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Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]  
Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

12. Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

The Registrants are exposed to certain risks related to ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are commodity price risk and interest rate risk.

 

Commodity Price Risk (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

To the extent the amount of energy Exelon generates differs from the amount of energy it has contracted to sell, the Registrants are exposed to market fluctuations in the prices of electricity, fossil fuels and other commodities. The Registrants employ established policies and procedures to manage their risks associated with market fluctuations by entering into physical and financial derivative contracts, including swaps, futures, forwards, options and short-term and long-term commitments to purchase and sell energy and energy-related products. The Registrants believe these instruments, which are classified as either economic hedges or non-derivatives, mitigate exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices.

 

Derivative accounting guidance requires that derivative instruments be recognized as either assets or liabilities at fair value, with changes in fair value of the derivative recognized in earnings each period. Other accounting treatments are available through special election and designation, provided they meet specific, restrictive criteria both at the time of designation and on an ongoing basis. These alternative permissible accounting treatments include normal purchase normal sale (NPNS), cash flow hedge, and fair value hedge. For commodity transactions, effective with the date of merger with Constellation, Generation no longer utilizes the special election provided for by the cash flow hedge designation and de-designated all of its existing cash flow hedges prior to the merger. Because the underlying forecasted transactions remain at least reasonably possible, the fair value of the effective portion of these cash flow hedges was frozen in accumulated OCI and reclassified to results of operations when the forecasted purchase or sale of the energy commodity occurs, or becomes probable of not occurring. None of Constellation's designated cash flow hedges for commodity transactions prior to the merger were re-designated as cash flow hedges. The effect of this decision is that all derivative economic hedges for commodities are recorded at fair value through earnings for the combined company, referred to as economic hedges in the following tables. The Registrants have applied the NPNS scope exception to certain derivative contracts for the forward sale of generation, power procurement agreements, and natural gas supply agreements. Non-derivative contracts for access to additional generation and certain sales to load-serving entities are accounted for primarily under the accrual method of accounting, which is further discussed in Note 22 – Commitments and Contingencies. Additionally, Generation is exposed to certain market risks through its proprietary trading activities. The proprietary trading activities are a complement to Generation's energy marketing portfolio but represent a small portion of Generation's overall energy marketing activities.

 

Economic Hedging. The Registrants are exposed to commodity price risk primarily relating to changes in the market price of electricity, fossil fuels, and other commodities associated with price movements resulting from changes in supply and demand, fuel costs, market liquidity, weather conditions, governmental regulatory and environmental policies, and other factors. Within Exelon, Generation has the most exposure to commodity price risk. Generation uses a variety of derivative and non-derivative instruments to manage the commodity price risk of its electric generation facilities, including power sales, fuel and energy purchases, natural gas transportation and pipeline capacity agreements and other energy-related products marketed and purchased. In order to manage these risks, Generation may enter into fixed-price derivative or non-derivative contracts to hedge the variability in future cash flows from forecasted sales of energy and purchases of fuel and energy. The objectives for entering into such hedges include fixing the price for a portion of anticipated future electricity sales at a level that provides an acceptable return on electric generation operations, fixing the price of a portion of anticipated fuel purchases for the operation of power plants, and fixing the price for a portion of anticipated energy purchases to supply load-serving customers. The portion of forecasted transactions hedged may vary based upon management's policies and hedging objectives, the market, weather conditions, operational and other factors. Generation is also exposed to differences between the locational settlement prices of certain economic hedges and the hedged generating units. This price difference is actively managed through other instruments which include derivative congestion products, whose changes in fair value are recognized in earnings each period, and auction revenue rights, which are accounted for on an accrual basis.

 

In general, increases and decreases in forward market prices have a positive and negative impact, respectively, on Generation's owned and contracted generation positions that have not been hedged. Generation hedges commodity price risk on a ratable basis over three-year periods. As of December 31, 2013, the percentage of expected generation hedged for the major reportable segments was 92%-95%, 62%-65% and 30%-33% for 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. The percentage of expected generation hedged is the amount of equivalent sales divided by the expected generation. Expected generation represents the amount of energy estimated to be generated or purchased through owned or contracted capacity. Equivalent sales represent all hedging products, which include economic hedges and certain non-derivative contracts, including Generation's sales to ComEd, PECO and BGE to serve their retail load.

