Life
Buildings	15 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment	3 to 20 years
Leasehold Improvements	Lease term

When property, plant and equipment is replaced, retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed and any resulting gain or loss on the disposition of an operating asset is included in income or loss from operations and is classified as a part of selling, general and administrative expenses. Any gain or loss on the disposition of a nonoperating asset, as well as any casualty gain or loss, is included in other income or expense.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The carrying amount of long-lived assets to be held and used in the business is evaluated for impairment whenever facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss occurs when the carrying value of an asset group (including the carrying value of liabilities associated with the long-lived assets within the asset group) exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be realized from the use and eventual disposition of the respective long-lived assets. An asset group is the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset or group of long-lived assets which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other asset groups. Fair value is determined primarily by discounting the estimated expected cash flows. If the carrying amount of an asset group is impaired, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company’s asset groups consist of the North American and European reportable segments.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are finite-lived assets consisting of brand names, technology and customer relationships. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (since the pattern in which the asset will be consumed cannot be reliably determined).

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation

The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries that use local currency as their functional currency are translated to U.S. dollars based on the current exchange rate prevailing at each balance sheet date and any resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries whose local currency is not their functional currency are remeasured from their local currency to their functional currency and then translated to U.S. dollars. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates prevailing for each period presented.

Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions and the effects of remeasurement discussed in the preceding paragraph are recorded in other income or expense. We recognized foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gains of $1.35 million and $0.3 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

40

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under our contracts are satisfied. Generally, this occurs upon shipment when control of products transfers to our customers. At this point, revenue is recognized in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled to under the terms of our contract.

The Company maintains long-term business relationships with our OEM customers and aftermarket distributors; however, there are no definitive long-term volume commitments under these arrangements. Volume commitments are limited to near-term customer requirements authorized under purchase orders or production releases generally with delivery periods of approximately one month. Sales do not involve any significant financing component since customer payment is generally due 40-60 days after shipment. Contract assets and liabilities consist of customer receivables and deferred revenues related to tooling.

At contract inception, the Company assesses goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to deliver a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. Principal performance obligations under our customer contracts consist of the manufacture and delivery of aluminum wheels, including production wheels, service wheels and replacement wheels. As a part of the manufacture of the wheels, we develop tooling necessary to produce the wheels. Accordingly, tooling costs, which are explicitly recoverable from our customers, are capitalized as preproduction costs and amortized to cost of sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program. Similarly, customer reimbursement for tooling costs is deferred and amortized to net sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program.

In the normal course of business, the Company’s warranties are limited to product specifications and the Company does not accept product returns unless the item is defective as manufactured. Accordingly, warranty costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment subject to accrual, rather than a performance obligation. The Company establishes provisions for both estimated returns and warranty when revenue is recognized. In addition, the Company does not typically provide customers with the right to a refund but provides for product replacement.

Prices allocated to production, service and replacement wheels are based on prices established in our customer purchase orders which represent the standalone selling price. Prices for service and replacement wheels are commensurate with production wheels with adjustment for any special packaging. In addition, prices are subject to adjustment for changes in commodity prices for aluminum, alloy premium and silicon, as well as production efficiencies and wheel weight variations from specifications used in pricing. These price adjustments are treated as variable consideration. Customer tooling reimbursement is generally based on quoted prices or cost not to exceed quoted prices.

We estimate variable consideration by using the “most likely” amount estimation approach. For commodity prices, initial estimates are based on the commodity index at contract inception. Changes in commodity prices are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the commodity index occur. Prices incorporate the wheel weight price component based on product specifications. Weights are monitored, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. In North America OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate price adjustments.

Under the Company’s policies, shipping costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment. In addition, the Company does not disclose remaining performance obligations under its contracts since contract terms are substantially less than a year (generally less than one month). Our revenue recognition practices and related transactions and balances are further described in Note 2, “Revenue.”

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the estimated fair value recognition method. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of three years. Refer to Note 17, “Stock-Based Compensation” for additional information concerning our stock-based compensation awards.

41

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years.

The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. The ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income in the future. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence factors. Our accounting for the valuation of deferred tax assets represents our best estimate of future events. We believe that the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of taxable income, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative.

We account for uncertain tax positions utilizing a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

In 2022 and 2021, we have provided deferred income taxes for the estimated U.S. federal and state income tax, foreign income tax and applicable withholding taxes on unremitted earnings of subsidiaries.

Cash Paid for Interest and Taxes and Noncash Investing Activities

Cash paid for interest was $38.2 million and $36.7 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Cash paid for income taxes was $8.0 million and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had purchased but not yet paid for equipment of $9.3 million and $11.2 million, respectively, which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in our consolidated balance sheets.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

ASU 2021-10, “Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance.” As of January 1, 2022, we adopted this standard on a prospective basis. The standard requires entities to disclose information about any transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. Disclosures under ASU 2021-10 include: information about the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used to account for the transactions, the financial statement line items affected by the transactions, the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item and significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. The adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since we have not received any significant governmental assistance.

42

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-13 which requires entities to use a new impairment model based on current expected credit losses (“CECL”) rather than incurred losses. Under CECL, estimated credit losses would incorporate relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and any expected credit losses would be recognized at the end of the period. As a smaller reporting company (as defined under SEC regulations), the Company is required to adopt the standard January 1, 2023. We do not expect that adoption of the standard will result in any cumulative adjustment nor have any material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since our credit losses have been (and are expected to remain) immaterial due to the financial strength of our OEM customers and the relatively short term nature of our contractual terms with our OEM and aftermarket customers.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations.” In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2022-04 which requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose the key terms of the program, including a description of the payment terms. For the obligations that the buyer has confirmed as valid to the finance provider or intermediary, the buyer must disclose: the amount outstanding that remains unpaid by the buyer as of the end of each year, a description of where those obligations are presented in the balance sheet and a rollforward of those obligations during the year, including the amount of obligations confirmed and the amount of obligations subsequently paid. This standard becomes effective for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. In adopting this standard, disclosures currently included in management's discussion and analysis regarding supply chain financing will be incorporated into the notes to the consolidated financial statements along with disclosure of payment terms under the program, as well as a roll forward of the amounts owed to the financial institution which has discounted supplier receivables.

NOTE 2 - REVENUE

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into our reportable segments, North America and Europe. Revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in Note 5, “Business Segments”.

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s receivables and current and long-term contract liabilities are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Customer receivables	$	63,565	$	74,887	$	(11,322	)
Contract liabilities—current		6,251		6,887		(636	)
Contract liabilities—noncurrent		8,355		10,526		(2,171	)

The changes in the contract liability balances primarily result from timing differences between our performance and customer payment while the decrease in customer receivables is primarily due to the decrease in the fourth quarter 2022 aluminum prices and shipping volumes. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized tooling reimbursement revenue of $10.5 million and $13.1 million, respectively, which had been deferred in prior periods and was previously included in contract liability (deferred revenue), as well as revenue on tooling invoiced, deferred and recognized in the current and prior year. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue of $1.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively, from obligations satisfied in prior periods as a result of adjustments to pricing estimates for production efficiencies and other revenue adjustments.

43

NOTE 3 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, while other assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as an asset impairment. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short period of time until maturity.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We estimate the fair value of these instruments using the income valuation approach. Under this approach, we project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. The discount rate used is the relevant benchmark rate (e.g., SOFR) plus an adjustment for nonperformance risk.

The following tables categorize items measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2022			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Total	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—
Total	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2021			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Total	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—
Total	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—

44

Debt Instruments

The carrying values of the Company’s debt instruments vary from their fair values. The fair values were determined by reference to transacted prices and quotes for these securities (Level 2). The estimated fair value, as well as the carrying value, of the Company’s debt instruments are shown below:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Estimated aggregate fair value	$	615,394	$	605,874
Aggregate carrying value (1)		647,443		616,215

(1)Total debt excluding the impact of unamortized debt issuance costs.

NOTE 4 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

We use derivatives to partially offset our exposure to foreign currency, interest rate, aluminum and other commodity price risks. We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars or other derivative instruments to offset some of the risk on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. However, we may choose not to hedge certain exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. There can be no assurance the hedges will fully offset the financial impact resulting from movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and aluminum or other commodity prices.

To help mitigate gross margin and cash flow fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain of our subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency costs denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty, respectively. We may hedge portions of our forecasted foreign currency exposure up to 48 months.

We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows and are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

The following tables display the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	11,210	$	15,890	$	2,873	$	5,212
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		603		—		192		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		—		—		1,213		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		498		655		1,520		770
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		4,112		1,992		—		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	16,423	$	18,537	$	5,798	$	5,982

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	December 31, 2021
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	3,161	$	2,194	$	1,845	$	13,565
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		579		—		3		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		2,677		39		—		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		1,294		418		135		276
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		—		—		3,887		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	7,711	$	2,651	$	5,870	$	13,841

The following table summarizes the notional amount and estimated fair value of our derivative financial instruments:

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value			Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	462,783	$	19,015		$	458,769	$	(10,055	)
Foreign exchange forward contracts not designated    as hedging instruments		39,726		411			24,419		576
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		9,495		(1,213	)		37,609		2,716
Natural gas forward contracts designated as hedging    instruments		13,500		(1,137	)		8,915		1,301
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		250,000		6,104			200,000		(3,887	)
Total derivative financial instruments	$	775,504	$	23,180		$	729,712	$	(9,349	)

Notional amounts are presented on a net basis. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, therefore, are not a direct measure of our exposure to the financial risks described above. The amounts exchanged are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or commodity prices.

The following tables summarize the gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss (“AOCI”), the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings, and the amounts recognized directly into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	28,895	$	14,962	$	2,074

Year Ended December 31, 2021	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives			Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	(7,313	)	$	4,106	$	(1,047	)

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NOTE 5 - BUSINESS SEGMENTS

Our North American and European operations represent separate operating segments in view of significantly different markets, customers and products between these regions. Within each of these regions, markets, customers, products, and production processes are similar. Moreover, our business within each region leverages common systems, processes, and infrastructure. Accordingly, North America and Europe comprise the Company’s reportable segments.

	Net Sales				Income from Operations
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	943,713	$	744,904	$	71,772	$	50,798
Europe		696,189		639,846		26,268		4,578
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	98,040	$	55,376

	Depreciation and Amortization				Capital Expenditures
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	36,301	$	36,243	$	39,265	$	30,005
Europe		54,871		63,392		17,892		34,108
	$	91,172	$	99,635	$	57,157	$	64,113

	Property, Plant and Equipment, net				Intangible Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	220,321	$	214,331	$	—	$	—
Europe		253,639		280,070		51,497		76,870
	$	473,960	$	494,401	$	51,497	$	76,870

	Total Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	582,339	$	499,988
Europe		551,400		554,159
	$	1,133,739	$	1,054,147

Geographic information

See table below for our net sales and long-lived assets by location:

	Net Sales				Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
U.S.	$	5,574	$	8,166	$	1,476	$	2,152
Mexico		938,139		736,738		218,845		212,179
Germany		203,979		227,887		76,158		76,849
Poland		492,210		411,959		177,481		203,221
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	473,960	$	494,401

NOTE 6 - ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Trade receivables	$	64,225		$	75,713
Other receivables		9,161			8,560
		73,386			84,273
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(661	)		(826	)
Accounts receivable, net	$	72,725		$	83,447

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The accounts receivable from GM, Ford and VW Group represented approximately 7 percent, 7 percent and 11percent of the total accounts receivable, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and 10 percent, 9 percent and 10 percent of the total accounts receivable, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

The related percentage of our total sales to each of these three customers is shown below:

	2022 Percent of Sales			2021 Percent of Sales
GM		26	%		26	%
Ford		16	%		13	%
VW Group		14	%		14	%

NOTE 7 - INVENTORIES

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Raw materials	$	62,639	$	47,392
Work in process		37,993		54,891
Finished goods		78,056		69,816
Inventories, net	$	178,688	$	172,099

Service wheel and supplies inventory included in other noncurrent assets in the consolidated balance sheets totaled $11.3 million and $9.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 8 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Land and buildings	$	144,870		$	129,826
Machinery and equipment		887,222			861,097
Leasehold improvements and others		4,993			9,831
Construction in progress		80,263			67,529
		1,117,348			1,068,283
Accumulated depreciation		(643,388	)		(573,882	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	473,960		$	494,401

Depreciation expense was $70.2 million and $73.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 9 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following table.

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation			Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(9,134	)	$	134		$	—		—
Technology		15,000		(15,222	)		222			—		—
Customer relationships		167,000		(114,595	)		(908	)		51,497	1-6
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(138,951	)	$	(552	)	$	51,497

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Year Ended December 31, 2021	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation		Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(8,503	)	$	258	$	755	1-2
Technology		15,000		(14,172	)		430	$	1,258	2
Customer relationships		167,000		(95,540	)		3,397	$	74,857	2-7
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(118,215	)	$	4,085	$	76,870

Amortization expense for these intangible assets was $20.7 million and $26.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The anticipated annual amortization expense for these intangible assets is $19.3 million for 2023 and 2024, $9.5 million for 2025, $2.4 million for 2026 and $1.0 million for 2027.

NOTE 10 - DEBT

A summary of long-term debt and the related weighted average interest rates is shown below:

	December 31, 2022
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Discount and Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	400,000	$	(22,967	)	$	377,033			12.3	%
6.00% Senior Notes		232,352		(2,458	)		229,894			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		12,365		—			12,365			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,726		—			2,726			2.7	%
	$	647,443	$	(25,425	)		622,018
Less: Current portion							(5,873	)
Long-term debt						$	616,145

	December 31, 2021
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	349,200	$	(4,338	)	$	344,862			4.1	%
6.00% Senior Notes		245,809		(3,441	)		242,368			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		18,595		—			18,595			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,611		—			2,611			2.8	%
	$	616,215	$	(7,779	)		608,436
Less: Current portion							(6,081	)
Long-term debt						$	602,355

(1)Unamortized portion

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Senior Notes

On June 15, 2017, the Company issued €250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes (“Notes”) due June 15, 2025. Interest on the Notes is payable semiannually, on June 15 and December 15. The Company may redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price of 100 percent, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the applicable redemption date. If we experience a change of control or sell certain assets, the Company may be required to offer to purchase the Notes from the holders. The Notes are senior unsecured obligations ranking equally in right of payment with all of its existing and future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to any subordinated indebtedness. The Notes are effectively subordinated in right of payment to the existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company, including the Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as defined below), to the extent of the assets securing such indebtedness.

Guarantee

The Notes are unconditionally guaranteed by all material wholly owned direct and indirect domestic restricted subsidiaries of the Company (the “Notes Subsidiary Guarantors”), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract, or would result in adverse tax consequences.

Covenants

Subject to certain exceptions, the indenture governing the Notes contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors to: (i) incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends on, or make distributions in respect of, their capital stock; (iii) make certain investments or other restricted payments; (iv) sell certain assets or issue capital stock of restricted subsidiaries; (v) create liens; (vi) merge, consolidate, transfer or dispose of substantially all of their assets; and (vii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates. These covenants are subject to several important limitations and exceptions that are described in the indenture.

The indenture provides for customary events of default that include, among other things (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods): (i) nonpayment of principal, premium, if any, and interest, when due; (ii) failure for 60 days to comply with any obligations, covenants or agreements in the indenture after receipt of written notice from the Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch (“the Trustee”) or holders of at least 30 percent in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes of such failure (other than defaults referred to in the foregoing clause (i)); (iii) default under any mortgage, indenture or instrument for money borrowed by the Company or certain of its subsidiaries, (iv) a failure to pay certain judgments; and (v) certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Trustee or holders of at least 30 percent in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes may declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Notes to be due and payable. These events of default are subject to several important qualifications, limitations and exceptions that are described in the indenture. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the indenture governing the Notes.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

On December 15, 2022, the Company entered into a $400.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) pursuant to a credit agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”) with Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and other lenders party thereto. Concurrent with the execution of the Term Loan Facility, the Company entered into a $60.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities” or "SSCF") pursuant to a credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement” and, together with the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the "Credit Agreements") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and other lenders and issuing banks thereunder. The previously outstanding $107.5 million US revolving credit facility and €60.0 million European revolving credit facility were terminated.

The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility are scheduled to mature on December 15, 2027 and December 15, 2028, respectively. However, in the event the Company has not repaid, refinanced or otherwise extended the maturity date of the Notes beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to June 15, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to June 15, 2025. Similarly, in the event the Company has not redeemed, refinanced or otherwise extended the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to September 14, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to September 14, 2025. The Term Loan Facility requires quarterly principal payments of $1.0 million. Additional principal payments may be due with respect to asset sales, debt issuances and as a percentage of cash flow in excess of a specified threshold.

50

The $388.0 million of proceeds from the Term Loan Facility (consisting of the $400.0 million aggregate principal less the original issuance discount of $12.0 million) were used to repay $349.2 million in borrowings under the previously outstanding term loan and pay debt issuance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility. Debt issuance costs associated with the Term Loan Facility of $11.1 million have been reflected as a reduction of the outstanding borrowing and are being amortized over the six-year term. Debt issuance costs and expenses associated with the Revolving Credit Facility of $3.2 million have been recognized as a deferred charge and are being amortized over the five-year term. In connection with the termination of the previously outstanding term loan and revolving credit facilities, unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.7 million were written off and charged to interest expense.

The Company may at any time request one or more increases in the amount of (i) commitments under the Term Loan Facility, up to an unlimited additional amount if, on a pro forma basis after the incurrence of such amount, the First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) does not exceed 2.00 to 1.00 and (ii) commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility, up to an aggregate maximum additional amount of $50.0 million, in each case, subject to certain conditions (including the agreement of a lender to provide such commitment increase). Amounts borrowed under the Term Loan Facility may be voluntarily prepaid at any time subject to a prepayment premium of 2.00 percent of the loan principal plus the net present value of any lost interest in the first year and 2.00 percent and 1.00 percent of the loan principal during second and third years, respectively. After the third anniversary of the closing date, there is no prepayment premium.

Borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), with a floor of 1.50 percent per annum, or (ii) a base rate (“Term Base Rate”), with a floor of 1.50 percent per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank (the "NYFRB") rate plus 0.50 percent and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 percent, in each case, plus the applicable rate. Initially, the applicable rate for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022 is equal to 8.00 percent for SOFR loans and 7.00 percent for Term Base Rate loans. Thereafter, the applicable rate will be determined by reference to the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) and will range between 7.50 percent and 8.00 percent for SOFR loans and between 6.50 percent and 7.00 percent for Term Base Rate loans. In the event of a payment default under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 percent.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) SOFR plus 0.10 percent (or, with respect to any borrowings denominated in euros, the adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate, “EURIBOR”), with a floor of 0.00 percent per annum or (ii) a base rate (“Revolving Loan Base Rate”), with a floor of 1.00 percent per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the NYFRB rate plus 0.50 percent and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 percent, in each case, plus the applicable rate. Initially, the applicable rate for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022, is equal to 4.00 percent for SOFR and EURIBOR loans and 3.00 percent for Revolving Base Rate loans. Thereafter, the applicable rate will be determined by reference to the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) and will range between 3.50 percent and 4.50 percent for SOFR and EURIBOR loans and between 2.50 percent and 3.50 percent for Revolving Base Rate loans. The commitment fee for the unused commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility varies between 0.50 percent and 0.625 percent depending on the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio. Commitment fees are included in interest expense. In the event of a payment default under the Revolving Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 percent.

