| Summary of statutory capital, surplus and net income |
The actual and required statutory capital and surplus for the Company’s principal operating subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021: | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | 2022 | | 2021 | | Actual capital and surplus (1): | | | | | Bermuda | $ | 19,546,128 | | | $ | 17,528,510 | | | Ireland | 968,443 | | | 958,200 | | | United States | 6,194,954 | | | 5,600,652 | | | United Kingdom | 1,018,092 | | | 902,002 | | | Canada | 68,637 | | | 70,063 | | | Australia | 284,998 | | | 283,693 | | | | | | | Required capital and surplus: | | | | | Bermuda | $ | 6,449,878 | | | $ | 5,661,301 | | | Ireland | 815,194 | | | 794,933 | | | United States | 1,748,543 | | | 1,717,646 | | | United Kingdom | 543,104 | | | 563,164 | | | Canada | 47,825 | | | 42,513 | | | Australia | 175,885 | | | 214,022 | |
(1)Such amounts include ownership interests in affiliated insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. The statutory net income (loss) for the Company’s principal operating subsidiaries for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | Statutory net income (loss): | | | | | | Bermuda | $ | 1,729,925 | | | $ | 2,370,746 | | | $ | 1,579,889 | | | Ireland | (52,757) | | | 25,191 | | | 18,397 | | | United States | 219,524 | | | 345,790 | | | 143,271 | | | United Kingdom | 56,818 | | | 35,286 | | | 4,078 | | | Canada | 9,215 | | | 6,985 | | | (1,049) | | | Australia | 38,538 | | | 11,874 | | | (8,601) | |
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