 

In order to fulfill a requirement of the Illinois Settlement Legislation, Generation and ComEd entered into a five-year financial swap contract that expired May 31, 2013. The financial swap was designed to hedge spot market purchases, which, along with ComEd's remaining energy procurement contracts, met its load service requirements. The terms of the financial swap contract required Generation to pay the around-the-clock market price for a portion of ComEd's electricity supply requirement, while ComEd paid a fixed price.

 

As the contract expired May 31, 2013, all realized impacts have been included in Generation's and ComEd's results of operations. In Exelon's consolidated financial statements, all financial statement effects of the financial swap recorded by Generation and ComEd are eliminated.

 

In addition, the physical contracts that Generation has entered into with ComEd and that ComEd has entered into with Generation and other suppliers as part of the ComEd power procurement process, which are further discussed in Note 3 – Regulatory Matters, qualify and are accounted for under the NPNS exception. Based on the Illinois Settlement Legislation and ICC-approved procurement methodologies permitting ComEd to recover its electricity procurement costs from retail customers with no mark-up, ComEd's price risk related to power procurement is limited.

 

On December 17, 2010, ComEd entered into several 20-year floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers for the procurement of long-term renewable energy and associated RECs. Delivery under the contracts began in June 2012. Pursuant to the ICC's Order on December 19, 2012, ComEd's commitments under the existing long-term contracts for energy and associated RECs were reduced in the first quarter of 2013. These contracts are designed to lock in a portion of the long-term commodity price risk resulting from the renewable energy resource procurement requirements in the Illinois Settlement Legislation. ComEd has not elected hedge accounting for these derivative financial instruments. ComEd records the fair value of the swap contracts on its balance sheet. Because ComEd receives full cost recovery for energy procurement and related costs from retail customers, the change in fair value each period is recorded by ComEd as a regulatory asset or liability. See Note 3 – Regulatory Matters for additional information.

 

PECO has contracts to procure electric supply that were executed through the competitive procurement process outlined in its PAPUC-approved DSP Programs, which are further discussed in Note 3 - Regulatory Matters. Based on Pennsylvania legislation and the DSP Programs permitting PECO to recover its electric supply procurement costs from retail customers with no mark-up, PECO's price risk related to electric supply procurement is limited. PECO locked in fixed prices for a significant portion of its commodity price risk through full requirements contracts and block contracts. PECO has certain full requirements contracts and block contracts, that are considered derivatives and qualify for the NPNS scope exception under current derivative authoritative guidance.

PECO's natural gas procurement policy is designed to achieve a reasonable balance of long-term and short-term gas purchases under different pricing approaches in order to achieve system supply reliability at the least cost. PECO's reliability strategy is two-fold. First, PECO must assure that there is sufficient transportation capacity to satisfy delivery requirements. Second, PECO must ensure that a firm source of supply exists to utilize the capacity resources. All of PECO's natural gas supply and asset management agreements that are derivatives either qualify for the NPNS scope exception and have been designated as such, or have no mark-to-market balances because the derivatives are index priced. Additionally, in accordance with the 2013 PAPUC PGC settlement and to reduce the exposure of PECO and its customers to natural gas price volatility, PECO has continued its program to purchase natural gas for both winter and summer supplies using a layered approach of locking-in prices ahead of each season with long-term gas purchase agreements (those with primary terms of at least twelve months). Under the terms of the 2013 PGC settlement, PECO is required to lock in (i.e., economically hedge) the price of a minimum volume of its long-term gas commodity purchases. PECO's gas-hedging program is designed to cover about 30% of planned natural gas purchases in support of projected firm sales. The hedging program for natural gas procurement has no direct impact on PECO's financial position or results of operations as natural gas costs are fully recovered from customers under the PGC.