Guarantees and Collateral Security

Our obligations under the Credit Agreements are unconditionally guaranteed by the Notes Subsidiary Guarantors and certain other domestic and foreign subsidiaries of the Company (collectively, the “SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors”), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would result in adverse tax consequences. The guarantees of such obligations, are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by substantially all of our assets and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors’ assets, including but not limited to: (i) a perfected pledge of all of the capital stock issued by each of the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors’ (subject to certain exceptions) and (ii) perfected security interests in and mortgages on substantially all tangible and intangible personal property and material fee-owned real property of the Company and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions and exclusions). The Company’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured by liens on a super-priority basis ranking ahead of the liens securing the Term Loan Facility.

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Covenants

The Credit Agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness, create or incur liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances, pay dividends, distributions or other restricted payments, or repurchase our capital stock. The Credit Agreements also restrict our ability to prepay, redeem or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness, enter into agreements which limit our ability to incur liens on our assets or that restrict the ability of restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other restricted payments to us, and enter into certain transactions with our affiliates.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain (i) a quarterly Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.50:1.00 and (ii) Liquidity (defined as the sum of unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances and unborrowed commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility) of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility). The Revolving Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain (i) a quarterly Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.50:1.00; (ii) a quarterly Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.50:1.00; and (iii) Liquidity of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility) but only so long as loans under the Term Loan Facility are outstanding. In the event unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances fall below $37.5 million at any quarter end (or up to a maximum of $50.0 million following any increase in borrowings available under the Revolving Credit Facility), the available commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility would be reduced by the amount of any shortfall.

The Credit Agreements contain customary default provisions that include among other things: non-payment of principal or interest when due, failure to comply with obligations, covenants or other provisions in the Credit Agreements, any failure of representations and warranties, cross-default under other debt agreements for obligations in excess of $20.0 million, insolvency, failure to pay judgments in excess of $20.0 million within 60 days of the judicial award, failure to pay any material plan withdrawal obligations under ERISA, invalidity of the loan agreement, invalidity of any security interest in the loan collateral, change of control and failure to maintain the financial covenants. In the event a default occurs, all commitments under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities would be terminated and the lenders would be entitled to declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all borrowings outstanding to be due and payable.

In addition, the Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties and other covenants. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreements.

Available Unused Commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, had outstanding letters of credit of $4.8 million and had available unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility of $55.2 million as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents substantially exceeded the Liquidity requirement and, accordingly, the full commitment was available, less outstanding letters of credit.

European Debt

In connection with the acquisition of UNIWHEELS AG in 2017, the Company assumed $70.7 million of outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2022, $3.6 million of the assumed debt remained outstanding. The debt matures March 31, 2024, and is collateralized by the financed equipment, guaranteed by Superior and bears interest at a rate of 2.2 percent. Covenants under the loan agreement include a default provision for nonpayment, as well as a material adverse change default provision pursuant to which the lender could accelerate the loan maturity. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loan agreement.

The balance of certain post-acquisition equipment loans was $8.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The loans bear interest at 2.3 percent, mature September 30, 2027 and require quarterly principal and interest payments. The loans are secured with liens on the financed equipment and are subject to covenants that, among other things, include a material adverse change default provision pursuant to which the lender could accelerate the loan maturity, as well as a provision that restricts the ability of Superior Europe AG to reduce its ownership interest in Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH, its wholly owned subsidiary and the borrower under the loan. The Company drew down €10.6 million on these equipment loans in the first quarter of 2020 and drew the remaining €1.4 million in the first quarter of 2021. Quarterly installment payments of $0.5 million (€0.5 million) under the loan agreements began in June of 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loans.

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Debt maturities due in the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

Debt Maturities	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	5,873
2024		3,672
2025		234,728
2026		2,055
2027		1,117
Thereafter		399,998
Total debt liabilities	$	647,443

NOTE 11 - REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK

During 2017, we issued 150,000 shares of Series A (140,202 shares) and Series B (9,798 shares) Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share for $150.0 million. On August 30, 2017, the Series B shares were converted into Series A redeemable preferred stock (the “redeemable preferred stock”) after approval by our shareholders. The redeemable preferred stock has an initial stated value of $1,000 per share, par value of $0.01 per share and liquidation preference over common stock.

The redeemable preferred stock is convertible into shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares determined by dividing the sum of the stated value and any accrued and unpaid dividends by the conversion price of $28.162. The redeemable preferred stock accrues dividends at a rate of 9 percent per annum, payable at our election either in-kind or in cash and is also entitled to participate in dividends on common stock in an amount equal to that which would have been due had the shares been converted into common stock.

We may mandate conversion of the redeemable preferred stock if the price of the common stock exceeds $84.49. The holder may redeem the shares upon the occurrence of any of the following events (referred to as a “redemption event”): a change in control, recapitalization, merger, sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets, liquidation or delisting of the Company’s common stock. In addition, the holder may unconditionally redeem the shares at any time on or after September 14, 2025. We may, at our option, redeem in whole at any time all of the shares of redeemable preferred stock outstanding. At redemption by either party, the redemption value will be the greater of two times the initial face value ($150.0 million) and any accrued unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind, currently $300.0 million, or the product of the number of common shares into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted (5.3 million shares currently) and the then current market price of the common stock. Under Delaware law, any redemption payment would be limited to the “surplus” that our Board determines is available to fund a full or partial redemption without rendering us insolvent.

We have determined that the conversion option and the redemption option exercisable upon the occurrence of a “redemption event” which are embedded in the redeemable preferred stock must be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability.

Since the redeemable preferred stock may be redeemed at the option of the holder, but is not mandatorily redeemable, the redeemable preferred stock was classified as mezzanine equity and initially recognized at fair value of $150.0 million (the proceeds on the date of issuance), less issuance costs of $3.7 million and $10.9 million assigned to the embedded derivative liability at date of issuance, resulting in an adjusted initial value of $135.5 million.

The difference between the redemption value of the redeemable preferred stock and the carrying value (the “premium”) is being accreted over the period from the date of issuance through September 14, 2025 using the effective interest method. The accretion is treated as a deemed dividend, recorded as a charge to retained earnings and deducted in computing earnings per share (analogous to the treatment for stated and participating dividends paid on the redeemable preferred shares). The cumulative premium accretion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $87.3 million and $64.4 million, respectively, resulting in adjusted redeemable preferred stock balances of $222.8 million and $199.9 million, respectively.

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NOTE 12 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss), after deducting preferred dividends and accretion and European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividends, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. For purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average shares outstanding includes the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and time and performance based restricted stock units under the treasury stock method. The redeemable preferred shares discussed in Note 11, “Redeemable Preferred Stock” (convertible into 5,326 thousand shares) have not been included in the diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of such shares on an as converted basis would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Basic numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Diluted numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents		751			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted		27,590			25,995

NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES

Income/(loss) before income taxes from domestic and international jurisdictions is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Domestic	$	(22,538	)	$	(44,129	)
Foreign		73,676			55,320
	$	51,138		$	11,191

The benefit/(provision) for income taxes is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Current taxes
Federal	$	(1,946	)	$	(67	)
State		(77	)		(99	)
Foreign		(21,345	)		(9,229	)
Total current taxes		(23,368	)		(9,395	)
Deferred taxes
Federal		275			711
State		—			—
Foreign		8,989			1,247
Total deferred taxes		9,264			1,958
Income tax provision	$	(14,104	)	$	(7,437	)

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The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal tax rate to our effective income tax rate:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
Statutory rate		21.0	%		21.0	%
State tax provisions, net of federal income tax benefit		1.7			(14.2	)
Tax credits		(26.4	)		(13.2	)
Foreign income taxes at rates other than the statutory rate		(19.9	)		(97.1	)
Valuation allowance		15.6			203.6
Changes in tax liabilities, net		4.9			(89.7	)
Share based compensation		3.4			10.9
Unremitted non-U.S. Earnings		2.0			3.6
US tax on non-US income		19.9			16.3
Non-deductible charges		4.1			22.3
Other		1.2			3.0
Effective income tax rate		27.5	%		66.5	%

Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued liabilities	$	7,220		$	4,964
Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)		1,353			9,231
Deferred compensation		6,638			8,162
Inventory reserves		3,895			3,777
Net loss carryforwards and credits		48,774			40,747
Interest carryforwards		23,098			29,366
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other		7,865
Competent authority deferred tax assets and    other foreign timing differences		4,915			4,739
Other		946			1,143
Total before valuation allowance		104,704			102,129
Valuation allowance		(67,626	)		(69,388	)
Net deferred income tax assets		37,078			32,741
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other					(4,408	)
Unremitted earnings		(5,359	)		(4,531	)
Deferred income tax liabilities		(5,359	)		(8,939	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	31,719		$	23,802

The classification of our net deferred tax asset is shown below:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Long-term deferred income tax assets	$	35,187		$	27,715
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities		(3,468	)		(3,913	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	31,719		$	23,802

55

As of December 31, 2022, we have cumulative tax effected Germany NOL carryforwards of $25.6 million that carryforward indefinitely and U.S. state NOL carryforwards of $11.5 million that expire in the years 2023 to 2043. Also, we have $13.9 million of U.S. tax credit carryforwards.

The Company continuously evaluates the realizability of our net deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2022, substantially all our U.S. and certain German deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, were subject to valuation allowances. If our financial results continue to improve, our assessment of the realization of our net deferred tax assets could result in the release of some or all the valuation allowances. Such a release would result in a material non-cash income tax benefit in the period of release and the recording of additional deferred tax assets. There is a reasonable possibility that within the next six to eighteen months, sufficient positive evidence becomes available to reach a conclusion that all or a significant portion of the valuation allowances against our U.S. net deferred tax assets would no longer be required.

The transition tax substantially eliminated the basis difference on foreign subsidiaries that existed previously for purposes of Accounting Standards Codification topic 740 (“ASC 740”). However, there are limited other taxes that could continue to apply such as foreign withholding and certain state taxes. Provisions are made for income tax liabilities on the undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of uncertain tax positions is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	16,362		$	31,858
Increases (decreases) due to foreign currency translations	$	(712	)		(1,192	)
Increases (decreases) as a result of positions    taken during:
Prior periods		10,580			(13,633	)
Current period		50			48
Settlements with taxing authorities					(719	)
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation		(180	)
Ending balance	$	26,100		$	16,362

Our policy regarding interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions is to record interest and penalties as an element of income tax expense. At the end of 2022 and 2021, the Company had liabilities of $6.2 million of potential interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions. Included in the unrecognized tax benefits is $3.1 million that, if recognized, would favorably affect our annual effective tax rate. Within the next 12-month period we expect a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits as uncertain tax positions begin to expire.

Income tax returns are filed in multiple jurisdictions and are subject to examination by tax authorities in various jurisdictions where the Company operates. The Company has open tax years from 2015 to 2021 with various significant tax jurisdictions, including ongoing tax audits in the U.S. for 2015 to 2018 and Germany for 2018 to 2019.

During the examination of our U.S. federal income tax return for tax years 2015-2018, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) asserted that income earned by a foreign subsidiary from its Mexican branch operations should be categorized as foreign base company sales income (FBCSI) under Section 954(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and issued a Notice of Proposed Adjustment (“NOPA”). We believed that the proposed adjustment was without merit and contested the matter with the IRS administrative appeals office. The IRS administrative appeals office denied our position, however, the final assessment has not been received as of December 31, 2022. At this time, we do not intend to further pursue with litigation and as a result we have recorded the relevant income tax expense and liability, which is not significant.

NOTE 14 - LEASES

The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Operating leases are accounted for in other noncurrent assets, accrued expenses and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net, short-term debt and long-term debt (less current portion) in our consolidated balance sheets.

56

Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Finance and operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Since we generally do not have access to the interest rate implicit in the lease, the Company uses our incremental borrowing rate (for fully collateralized debt) at the inception of the lease in determining the present value of the lease payments. The implicit rate is, however, used where readily available. Lease expense under operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain of our leases contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

The Company has operating and finance leases for office facilities, a data center and certain equipment. The remaining terms of our leases range from over one year to seven years. Certain leases include options to extend the lease term for up to ten years, as well as options to terminate, both of which have been excluded from the term of the lease since exercise of these options is not reasonably certain.

Lease expense, cash flow, operating and finance lease assets and liabilities, average lease term and average discount rate are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Expense
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	1,040		$	1,325
Interest on lease liabilities		59			82
Operating lease expense		2,601			3,070
Total lease expense	$	3,700		$	4,477
Cash Flow Components
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from finance leases	$	59		$	82
Operating cash outflows from operating leases		2,738			3,460
Financing cash outflows from finance leases		1,062			1,321
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		1,249			922
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		333			416
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Balance Sheet Information
Operating leases:
Other noncurrent assets	$	8,325		$	10,772
Accrued liabilities	$	(2,137	)	$	(2,371	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(6,516	)		(8,860	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	(8,653	)	$	(11,231	)
Finance leases:
Property, plant and equipment gross	$	7,899		$	6,603
Accumulated depreciation		(5,684	)		(4,644	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	2,215		$	1,959
Current portion of long-term debt	$	(1,053	)	$	(982	)
Long-term debt (less current portion)		(1,673	)		(1,629	)
Total finance lease liabilities	$	(2,726	)	$	(2,611	)
Lease Term and Discount Rates
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years)		3.2			3.4
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years)		4.2			5.0
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases		2.7	%		2.8	%
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		3.6	%		3.6	%

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Summarized future minimum payments under our leases are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Maturities	Finance Leases			Operating Leases
2023	$	1,053		$	2,250
2024		993			2,199
2025		411			2,044
2026		167			1,886
2027		104			870
Thereafter		101			43
Total		2,829			9,292
Less: Imputed interest		(103	)		(639	)
Total lease liabilities, net of interest	$	2,726		$	8,653

NOTE 15 - RETIREMENT PLANS

We have an unfunded salary continuation plan covering certain directors, officers, and other key members of management. Subject to certain vesting requirements, the plan provides for a benefit based on final average compensation, which becomes payable on the employee’s death or upon attaining age 65, if retired. The plan was closed to new participants effective February 3, 2011.

The following table summarizes the changes in plan assets and plan benefit obligations.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in benefit obligation
Beginning benefit obligation	$	31,120		$	32,640
Interest cost		872			823
Actuarial loss (gain)		(7,392	)		(928	)
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Ending benefit obligation	$	23,155		$	31,120

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The actuarial gain in 2022 and 2021 calendar years was due to an increase in the year-over-year discount rate.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	—		$	—
Employer contribution		1,445			1,415
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	—		$	—
Funded status	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated    balance sheets consist of:
Accrued expenses	$	(1,393	)	$	(1,432	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(21,762	)		(29,688	)
Net amount recognized	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other    comprehensive loss consist of:
Net actuarial loss	$	1,721		$	9,446
Prior service cost		—			(1	)
Net amount recognized, before tax effect	$	1,721		$	9,445
Weighted average assumptions used to    determine benefit obligations:
Discount rate		5.4	%		2.9	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Components of net periodic pension cost are described in the following table:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Interest cost	$	872		$	823
Amortization of actuarial loss		332			386
Net periodic pension cost	$	1,204		$	1,209
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net    periodic pension cost:
Discount rate		2.9	%		2.6	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Benefit payments during the next ten years, which reflect applicable future service, are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	1,431
2024		1,481
2025		1,693
2026		1,759
2027		1,716
Years 2028 to 2032		8,964

The following is an estimate of the components of net periodic pension cost in 2023:

Estimated Year Ended December 31,	2023
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest cost	$	1,217
Amortization of actuarial loss		—
Estimated 2023 net periodic pension cost	$	1,217

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Other Retirement Plans

We also contribute to employee retirement savings plans in the U.S. and Mexico that cover substantially all of our employees in those countries. The employer contribution totaled $1.7 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 16 - ACCRUED EXPENSES

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Payroll and related benefits	$	35,076	$	31,930
Taxes, other than income taxes		15,330		13,973
Deferred tooling revenue		6,251		6,887
Current portion of derivative liability		5,798		5,870
Short-term operating lease liability		2,137		2,371
Dividends and interest		1,532		1,417
Current portion of executive retirement liabilities		1,393		1,432
Professional fees		1,046		687
Other		5,545		6,958
Accrued liabilities	$	74,108	$	71,525

NOTE 17 - STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity Incentive Plan

Our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was approved by stockholders in May 2018, authorizing us to issue up to 4.35 million shares of common stock, along with nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and performance restricted stock units to our officers, key employees, nonemployee directors and consultants. In May 2021, the stockholders approved an amendment to the Plan that, among other things, increased the authorized shares by 2 million. At December 31, 2022, there were 0.2 million shares available for future grants under this Plan. It is our policy to issue shares from authorized but not issued shares upon the exercise of stock options.

Under the terms of the Plan, each year eligible participants are granted time value restricted stock units (“RSUs”), vesting ratably over a three-year period, and performance restricted stock units (“PSUs”), with three-year cliff vesting. Upon vesting, each restricted stock award is exchangeable for one share of the Company’s common stock, with accrued dividends.

The following tables summarize the RSU, PSU and option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2022		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Granted		515,491			3.93		667,345			5.33		—			—
Settled		(580,551	)		4.73		(719,659	)		6.68		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(4,570	)		3.77		(109,166	)		7.24		(9,000	)		16.76
Balance at December 31, 2022		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—
Awards estimated to vest in the future		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—

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	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2021		1,213,667		$	3.59		2,176,290		$	4.88		24,000		$	20.39
Granted		411,291			5.94		653,438			8.41		—			—
Settled		(626,004	)		3.30		(193,778	)		5.45		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(32,525	)		8.13		(151,369	)		12.61		(15,000	)		22.57
Balance at December 31, 2021		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Awards estimated to vest in the future		939,298		$	4.67		1,997,713		$	6.86		9,000		$	16.76

Stock-based compensation expense was $9.7 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested awards of $7.3 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.6 years.

NOTE 18 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Purchase Commitments

When market conditions warrant, we may enter into purchase commitments to secure the supply of certain commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as aluminum, natural gas and other raw materials. Prices under our aluminum contracts are based on a market index and regional premiums for processing, transportation and alloy components which are adjusted quarterly for purchases in the ensuing quarter. Certain of our purchase agreements include volume commitments, however any excess commitments are generally negotiated with suppliers and those which have occurred in the past have been carried over to future periods.

Contingencies

We are party to various legal and environmental proceedings incidental to our business. Certain claims, suits and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us. Based on facts now known, except as provided below, we believe all such matters are adequately provided for, covered by insurance, are without merit and/or involve such amounts that would not materially adversely affect our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

In March 2022, the German Federal Cartel Office initiated an investigation related to European light alloy wheel manufacturers, including Superior Industries Europe AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), on suspicion of conduct restricting competition. The Company is cooperating fully with the German Federal Cartel Office. In the event Superior Industries Europe AG is deemed to have violated the applicable statutes, the Company could be subject to a fine or civil proceedings. At this point, we are unable to predict the duration or the outcome of the investigation.