 

BGE has contracts to procure SOS electric supply that are executed through a competitive procurement process approved by the MDPSC. The SOS rates charged recover BGE's wholesale power supply costs and include an administrative fee. The administrative fee includes an incremental cost component and a shareholder return component for commercial and industrial rate classesBGE's price risk related to electric supply procurement is limited. BGE locks in fixed prices for all of its SOS requirements through full requirements contracts. Certain of BGE's full requirements contracts, which are considered derivatives, qualify for the NPNS scope exception under current derivative authoritative guidance. Other BGE full requirements contracts are not derivatives.

 

BGE provides natural gas to its customers under a MBR mechanism approved by the MDPSC. Under this mechanism, BGE's actual cost of gas is compared to a market index (a measure of the market price of gas in a given period). The difference between BGE's actual cost and the market index is shared equally between shareholders and customers. BGE must also secure fixed price contracts for at least 10%, but not more than 20%, of forecasted system supply requirements for flowing (i.e., non-storage) gas for the November through March period. These fixed-price contracts are not subject to sharing under the MBR mechanism. BGE also ensures it has sufficient pipeline transportation capacity to meet customer requirements. All of BGE's natural gas supply and asset management agreements qualify for the NPNS scope exception and result in physical delivery.

Proprietary Trading. Generation also enters into certain energy-related derivatives for proprietary trading purposes. Proprietary trading includes all contracts entered into with the intent of benefiting from shifts or changes in market prices as opposed to those entered into with the intent of hedging or managing risk. Proprietary trading activities are subject to limits established by Exelon's RMC. The proprietary trading activities, which included settled physical sales volumes of 8,762 GWh, 12,958 GWh and 5,742 Gwh for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, are a complement to Generation's energy marketing portfolio but represent a small portion of Generation's revenue from energy marketing activities. ComEd, PECO and BGE do not enter into derivatives for proprietary trading purposes.

Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Risk (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

The Registrants use a combination of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt to manage interest rate exposure. The Registrants may also utilize fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps, which are typically designated as fair value hedges, as a means to manage their interest rate exposure. In addition, the Registrants may utilize interest rate derivatives to lock in rate levels in anticipation of future financings, which are typically designated as cash flow hedges. These strategies are employed to manage interest rate risks. At December 31, 2013, Exelon had $1,425 million of notional amounts of fixed-to-floating hedges outstanding and $190 million of notional amounts of floating-to-fixed hedges outstanding. Assuming the fair value and cash flow interest rate hedges are 100% effective, a hypothetical 50 bps increase in the interest rates associated with unhedged variable-rate debt (excluding Commercial Paper) and fixed-to-floating swaps would result in an approximate $5 million decrease in Exelon Consolidated pre-tax income for the year ended December 31, 2013. To manage foreign exchange rate exposure associated with international energy purchases in currencies other than U.S. dollars, Generation utilizes foreign currency derivatives, which are typically designated as economic hedges. Below is a summary of the interest rate and foreign currency hedges as of December 31, 2013.

                     

  • Generation enters into interest rate derivative contracts to economically hedge risk associated with the interest rate component of commodity positions.  The characterization of the interest rate derivative contracts between the proprietary trading activity in the above table is driven by the corresponding characterization of the underlying commodity position that gives rise to the interest rate exposure.  Generation does not utilize proprietary trading interest rate derivatives with the objective of benefiting from shifts or changes in market interest rates.
  • Represents the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty and any associated cash collateral.

The following table provides a summary of the interest rate hedge balances recorded by the Registrants as of December 31, 2012:

 GenerationOtherExelon
DescriptionDerivatives Designated as Hedging InstrumentsEconomic HedgesProprietary Trading (a)Collateral and Netting (b)Subtotal Derivatives Designated as Hedging InstrumentsTotal
Mark-to-market derivative assets (Current Assets) $0$3$20$(19)$4$0$4
Mark-to-market derivative assets (Noncurrent Assets) 38 8 32 (32) 46 13 59
Total mark-to-market derivative assets$38$11$52$(51)$50$13$63
               
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities (Current Liabilities)$(1)$(1)$(19)$19$(2)$0$(2)
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities (Noncurrent Liabilities) (31) 0 (32) 32 (31) 0 (31)
Total mark-to-market derivative liabilities (32) (1) (51) 51 (33) 0 (33)
               
Total mark-to-market derivative net assets (liabilities)$6$10$1$0$17$13$30

              

  • Generation enters into interest rate derivative contracts to economically hedge risk associated with the interest rate component of commodity positions. The characterization of the interest rate derivative contracts between the proprietary trading activity in the above table is driven by the corresponding characterization of the underlying commodity position that gives rise to the interest rate exposure. Generation does not utilize proprietary trading interest rate derivatives with the objective of benefiting from shifts or changes in market interest rates.
  • Represents the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty and any associated cash collateral.

 

Fair Value Hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. Exelon includes the gain or loss on the hedged items and the offsetting loss or gain on the related interest rate swaps in interest expense as follows:

 

                    
   Twelve Months Ended December 31,
 Income Statement2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011
 LocationGain (Loss) on Swaps Gain (Loss) on Borrowings
GenerationInterest expense(a)$(15) $(6) $0 $0 $(6) $0
ExelonInterest expense$(24) $(9) $1 $11 $(3) $(1)

______              ____

  • For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the loss on Generation swaps included $16 million and $12 realized in earnings, respectively, with $2 million and an immaterial amount excluded from hedge effectiveness testing, respectively.

During the third and fourth quarters of 2013, Exelon entered into $625 million of notional amounts of fixed-to-floating fair value hedges related to interest rate swaps, which expire in 2020. At December 31, 2013, Exelon and Generation had total outstanding fixed-to-floating fair value hedges related to interest rate swaps of $1,275 million and $550 million, with unrealized gains of $26 million and $23 million, respectively. At December 31, 2012, Exelon and Generation had outstanding fixed-to-floating fair value hedges related to interest rate swaps of $650 million and $550 million that expire in 2015, with unrealized gains of $49 million and $38 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the impact on the results of operations as a result of ineffectiveness from fair value hedges was a $2 million gain and immaterial, respectively.

 

Cash Flow Hedges. In anticipation of the Continental Wind, LLC non-recourse project financing that was completed on September 30, 2013, Exelon entered into forward-starting interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the change in benchmark interest rates. Upon settlement of the swaps, a $26 million effective gain in OCI was deferred and will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the debt. See Note 13 – Debt and Credit Agreements for additional information on the project financing.

 

In connection with the DOE guaranteed loan for the Antelope Valley acquisition, as discussed in Note 13 – Debt and Credit Agreements, Generation entered into a floating-to-fixed forward starting interest rate swap with a notional amount of $485 million and a mandatory early termination date of April 5, 2014The swap hedges approximately 75% of Generation's future interest rate exposure associated with the financing and was designated as a cash flow hedge. As such, the effective portion of the hedge is recorded in other comprehensive income within Generation's Consolidated Balance Sheets, with any ineffectiveness recorded in Generation's Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Net gains (or losses) from settlement of the hedges, to the extent effective, are amortized as an adjustment to the interest expense over the term of the DOE guaranteed loan.

 

Every time Generation draws down on the loan, an offsetting hedge (fixed-to-floating) is executed and a portion of the cash flow hedge with a notional amount equal to the offsetting hedge, is de-designated and the related gains or losses going forward are reflected in earnings, which are largely offset by the losses or gains in the offsetting hedge.

 

Antelope Valley received its first loan advance on April 5, 2012, and a series of additional advances subsequently. Generation has entered into a series of fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps with an aggregated notional amount of $350 million, approximately 75% of the loan advance amount to offset portions of the original interest rate hedge, which are not designated as cash flow hedges. The remaining cash flow hedge has a notional amount of $135 million. At December 31, 2013, Generation's mark-to-market non-current derivative liability relating to the interest rate swaps in connection with the loan agreement to fund Antelope Valley was $10 million.

 

During the third quarter of 2011, a subsidiary of Constellation entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps to manage a portion of the interest rate exposure for anticipated long-term borrowings to finance Sacramento PV Energy. The swaps have a total notional amount of $28 million as of December 31, 2013 and expire in 2027. After the closing of the merger with Constellation, the swaps were re-designated as cash flow hedges. At December 31, 2013, the subsidiary had a $1 million derivative liability related to these swaps.