The Company purchases electricity and natural gas requirements for its manufacturing operations in Poland from a single energy distributor. Superior and its energy distributor, as well as the parent company of the energy distributor, have filed various claims against one another. These claims generally request the court to determine whether Superior's energy contracts with the energy distributor were valid during the period December 2021 through May 2022. In December 2021, the Company’s energy distributor informed the Company it would no longer supply energy, notwithstanding its contractual obligation to continue supply. Following a request from the Company, the court enjoined the energy distributor from terminating supply to the Company. In February 2022, the Company filed a claim requesting the court affirm the validity of the energy supply agreements, which contained favorable hedged purchase contracts. The energy distributor contested the Company’s validity claims. The energy distributor's parent filed a suit against the Company asserting that the Company's energy contracts were no longer valid and asserting that the Company owed additional amounts for its purchases equal to the excess of market prices over prices set forth in the energy contracts. If the court concludes that the energy contracts were not valid during this period, Superior could be required to pay up to an additional $14.0 million for its energy purchases. Any such adverse judgment would be appealed by the Company. A final conclusion in this matter is anticipated to take 18-24 months. We have concluded that an unfavorable ruling is not probable and, therefore, we have not recognized any provision for this contingent loss in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

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Sales of products to our OEM customers are subject to contracts that involve numerous terms and conditions and incorporate extensive documentation developed throughout the sales and contracting process, including quotes and product specifications. These terms and conditions can be complex and may be subject to differing interpretations, which could result in contractual disputes. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company and one of its OEM customers began assessing whether certain wheels shipped between January 2021 and October 2022 were in conformity with the product specifications. Management’s current assessment is that the wheels shipped meet the customer’s product specifications. However, the customer may conclude differently. Potential outcomes include the customer agreeing with our assessment, entering into a commercial settlement or the provision of replacement wheels. In the event replacement wheels are required, our current estimate to manufacture and install the replacement wheels is approximately $11 million. Based upon facts currently known, we have concluded that it is not probable that provision of replacement wheels will be required and, therefore, we have not recognized any provision for this contingent loss at December 31, 2022. We expect this matter to be resolved within the first half of 2023.

Casualty Loss

On July 14, 2021, the city of Werdohl, Germany, and surrounding area experienced torrential rains which resulted in extensive flooding. The flooding caused damage to our Werdohl manufacturing facility and production was temporarily halted on July 14, 2021. On July 16, 2021, operations at the facility resumed with the exception of the paint line and certain machining operations, which were brought on-line later in the third quarter. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a net casualty loss of $1.5 million which was included in other expense, net. There was only nominal disruption to our ability to fulfill orders and deliver product to our customers due to the expeditious resumption of operations at the facility.

NOTE 19 - RECEIVABLES FACTORING

The Company sells certain customer trade receivables on a nonrecourse basis under factoring arrangements with designated financial institutions. These transactions are accounted for as sales and cash proceeds are included in cash provided by operating activities. Factoring arrangements incorporate customary representations and warranties, including representations as to validity of amounts due, completeness of performance obligations and absence of commercial disputes. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company sold trade receivables totaling $955.1 million and $775.6 million, respectively, and incurred factoring fees of $3.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, receivables of $97.2 million and $97.6 million, respectively, had been factored and had not yet been paid by customers to the respective financial institutions. The collective limit under our factoring arrangements as of December 31, 2022 was $150.0 million. The collective limit under our factoring arrangements as of December 31, 2021 was $125.1 million.

NOTE 20- RESTRUCTURING

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company announced a reduction in its workforce at Werdohl, Germany. As a result, the Company recognized a restructuring charge of $4.5 million in cost of sales, principally comprised of termination and related benefits. During 2022 we incurred termination costs and related expenses of $1.9 million which were charged against the restructuring accrual. As of December 31, 2022, the Company determined that there are no further planned staffing reductions and reversed the remaining accrual and credited cost of sales for $2.3 million, the original accrual balance less charges incurred and foreign exchange of $0.3 million.

During the third quarter of 2019, the Company initiated a plan to significantly reduce production and manufacturing operations at its Fayetteville, Arkansas location, recognizing restructuring expenses of $14.8 million in cost of sales. On July 15, 2021, the Company consummated the sale of the Fayetteville facility for an adjusted net sale price of $7.1 million, resulting in a gain of $4.4 million which has been credited against selling, general and administrative expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized additional charges to cost of sales of $2.2 million, principally related to relocation costs for redeployment of machinery and equipment and environmental remediation and repairs required under the sale agreement.

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ITEM 9 - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

The Company’s management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2022 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changing conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based upon criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022 based on the criteria in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in this Annual Report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B - OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C - DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

63

PART III

ITEM 10 - DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Except as set forth herein, the information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement.

Executive Officers - The names of corporate executive officers as of fiscal year end who are not also Directors are listed at the end of Part I of this Annual Report. Information regarding executive officers who are Directors is contained in our 2023 Proxy Statement under the caption “Proposal No. 1 - Election of Directors.” Such information is incorporated herein by reference. All executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and serve at the will of the Board of Directors. For a description of the Chief Executive Officer’s employment agreement, see “Executive Compensation and Related Information - Narrative Disclosure Regarding Compensation” in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Ethics - Included on our website, www.supind.com, under “Investor Relations,” is our Code of Conduct, which, among others, applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. Copies of our Code of Conduct are available, without charge, from Superior Industries International, Inc., Investor Relations, 26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400, Southfield, Michigan 48033.

ITEM 11 - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information relating to Executive Compensation is set forth under the captions “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation and Related Information - Narrative Disclosure Regarding Compensation” in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12 - SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information related to Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters is set forth under the caption “Voting Securities and Principal Ownership” in our 2023 Proxy Statement. Also see Note 17, “Stock-Based Compensation” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

ITEM 13 - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information related to Certain Relationships and Related Transactions is set forth under the caption, “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” in our 2023 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14 - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Information related to Principal Accountant Fees and Services is set forth under the caption “Proposal No. 5 - Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in our 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

64

PART IV

ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

1.Financial Statements: See the “Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule” in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

2.Financial Statement Schedule

Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

3.Exhibits

2.1	Undertaking Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Uniwheels Holding (Malta) Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).
2.2	Combination Agreement, dated March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and UNIWHEELS, AG (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 21, 2015).
3.2	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant effective as of October 25, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 30, 2017).
3.3	Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series A Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Perpetual Preferred Stock of Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 26, 2017).
3.4	Certificate of Correction, filed in the State of Delaware on November 7, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018).
4.1	Form of Superior Industries International, Inc.’s Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 21, 2015).
4.2	Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2017, among Superior Industries International, Inc., the subsidiaries of Superior identified therein, The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as registrar and transfer agent and The Bank of New York Mellon acting through its London Branch, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 20, 2017).
4.3	Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).
10.1	Registrant’s Salary Continuation Plan Amended and Restated as of August 19, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020).
10.2	2008 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 28, 2008).*
10.3	2008 Equity Incentive Plan Notice of Stock Option Grant and Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Form S-8 filed November 10, 2008, Registration No. 333-155258).*
10.4	Form of Notice of Grant and Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to Registrant’s 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2010).*
10.5	Superior Industries International, Inc. Executive Change in Control Severance Plan, as Amended and Restated as of March 30, 2012 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020).*
10.6	Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 23, 2013).*

65

10.7	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).*
10.8	Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).*
10.9	Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 26, 2016).*
10.10	Superior Industries International, Inc. Annual Incentive Performance Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex A to Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14-A filed March 25, 2016).*
10.11	2018 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registration’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 1, 2021).*
10.12	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).*
10.13	Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).*
10.14	Superior Industries International, Inc. 2019 Inducement Grant Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed August 8, 2019).*
10.15	Indemnification Agreement, dated March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Uniwheels Holding (Malta) Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).
10.16	Investment Agreement, dated March 22, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc., and TPG Growth III Sidewall, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).
10.17	Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2017, by and between Superior Industries International, Inc. and TPG Growth III Sidewall, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 26, 2017).
10.18	Nomination Withdrawal Agreement, dated May 5, 2020, by and between Superior Industries International, Inc. and D.C. Capital Partners, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 7, 2020).
10.19	English Translation of the Domination and Profit Transfer Agreement between Superior Industries International Germany AG and UNIWHEELS, AG, dated December 5, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2017).
10.20	Credit Agreement, dated December 15, 2022, among Superior Industries International, Inc., Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC, in its capacity as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and the other lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 19, 2022).***
10.21	Revolving Credit Agreement, dated December 15, 2022, among Superior Industries International, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and the other lenders and issuing banks party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 19, 2022).***
10.22	Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 28, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban, including forms of award agreements to be granted under the Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2019).*

66

10.23	Amendment Agreement, dated April 6, 2020, to Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 28, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban, including forms of award agreements to be granted under the Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020).*
10.24	Retention Letter Agreement, dated August 25, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*, ****
10.25	Offer Letter of Employment, dated July 28, 2017 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Joanne Finnorn (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017).*
10.26	Retention Award Letter, dated August 8, 2019, between Joanne Finnorn and Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).*
10.27	Offer Letter of Employment, dated September 17, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Kevin Burke (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).*
10.28	Retention Letter Agreement, dated August 25, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Kevin Burke (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*
10.29	Management Board Member Service Contract, dated September 26, 2019, between Superior Industries Europe AG and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).*
10.30	Amendment Agreement, dated October 30, 2019, to the Management Board Member Service Contract, dated September 26, 2019, between Superior Industries Europe AG and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).*
10.31	Retention Letter Agreement, dated September 10, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020).*
10.32	Retention Award Letter, dated December 13, 2019, between Parveen Kakar and Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 16, 2019).*
10.33	Offer Letter of Employment, dated August 17, 2020 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Timothy Trenary (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*
10.34	Offer Letter of Employment, dated December 15, 2020 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Michael Dorah (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 18, 2020).*
10.35	Amendment to the Superior Industries, Int. Executive Employment Agreement dated October 12, 2021 by and between Superior Industries, Int. and Majdi B. Abulaban (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed October 15, 2021.)
21	List of Subsidiaries of the Company.**
23	Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.**
31.1	Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
31.2	Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
32.1	Certification of Majdi B. Abulaban, President and Chief Executive Officer, and C. Timothy Trenary, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).**

67

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.*****
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.*****
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.*****
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.*****
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.*****
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.*****
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)****

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

** Filed herewith.

*** Certain schedules and similar attachments to this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

**** Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The omitted information is not material and the Company customarily and actually treats that information as private or confidential. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.

***** Submitted electronically with the report.

68

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

Schedule II

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 and 2021

(Dollars in thousands)

			Additions
	Balance at Beginning of Year		Charge to Costs and Expenses			Other			Deductions From Reserves			Balance at End of Year
2022
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable	$	826	$	(122	)	$	—		$	(43	)	$	661
Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets	$	69,388	$	7,779		$	(9,541	)	$	—		$	67,626
2021
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable	$	863	$	484		$	—		$	(521	)	$	826
Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets	$	46,490	$	23,467		$	(569	)	$	—		$	69,388

69

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

ITEM 16- FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

70

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Registrant)

By	/s/ Majdi B. Abulaban	March 2, 2023
	Majdi B. Abulaban
	President and Chief Executive Officer

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Majdi B. Abulaban and C. Timothy Trenary as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact (with full power to each of them to act alone), with full power of substitution and re-substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with the exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection herewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing required and necessary to be done in and about the foregoing as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agent or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Majdi B. Abulaban Majdi B. Abulaban	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	March 2, 2023
/s/ C. Timothy Trenary C. Timothy Trenary	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	March 2, 2023
/s/ Michael J. Hatzfeld Jr. Michael J. Hatzfeld Jr.	Vice President of Finance and Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)	March 2, 2023
/s/ Raynard D. Benvenuti Raynard D. Benvenuti	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Michael R. Bruynesteyn Michael R. Bruynesteyn	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Richard J. Giromini Richard J. Giromini	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Paul J. Humphries Paul J. Humphries	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Ransom A. Langford Ransom A. Langford	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Timothy C. McQuay Timothy C. McQuay	Director	March 2, 2023
/s/ Ellen B. Richstone Ellen B. Richstone	Director	March 2, 2023

71

EX-21

EXHIBIT 21

LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022

Name of Subsidiaries	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
SIIP Holdings, LLC	Delaware, U.S.A.
Superior Industries Automotive Germany GmbH	Germany
Superior Industries de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Chihuahua, Mexico
Superior Industries Europe AG	Germany
Superior Industries International Arkansas, LLC	Delaware, U.S.A.
Superior Industries International Asset Management, LLC	Delaware, U.S.A.
Superior Industries International (Dutch) B.V.	The Netherlands
Superior Industries International Germany GmbH	Germany
Superior Industries International Holdings, LLC	Delaware, U.S.A.
Superior Industries International Michigan, LLC	Delaware, U.S.A.
Superior Industries International Netherlands B.V.	The Netherlands
Superior Industries International Production S.R.L.	Costa Rica
Superior Industries Leichtmetallräder Germany GmbH	Germany
Superior Industries North America, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Chihuahua, Mexico
Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH	Germany
Superior Industries Production (Poland) Sp. z.o.o.	Poland
Superior Industries Trading de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Chihuahua, Mexico
Superior Shared Services S. de R.L. de C.V.	Chihuahua, Mexico

EX-23

Exhibit 23

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-256858 on Form S-3 and Registration Statements No. 333-52211, 333-107380, 333-155258, 333-230125, 333-233124 and 333-258161 on Form S-8 of our reports dated March 2, 2023, relating to the financial statements of Superior Industries International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Detroit, Michigan

March 2, 2023

EX-31

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a),

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302(a) OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Majdi B. Abulaban, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Superior Industries International, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by the report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 2, 2023	/s/ Majdi B. Abulaban
	Majdi B. Abulaban
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a),

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302(a) OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, C. Timothy Trenary, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Superior Industries International, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by the report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 2, 2023	/s/ C. Timothy Trenary
	C. Timothy Trenary
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Each of the undersigned hereby certifies, in his capacity as an officer of Superior Industries International, Inc. (the “Company”), for purposes of 18 U.S.C . Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of his knowledge:

•The Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

•The information contained in such report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: March 2, 2023	/s/ Majdi B. Abulaban
	Name:	Majdi B. Abulaban
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
	/s/ C. Timothy Trenary
	Name:	C. Timothy Trenary
	Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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false

Entity File Number

001-6615

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

DE

Entity Tax Identification Number

95-2594729

Entity Address, Address Line One

26600 Telegraph Road

Entity Address, Address Line Two

Suite 400

Entity Address, City or Town

Southfield

Entity Address, State or Province

MI

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

48033

City Area Code

248

Local Phone Number

352-7300

Document Annual Report

true

Document Transition Report

false

Documents Incorporated by Reference

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s 2023 Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Auditor Firm Id

34

Auditor Name

Deloitte & Touche LLP

Auditor Location

Detroit, Michigan

XML

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
NET SALES	$ 1,639,902	$ 1,384,750
Cost of sales	1,473,515	1,270,035
GROSS PROFIT	166,387	114,715
Selling, general and administrative expenses	68,347	59,339
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS	98,040	55,376
Interest expense, net	(46,314)	(41,879)
Other expense, net	(588)	(2,306)
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	51,138	11,191
Income tax provision	(14,104)	(7,437)
NET INCOME	$ 37,034	$ 3,754
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE - BASIC	$ 0.02	$ (1.17)
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE - DILUTED	$ 0.02	$ (1.17)

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 37,034	$ 3,754
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)	86	(20,529)
Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments:
Change in fair value of derivatives	29,773	(8,370)
Tax (provision) benefit	(878)	1,057
Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net of tax	28,895	(7,313)
Defined benefit pension plan:
Actuarial gains on pension obligation, net of amortization	7,724	1,314
Pension changes, net of tax	7,724	1,314
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	36,705	(26,528)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 73,739	$ (22,774)

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Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 213,022	$ 113,473
Accounts receivable, net	72,725	83,447
Inventories, net	178,688	172,099
Income taxes receivable	2,261	4,957
Other current assets	42,218	30,279
Total current assets	508,914	404,255
Property, plant and equipment, net	473,960	494,401
Deferred income tax assets, net	35,187	27,715
Intangibles, net	51,497	76,870
Other non-current assets	64,181	50,906
Total assets	1,133,739	1,054,147
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	158,049	153,197
Short-term debt	5,873	6,081
Accrued expenses	74,108	71,525
Income taxes payable	13,300	1,076
Total current liabilities	251,330	231,879
Long-term debt (less current portion)	616,145	602,355
Non-current income tax liabilities	8,524	8,289
Deferred income tax liabilities, net	3,468	3,913
Other non-current liabilities	55,733	77,089
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 18)
Mezzanine equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value Authorized - 1,000,000 shares Issued and outstanding 150,000 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	222,753	199,897
European non-controlling redeemable equity	1,083	1,146
Shareholders’ deficit:
Common stock, $0.01 par value Authorized - 100,000,000 shares Issued and outstanding 27,016,125 and 26,163,077 shares at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	111,105	103,214
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(89,269)	(125,974)
Retained earnings	(47,133)	(47,661)
Total shareholders’ deficit	(25,297)	(70,421)
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ deficit	$ 1,133,739	$ 1,054,147

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	1,000,000	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	150,000	150,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	150,000	150,000
Common stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	27,016,125	26,163,077
Common stock, shares outstanding	27,016,125	26,163,077

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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Unrecognized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments	Pension Obligations	Cumulative Translation Adjustment	Retained Earnings
Beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2020	$ (21,522)	$ 95,247	$ (1,738)	$ (7,447)	$ (90,261)	$ (17,323)
Beginning of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		25,591,930
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	3,754					3,754
Change in unrecognized gains/(losses) on derivative instruments, net of tax	(7,313)		(7,313)
Change in defined benefit plans, net of taxes	1,314			1,314
Net foreign currency translation adjustment	(20,529)				(20,529)
Common stock issued, net of shares withheld for employee taxes (in shares)		571,147
Stock-based compensation	7,967	$ 7,967
Redeemable preferred 9% dividend and accretion	(34,050)					(34,050)
European non-controlling redeemable equity dividend	(42)					(42)
End of period at Dec. 31, 2021	$ (70,421)	$ 103,214	(9,051)	(6,133)	(110,790)	(47,661)
End of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	26,163,077	26,163,077
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	$ 37,034					37,034
Change in unrecognized gains/(losses) on derivative instruments, net of tax	28,895		28,895
Change in defined benefit plans, net of taxes	7,724			7,724
Net foreign currency translation adjustment	86				86
Common stock issued, net of shares withheld for employee taxes (in shares)		853,048
Stock-based compensation	7,891	$ 7,891
Redeemable preferred 9% dividend and accretion	(36,453)					(36,453)
European non-controlling redeemable equity dividend	(53)					(53)
End of period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ (25,297)	$ 111,105	$ 19,844	$ 1,591	$ (110,704)	$ (47,133)
End of the period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	27,016,125	27,016,125

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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) (Parenthetical)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage	9.00%	9.00%

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$ 37,034	$ 3,754
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	91,172	99,635
Income tax, non-cash changes	(9,264)	(1,958)
Stock-based compensation	9,679	9,479
Amortization of debt issuance costs	8,654	4,436
Other non-cash items	(470)	(10,505)
Accounts receivable	10,180	(38,233)
Inventories	(11,282)	(26,371)
Other assets and liabilities	(3,273)	6,607
Accounts payable	5,051	(1,691)
Income taxes	15,089	(268)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES	152,570	44,885
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Additions to property, plant, and equipment	(57,157)	(64,113)
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets	150	6,589
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES	(57,007)	(57,524)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	388,000	1,658
Repayments of debt	(354,408)	(4,967)
Cash dividends paid	(13,648)	(13,543)
Financing costs paid and other	(12,589)	(4,340)
Payments related to tax withholdings for stock-based compensation	(1,788)	(1,512)
Finance lease payments	(1,062)	(1,321)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES	4,505	(24,025)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(519)	(2,286)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	99,549	(38,950)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	113,473	152,423
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$ 213,022	$ 113,473

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Superior Industries International, Inc.’s (referred to herein as the “Company,” “Superior,” or “we” and “our”) principal business is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in North America and Europe and to the aftermarket in Europe. We employ approximately 7,700 full-time employees, operating in eight manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe. We are one of the largest aluminum wheel suppliers to global OEMs and one of the leading European aluminum wheel aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 94 percent of our sales in 2022 and are primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Honda, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz Group, Nissan, PSA, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley) and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the principal markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European and Asian OEMs. We have determined that our North American and European operations should be treated as separate reportable segments as further described in Note 5, “Business Segments.”

Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting estimates are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. These estimates require the use of judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe that the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash, certificates of deposit, fixed deposits and money market funds with original maturities of three months or less.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates (refer to Note 4, “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information pertaining to our derivative instruments).

We enter into contracts to purchase certain commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as aluminum, natural gas and electricity. These contracts are considered to be derivative instruments under U.S. GAAP; however, these purchase contracts are not accounted for as derivatives because they qualify for the normal purchase normal sale exemption.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable primarily consists of amounts that are due and payable from our customers for the sale of aluminum wheels. We evaluate the collectability of receivables each reporting period and record an allowance for doubtful accounts representing our estimate of probable losses. Additions to the allowance are charged to bad debt expense reported in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Inventory

Inventories, which are categorized as raw materials, work-in-process or finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is measured using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method or the average cost method. Inventories are reviewed to determine if inventory quantities are in excess of forecasted usage or if they have become obsolete.

Aluminum is the primary material component in our inventories. The Company had three aluminum suppliers in 2022 and two aluminum suppliers in 2021 which individually exceeded 10 percent of total aluminum purchases and, in the aggregate, represented 61.4 percent and 56.2 percent of our total aluminum purchases, respectively.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The cost of additions, improvements and interest during construction, if any, are capitalized. Our maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense when incurred. Depreciation is calculated generally on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Classification	Expected Useful Life
Buildings	15 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment	3 to 20 years
Leasehold Improvements	Lease term

When property, plant and equipment is replaced, retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed and any resulting gain or loss on the disposition of an operating asset is included in income or loss from operations and is classified as a part of selling, general and administrative expenses. Any gain or loss on the disposition of a nonoperating asset, as well as any casualty gain or loss, is included in other income or expense.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The carrying amount of long-lived assets to be held and used in the business is evaluated for impairment whenever facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss occurs when the carrying value of an asset group (including the carrying value of liabilities associated with the long-lived assets within the asset group) exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be realized from the use and eventual disposition of the respective long-lived assets. An asset group is the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset or group of long-lived assets which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other asset groups. Fair value is determined primarily by discounting the estimated expected cash flows. If the carrying amount of an asset group is impaired, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company’s asset groups consist of the North American and European reportable segments.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are finite-lived assets consisting of brand names, technology and customer relationships. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (since the pattern in which the asset will be consumed cannot be reliably determined).

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation

The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries that use local currency as their functional currency are translated to U.S. dollars based on the current exchange rate prevailing at each balance sheet date and any resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries whose local currency is not their functional currency are remeasured from their local currency to their functional currency and then translated to U.S. dollars. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates prevailing for each period presented.

Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions and the effects of remeasurement discussed in the preceding paragraph are recorded in other income or expense. We recognized foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gains of $1.35 million and $0.3 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under our contracts are satisfied. Generally, this occurs upon shipment when control of products transfers to our customers. At this point, revenue is recognized in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled to under the terms of our contract.

The Company maintains long-term business relationships with our OEM customers and aftermarket distributors; however, there are no definitive long-term volume commitments under these arrangements. Volume commitments are limited to near-term customer requirements authorized under purchase orders or production releases generally with delivery periods of approximately one month. Sales do not involve any significant financing component since customer payment is generally due 40-60 days after shipment. Contract assets and liabilities consist of customer receivables and deferred revenues related to tooling.

At contract inception, the Company assesses goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to deliver a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. Principal performance obligations under our customer contracts consist of the manufacture and delivery of aluminum wheels, including production wheels, service wheels and replacement wheels. As a part of the manufacture of the wheels, we develop tooling necessary to produce the wheels. Accordingly, tooling costs, which are explicitly recoverable from our customers, are capitalized as preproduction costs and amortized to cost of sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program. Similarly, customer reimbursement for tooling costs is deferred and amortized to net sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program.

In the normal course of business, the Company’s warranties are limited to product specifications and the Company does not accept product returns unless the item is defective as manufactured. Accordingly, warranty costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment subject to accrual, rather than a performance obligation. The Company establishes provisions for both estimated returns and warranty when revenue is recognized. In addition, the Company does not typically provide customers with the right to a refund but provides for product replacement.

Prices allocated to production, service and replacement wheels are based on prices established in our customer purchase orders which represent the standalone selling price. Prices for service and replacement wheels are commensurate with production wheels with adjustment for any special packaging. In addition, prices are subject to adjustment for changes in commodity prices for aluminum, alloy premium and silicon, as well as production efficiencies and wheel weight variations from specifications used in pricing. These price adjustments are treated as variable consideration. Customer tooling reimbursement is generally based on quoted prices or cost not to exceed quoted prices.

We estimate variable consideration by using the “most likely” amount estimation approach. For commodity prices, initial estimates are based on the commodity index at contract inception. Changes in commodity prices are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the commodity index occur. Prices incorporate the wheel weight price component based on product specifications. Weights are monitored, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. In North America OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate price adjustments.

Under the Company’s policies, shipping costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment. In addition, the Company does not disclose remaining performance obligations under its contracts since contract terms are substantially less than a year (generally less than one month). Our revenue recognition practices and related transactions and balances are further described in Note 2, “Revenue.”

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the estimated fair value recognition method. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of three years. Refer to Note 17, “Stock-Based Compensation” for additional information concerning our stock-based compensation awards.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years.

The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. The ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income in the future. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence factors. Our accounting for the valuation of deferred tax assets represents our best estimate of future events. We believe that the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of taxable income, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative.

We account for uncertain tax positions utilizing a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

In 2022 and 2021, we have provided deferred income taxes for the estimated U.S. federal and state income tax, foreign income tax and applicable withholding taxes on unremitted earnings of subsidiaries.

Cash Paid for Interest and Taxes and Noncash Investing Activities

Cash paid for interest was $38.2 million and $36.7 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Cash paid for income taxes was $8.0 million and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had purchased but not yet paid for equipment of $9.3 million and $11.2 million, respectively, which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in our consolidated balance sheets.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

ASU 2021-10, “Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance.” As of January 1, 2022, we adopted this standard on a prospective basis. The standard requires entities to disclose information about any transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. Disclosures under ASU 2021-10 include: information about the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used to account for the transactions, the financial statement line items affected by the transactions, the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item and significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. The adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since we have not received any significant governmental assistance.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-13 which requires entities to use a new impairment model based on current expected credit losses (“CECL”) rather than incurred losses. Under CECL, estimated credit losses would incorporate relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and any expected credit losses would be recognized at the end of the period. As a smaller reporting company (as defined under SEC regulations), the Company is required to adopt the standard January 1, 2023. We do not expect that adoption of the standard will result in any cumulative adjustment nor have any material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since our credit losses have been (and are expected to remain) immaterial due to the financial strength of our OEM customers and the relatively short term nature of our contractual terms with our OEM and aftermarket customers.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations.” In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2022-04 which requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose the key terms of the program, including a description of the payment terms. For the obligations that the buyer has confirmed as valid to the finance provider or intermediary, the buyer must disclose: the amount outstanding that remains unpaid by the buyer as of the end of each year, a description of where those obligations are presented in the balance sheet and a rollforward of those obligations during the year, including the amount of obligations confirmed and the amount of obligations subsequently paid. This standard becomes effective for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. In adopting this standard, disclosures currently included in management's discussion and analysis regarding supply chain financing will be incorporated into the notes to the consolidated financial statements along with disclosure of payment terms under the program, as well as a roll forward of the amounts owed to the financial institution which has discounted supplier receivables.

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Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

NOTE 2 - REVENUE

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into our reportable segments, North America and Europe. Revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in Note 5, “Business Segments”.

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s receivables and current and long-term contract liabilities are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Customer receivables	$	63,565	$	74,887	$	(11,322	)
Contract liabilities—current		6,251		6,887		(636	)
Contract liabilities—noncurrent		8,355		10,526		(2,171	)

The changes in the contract liability balances primarily result from timing differences between our performance and customer payment while the decrease in customer receivables is primarily due to the decrease in the fourth quarter 2022 aluminum prices and shipping volumes. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized tooling reimbursement revenue of $10.5 million and $13.1 million, respectively, which had been deferred in prior periods and was previously included in contract liability (deferred revenue), as well as revenue on tooling invoiced, deferred and recognized in the current and prior year. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue of $1.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively, from obligations satisfied in prior periods as a result of adjustments to pricing estimates for production efficiencies and other revenue adjustments.

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

NOTE 3 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, while other assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as an asset impairment. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short period of time until maturity.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We estimate the fair value of these instruments using the income valuation approach. Under this approach, we project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. The discount rate used is the relevant benchmark rate (e.g., SOFR) plus an adjustment for nonperformance risk.

The following tables categorize items measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2022			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Total	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—
Total	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2021			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Total	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—
Total	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—

Debt Instruments

The carrying values of the Company’s debt instruments vary from their fair values. The fair values were determined by reference to transacted prices and quotes for these securities (Level 2). The estimated fair value, as well as the carrying value, of the Company’s debt instruments are shown below:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Estimated aggregate fair value	$	615,394	$	605,874
Aggregate carrying value (1)		647,443		616,215

(1)Total debt excluding the impact of unamortized debt issuance costs.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments

NOTE 4 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

We use derivatives to partially offset our exposure to foreign currency, interest rate, aluminum and other commodity price risks. We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars or other derivative instruments to offset some of the risk on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. However, we may choose not to hedge certain exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. There can be no assurance the hedges will fully offset the financial impact resulting from movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and aluminum or other commodity prices.

To help mitigate gross margin and cash flow fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain of our subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency costs denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty, respectively. We may hedge portions of our forecasted foreign currency exposure up to 48 months.

We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows and are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

The following tables display the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	11,210	$	15,890	$	2,873	$	5,212
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		603		—		192		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		—		—		1,213		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		498		655		1,520		770
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		4,112		1,992		—		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	16,423	$	18,537	$	5,798	$	5,982

	December 31, 2021
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	3,161	$	2,194	$	1,845	$	13,565
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		579		—		3		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		2,677		39		—		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		1,294		418		135		276
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		—		—		3,887		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	7,711	$	2,651	$	5,870	$	13,841

The following table summarizes the notional amount and estimated fair value of our derivative financial instruments:

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value			Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	462,783	$	19,015		$	458,769	$	(10,055	)
Foreign exchange forward contracts not designated    as hedging instruments		39,726		411			24,419		576
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		9,495		(1,213	)		37,609		2,716
Natural gas forward contracts designated as hedging    instruments		13,500		(1,137	)		8,915		1,301
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		250,000		6,104			200,000		(3,887	)
Total derivative financial instruments	$	775,504	$	23,180		$	729,712	$	(9,349	)

Notional amounts are presented on a net basis. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, therefore, are not a direct measure of our exposure to the financial risks described above. The amounts exchanged are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or commodity prices.

The following tables summarize the gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss (“AOCI”), the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings, and the amounts recognized directly into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	28,895	$	14,962	$	2,074

Year Ended December 31, 2021	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives			Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	(7,313	)	$	4,106	$	(1,047	)

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Business Segments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Business Segments

NOTE 5 - BUSINESS SEGMENTS

Our North American and European operations represent separate operating segments in view of significantly different markets, customers and products between these regions. Within each of these regions, markets, customers, products, and production processes are similar. Moreover, our business within each region leverages common systems, processes, and infrastructure. Accordingly, North America and Europe comprise the Company’s reportable segments.

	Net Sales				Income from Operations
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	943,713	$	744,904	$	71,772	$	50,798
Europe		696,189		639,846		26,268		4,578
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	98,040	$	55,376

	Depreciation and Amortization				Capital Expenditures
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	36,301	$	36,243	$	39,265	$	30,005
Europe		54,871		63,392		17,892		34,108
	$	91,172	$	99,635	$	57,157	$	64,113

	Property, Plant and Equipment, net				Intangible Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	220,321	$	214,331	$	—	$	—
Europe		253,639		280,070		51,497		76,870
	$	473,960	$	494,401	$	51,497	$	76,870

	Total Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	582,339	$	499,988
Europe		551,400		554,159
	$	1,133,739	$	1,054,147

Geographic information

See table below for our net sales and long-lived assets by location:

	Net Sales				Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
U.S.	$	5,574	$	8,166	$	1,476	$	2,152
Mexico		938,139		736,738		218,845		212,179
Germany		203,979		227,887		76,158		76,849
Poland		492,210		411,959		177,481		203,221
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	473,960	$	494,401

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Accounts Receivable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Accounts Receivable

NOTE 6 - ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Trade receivables	$	64,225		$	75,713
Other receivables		9,161			8,560
		73,386			84,273
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(661	)		(826	)
Accounts receivable, net	$	72,725		$	83,447

The accounts receivable from GM, Ford and VW Group represented approximately 7 percent, 7 percent and 11percent of the total accounts receivable, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and 10 percent, 9 percent and 10 percent of the total accounts receivable, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

The related percentage of our total sales to each of these three customers is shown below:

	2022 Percent of Sales			2021 Percent of Sales
GM		26	%		26	%
Ford		16	%		13	%
VW Group		14	%		14	%

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

NOTE 7 - INVENTORIES

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Raw materials	$	62,639	$	47,392
Work in process		37,993		54,891
Finished goods		78,056		69,816
Inventories, net	$	178,688	$	172,099

Service wheel and supplies inventory included in other noncurrent assets in the consolidated balance sheets totaled $11.3 million and $9.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

NOTE 8 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Land and buildings	$	144,870		$	129,826
Machinery and equipment		887,222			861,097
Leasehold improvements and others		4,993			9,831
Construction in progress		80,263			67,529
		1,117,348			1,068,283
Accumulated depreciation		(643,388	)		(573,882	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	473,960		$	494,401

Depreciation expense was $70.2 million and $73.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets

NOTE 9 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following table.

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation			Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(9,134	)	$	134		$	—		—
Technology		15,000		(15,222	)		222			—		—
Customer relationships		167,000		(114,595	)		(908	)		51,497	1-6
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(138,951	)	$	(552	)	$	51,497

Year Ended December 31, 2021	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation		Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(8,503	)	$	258	$	755	1-2
Technology		15,000		(14,172	)		430	$	1,258	2
Customer relationships		167,000		(95,540	)		3,397	$	74,857	2-7
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(118,215	)	$	4,085	$	76,870

Amortization expense for these intangible assets was $20.7 million and $26.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The anticipated annual amortization expense for these intangible assets is $19.3 million for 2023 and 2024, $9.5 million for 2025, $2.4 million for 2026 and $1.0 million for 2027.

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

NOTE 10 - DEBT

A summary of long-term debt and the related weighted average interest rates is shown below:

	December 31, 2022
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Discount and Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	400,000	$	(22,967	)	$	377,033			12.3	%
6.00% Senior Notes		232,352		(2,458	)		229,894			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		12,365		—			12,365			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,726		—			2,726			2.7	%
	$	647,443	$	(25,425	)		622,018
Less: Current portion							(5,873	)
Long-term debt						$	616,145

	December 31, 2021
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	349,200	$	(4,338	)	$	344,862			4.1	%
6.00% Senior Notes		245,809		(3,441	)		242,368			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		18,595		—			18,595			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,611		—			2,611			2.8	%
	$	616,215	$	(7,779	)		608,436
Less: Current portion							(6,081	)
Long-term debt						$	602,355

(1)Unamortized portion

Senior Notes

On June 15, 2017, the Company issued €250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes (“Notes”) due June 15, 2025. Interest on the Notes is payable semiannually, on June 15 and December 15. The Company may redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price of 100 percent, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the applicable redemption date. If we experience a change of control or sell certain assets, the Company may be required to offer to purchase the Notes from the holders. The Notes are senior unsecured obligations ranking equally in right of payment with all of its existing and future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to any subordinated indebtedness. The Notes are effectively subordinated in right of payment to the existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company, including the Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as defined below), to the extent of the assets securing such indebtedness.

Guarantee

The Notes are unconditionally guaranteed by all material wholly owned direct and indirect domestic restricted subsidiaries of the Company (the “Notes Subsidiary Guarantors”), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract, or would result in adverse tax consequences.

Covenants

Subject to certain exceptions, the indenture governing the Notes contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors to: (i) incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends on, or make distributions in respect of, their capital stock; (iii) make certain investments or other restricted payments; (iv) sell certain assets or issue capital stock of restricted subsidiaries; (v) create liens; (vi) merge, consolidate, transfer or dispose of substantially all of their assets; and (vii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates. These covenants are subject to several important limitations and exceptions that are described in the indenture.

The indenture provides for customary events of default that include, among other things (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods): (i) nonpayment of principal, premium, if any, and interest, when due; (ii) failure for 60 days to comply with any obligations, covenants or agreements in the indenture after receipt of written notice from the Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch (“the Trustee”) or holders of at least 30 percent in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes of such failure (other than defaults referred to in the foregoing clause (i)); (iii) default under any mortgage, indenture or instrument for money borrowed by the Company or certain of its subsidiaries, (iv) a failure to pay certain judgments; and (v) certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Trustee or holders of at least 30 percent in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes may declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Notes to be due and payable. These events of default are subject to several important qualifications, limitations and exceptions that are described in the indenture. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the indenture governing the Notes.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

On December 15, 2022, the Company entered into a $400.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) pursuant to a credit agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”) with Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and other lenders party thereto. Concurrent with the execution of the Term Loan Facility, the Company entered into a $60.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities” or "SSCF") pursuant to a credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement” and, together with the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the "Credit Agreements") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and other lenders and issuing banks thereunder. The previously outstanding $107.5 million US revolving credit facility and €60.0 million European revolving credit facility were terminated.

The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility are scheduled to mature on December 15, 2027 and December 15, 2028, respectively. However, in the event the Company has not repaid, refinanced or otherwise extended the maturity date of the Notes beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to June 15, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to June 15, 2025. Similarly, in the event the Company has not redeemed, refinanced or otherwise extended the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to September 14, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to September 14, 2025. The Term Loan Facility requires quarterly principal payments of $1.0 million. Additional principal payments may be due with respect to asset sales, debt issuances and as a percentage of cash flow in excess of a specified threshold.

The $388.0 million of proceeds from the Term Loan Facility (consisting of the $400.0 million aggregate principal less the original issuance discount of $12.0 million) were used to repay $349.2 million in borrowings under the previously outstanding term loan and pay debt issuance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility. Debt issuance costs associated with the Term Loan Facility of $11.1 million have been reflected as a reduction of the outstanding borrowing and are being amortized over the six-year term. Debt issuance costs and expenses associated with the Revolving Credit Facility of $3.2 million have been recognized as a deferred charge and are being amortized over the five-year term. In connection with the termination of the previously outstanding term loan and revolving credit facilities, unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.7 million were written off and charged to interest expense.

The Company may at any time request one or more increases in the amount of (i) commitments under the Term Loan Facility, up to an unlimited additional amount if, on a pro forma basis after the incurrence of such amount, the First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) does not exceed 2.00 to 1.00 and (ii) commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility, up to an aggregate maximum additional amount of $50.0 million, in each case, subject to certain conditions (including the agreement of a lender to provide such commitment increase). Amounts borrowed under the Term Loan Facility may be voluntarily prepaid at any time subject to a prepayment premium of 2.00 percent of the loan principal plus the net present value of any lost interest in the first year and 2.00 percent and 1.00 percent of the loan principal during second and third years, respectively. After the third anniversary of the closing date, there is no prepayment premium.

Borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), with a floor of 1.50 percent per annum, or (ii) a base rate (“Term Base Rate”), with a floor of 1.50 percent per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank (the "NYFRB") rate plus 0.50 percent and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 percent, in each case, plus the applicable rate. Initially, the applicable rate for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022 is equal to 8.00 percent for SOFR loans and 7.00 percent for Term Base Rate loans. Thereafter, the applicable rate will be determined by reference to the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) and will range between 7.50 percent and 8.00 percent for SOFR loans and between 6.50 percent and 7.00 percent for Term Base Rate loans. In the event of a payment default under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 percent.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) SOFR plus 0.10 percent (or, with respect to any borrowings denominated in euros, the adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate, “EURIBOR”), with a floor of 0.00 percent per annum or (ii) a base rate (“Revolving Loan Base Rate”), with a floor of 1.00 percent per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the NYFRB rate plus 0.50 percent and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 percent, in each case, plus the applicable rate. Initially, the applicable rate for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022, is equal to 4.00 percent for SOFR and EURIBOR loans and 3.00 percent for Revolving Base Rate loans. Thereafter, the applicable rate will be determined by reference to the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) and will range between 3.50 percent and 4.50 percent for SOFR and EURIBOR loans and between 2.50 percent and 3.50 percent for Revolving Base Rate loans. The commitment fee for the unused commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility varies between 0.50 percent and 0.625 percent depending on the Company’s Secured Net Leverage Ratio. Commitment fees are included in interest expense. In the event of a payment default under the Revolving Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 percent.

Guarantees and Collateral Security

Our obligations under the Credit Agreements are unconditionally guaranteed by the Notes Subsidiary Guarantors and certain other domestic and foreign subsidiaries of the Company (collectively, the “SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors”), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would result in adverse tax consequences. The guarantees of such obligations, are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by substantially all of our assets and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors’ assets, including but not limited to: (i) a perfected pledge of all of the capital stock issued by each of the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors’ (subject to certain exceptions) and (ii) perfected security interests in and mortgages on substantially all tangible and intangible personal property and material fee-owned real property of the Company and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions and exclusions). The Company’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured by liens on a super-priority basis ranking ahead of the liens securing the Term Loan Facility.

Covenants

The Credit Agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness, create or incur liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances, pay dividends, distributions or other restricted payments, or repurchase our capital stock. The Credit Agreements also restrict our ability to prepay, redeem or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness, enter into agreements which limit our ability to incur liens on our assets or that restrict the ability of restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other restricted payments to us, and enter into certain transactions with our affiliates.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain (i) a quarterly Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.50:1.00 and (ii) Liquidity (defined as the sum of unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances and unborrowed commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility) of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility). The Revolving Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain (i) a quarterly Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.50:1.00; (ii) a quarterly Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.50:1.00; and (iii) Liquidity of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility) but only so long as loans under the Term Loan Facility are outstanding. In the event unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances fall below $37.5 million at any quarter end (or up to a maximum of $50.0 million following any increase in borrowings available under the Revolving Credit Facility), the available commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility would be reduced by the amount of any shortfall.

The Credit Agreements contain customary default provisions that include among other things: non-payment of principal or interest when due, failure to comply with obligations, covenants or other provisions in the Credit Agreements, any failure of representations and warranties, cross-default under other debt agreements for obligations in excess of $20.0 million, insolvency, failure to pay judgments in excess of $20.0 million within 60 days of the judicial award, failure to pay any material plan withdrawal obligations under ERISA, invalidity of the loan agreement, invalidity of any security interest in the loan collateral, change of control and failure to maintain the financial covenants. In the event a default occurs, all commitments under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities would be terminated and the lenders would be entitled to declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all borrowings outstanding to be due and payable.

In addition, the Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties and other covenants. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreements.

Available Unused Commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, had outstanding letters of credit of $4.8 million and had available unused commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility of $55.2 million as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents substantially exceeded the Liquidity requirement and, accordingly, the full commitment was available, less outstanding letters of credit.

European Debt

In connection with the acquisition of UNIWHEELS AG in 2017, the Company assumed $70.7 million of outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2022, $3.6 million of the assumed debt remained outstanding. The debt matures March 31, 2024, and is collateralized by the financed equipment, guaranteed by Superior and bears interest at a rate of 2.2 percent. Covenants under the loan agreement include a default provision for nonpayment, as well as a material adverse change default provision pursuant to which the lender could accelerate the loan maturity. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loan agreement.

The balance of certain post-acquisition equipment loans was $8.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The loans bear interest at 2.3 percent, mature September 30, 2027 and require quarterly principal and interest payments. The loans are secured with liens on the financed equipment and are subject to covenants that, among other things, include a material adverse change default provision pursuant to which the lender could accelerate the loan maturity, as well as a provision that restricts the ability of Superior Europe AG to reduce its ownership interest in Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH, its wholly owned subsidiary and the borrower under the loan. The Company drew down €10.6 million on these equipment loans in the first quarter of 2020 and drew the remaining €1.4 million in the first quarter of 2021. Quarterly installment payments of $0.5 million (€0.5 million) under the loan agreements began in June of 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loans.

Debt maturities due in the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

Debt Maturities	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	5,873
2024		3,672
2025		234,728
2026		2,055
2027		1,117
Thereafter		399,998
Total debt liabilities	$	647,443

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Redeemable Preferred Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Text Block [Abstract]

Redeemable Preferred Stock

NOTE 11 - REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK

During 2017, we issued 150,000 shares of Series A (140,202 shares) and Series B (9,798 shares) Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share for $150.0 million. On August 30, 2017, the Series B shares were converted into Series A redeemable preferred stock (the “redeemable preferred stock”) after approval by our shareholders. The redeemable preferred stock has an initial stated value of $1,000 per share, par value of $0.01 per share and liquidation preference over common stock.

The redeemable preferred stock is convertible into shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares determined by dividing the sum of the stated value and any accrued and unpaid dividends by the conversion price of $28.162. The redeemable preferred stock accrues dividends at a rate of 9 percent per annum, payable at our election either in-kind or in cash and is also entitled to participate in dividends on common stock in an amount equal to that which would have been due had the shares been converted into common stock.

We may mandate conversion of the redeemable preferred stock if the price of the common stock exceeds $84.49. The holder may redeem the shares upon the occurrence of any of the following events (referred to as a “redemption event”): a change in control, recapitalization, merger, sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets, liquidation or delisting of the Company’s common stock. In addition, the holder may unconditionally redeem the shares at any time on or after September 14, 2025. We may, at our option, redeem in whole at any time all of the shares of redeemable preferred stock outstanding. At redemption by either party, the redemption value will be the greater of two times the initial face value ($150.0 million) and any accrued unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind, currently $300.0 million, or the product of the number of common shares into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted (5.3 million shares currently) and the then current market price of the common stock. Under Delaware law, any redemption payment would be limited to the “surplus” that our Board determines is available to fund a full or partial redemption without rendering us insolvent.

We have determined that the conversion option and the redemption option exercisable upon the occurrence of a “redemption event” which are embedded in the redeemable preferred stock must be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability.

Since the redeemable preferred stock may be redeemed at the option of the holder, but is not mandatorily redeemable, the redeemable preferred stock was classified as mezzanine equity and initially recognized at fair value of $150.0 million (the proceeds on the date of issuance), less issuance costs of $3.7 million and $10.9 million assigned to the embedded derivative liability at date of issuance, resulting in an adjusted initial value of $135.5 million.

The difference between the redemption value of the redeemable preferred stock and the carrying value (the “premium”) is being accreted over the period from the date of issuance through September 14, 2025 using the effective interest method. The accretion is treated as a deemed dividend, recorded as a charge to retained earnings and deducted in computing earnings per share (analogous to the treatment for stated and participating dividends paid on the redeemable preferred shares). The cumulative premium accretion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $87.3 million and $64.4 million, respectively, resulting in adjusted redeemable preferred stock balances of $222.8 million and $199.9 million, respectively.

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Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

NOTE 12 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss), after deducting preferred dividends and accretion and European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividends, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. For purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average shares outstanding includes the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and time and performance based restricted stock units under the treasury stock method. The redeemable preferred shares discussed in Note 11, “Redeemable Preferred Stock” (convertible into 5,326 thousand shares) have not been included in the diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of such shares on an as converted basis would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Basic numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Diluted numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents		751			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted		27,590			25,995

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES

Income/(loss) before income taxes from domestic and international jurisdictions is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Domestic	$	(22,538	)	$	(44,129	)
Foreign		73,676			55,320
	$	51,138		$	11,191

The benefit/(provision) for income taxes is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Current taxes
Federal	$	(1,946	)	$	(67	)
State		(77	)		(99	)
Foreign		(21,345	)		(9,229	)
Total current taxes		(23,368	)		(9,395	)
Deferred taxes
Federal		275			711
State		—			—
Foreign		8,989			1,247
Total deferred taxes		9,264			1,958
Income tax provision	$	(14,104	)	$	(7,437	)

The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal tax rate to our effective income tax rate:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
Statutory rate		21.0	%		21.0	%
State tax provisions, net of federal income tax benefit		1.7			(14.2	)
Tax credits		(26.4	)		(13.2	)
Foreign income taxes at rates other than the statutory rate		(19.9	)		(97.1	)
Valuation allowance		15.6			203.6
Changes in tax liabilities, net		4.9			(89.7	)
Share based compensation		3.4			10.9
Unremitted non-U.S. Earnings		2.0			3.6
US tax on non-US income		19.9			16.3
Non-deductible charges		4.1			22.3
Other		1.2			3.0
Effective income tax rate		27.5	%		66.5	%

Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued liabilities	$	7,220		$	4,964
Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)		1,353			9,231
Deferred compensation		6,638			8,162
Inventory reserves		3,895			3,777
Net loss carryforwards and credits		48,774			40,747
Interest carryforwards		23,098			29,366
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other		7,865
Competent authority deferred tax assets and    other foreign timing differences		4,915			4,739
Other		946			1,143
Total before valuation allowance		104,704			102,129
Valuation allowance		(67,626	)		(69,388	)
Net deferred income tax assets		37,078			32,741
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other					(4,408	)
Unremitted earnings		(5,359	)		(4,531	)
Deferred income tax liabilities		(5,359	)		(8,939	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	31,719		$	23,802

The classification of our net deferred tax asset is shown below:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Long-term deferred income tax assets	$	35,187		$	27,715
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities		(3,468	)		(3,913	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	31,719		$	23,802

As of December 31, 2022, we have cumulative tax effected Germany NOL carryforwards of $25.6 million that carryforward indefinitely and U.S. state NOL carryforwards of $11.5 million that expire in the years 2023 to 2043. Also, we have $13.9 million of U.S. tax credit carryforwards.

The Company continuously evaluates the realizability of our net deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2022, substantially all our U.S. and certain German deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, were subject to valuation allowances. If our financial results continue to improve, our assessment of the realization of our net deferred tax assets could result in the release of some or all the valuation allowances. Such a release would result in a material non-cash income tax benefit in the period of release and the recording of additional deferred tax assets. There is a reasonable possibility that within the next six to eighteen months, sufficient positive evidence becomes available to reach a conclusion that all or a significant portion of the valuation allowances against our U.S. net deferred tax assets would no longer be required.

The transition tax substantially eliminated the basis difference on foreign subsidiaries that existed previously for purposes of Accounting Standards Codification topic 740 (“ASC 740”). However, there are limited other taxes that could continue to apply such as foreign withholding and certain state taxes. Provisions are made for income tax liabilities on the undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of uncertain tax positions is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	16,362		$	31,858
Increases (decreases) due to foreign currency translations	$	(712	)		(1,192	)
Increases (decreases) as a result of positions    taken during:
Prior periods		10,580			(13,633	)
Current period		50			48
Settlements with taxing authorities					(719	)
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation		(180	)
Ending balance	$	26,100		$	16,362

Our policy regarding interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions is to record interest and penalties as an element of income tax expense. At the end of 2022 and 2021, the Company had liabilities of $6.2 million of potential interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions. Included in the unrecognized tax benefits is $3.1 million that, if recognized, would favorably affect our annual effective tax rate. Within the next 12-month period we expect a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits as uncertain tax positions begin to expire.

Income tax returns are filed in multiple jurisdictions and are subject to examination by tax authorities in various jurisdictions where the Company operates. The Company has open tax years from 2015 to 2021 with various significant tax jurisdictions, including ongoing tax audits in the U.S. for 2015 to 2018 and Germany for 2018 to 2019.

During the examination of our U.S. federal income tax return for tax years 2015-2018, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) asserted that income earned by a foreign subsidiary from its Mexican branch operations should be categorized as foreign base company sales income (FBCSI) under Section 954(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and issued a Notice of Proposed Adjustment (“NOPA”). We believed that the proposed adjustment was without merit and contested the matter with the IRS administrative appeals office. The IRS administrative appeals office denied our position, however, the final assessment has not been received as of December 31, 2022. At this time, we do not intend to further pursue with litigation and as a result we have recorded the relevant income tax expense and liability, which is not significant.

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Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

NOTE 14 - LEASES

The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Operating leases are accounted for in other noncurrent assets, accrued expenses and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net, short-term debt and long-term debt (less current portion) in our consolidated balance sheets.

Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Finance and operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Since we generally do not have access to the interest rate implicit in the lease, the Company uses our incremental borrowing rate (for fully collateralized debt) at the inception of the lease in determining the present value of the lease payments. The implicit rate is, however, used where readily available. Lease expense under operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain of our leases contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

The Company has operating and finance leases for office facilities, a data center and certain equipment. The remaining terms of our leases range from over one year to seven years. Certain leases include options to extend the lease term for up to ten years, as well as options to terminate, both of which have been excluded from the term of the lease since exercise of these options is not reasonably certain.

Lease expense, cash flow, operating and finance lease assets and liabilities, average lease term and average discount rate are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Expense
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	1,040		$	1,325
Interest on lease liabilities		59			82
Operating lease expense		2,601			3,070
Total lease expense	$	3,700		$	4,477
Cash Flow Components
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from finance leases	$	59		$	82
Operating cash outflows from operating leases		2,738			3,460
Financing cash outflows from finance leases		1,062			1,321
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		1,249			922
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		333			416
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Balance Sheet Information
Operating leases:
Other noncurrent assets	$	8,325		$	10,772
Accrued liabilities	$	(2,137	)	$	(2,371	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(6,516	)		(8,860	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	(8,653	)	$	(11,231	)
Finance leases:
Property, plant and equipment gross	$	7,899		$	6,603
Accumulated depreciation		(5,684	)		(4,644	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	2,215		$	1,959
Current portion of long-term debt	$	(1,053	)	$	(982	)
Long-term debt (less current portion)		(1,673	)		(1,629	)
Total finance lease liabilities	$	(2,726	)	$	(2,611	)
Lease Term and Discount Rates
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years)		3.2			3.4
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years)		4.2			5.0
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases		2.7	%		2.8	%
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		3.6	%		3.6	%

Summarized future minimum payments under our leases are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Maturities	Finance Leases			Operating Leases
2023	$	1,053		$	2,250
2024		993			2,199
2025		411			2,044
2026		167			1,886
2027		104			870
Thereafter		101			43
Total		2,829			9,292
Less: Imputed interest		(103	)		(639	)
Total lease liabilities, net of interest	$	2,726		$	8,653

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Retirement Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement Plans

NOTE 15 - RETIREMENT PLANS

We have an unfunded salary continuation plan covering certain directors, officers, and other key members of management. Subject to certain vesting requirements, the plan provides for a benefit based on final average compensation, which becomes payable on the employee’s death or upon attaining age 65, if retired. The plan was closed to new participants effective February 3, 2011.

The following table summarizes the changes in plan assets and plan benefit obligations.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in benefit obligation
Beginning benefit obligation	$	31,120		$	32,640
Interest cost		872			823
Actuarial loss (gain)		(7,392	)		(928	)
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Ending benefit obligation	$	23,155		$	31,120

The actuarial gain in 2022 and 2021 calendar years was due to an increase in the year-over-year discount rate.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	—		$	—
Employer contribution		1,445			1,415
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	—		$	—
Funded status	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated    balance sheets consist of:
Accrued expenses	$	(1,393	)	$	(1,432	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(21,762	)		(29,688	)
Net amount recognized	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other    comprehensive loss consist of:
Net actuarial loss	$	1,721		$	9,446
Prior service cost		—			(1	)
Net amount recognized, before tax effect	$	1,721		$	9,445
Weighted average assumptions used to    determine benefit obligations:
Discount rate		5.4	%		2.9	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Components of net periodic pension cost are described in the following table:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Interest cost	$	872		$	823
Amortization of actuarial loss		332			386
Net periodic pension cost	$	1,204		$	1,209
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net    periodic pension cost:
Discount rate		2.9	%		2.6	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Benefit payments during the next ten years, which reflect applicable future service, are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	1,431
2024		1,481
2025		1,693
2026		1,759
2027		1,716
Years 2028 to 2032		8,964

The following is an estimate of the components of net periodic pension cost in 2023:

Estimated Year Ended December 31,	2023
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest cost	$	1,217
Amortization of actuarial loss		—
Estimated 2023 net periodic pension cost	$	1,217

Other Retirement Plans

We also contribute to employee retirement savings plans in the U.S. and Mexico that cover substantially all of our employees in those countries. The employer contribution totaled $1.7 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Text Block [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

NOTE 16 - ACCRUED EXPENSES

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Payroll and related benefits	$	35,076	$	31,930
Taxes, other than income taxes		15,330		13,973
Deferred tooling revenue		6,251		6,887
Current portion of derivative liability		5,798		5,870
Short-term operating lease liability		2,137		2,371
Dividends and interest		1,532		1,417
Current portion of executive retirement liabilities		1,393		1,432
Professional fees		1,046		687
Other		5,545		6,958
Accrued liabilities	$	74,108	$	71,525

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Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

NOTE 17 - STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity Incentive Plan

Our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was approved by stockholders in May 2018, authorizing us to issue up to 4.35 million shares of common stock, along with nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and performance restricted stock units to our officers, key employees, nonemployee directors and consultants. In May 2021, the stockholders approved an amendment to the Plan that, among other things, increased the authorized shares by 2 million. At December 31, 2022, there were 0.2 million shares available for future grants under this Plan. It is our policy to issue shares from authorized but not issued shares upon the exercise of stock options.

Under the terms of the Plan, each year eligible participants are granted time value restricted stock units (“RSUs”), vesting ratably over a three-year period, and performance restricted stock units (“PSUs”), with three-year cliff vesting. Upon vesting, each restricted stock award is exchangeable for one share of the Company’s common stock, with accrued dividends.

The following tables summarize the RSU, PSU and option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2022		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Granted		515,491			3.93		667,345			5.33		—			—
Settled		(580,551	)		4.73		(719,659	)		6.68		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(4,570	)		3.77		(109,166	)		7.24		(9,000	)		16.76
Balance at December 31, 2022		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—
Awards estimated to vest in the future		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—

	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2021		1,213,667		$	3.59		2,176,290		$	4.88		24,000		$	20.39
Granted		411,291			5.94		653,438			8.41		—			—
Settled		(626,004	)		3.30		(193,778	)		5.45		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(32,525	)		8.13		(151,369	)		12.61		(15,000	)		22.57
Balance at December 31, 2021		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Awards estimated to vest in the future		939,298		$	4.67		1,997,713		$	6.86		9,000		$	16.76

Stock-based compensation expense was $9.7 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested awards of $7.3 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.6 years.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

NOTE 18 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Purchase Commitments

When market conditions warrant, we may enter into purchase commitments to secure the supply of certain commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as aluminum, natural gas and other raw materials. Prices under our aluminum contracts are based on a market index and regional premiums for processing, transportation and alloy components which are adjusted quarterly for purchases in the ensuing quarter. Certain of our purchase agreements include volume commitments, however any excess commitments are generally negotiated with suppliers and those which have occurred in the past have been carried over to future periods.