 

During the third quarter of 2012, a subsidiary of Exelon Generation entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap to manage a portion of the interest rate exposure of anticipated long-term borrowings to finance Constellation Solar Horizons. The swap has a notional amount of $27 million as of December 31, 2013, and expires in 2030. This swap is designated as a cash flow hedge. At December 31, 2013, the subsidiary had a $2 million derivative asset related to the swap.

During the years ended December 31, 2013, and 2012, the impact on the results of operations as a result of ineffectiveness from cash flow hedges was immaterial.

Economic Hedges. At December 31, 2013, Generation had $144 million in notional amounts of interest rate derivative contracts to economically hedge risk associated with the interest rate component of commodity positions and $195 million in notional amounts of foreign currency exchange rate swaps that are marked-to-market to manage the exposure associated with international purchases of commodities in currencies other than U.S. dollars.

 

At December 31, 2013, Exelon and Generation had $150 million in notional amounts of fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps that are marked-to-market, with unrealized gains of $2 million. These swaps, which were acquired as part of the merger with Constellation, expire in 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2013, and the period from March 12 to December 31, 2012, the impact on the results of operations was immaterial.

Fair Value Measurement and Accounting for the Offsetting of Amounts Related to Certain Contracts (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

Fair value accounting guidance and disclosures about offsetting assets and liabilities requires the fair value of derivative instruments to be shown in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements on a gross basis, even when the derivative instruments are subject to legally enforceable master netting agreements and qualify for net presentation in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. A master netting agreement is an agreement between two counterparties that may have derivative and non-derivative contracts with each other providing for the net settlement of all referencing contracts via one payment stream, which takes place either as the contracts deliver, when collateral is requested or in the event of default. Generation's use of cash collateral is generally unrestricted unless Generation is downgraded below investment grade (i.e. to BB+ or Ba1). In the table below, Generation's energy-related economic hedges and proprietary trading derivatives are shown gross and the impact of the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty that are subject to legally enforceable master netting agreements, as well as netting of cash collateral, is aggregated in the collateral and netting column. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, $10 million of cash collateral posted and $3 million of cash collateral received, respectively, was not offset against derivative positions because such collateral was not associated with any energy-related derivatives or as of the balance sheet date there were no positions to offset. Excluded from the tables below are economic hedges that qualify for the NPNS scope exception and other non-derivative contracts that are accounted for under the accrual method of accounting.

 

ComEd's use of cash collateral is generally unrestricted unless ComEd is downgraded below investment grade (i.e. to BB+ or Ba1).

 

Cash collateral held by PECO and BGE must be deposited in a non affiliate major U.S. commercial bank or foreign bank with a U.S. branch office that meet certain qualifications.

The following table provides a summary of the derivative fair value balances recorded by the Registrants as of December 31, 2013:

  GenerationComEdExelon
           
      Collateral      
  EconomicProprietaryandSubtotalEconomicTotal
DerivativesHedgesTradingNetting(a)(b)Hedges(c)Derivatives
              
Mark-to-market derivative assets            
 (current assets)$2,616$1,476$(3,364)$728$0$728
Mark-to-market derivative assets            
 (noncurrent assets)  1,344 285 (1,060) 569 0 569
              
Total mark-to-market derivative            
 assets$3,960$1,761$(4,424)$1,297$0$1,297
              
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities            
 (current liabilities) $(2,023)$(1,410)$3,292$(141)$(17)$(158)
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities            
 (noncurrent liabilities)  (804) (293) 988 (109) (176) (285)
              
Total mark-to-market derivative            
 liabilities $(2,827)$(1,703)$4,280$(250)$(193)$(443)
              
Total mark-to-market derivative net            
 assets (liabilities) $1,133$58$(144)$1,047$(193)$854

__________

(a)       Exelon and Generation net all available amounts allowed under the derivative accounting guidance on the balance sheet. These amounts include unrealized derivative transactions with the same counterparty under legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral. In some cases Exelon and Generation may have other offsetting exposures, subject to a master netting or similar agreement, such as trade receivables and payables, transactions that do not qualify as derivatives, letters of credit and other forms of non-cash collateral. These are not reflected in the table above.

(b)       Current and noncurrent assets are shown net of collateral of $84 million and $72 million, respectively, and current and noncurrent liabilities are shown net of collateral of $(12) million and $0 million, respectively. The total cash collateral posted, net of cash collateral received and offset against mark-to-market assets and liabilities was $144 million at December 31, 2013.

(c)       Includes current and noncurrent liabilities relating to floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers.

 

The following table provides a summary of the derivative fair value balances recorded by the Registrants as of December 31, 2012:

  Generation ComEd Exelon
               
  Economic  Collateral   EconomicIntercompany   
  HedgesProprietaryandSubtotal HedgesEliminations Total
 Derivatives(a)TradingNetting(b)(c) (a)(d)(a) Derivatives
Mark-to-market derivative assets                
 (current assets) $2,883$2,469$(4,418)$934 $0$0 $934
Mark-to-market derivative assets                
 with affiliate (current assets)  226 0 0 226  0 (226)  0
Mark-to-market derivative assets                
 (noncurrent assets)  1,792 724 (1,638) 878  0 0  878
                  
Total mark-to-market derivative                
 assets$4,901$3,193$(6,056)$2,038 $0$(226) $1,812
                  
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities                
 (current liabilities) $(2,419)$(2,432)$4,519$(332) $(18)$0 $(350)
Mark-to-market derivative liability                
 with affiliate (current liabilities)  0 0 0 0  (226) 226  0
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities                
 (noncurrent liabilities)  (1,080) (689) 1,568 (201)  (49) 0  (250)
                  
Total mark-to-market derivative                
 liabilities$(3,499)$(3,121)$6,087$(533) $(293)$226 $(600)
                  
Total mark-to-market derivative net                
 assets (liabilities) $1,402$72$31$1,505 $(293)$0 $1,212

__________

(a)       Includes current and noncurrent assets for Generation and current and noncurrent liabilities for ComEd of $226 million related to the fair value of the five-year financial swap contract between Generation and ComEd, as described above. For Generation, excludes $28 million of noncurrent liability relating to an interest rate swap in connection with a loan agreement to fund Antelope Valley as discussed above.

(b)       Exelon and Generation net all available amounts allowed under the derivative accounting guidance on the balance sheet. These amounts include unrealized derivative transactions with the same counterparty under legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral. In some cases Exelon and Generation may have other offsetting exposures, subject to a master netting or similar agreement, such as trade receivables and payables, transactions that do not qualify as derivatives, and letters of credit. These are not reflected in the table above.

(c)       Current and noncurrent assets are shown net of collateral of $113 million and $201 million, respectively, and current and noncurrent liabilities are shown net of collateral of $ (214) million and $ (131) million, respectively. The total cash collateral received, net of cash collateral posted and offset against mark-to-market assets and liabilities was $ (31) million at December 31, 2012.

(d)       Includes current and noncurrent liabilities relating to floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers.

 

Cash Flow Hedges (Exelon, Generation and ComEd). As discussed previously, effective prior to the merger with Constellation, Generation de-designated all of its cash flow hedges relating to commodity price risk. Because the underlying forecasted transactions remain at least reasonably possible, the fair value of the effective portion of these cash flow hedges was frozen in accumulated OCI and is reclassified to results of operations when the forecasted purchase or sale of the energy commodity occurs, or becomes probable of not occurring. Generation began recording prospective changes in the fair value of these instruments through current earnings from the date of de-designation. Approximately $195 million of these net pre-tax unrealized gains within accumulated OCI are expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI during the next twelve months by Generation. Generation expects the settlement of the majority of its cash flow hedges will occur during 2013 through 2014.

 

Exelon discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item or when it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. For the year ended 2012, the amount reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuance of cash flow hedges was immaterial. 

 

The tables below provide the activity of accumulated OCI related to cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, containing information about the changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges and the reclassification from accumulated OCI into results of operations. The amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI, when combined with the impacts of the actual physical power sales, result in the ultimate recognition of net revenues at the contracted price.