Contingencies

We are party to various legal and environmental proceedings incidental to our business. Certain claims, suits and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us. Based on facts now known, except as provided below, we believe all such matters are adequately provided for, covered by insurance, are without merit and/or involve such amounts that would not materially adversely affect our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

In March 2022, the German Federal Cartel Office initiated an investigation related to European light alloy wheel manufacturers, including Superior Industries Europe AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), on suspicion of conduct restricting competition. The Company is cooperating fully with the German Federal Cartel Office. In the event Superior Industries Europe AG is deemed to have violated the applicable statutes, the Company could be subject to a fine or civil proceedings. At this point, we are unable to predict the duration or the outcome of the investigation.

The Company purchases electricity and natural gas requirements for its manufacturing operations in Poland from a single energy distributor. Superior and its energy distributor, as well as the parent company of the energy distributor, have filed various claims against one another. These claims generally request the court to determine whether Superior's energy contracts with the energy distributor were valid during the period December 2021 through May 2022. In December 2021, the Company’s energy distributor informed the Company it would no longer supply energy, notwithstanding its contractual obligation to continue supply. Following a request from the Company, the court enjoined the energy distributor from terminating supply to the Company. In February 2022, the Company filed a claim requesting the court affirm the validity of the energy supply agreements, which contained favorable hedged purchase contracts. The energy distributor contested the Company’s validity claims. The energy distributor's parent filed a suit against the Company asserting that the Company's energy contracts were no longer valid and asserting that the Company owed additional amounts for its purchases equal to the excess of market prices over prices set forth in the energy contracts. If the court concludes that the energy contracts were not valid during this period, Superior could be required to pay up to an additional $14.0 million for its energy purchases. Any such adverse judgment would be appealed by the Company. A final conclusion in this matter is anticipated to take 18-24 months. We have concluded that an unfavorable ruling is not probable and, therefore, we have not recognized any provision for this contingent loss in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

Sales of products to our OEM customers are subject to contracts that involve numerous terms and conditions and incorporate extensive documentation developed throughout the sales and contracting process, including quotes and product specifications. These terms and conditions can be complex and may be subject to differing interpretations, which could result in contractual disputes. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company and one of its OEM customers began assessing whether certain wheels shipped between January 2021 and October 2022 were in conformity with the product specifications. Management’s current assessment is that the wheels shipped meet the customer’s product specifications. However, the customer may conclude differently. Potential outcomes include the customer agreeing with our assessment, entering into a commercial settlement or the provision of replacement wheels. In the event replacement wheels are required, our current estimate to manufacture and install the replacement wheels is approximately $11 million. Based upon facts currently known, we have concluded that it is not probable that provision of replacement wheels will be required and, therefore, we have not recognized any provision for this contingent loss at December 31, 2022. We expect this matter to be resolved within the first half of 2023.

Casualty Loss

On July 14, 2021, the city of Werdohl, Germany, and surrounding area experienced torrential rains which resulted in extensive flooding. The flooding caused damage to our Werdohl manufacturing facility and production was temporarily halted on July 14, 2021. On July 16, 2021, operations at the facility resumed with the exception of the paint line and certain machining operations, which were brought on-line later in the third quarter. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a net casualty loss of $1.5 million which was included in other expense, net. There was only nominal disruption to our ability to fulfill orders and deliver product to our customers due to the expeditious resumption of operations at the facility.

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Receivables Factoring

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Receivables Factoring

NOTE 19 - RECEIVABLES FACTORING

The Company sells certain customer trade receivables on a nonrecourse basis under factoring arrangements with designated financial institutions. These transactions are accounted for as sales and cash proceeds are included in cash provided by operating activities. Factoring arrangements incorporate customary representations and warranties, including representations as to validity of amounts due, completeness of performance obligations and absence of commercial disputes. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company sold trade receivables totaling $955.1 million and $775.6 million, respectively, and incurred factoring fees of $3.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, receivables of $97.2 million and $97.6 million, respectively, had been factored and had not yet been paid by customers to the respective financial institutions. The collective limit under our factoring arrangements as of December 31, 2022 was $150.0 million. The collective limit under our factoring arrangements as of December 31, 2021 was $125.1 million.

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Restructuring

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring

NOTE 20- RESTRUCTURING

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company announced a reduction in its workforce at Werdohl, Germany. As a result, the Company recognized a restructuring charge of $4.5 million in cost of sales, principally comprised of termination and related benefits. During 2022 we incurred termination costs and related expenses of $1.9 million which were charged against the restructuring accrual. As of December 31, 2022, the Company determined that there are no further planned staffing reductions and reversed the remaining accrual and credited cost of sales for $2.3 million, the original accrual balance less charges incurred and foreign exchange of $0.3 million.

During the third quarter of 2019, the Company initiated a plan to significantly reduce production and manufacturing operations at its Fayetteville, Arkansas location, recognizing restructuring expenses of $14.8 million in cost of sales. On July 15, 2021, the Company consummated the sale of the Fayetteville facility for an adjusted net sale price of $7.1 million, resulting in a gain of $4.4 million which has been credited against selling, general and administrative expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized additional charges to cost of sales of $2.2 million, principally related to relocation costs for redeployment of machinery and equipment and environmental remediation and repairs required under the sale agreement.

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Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts [Abstract]

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 and 2021

(Dollars in thousands)

			Additions
	Balance at Beginning of Year		Charge to Costs and Expenses			Other			Deductions From Reserves			Balance at End of Year
2022
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable	$	826	$	(122	)	$	—		$	(43	)	$	661
Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets	$	69,388	$	7,779		$	(9,541	)	$	—		$	67,626
2021
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable	$	863	$	484		$	—		$	(521	)	$	826
Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets	$	46,490	$	23,467		$	(569	)	$	—		$	69,388

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Nature of Operations

Nature of Operations

Superior Industries International, Inc.’s (referred to herein as the “Company,” “Superior,” or “we” and “our”) principal business is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) in North America and Europe and to the aftermarket in Europe. We employ approximately 7,700 full-time employees, operating in eight manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe. We are one of the largest aluminum wheel suppliers to global OEMs and one of the leading European aluminum wheel aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 94 percent of our sales in 2022 and are primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Honda, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz Group, Nissan, PSA, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley) and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the principal markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European and Asian OEMs. We have determined that our North American and European operations should be treated as separate reportable segments as further described in Note 5, “Business Segments.”

Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements

Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting estimates are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. These estimates require the use of judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe that the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash, certificates of deposit, fixed deposits and money market funds with original maturities of three months or less.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments and are not exchange traded. We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates (refer to Note 4, “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information pertaining to our derivative instruments).

We enter into contracts to purchase certain commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as aluminum, natural gas and electricity. These contracts are considered to be derivative instruments under U.S. GAAP; however, these purchase contracts are not accounted for as derivatives because they qualify for the normal purchase normal sale exemption.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable primarily consists of amounts that are due and payable from our customers for the sale of aluminum wheels. We evaluate the collectability of receivables each reporting period and record an allowance for doubtful accounts representing our estimate of probable losses. Additions to the allowance are charged to bad debt expense reported in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventories, which are categorized as raw materials, work-in-process or finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is measured using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method or the average cost method. Inventories are reviewed to determine if inventory quantities are in excess of forecasted usage or if they have become obsolete.

Aluminum is the primary material component in our inventories. The Company had three aluminum suppliers in 2022 and two aluminum suppliers in 2021 which individually exceeded 10 percent of total aluminum purchases and, in the aggregate, represented 61.4 percent and 56.2 percent of our total aluminum purchases, respectively.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The cost of additions, improvements and interest during construction, if any, are capitalized. Our maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense when incurred. Depreciation is calculated generally on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Classification	Expected Useful Life
Buildings	15 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment	3 to 20 years
Leasehold Improvements	Lease term

When property, plant and equipment is replaced, retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed and any resulting gain or loss on the disposition of an operating asset is included in income or loss from operations and is classified as a part of selling, general and administrative expenses. Any gain or loss on the disposition of a nonoperating asset, as well as any casualty gain or loss, is included in other income or expense.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The carrying amount of long-lived assets to be held and used in the business is evaluated for impairment whenever facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss occurs when the carrying value of an asset group (including the carrying value of liabilities associated with the long-lived assets within the asset group) exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be realized from the use and eventual disposition of the respective long-lived assets. An asset group is the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset or group of long-lived assets which represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other asset groups. Fair value is determined primarily by discounting the estimated expected cash flows. If the carrying amount of an asset group is impaired, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company’s asset groups consist of the North American and European reportable segments.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are finite-lived assets consisting of brand names, technology and customer relationships. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (since the pattern in which the asset will be consumed cannot be reliably determined).

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation

The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries that use local currency as their functional currency are translated to U.S. dollars based on the current exchange rate prevailing at each balance sheet date and any resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries whose local currency is not their functional currency are remeasured from their local currency to their functional currency and then translated to U.S. dollars. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates prevailing for each period presented.

Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions and the effects of remeasurement discussed in the preceding paragraph are recorded in other income or expense. We recognized foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gains of $1.35 million and $0.3 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under our contracts are satisfied. Generally, this occurs upon shipment when control of products transfers to our customers. At this point, revenue is recognized in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled to under the terms of our contract.

The Company maintains long-term business relationships with our OEM customers and aftermarket distributors; however, there are no definitive long-term volume commitments under these arrangements. Volume commitments are limited to near-term customer requirements authorized under purchase orders or production releases generally with delivery periods of approximately one month. Sales do not involve any significant financing component since customer payment is generally due 40-60 days after shipment. Contract assets and liabilities consist of customer receivables and deferred revenues related to tooling.

At contract inception, the Company assesses goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to deliver a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. Principal performance obligations under our customer contracts consist of the manufacture and delivery of aluminum wheels, including production wheels, service wheels and replacement wheels. As a part of the manufacture of the wheels, we develop tooling necessary to produce the wheels. Accordingly, tooling costs, which are explicitly recoverable from our customers, are capitalized as preproduction costs and amortized to cost of sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program. Similarly, customer reimbursement for tooling costs is deferred and amortized to net sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program.

In the normal course of business, the Company’s warranties are limited to product specifications and the Company does not accept product returns unless the item is defective as manufactured. Accordingly, warranty costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment subject to accrual, rather than a performance obligation. The Company establishes provisions for both estimated returns and warranty when revenue is recognized. In addition, the Company does not typically provide customers with the right to a refund but provides for product replacement.

Prices allocated to production, service and replacement wheels are based on prices established in our customer purchase orders which represent the standalone selling price. Prices for service and replacement wheels are commensurate with production wheels with adjustment for any special packaging. In addition, prices are subject to adjustment for changes in commodity prices for aluminum, alloy premium and silicon, as well as production efficiencies and wheel weight variations from specifications used in pricing. These price adjustments are treated as variable consideration. Customer tooling reimbursement is generally based on quoted prices or cost not to exceed quoted prices.

We estimate variable consideration by using the “most likely” amount estimation approach. For commodity prices, initial estimates are based on the commodity index at contract inception. Changes in commodity prices are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the commodity index occur. Prices incorporate the wheel weight price component based on product specifications. Weights are monitored, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. In North America OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate price adjustments.

Under the Company’s policies, shipping costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment. In addition, the Company does not disclose remaining performance obligations under its contracts since contract terms are substantially less than a year (generally less than one month). Our revenue recognition practices and related transactions and balances are further described in Note 2, “Revenue.”

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the estimated fair value recognition method. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of three years. Refer to Note 17, “Stock-Based Compensation” for additional information concerning our stock-based compensation awards.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years.

The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. The ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income in the future. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence factors. Our accounting for the valuation of deferred tax assets represents our best estimate of future events. We believe that the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of taxable income, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative.

We account for uncertain tax positions utilizing a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

In 2022 and 2021, we have provided deferred income taxes for the estimated U.S. federal and state income tax, foreign income tax and applicable withholding taxes on unremitted earnings of subsidiaries.

Cash Paid for Interest and Taxes and Non-Cash Investing Activities

Cash Paid for Interest and Taxes and Noncash Investing Activities

Cash paid for interest was $38.2 million and $36.7 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Cash paid for income taxes was $8.0 million and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had purchased but not yet paid for equipment of $9.3 million and $11.2 million, respectively, which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in our consolidated balance sheets.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards and Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

ASU 2021-10, “Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance.” As of January 1, 2022, we adopted this standard on a prospective basis. The standard requires entities to disclose information about any transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. Disclosures under ASU 2021-10 include: information about the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used to account for the transactions, the financial statement line items affected by the transactions, the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item and significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. The adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since we have not received any significant governmental assistance.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-13 which requires entities to use a new impairment model based on current expected credit losses (“CECL”) rather than incurred losses. Under CECL, estimated credit losses would incorporate relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and any expected credit losses would be recognized at the end of the period. As a smaller reporting company (as defined under SEC regulations), the Company is required to adopt the standard January 1, 2023. We do not expect that adoption of the standard will result in any cumulative adjustment nor have any material effect on our financial statements or disclosures since our credit losses have been (and are expected to remain) immaterial due to the financial strength of our OEM customers and the relatively short term nature of our contractual terms with our OEM and aftermarket customers.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations.” In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2022-04 which requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose the key terms of the program, including a description of the payment terms. For the obligations that the buyer has confirmed as valid to the finance provider or intermediary, the buyer must disclose: the amount outstanding that remains unpaid by the buyer as of the end of each year, a description of where those obligations are presented in the balance sheet and a rollforward of those obligations during the year, including the amount of obligations confirmed and the amount of obligations subsequently paid. This standard becomes effective for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. In adopting this standard, disclosures currently included in management's discussion and analysis regarding supply chain financing will be incorporated into the notes to the consolidated financial statements along with disclosure of payment terms under the program, as well as a roll forward of the amounts owed to the financial institution which has discounted supplier receivables.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, while other assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as an asset impairment. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short period of time until maturity.

Derivatives, Methods of Accounting, Hedging Derivatives

We use derivatives to partially offset our exposure to foreign currency, interest rate, aluminum and other commodity price risks. We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars or other derivative instruments to offset some of the risk on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. However, we may choose not to hedge certain exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. There can be no assurance the hedges will fully offset the financial impact resulting from movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and aluminum or other commodity prices.

To help mitigate gross margin and cash flow fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain of our subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency costs denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty, respectively. We may hedge portions of our forecasted foreign currency exposure up to 48 months.

We account for our derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. For derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows and are designated as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) or loss in shareholders’ equity or deficit until the hedged item is recognized in earnings, at which point accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings and classified with the underlying hedged transaction. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Estimated Useful Lives of the Assets

Classification	Expected Useful Life
Buildings	15 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment	3 to 20 years
Leasehold Improvements	Lease term

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Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Summary of Opening and Closing Balances of Company's Receivables and Current and Long-term Contract Liabilities

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s receivables and current and long-term contract liabilities are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Customer receivables	$	63,565	$	74,887	$	(11,322	)
Contract liabilities—current		6,251		6,887		(636	)
Contract liabilities—noncurrent		8,355		10,526		(2,171	)

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Items Measured at Fair Value

The following tables categorize items measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2022			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Total	$	34,960	$	—	$	34,960	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—
Total	$	11,780	$	—	$	11,780	$	—

			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
December 31, 2021			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Total	$	10,362	$	—	$	10,362	$	—
Liabilities					.
Derivative contracts	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—
Total	$	19,711	$	—	$	19,711	$	—

Schedule of Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Debt Instruments

The estimated fair value, as well as the carrying value, of the Company’s debt instruments are shown below:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Estimated aggregate fair value	$	615,394	$	605,874
Aggregate carrying value (1)		647,443		616,215

(1)Total debt excluding the impact of unamortized debt issuance costs.

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Fair Value of Derivatives by Balance Sheet Line Item

	December 31, 2022
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	11,210	$	15,890	$	2,873	$	5,212
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		603		—		192		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		—		—		1,213		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		498		655		1,520		770
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		4,112		1,992		—		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	16,423	$	18,537	$	5,798	$	5,982

	December 31, 2021
	Other Current Assets		Other Noncurrent Assets		Accrued Liabilities		Other Noncurrent Liabilities
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	3,161	$	2,194	$	1,845	$	13,565
Foreign exchange forward contracts not    designated as hedging instruments		579		—		3		—
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		2,677		39		—		—
Natural gas forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		1,294		418		135		276
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		—		—		3,887		—
Total derivative financial instruments	$	7,711	$	2,651	$	5,870	$	13,841

Summary of Notional Amount and Estimated Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes the notional amount and estimated fair value of our derivative financial instruments:

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value			Notional U.S. Dollar Amount		Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments	$	462,783	$	19,015		$	458,769	$	(10,055	)
Foreign exchange forward contracts not designated    as hedging instruments		39,726		411			24,419		576
Aluminum forward contracts designated as    hedging instruments		9,495		(1,213	)		37,609		2,716
Natural gas forward contracts designated as hedging    instruments		13,500		(1,137	)		8,915		1,301
Interest rate swap contracts designated as hedging    instruments		250,000		6,104			200,000		(3,887	)
Total derivative financial instruments	$	775,504	$	23,180		$	729,712	$	(9,349	)

Notional amounts are presented on a net basis. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, therefore, are not a direct measure of our exposure to the financial risks described above. The amounts exchanged are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or commodity prices.

Summary of Gain or Loss Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss

The following tables summarize the gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss (“AOCI”), the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings, and the amounts recognized directly into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	28,895	$	14,962	$	2,074

Year Ended December 31, 2021	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives			Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income		Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(Dollars in thousands)
Derivative contracts	$	(7,313	)	$	4,106	$	(1,047	)

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Business Segments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Net Sales and Results of Operations and Total Assets by Reportable Segment

	Net Sales				Income from Operations
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	943,713	$	744,904	$	71,772	$	50,798
Europe		696,189		639,846		26,268		4,578
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	98,040	$	55,376

	Depreciation and Amortization				Capital Expenditures
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	36,301	$	36,243	$	39,265	$	30,005
Europe		54,871		63,392		17,892		34,108
	$	91,172	$	99,635	$	57,157	$	64,113

	Property, Plant and Equipment, net				Intangible Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	220,321	$	214,331	$	—	$	—
Europe		253,639		280,070		51,497		76,870
	$	473,960	$	494,401	$	51,497	$	76,870

	Total Assets
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
North America	$	582,339	$	499,988
Europe		551,400		554,159
	$	1,133,739	$	1,054,147

Geographic information

See table below for our net sales and long-lived assets by location:

	Net Sales				Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
U.S.	$	5,574	$	8,166	$	1,476	$	2,152
Mexico		938,139		736,738		218,845		212,179
Germany		203,979		227,887		76,158		76,849
Poland		492,210		411,959		177,481		203,221
	$	1,639,902	$	1,384,750	$	473,960	$	494,401

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Accounts Receivable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Summary of Accounts Receivable

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Trade receivables	$	64,225		$	75,713
Other receivables		9,161			8,560
		73,386			84,273
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(661	)		(826	)
Accounts receivable, net	$	72,725		$	83,447

Schedule of Revenues by Major Customers

	2022 Percent of Sales			2021 Percent of Sales
GM		26	%		26	%
Ford		16	%		13	%
VW Group		14	%		14	%

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Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Inventories

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Raw materials	$	62,639	$	47,392
Work in process		37,993		54,891
Finished goods		78,056		69,816
Inventories, net	$	178,688	$	172,099

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Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Land and buildings	$	144,870		$	129,826
Machinery and equipment		887,222			861,097
Leasehold improvements and others		4,993			9,831
Construction in progress		80,263			67,529
		1,117,348			1,068,283
Accumulated depreciation		(643,388	)		(573,882	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	473,960		$	494,401

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

The Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following table.