    Total Cash Flow Hedge OCI Activity, Net of Income Tax
          
    Generation  Exelon
  Income Statement Location Energy-Related Hedges  Total Cash Flow Hedges
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at         
 January 1, 2012  $925(a)(d) $488 
Effective portion of changes in fair value   432(b)  330(e)
Reclassifications from accumulated OCI to          
 net incomeOperating Revenues  (828)(c)  (453) 
Ineffective portion recognized in incomeOperating Revenues  3   3 
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at          
 December 31, 2012   532(a)(d)  368 
Effective portion of changes in fair value   0   29(e)
Reclassifications from accumulated OCI to         
 net incomeOperating Revenues  (413)(c)  (277) 
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at          
 December 31, 2013  $119(d) $120 

__________

(a)       Includes $133 million and $420 million of gains, net of taxes, related to the fair value of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 .

(b)       Includes $88 million of gains, net of taxes, related to the effective portion of changes in fair value of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the year ended December 31, 2012. As of the merger date, cash flow hedges were discontinued, as such, this amount represents changes in fair value prior to the merger date.

(c)       Includes $133 million and $375 million of losses, net of taxes, reclassified from accumulated OCI to recognize gains in net income related to settlements of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(d)       Excludes $5 million of losses and $20 million of losses, net of taxes, related to interest rate swaps and treasury rate locks for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(e)       Includes $15 million and $9 million of losses, net of taxes, related to the effective portion of changes in fair value of interest rate swaps and treasury rate locks at Generation for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively

During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 Generation's former energy-related cash flow hedge activity impact to pre-tax earnings based on the reclassification adjustment from accumulated OCI to earnings was a $683 million, $1,368 million and $968 million pre-tax gain, respectively. Given that the cash flow hedges had primarily consisted of forward power sales and power swaps and did not include power and gas options or sales, the ineffectiveness of Generation's cash flow hedges was primarily the result of differences between the locational settlement prices of the cash flow hedges and the hedged generating units. Changes in cash flow hedge ineffectiveness were losses of $5 million and a gain of $10 million for the years ended 2012 and 2011, respectively.

 

Exelon's former energy-related cash flow hedge activity impact to pre-tax earnings based on the reclassification adjustment from accumulated OCI to earnings was a $464 million, $747 million and $512 million pre-tax gain for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Changes in cash flow hedge ineffectiveness, primarily due to changes in market prices, were losses of $5 million and gains of $10 million for the years ended 2012 and 2011, respectively. Neither Exelon nor Generation will incur changes in cash flow hedge ineffectiveness in future periods as all energy-related cash flow hedge positions were de-designated prior to the merger date.

 

Economic Hedges (Exelon and Generation). These instruments represent hedges that economically mitigate exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices and include financial options, futures, swaps, physical forward sales and purchases, but for which the fair value or cash flow hedge elections were not made. Additionally, Generation enters into interest rate derivative contracts and foreign exchange currency swaps to manage the exposure related to the interest rate component of commodity positions and international purchases of commodities in currencies other than U.S. Dollars. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the following net pre-tax mark-to-market gains (losses) of certain purchase and sale contracts were reported in operating revenues or purchased power and fuel expense at Exelon and Generation in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and are included in “Net fair value changes related to derivatives” in Exelon's and Generation's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In the tables below, “Change in fair value” represents the change in fair value of the derivative contracts held at the reporting date. The “Reclassification to realized at settlement” represents the recognized change in fair value that was reclassified to realized due to settlement of the derivative during the period.

 Generation  Intercompany Eliminations Exelon
    Purchased         
 Operating  Power     Operating   
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Revenues and Fuel Total  Revenues (a) Total
Change in fair value$285 $180 $465 $(6) $459
Reclassification to realized at settlement (65)  104  39  13  52
Net mark-to-market gains$220 $284 $504 $7 $511
               
 Generation  Intercompany Eliminations Exelon
     Purchased         
 Operating  Power     Operating   
Year Ended December 31, 2012Revenues and Fuel Total  Revenues (a) Total
Change in fair value$(362) $215 $(147) $(94) $(241)
Reclassification to realized at settlement 429  238  667  101  768
Net mark-to-market gains$67 $453 $520 $7 $527
               