Year Ended December 31, 2022	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation			Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(9,134	)	$	134		$	—		—
Technology		15,000		(15,222	)		222			—		—
Customer relationships		167,000		(114,595	)		(908	)		51,497	1-6
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(138,951	)	$	(552	)	$	51,497

Year Ended December 31, 2021	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Currency Translation		Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period
(Dollars in thousands)
Brand name	$	9,000	$	(8,503	)	$	258	$	755	1-2
Technology		15,000		(14,172	)		430	$	1,258	2
Customer relationships		167,000		(95,540	)		3,397	$	74,857	2-7
Total finite-lived intangibles	$	191,000	$	(118,215	)	$	4,085	$	76,870

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Long-Term Debt and Related Weighted Average Interest Rates

A summary of long-term debt and the related weighted average interest rates is shown below:

	December 31, 2022
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Discount and Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	400,000	$	(22,967	)	$	377,033			12.3	%
6.00% Senior Notes		232,352		(2,458	)		229,894			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		12,365		—			12,365			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,726		—			2,726			2.7	%
	$	647,443	$	(25,425	)		622,018
Less: Current portion							(5,873	)
Long-term debt						$	616,145

	December 31, 2021
Debt Instrument	Total Debt		Debt Issuance Costs (1)			Total Debt, Net			Weighted Average Interest Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Term Loan Facility	$	349,200	$	(4,338	)	$	344,862			4.1	%
6.00% Senior Notes		245,809		(3,441	)		242,368			6.0	%
European CapEx loans		18,595		—			18,595			2.3	%
Finance leases		2,611		—			2,611			2.8	%
	$	616,215	$	(7,779	)		608,436
Less: Current portion							(6,081	)
Long-term debt						$	602,355

(1)Unamortized portion

Schedule of Debt Maturities

Debt maturities due in the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

Debt Maturities	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	5,873
2024		3,672
2025		234,728
2026		2,055
2027		1,117
Thereafter		399,998
Total debt liabilities	$	647,443

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Basic numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$	37,034		$	3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion		(36,453	)		(34,050	)
Less: European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend		(53	)		(42	)
Diluted numerator	$	528		$	(30,338	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	(1.17	)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic		26,839			25,995
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents		751			—
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted		27,590			25,995

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes From Domestic and International Jurisdictions

Income/(loss) before income taxes from domestic and international jurisdictions is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Domestic	$	(22,538	)	$	(44,129	)
Foreign		73,676			55,320
	$	51,138		$	11,191

Benefit (Provision) for Income Taxes

The benefit/(provision) for income taxes is comprised of the following:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Current taxes
Federal	$	(1,946	)	$	(67	)
State		(77	)		(99	)
Foreign		(21,345	)		(9,229	)
Total current taxes		(23,368	)		(9,395	)
Deferred taxes
Federal		275			711
State		—			—
Foreign		8,989			1,247
Total deferred taxes		9,264			1,958
Income tax provision	$	(14,104	)	$	(7,437	)

Reconciliation of the U.S. Federal Tax Rate

The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal tax rate to our effective income tax rate:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
Statutory rate		21.0	%		21.0	%
State tax provisions, net of federal income tax benefit		1.7			(14.2	)
Tax credits		(26.4	)		(13.2	)
Foreign income taxes at rates other than the statutory rate		(19.9	)		(97.1	)
Valuation allowance		15.6			203.6
Changes in tax liabilities, net		4.9			(89.7	)
Share based compensation		3.4			10.9
Unremitted non-U.S. Earnings		2.0			3.6
US tax on non-US income		19.9			16.3
Non-deductible charges		4.1			22.3
Other		1.2			3.0
Effective income tax rate		27.5	%		66.5	%

Summary of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities

Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued liabilities	$	7,220		$	4,964
Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)		1,353			9,231
Deferred compensation		6,638			8,162
Inventory reserves		3,895			3,777
Net loss carryforwards and credits		48,774			40,747
Interest carryforwards		23,098			29,366
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other		7,865
Competent authority deferred tax assets and    other foreign timing differences		4,915			4,739
Other		946			1,143
Total before valuation allowance		104,704			102,129
Valuation allowance		(67,626	)		(69,388	)
Net deferred income tax assets		37,078			32,741
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other					(4,408	)
Unremitted earnings		(5,359	)		(4,531	)
Deferred income tax liabilities		(5,359	)		(8,939	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	31,719		$	23,802

The classification of our net deferred tax asset is shown below:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Long-term deferred income tax assets	$	35,187		$	27,715
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities		(3,468	)		(3,913	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	31,719		$	23,802

Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Positions Roll Forward

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	16,362		$	31,858
Increases (decreases) due to foreign currency translations	$	(712	)		(1,192	)
Increases (decreases) as a result of positions    taken during:
Prior periods		10,580			(13,633	)
Current period		50			48
Settlements with taxing authorities					(719	)
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation		(180	)
Ending balance	$	26,100		$	16,362

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Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Expense, Cash Flow, Operating and Finance Lease Assets and Liabilities, Average Lease Term and Average Discount Rate

Lease expense, cash flow, operating and finance lease assets and liabilities, average lease term and average discount rate are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Expense
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	1,040		$	1,325
Interest on lease liabilities		59			82
Operating lease expense		2,601			3,070
Total lease expense	$	3,700		$	4,477
Cash Flow Components
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from finance leases	$	59		$	82
Operating cash outflows from operating leases		2,738			3,460
Financing cash outflows from finance leases		1,062			1,321
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		1,249			922
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities,      net of terminations and disposals		333			416
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Balance Sheet Information
Operating leases:
Other noncurrent assets	$	8,325		$	10,772
Accrued liabilities	$	(2,137	)	$	(2,371	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(6,516	)		(8,860	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	(8,653	)	$	(11,231	)
Finance leases:
Property, plant and equipment gross	$	7,899		$	6,603
Accumulated depreciation		(5,684	)		(4,644	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	2,215		$	1,959
Current portion of long-term debt	$	(1,053	)	$	(982	)
Long-term debt (less current portion)		(1,673	)		(1,629	)
Total finance lease liabilities	$	(2,726	)	$	(2,611	)
Lease Term and Discount Rates
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years)		3.2			3.4
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years)		4.2			5.0
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases		2.7	%		2.8	%
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		3.6	%		3.6	%

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments Under Finance and Operating Leases

Summarized future minimum payments under our leases are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
Lease Maturities	Finance Leases			Operating Leases
2023	$	1,053		$	2,250
2024		993			2,199
2025		411			2,044
2026		167			1,886
2027		104			870
Thereafter		101			43
Total		2,829			9,292
Less: Imputed interest		(103	)		(639	)
Total lease liabilities, net of interest	$	2,726		$	8,653

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Retirement Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Summary of Changes in Plan Assets and Plan Benefit Obligations

The following table summarizes the changes in plan assets and plan benefit obligations.

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in benefit obligation
Beginning benefit obligation	$	31,120		$	32,640
Interest cost		872			823
Actuarial loss (gain)		(7,392	)		(928	)
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Ending benefit obligation	$	23,155		$	31,120

Summary of Defined Benefit Plans

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	—		$	—
Employer contribution		1,445			1,415
Benefit payments		(1,445	)		(1,415	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	—		$	—
Funded status	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated    balance sheets consist of:
Accrued expenses	$	(1,393	)	$	(1,432	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(21,762	)		(29,688	)
Net amount recognized	$	(23,155	)	$	(31,120	)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other    comprehensive loss consist of:
Net actuarial loss	$	1,721		$	9,446
Prior service cost		—			(1	)
Net amount recognized, before tax effect	$	1,721		$	9,445
Weighted average assumptions used to    determine benefit obligations:
Discount rate		5.4	%		2.9	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Summary of Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost

Components of net periodic pension cost are described in the following table:

Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Interest cost	$	872		$	823
Amortization of actuarial loss		332			386
Net periodic pension cost	$	1,204		$	1,209
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net    periodic pension cost:
Discount rate		2.9	%		2.6	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%

Summary of Expected Benefit Payments

Benefit payments during the next ten years, which reflect applicable future service, are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,	Amount
(Dollars in thousands)
2023	$	1,431
2024		1,481
2025		1,693
2026		1,759
2027		1,716
Years 2028 to 2032		8,964

Periodic Pension Cost, Next Fiscal Year

The following is an estimate of the components of net periodic pension cost in 2023:

Estimated Year Ended December 31,	2023
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest cost	$	1,217
Amortization of actuarial loss		—
Estimated 2023 net periodic pension cost	$	1,217

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Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Text Block [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Liabilities

Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Payroll and related benefits	$	35,076	$	31,930
Taxes, other than income taxes		15,330		13,973
Deferred tooling revenue		6,251		6,887
Current portion of derivative liability		5,798		5,870
Short-term operating lease liability		2,137		2,371
Dividends and interest		1,532		1,417
Current portion of executive retirement liabilities		1,393		1,432
Professional fees		1,046		687
Other		5,545		6,958
Accrued liabilities	$	74,108	$	71,525

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of RSU, PSU and Option Activity

The following tables summarize the RSU, PSU and option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2022		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Granted		515,491			3.93		667,345			5.33		—			—
Settled		(580,551	)		4.73		(719,659	)		6.68		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(4,570	)		3.77		(109,166	)		7.24		(9,000	)		16.76
Balance at December 31, 2022		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—
Awards estimated to vest in the future		896,799		$	4.16		2,323,101		$	6.26		—		$	—

	Equity Incentive Awards
	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Performance Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2021		1,213,667		$	3.59		2,176,290		$	4.88		24,000		$	20.39
Granted		411,291			5.94		653,438			8.41		—			—
Settled		(626,004	)		3.30		(193,778	)		5.45		—			—
Forfeited or expired		(32,525	)		8.13		(151,369	)		12.61		(15,000	)		22.57
Balance at December 31, 2021		966,429		$	4.62		2,484,581		$	6.67		9,000		$	16.76
Awards estimated to vest in the future		939,298		$	4.67		1,997,713		$	6.86		9,000		$	16.76

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Employee ManufacturingFacility	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Number of employees | Employee	7,700
Number of manufacturing facilities | ManufacturingFacility	8
Recognized foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gains, before tax	$ 1,350	$ 300
Cash paid for interest	38,200	36,700
Cash paid for income taxes	8,000	10,500
Noncash or part noncash acquisition, fixed assets acquired	$ 9,300	$ 11,200
Sales [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member] | Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	94.00%
Aluminum Purchases [Member] | Supplier Concentration Risk [Member] | Inventory [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	61.40%	56.20%
Vendors accounting for more than ten percent of aluminum purchases	3	2

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Estimated Useful Lives of the Assets. (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Minimum [Member] | Buildings [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Estimated Useful Lives	15 years
Minimum [Member] | Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Estimated Useful Lives	3 years
Minimum [Member] | Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Estimated Useful Lives	Lease term
Maximum [Member] | Buildings [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Estimated Useful Lives	50 years
Maximum [Member] | Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Estimated Useful Lives	20 years

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Revenue - Summary of Opening and Closing Balances of Company's Receivables and Current and Long-term Contract Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Contract With Customer Asset And Liability [Line Items]
Customer receivables	$ 63,565	$ 74,887
Contract liabilities—current	6,251	6,887
Contract liabilities—noncurrent	8,355	$ 10,526
Difference between Revenue Guidance in Effect before and after Topic 606 [Member]
Contract With Customer Asset And Liability [Line Items]
Customer receivables	(11,322)
Contract liabilities—current	(636)
Contract liabilities—noncurrent	$ (2,171)

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Revenue - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Tooling Reimbursement [Member]
Revenue From Contract With Customers [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, revenue recognized	$ 10.5	$ 13.1
Price Adjustments [Member]
Revenue From Contract With Customers [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, revenue recognized	$ 1.5	$ 2.6

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Fair Value Measurements - Recurring (Detail) - Recurring [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Derivative contracts	$ 34,960	$ 10,362
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Assets, Current	Assets, Current
Total	$ 34,960	$ 10,362
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$ 11,780	$ 19,711
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Liabilities, Current	Liabilities, Current
Total	$ 11,780	$ 19,711
Level 2 [Member]
Assets
Derivative contracts	$ 34,960	$ 10,362
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Assets, Current	Assets, Current
Total	$ 34,960	$ 10,362
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$ 11,780	$ 19,711
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Liabilities, Current	Liabilities, Current
Total	$ 11,780	$ 19,711

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Debt Instruments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Instrument Detail [Abstract]
Estimated aggregate fair value	$ 615,394	$ 605,874
Aggregate carrying value	$ 647,443	$ 616,215

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Derivative instruments objectives	We use derivatives to partially offset our exposure to foreign currency, interest rate, aluminum and other commodity price risks. We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars or other derivative instruments to offset some of the risk on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities.
Maximum length of time, foreign currency cash flow hedge	48 months

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Summary of Fair Value of Derivatives by Balance Sheet Line Item (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	$ 16,423	$ 7,711
Other Non-current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	18,537	2,651
Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	5,798	5,870
Other Non-current Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	5,982	13,841
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Natural Gas [Member] | Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	498	1,294
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Natural Gas [Member] | Other Non-current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	655	418
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Natural Gas [Member] | Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	1,520	135
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Natural Gas [Member] | Other Non-current Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	770	276
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	11,210	3,161
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Non-current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	15,890	2,194
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	2,873	1,845
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Non-current Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	5,212	13,565
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	603	579
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts [Member] | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	192	3
Aluminum Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets		2,677
Aluminum Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Non-current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets		39
Aluminum Forward Contracts [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities	1,213
Interest Rate Swap Contracts Designated as Hedges [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	4,112
Interest Rate Swap Contracts Designated as Hedges [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Other Non-current Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative assets	$ 1,992
Interest Rate Swap Contracts Designated as Hedges [Member] | Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair value of derivative liabilities		$ 3,887

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments - Summary of Notional Amount and Estimated Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	$ 775,504	$ 729,712
December 31, 2021	23,180	(9,349)
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Natural Gas [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	13,500	8,915
December 31, 2021	(1,137)	1,301
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts Designated as Hedging Instruments [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	462,783	458,769
December 31, 2021	19,015	(10,055)
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Aluminum Forward Contracts [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	9,495	37,609
December 31, 2021	(1,213)	2,716
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swap Contracts Designated as Hedges [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	250,000	200,000
December 31, 2021	6,104	(3,887)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts Designated as Hedging Instruments [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
December 31, 2021	39,726	24,419
December 31, 2021	$ 411	$ 576

XML

Derivative Financial Instruments - Summary of Gain or Loss Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives	$ 28,895	$ (7,313)
Derivative [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives	28,895	(7,313)
Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	$ 14,962	$ 4,106
Derivative Instrument, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income, Effective Portion, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives
Amount of Pre-tax Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives	$ 2,074	$ (1,047)

XML

Business Segments - Summary of Net Sales and Results of Operations and Total Assets by Reportable Segment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	$ 1,639,902	$ 1,384,750
Income (Loss) from Operations	98,040	55,376
Depreciation and Amortization	91,172	99,635
Capital Expenditures	57,157	64,113
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	473,960	494,401
Intangible Assets	51,497	76,870
Total assets	1,133,739	1,054,147
North America [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	943,713	744,904
Income (Loss) from Operations	71,772	50,798
Depreciation and Amortization	36,301	36,243
Capital Expenditures	39,265	30,005
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	220,321	214,331
Total assets	582,339	499,988
Europe [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	696,189	639,846
Income (Loss) from Operations	26,268	4,578
Depreciation and Amortization	54,871	63,392
Capital Expenditures	17,892	34,108
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	253,639	280,070
Intangible Assets	51,497	76,870
Total assets	$ 551,400	$ 554,159

XML

Business Segments - Net Sales and Long-Lived Assets by Location (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	$ 1,639,902	$ 1,384,750
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	473,960	494,401
U.S. [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	5,574	8,166
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	1,476	2,152
Mexico [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	938,139	736,738
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	218,845	212,179
Germany [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	203,979	227,887
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	76,158	76,849
Poland [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Net Sales	492,210	411,959
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	$ 177,481	$ 203,221

XML

Accounts Receivable - Summary of Accounts Receivable (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable, Gross, Allowance, and Net [Abstract]
Trade receivables	$ 64,225	$ 75,713
Other receivables	9,161	8,560
Accounts receivable, gross	73,386	84,273
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(661)	(826)
Accounts receivable, net	$ 72,725	$ 83,447

XML

Accounts Receivable - Additional Information (Detail) - Customer Concentration Risk [Member] - Accounts Receivable [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
General Motors [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	7.00%	10.00%
Volkswagen [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	11.00%	10.00%
Ford [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	7.00%	9.00%

XML

Accounts Receivable - Schedule of Revenues by Major Customers (Detail) - Customer Concentration Risk [Member] - Sales [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
General Motors [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	26.00%	26.00%
Ford [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	16.00%	13.00%
Volkswagen [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	14.00%	14.00%

XML

Inventories - Summary of Inventories (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 62,639	$ 47,392
Work in process	37,993	54,891
Finished goods	78,056	69,816
Inventories, net	$ 178,688	$ 172,099

XML

Inventories - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Inventory, non-current	$ 11.3	$ 9.7

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 1,117,348	$ 1,068,283
Accumulated depreciation	(643,388)	(573,882)
Property, plant and equipment, net	473,960	494,401
Land and Buildings [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	144,870	129,826
Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	887,222	861,097
Leasehold Improvements and Other [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	4,993	9,831
Construction in Progress [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 80,263	$ 67,529

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation expense	$ 70.2	$ 73.3

XML

Intangible Assets - Summary of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross Carrying Amount	$ 191,000	$ 191,000
Accumulated Amortization	(138,951)	(118,215)
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Currency Translation	(552)	4,085
Finite lived Intangible Assets, Net	51,497	76,870
Brand Name [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross Carrying Amount	9,000	9,000
Accumulated Amortization	(9,134)	(8,503)
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Currency Translation	134	258
Finite lived Intangible Assets, Net		$ 755
Brand Name [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period		1 year
Brand Name [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period		2 years
Technology [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross Carrying Amount	15,000	$ 15,000
Accumulated Amortization	(15,222)	(14,172)
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Currency Translation	222	430
Finite lived Intangible Assets, Net		$ 1,258
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period		2 years
Customer Relationships [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross Carrying Amount	167,000	$ 167,000
Accumulated Amortization	(114,595)	(95,540)
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Currency Translation	(908)	3,397
Finite lived Intangible Assets, Net	$ 51,497	$ 74,857
Customer Relationships [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period	1 year	2 years
Customer Relationships [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period	6 years	7 years

XML

Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization of intangible assets	$ 20.7	$ 26.3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Amortization Expense, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2023	19.3
2024	19.3
2025	9.5
2026	2.4
2027	$ 1.0

XML

Debt - Summary of Long-Term Debt and Related Weighted Average Interest Rates (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total Debt	$ 647,443	$ 616,215
Debt Discount and Issuance Costs	(25,425)	(7,779)
Total Debt, Net	622,018	608,436
Less: Current portion	(5,873)	(6,081)
Long-term debt	616,145	602,355
Term Loan Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total Debt	400,000	349,200
Debt Discount and Issuance Costs	(22,967)	(4,338)
Total Debt, Net	$ 377,033	$ 344,862
Weighted Average Interest Rate	12.30%	4.10%
Senior Notes [Member] | 6.00% Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total Debt	$ 232,352	$ 245,809
Debt Discount and Issuance Costs	(2,458)	(3,441)
Total Debt, Net	$ 229,894	$ 242,368
Weighted Average Interest Rate	6.00%	6.00%
European CapEx Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total Debt	$ 12,365	$ 18,595
Total Debt, Net	$ 12,365	$ 18,595
Weighted Average Interest Rate	2.30%	2.30%
Finance Leases [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total Debt	$ 2,726	$ 2,611
Total Debt, Net	$ 2,726	$ 2,611
Weighted Average Interest Rate	2.70%	2.80%

XML

Debt - Summary of Long-Term Debt and Related Weighted Average Interest Rates (Parenthetical) (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
6.00% Senior Notes [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate stated, percentage	6.00%	6.00%

XML

Debt - Additional Information (Detail)			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 15, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 15, 2017 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2021 EUR (€)	Mar. 31, 2021 EUR (€)	Mar. 31, 2020 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 15, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	May 30, 2017 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt default, maximum period of failure to comply with obligations, covenants or agreements							60 days
Debt default, holder percent to declare all notes due, minimum							30.00%
Debt issuance costs and expenses							$ 25,425,000		$ 7,779,000
Term loan facility balance							647,443,000		616,215,000
Long-term debt							$ 622,018,000		$ 608,436,000
Long-term debt, term							5 years
Obligations under other debt agreements cross-default minimum amount							$ 20,000,000.0
Failure to pay material plan withdrawal obligations							20,000,000.0
European Operations [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt							3,600,000			$ 70,700,000
Senior Notes, 6.00%, due 2025 [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount | €		€ 250,000,000
Debt instrument, interest rate stated, percentage		6.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment premium during first year	2.00%
Prepayment premium during second year	2.00%
Prepayment premium during third year	1.00%
Debt instrument maturity date description	However, in the event the Company has not repaid, refinanced or otherwise extended the maturity date of the Notes beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to June 15, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to June 15, 2025. Similarly, in the event the Company has not redeemed, refinanced or otherwise extended the unconditional redemption date of the redeemable preferred stock beyond the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility by the date 91 days prior to September 14, 2025, the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility would mature 91 days prior to September 14, 2025.
Liquidity amount	$ 37,500,000
Increase in commitment adjustments							$ 50,000,000.0
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount of term loan facility	$ 400,000,000.0
Line of credit facility maturity date	Dec. 15, 2028
Principal payment amount	$ 1,000,000.0
Issuance discount	12,000,000.0
Proceeds of borrowings under term loan facility	388,000,000.0
Debt issuance costs	$ 11,100,000
Debt instrument amortization term	6 years
Additional default interest rate							2.00%
Repayments under term loan facility	$ 349,200,000
Amount outstanding							$ 4,800,000
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Secured net leverage ratio							1.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Secured net leverage ratio							3.50%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | NYFRB [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	0.50%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							8.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	1.50%						7.50%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							8.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | One Month SOFR [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	1.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	1.50%						7.00%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							6.50%
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							7.00%
Equipment Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate stated, percentage							2.30%
Long-term debt							$ 8,800,000
Drew down on loans | €					€ 1,400,000	€ 10,600,000
Equipment Loan [Member] | European Operations [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate stated, percentage							2.20%
Debt instrument, maturity date							Mar. 31, 2024
Debt Instrument Redemption Period Two [Member] | Senior Notes, 6.00%, due 2025 [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Redemption percentage		100.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount of term loan facility	$ 107,500,000							€ 60,000,000.0
Maximum additional borrowing capacity	$ 50,000,000.0
Additional default interest rate							2.00%
Liquidity amount							$ 37,500,000
Increase in commitment adjustments							50,000,000.0
Increase in unrestricted cash and cash equivalent covenants							50,000,000.0
Decrease in unrestricted cash and cash equivalent covenants							$ 37,500,000
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Commitment fees percentage							0.50%
Net leverage ratio	1.00%						1.00%
Secured net leverage ratio							1.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Commitment fees percentage							0.625%
Net leverage ratio	2.00%						4.50%
Secured net leverage ratio							3.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | NYFRB [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	0.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	0.10%						4.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							3.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							4.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | One Month SOFR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	1.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	1.00%						3.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							2.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Base Rate [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							3.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | EURIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate	0.00%						4.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | EURIBOR [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							3.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | EURIBOR [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate							4.50%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount of term loan facility	$ 60,000,000.0
Line of credit facility maturity date	Dec. 15, 2027
Unamortized debt issuance costs to written off and charged to interest expense	$ 3,700,000
Debt issuance costs and expenses	$ 3,200,000
Debt instrument amortization term	5 years
Outstanding borrowings							$ 0
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Senior Secured Term Loan Facility [Member] | Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount of availability							$ 55,200,000
European Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Equipment Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, maturity date							Sep. 30, 2027
Quarterly payment			$ 500,000	€ 500,000
Quarterly payment, start date							Jun. 30, 2021

XML

Debt - Schedule of Debt Maturities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Maturities of Long-Term Debt [Abstract]
2023	$ 5,873
2024	3,672
2025	234,728
2026	2,055
2027	1,117
Thereafter	399,998
Total debt liabilities	$ 647,443	$ 616,215

XML

Redeemable Preferred Stock - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2017
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Temporary equity, stock issued during period, shares, new issues		150,000	150,000	150,000
Temporary equity, par value		$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable preferred shares				$ 150,000
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage		9.00%	9.00%
Preferred stock redemption date		Sep. 14, 2025
Common stock, shares issued upon conversion of preferred stock		5,326,000
Issuance costs				3,700
Embedded derivative liability				10,900
Adjusted proceeds from issuance of redeemable preferred shares				$ 135,500
Cumulative premium accretion		$ 87,300	$ 64,400
Redeemable preferred stock		222,753	$ 199,897
Convertible Preferred Stock Redemption Period Two [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, redemption value		300,000
Convertible preferred stock, redemption value percent of stated value			200.00%
Convertible preferred stock, face value		$ 150,000
Common stock, shares issued upon conversion of preferred stock		5,300,000
Series A Redeemable Preferred Stock [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Temporary equity, stock issued during period, shares, new issues				140,202
Temporary equity, par value	$ 0.01
Temporary equity, liquidation preference per share	1,000
Temporary equity, conversion price	$ 28.162
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage	9.00%
Convertible preferred stock, threshold stock price trigger				$ 84.49
Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Temporary equity, stock issued during period, shares, new issues				9,798

XML

Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Detail) shares in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Common stock, shares issued upon conversion of preferred stock	5,326

XML

Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Earnings Per share, Basic and Diluted (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$ 37,034	$ 3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion	(36,453)	(34,050)
Less: European non-controlling redeemable equity dividend	(53)	(42)
Basic numerator	$ 528	$ (30,338)
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$ 0.02	$ (1.17)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	26,839	25,995
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Net income	$ 37,034	$ 3,754
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion	(36,453)	(34,050)
Less: European non-controlling redeemable equity dividend	(53)	(42)
Diluted numerator	$ 528	$ (30,338)
Diluted loss per share	$ 0.02	$ (1.17)
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	26,839	25,995
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents	751
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	27,590	25,995

XML

Income Taxes - Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes From Domestic and International Jurisdictions (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ (22,538)	$ (44,129)
Foreign	73,676	55,320
Consolidated income (loss) before income taxes	$ 51,138	$ 11,191

XML

Income Taxes - Benefit (Provision) for Income Taxes (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal	$ (1,946)	$ (67)
State	(77)	(99)
Foreign	(21,345)	(9,229)
Total current taxes	(23,368)	(9,395)
Federal	275	711
Foreign	8,989	1,247
Total deferred taxes	9,264	1,958
Income tax provision	$ (14,104)	$ (7,437)

XML

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of the U.S. Federal Tax Rate (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
State tax provisions, net of federal income tax benefit	(1.70%)	(14.20%)
Tax credits	(26.40%)	(13.20%)
Foreign income taxes at rates other than the statutory rate	(19.90%)	(97.10%)
Valuation allowance	15.60%	203.60%
Changes in tax liabilities, net	4.90%	(89.70%)
Share based compensation	3.40%	10.90%
Unremitted non-U.S. Earnings	2.00%	3.60%
U.S. tax on non-U.S. income	19.90%	16.30%
Non-deductible charges	4.10%	22.30%
Other	(1.20%)	3.00%
Effective income tax rate	27.50%	66.50%

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Income Taxes - Summary of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued liabilities	$ 7,220	$ 4,964
Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)	1,353	9,231
Deferred compensation	6,638	8,162
Inventory reserves	3,895	3,777
Net loss carryforwards and credits	48,774	40,747
Interest carryforwards	23,098	29,366
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other	7,865
Competent authority deferred tax assets and other foreign timing differences	4,915	4,739
Other	946	1,143
Total before valuation allowance	104,704	102,129
Valuation allowance	(67,626)	(69,388)
Net deferred income tax assets	37,078	32,741
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other		(4,408)
Unremitted earnings	(5,359)	(4,531)
Deferred income tax liabilities	(5,359)	(8,939)
Net deferred income tax assets	31,719	23,802
Long-term deferred income tax assets	35,187	27,715
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities	$ (3,468)	$ (3,913)

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits that would favorably impact effective tax rate	$ 3.1
Unrecognized tax benefits, income tax penalties and interest accrued	6.2	$ 6.2
U.S. [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	11.5
Tax credit carryforward, amount	13.9
Germany [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 25.6
Earliest Tax Year [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards, expiration year	2023
Open tax year	2015
Earliest Tax Year [Member] | U.S. [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Ongoing tax audits period	2015
Income tax examination year	2015
Earliest Tax Year [Member] | Germany [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Ongoing tax audits period	2018
Income tax examination year	2018
Latest Tax Year [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards, expiration year	2043
Open tax year	2021
Latest Tax Year [Member] | U.S. [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Ongoing tax audits period	2018
Income tax examination year	2018
Latest Tax Year [Member] | Germany [Member]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Summary [Line Items]
Ongoing tax audits period	2019
Income tax examination year	2019

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Positions Roll Forward (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Beginning balance	$ 16,362	$ 31,858
Increases (decreases) due to foreign currency translations	(712)	(1,192)
Increases (decreases) as a result of positions taken during: Prior periods	10,580	(13,633)
Current period	50	48
Settlements with taxing authorities		(719)
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation	(180)
Ending balance	$ 26,100	$ 16,362

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Leases - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lessee, operating lease, option to extend	Certain leases include options to extend the lease term for up to ten years
Minimum [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lessee, operating lease, term of contract	1 year
Maximum [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lessee, operating lease, term of contract	7 years

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Leases - Schedule of Lease Expense, Cash Flow, Operating and Finance Lease Assets and Liabilities, Average Lease Term and Average Discount Rate (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$ 1,040	$ 1,325
Interest on lease liabilities	59	82
Operating lease expense	2,601	3,070
Total lease expense	3,700	4,477
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from finance leases	59	82
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	2,738	3,460
Financing cash outflows from finance leases	1,062	1,321
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities, net of terminations and disposals	1,249	922
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net of terminations and disposals	333	416
Operating leases:
Other non-current assets	$ 8,325	$ 10,772
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other non-current assets	Other non-current assets
Accrued liabilities	$ (2,137)	$ (2,371)
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued expenses	Accrued expenses
Other non-current liabilities	$ (6,516)	$ (8,860)
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other non-current liabilities	Other non-current liabilities
Total operating lease liabilities	$ (8,653)	$ (11,231)
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent	us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent
Property, plant and equipment gross	$ 7,899	$ 6,603
Accumulated depreciation	(5,684)	(4,644)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 2,215	$ 1,959
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other non-current assets	Other non-current assets
Current portion of long-term debt	$ (1,053)	$ (982)
Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued expenses	Accrued expenses
Long-term debt (less current portion)	$ (1,673)	$ (1,629)
Finance Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other non-current liabilities	Other non-current liabilities
Total finance lease liabilities	$ (2,726)	$ (2,611)
Finance Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent	us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years)	3 years 2 months 12 days	3 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years)	4 years 2 months 12 days	5 years
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases	2.70%	2.80%
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	3.60%	3.60%

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Leases - Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments For Finance and Operating Leases (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Finance Leases, 2023	$ 1,053
Finance Leases, 2024	993
Finance Leases, 2025	411
Finance Leases, 2026	167
Finance Leases, 2027	104
Finance Leases, Thereafter	101
Finance Leases, Total	2,829
Finance Leases, Less: Imputed interest	(103)
Finance Leases, Total lease liabilities, net of interest	2,726	$ 2,611
Operating Leases, 2023	2,250
Operating Leases, 2024	2,199
Operating Leases, 2025	2,044
Operating Leases, 2026	1,886
Operating Leases, 2027	870
Operating Leases, Thereafter	43
Operating Leases, Total	9,292
Operating Leases, Less: Imputed interest	(639)
Operating Leases, Total lease liabilities, net of interest	$ 8,653	$ 11,231

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Retirement Plans - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Age	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Age for benefits | Age	65
Defined contribution plan, cost recognized | $	$ 1.7	$ 1.4

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Retirement Plans - Summary of Changes in Plan Assets and Plan Benefit Obligations (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Beginning benefit obligation	$ 31,120	$ 32,640
Interest cost	872	823
Actuarial loss (gain)	(7,392)	(928)
Benefit payments	(1,445)	(1,415)
Ending benefit obligation	$ 23,155	$ 31,120

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Retirement Plans - Schedule of Defined Benefit Plans Disclosures (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$ 0	$ 0
Employer contribution	1,445	1,415
Benefit payments	(1,445)	(1,415)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	0	0
Funded status	(23,155)	(31,120)
Accrued expenses	(1,393)	(1,432)
Other non-current liabilities	(21,762)	(29,688)
Net amount recognized	(23,155)	(31,120)
Net actuarial loss	1,721	9,446
Prior service cost		(1)
Net amount recognized, before tax effect	$ 1,721	$ 9,445
Discount rate	5.40%	2.90%
Rate of compensation increase	3.00%	3.00%

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Retirement Plans - Schedule of Net Benefit Costs (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Interest cost	$ 872	$ 823
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Interest Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, after Tax	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, after Tax
Amortization of actuarial loss	$ 332	$ 386
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Amortization of Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, before Tax	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, before Tax
Net periodic pension cost	$ 1,204	$ 1,209
Discount rate	2.90%	2.60%
Rate of compensation increase	3.00%	3.00%

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Retirement Plans - Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
2023	$ 1,431
2024	1,481
2025	1,693
2026	1,716
2027	1,759
Years 2028 to 2032	$ 8,964

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Retirement Plans - Periodic Pension Cost, Next Fiscal Year (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Interest cost		$ 872	$ 823
Estimated 2023 net periodic pension cost		$ 1,204	$ 1,209
Scenario, Forecast [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Interest cost	$ 1,217
Estimated 2023 net periodic pension cost	$ 1,217

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Accrued Expenses - Schedule of Accrued Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Payroll and related benefits	$ 35,076	$ 31,930
Taxes, other than income taxes	15,330	13,973
Deferred tooling revenue	6,251	6,887
Current portion of derivative liability	5,798	5,870
Short-term operating lease liability	2,137	2,371
Dividends and interest	1,532	1,417
Current portion of executive retirement liabilities	1,393	1,432
Professional fees	1,046	687
Other	5,545	6,958
Accrued liabilities	$ 74,108	$ 71,525

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Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Authorizes issuance of common stock	4,350,000
Number of authorized shares increased under the Plan	2,000,000
Number of shares available for grant	200,000
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 9.7	$ 9.5
Amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense	$ 7.3
Weighted average period for recognition	1 year 7 months 6 days
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years
Performance Shares Unit [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of RSU, PSU and Option Activity (Detail) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Options Outstanding
Number of Options Outstanding, Beginning balance (in shares)	9,000	24,000
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	(9,000)	(15,000)
Number of Options Outstanding, Ending balance (in shares)		9,000
Number of Options Outstanding, Awards estimated to vest in the future (in shares)		9,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 16.76	$ 20.39
Forfeited or expired (in dollars per share)	$ 16.76	22.57
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending balance (in dollars per share)		16.76
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Awards estimated to vest in the future ( in dollar per share)		$ 16.76
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Number of Awards
Number of Awards, Beginning balance (in shares)	966,429	1,213,667
Granted (in shares)	515,491	411,291
Settled (in shares)	(580,551)	(626,004)
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	(4,570)	(32,525)
Number of Awards, Ending balance (in shares)	896,799	966,429
Number of awards,Awards estimated to vest in the future (in shares)	896,799	939,298
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 4.62	$ 3.59
Granted (in dollars per share)	3.93	5.94
Settled (in dollars per share)	4.73	3.30
Forfeited or expired (in dollars per share)	3.77	8.13
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Ending balance (in dollars per share)	4.16	4.62
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards estimated to vest in the future (in dollar per share)	$ 4.16	$ 4.67
Performance Shares Unit [Member]
Number of Awards
Number of Awards, Beginning balance (in shares)	2,484,581	2,176,290
Granted (in shares)	667,345	653,438
Settled (in shares)	(719,659)	(193,778)
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	(109,166)	(151,369)
Number of Awards, Ending balance (in shares)	2,323,101	2,484,581
Number of awards,Awards estimated to vest in the future (in shares)	2,323,101	1,997,713
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 6.67	$ 4.88
Granted (in dollars per share)	5.33	8.41
Settled (in dollars per share)	6.68	5.45
Forfeited or expired (in dollars per share)	7.24	12.61
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Ending balance (in dollars per share)	6.26	6.67
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards estimated to vest in the future (in dollar per share)	$ 6.26	$ 6.86

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Provision for this contingent loss	$ 0
Contingency related to estimate to manufacture and install replacement wheels	11,000,000
Judicial Ruling [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Provision for this contingent loss	$ 0
Loss from Catastrophes | Other Expense, Net [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Net casualty loss		$ (1,500,000)
Minimum [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, expected trial commencement term	18 months
Maximum [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Contingency related to additional charges on energy purchases	$ 14,000,000.0
Loss contingency, expected trial commencement term	24 months

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Receivables Factoring - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts Receivable [Line Items]
Trade receivables	$ 955,100,000	$ 775,600,000
Collective limit under factoring arrangements	150,000,000.0	125,100,000
Factored receivables yet not collected	97,200,000	97,600,000
Other (Expense) Income, Net [Member]
Accounts Receivable [Line Items]
Factoring fees	$ 3,600,000	$ 2,100,000

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Restructuring - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 15, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Termination costs and related expenses				$ 1,900
Remaining accrual and credited cost of sales				2,300
Original accrual balance less charge incurred and foreign exchange				300
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets				$ 150	$ 6,589
Werdohl [Member] | Cost of Sales [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring charge		$ 4,500
Fayetteville, Arkansas Manufacturing Facility [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets	$ 7,100
Additional charges to cost of sales					$ 2,200
Fayetteville, Arkansas Manufacturing Facility [Member] | Cost of Sales [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring expenses recognized			$ 14,800
Fayetteville, Arkansas Manufacturing Facility [Member] | Selling, General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Gain on sale of facility	$ 4,400

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Line Items]
Balance at Beginning of Year	$ 826	$ 863
Additions, Charge to Costs and Expenses	(122)	484
Deductions From Reserves	(43)	(521)
Balance at End of Year	661	826
Valuation Allowances for Deferred Tax Assets [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Line Items]
Balance at Beginning of Year	69,388	46,490
Additions, Charge to Costs and Expenses	7,779	23,467
Additions, Other	(9,541)	(569)
Balance at End of Year	$ 67,626	$ 69,388