 Exelon and Generation      
    Purchased         
 Operating  Power         
Year Ended December 31, 2011 (As Reported)Revenues and Fuel Total      
Change in fair value$87 $131 $218      
Reclassification to realized at settlement (296)  (219)  (515)      
Net mark-to-market (losses)(b)$(209) $(88) $(297)      
               
 Exelon and Generation      
    Purchased         
 Operating  Power         
Year Ended December 31, 2011 (Pro Forma)Revenues and Fuel Total      
Change in fair value$258 $(40) $218      
Reclassification to realized at settlement (516)  1  (515)      
Net mark-to-market (losses)(b)$(258) $(39) $(297)      
               

  • Prior to the merger, the five-year financial swap contract between Generation and ComEd was de-designated. As a result, all prospective changes in fair value are recorded to operating revenues and eliminated in consolidation.
  • Exelon and Generation have historically presented mark-to-market gains and losses within purchased power expense for all non-trading, energy-related derivatives that were not accounted for as cash flow hedges. In 2011, Exelon and Generation classified the mark-to-market gains and losses for contracts, where the underlying hedged transaction was an expected sale to hedge power, to operating revenues.

 

   For the Years Ended 
  Location on Income  December 31, 
 Statement 2013 2012 2011 
Change in fair valueOperating Revenue $(21) $(12) $23 
Reclassification to realized at settlementOperating Revenue  (18)  108  (26) 
            
Net mark-to-market gains (losses)Operating Revenue $(39) $96 $(3) 

Credit Risk (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

The Registrants would be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties that enter into derivative instruments. The credit exposure of derivative contracts, before collateral, is represented by the fair value of contracts at the reporting date. For energy-related derivative instruments, Generation enters into enabling agreements that allow for payment netting with its counterparties, which reduces Generation's exposure to counterparty risk by providing for the offset of amounts payable to the counterparty against amounts receivable from the counterparty. Typically, each enabling agreement is for a specific commodity and so, with respect to each individual counterparty, netting is limited to transactions involving that specific commodity product, except where master netting agreements exist with a counterparty that allow for cross product netting. In addition to payment netting language in the enabling agreement, Generation's credit department establishes credit limits, margining thresholds and collateral requirements for each counterparty, which are defined in the derivative contracts. Counterparty credit limits are based on an internal credit review process that considers a variety of factors, including the results of a scoring model, leverage, liquidity, profitability, credit ratings by credit rating agencies, and risk management capabilities. To the extent that a counterparty's margining thresholds are exceeded, the counterparty is required to post collateral with Generation as specified in each enabling agreement. Generation's credit department monitors current and forward credit exposure to counterparties and their affiliates, both on an individual and an aggregate basis.

 

The following tables provide information on Generation's credit exposure for all derivative instruments, NPNS, and applicable payables and receivables, net of collateral and instruments that are subject to master netting agreements, as of December 31, 2013. The tables further delineate that exposure by credit rating of the counterparties and provide guidance on the concentration of credit risk to individual counterparties. The figures in the tables below do not include credit risk exposure from uranium procurement contracts or exposure through RTOs, ISOs, NYMEX, ICE and Nodal commodity exchanges, further discussed in Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Additionally, the figures in the tables below do not include exposures with affiliates, including net receivables with ComEd, PECO and BGE of $38 million, $38 million and $27 million, respectively.

 Total       Number of Net Exposure of
 Exposure       Counterparties Counterparties
 Before Credit Credit Net Greater than 10% Greater than 10%
Rating as of December 31, 2013Collateral Collateral (a) Exposure of Net Exposure of Net Exposure
Investment grade$1,621 $172 $1,449 $1 $491
Non-investment grade 27  9  18  0  0
No external ratings              
Internally rated - investment grade 416  1  415  1  226
Internally rated - non-investment grade 30  2  28  0  0
Total$2,094 $184 $1,910 $2 $717

Net Credit Exposure by Type of CounterpartyDecember 31, 2013
     
Financial Institutions $ 256 
Investor-owned utilities, marketers, power producers   684 
Energy cooperatives and municipalities   907 
Other   63 
Total $ 1,910 
     

              

(a) As of December 31, 2013, credit collateral held from counterparties where Generation had credit exposure included $155 million of cash and $29 million of letters of credit .

 

ComEd's power procurement contracts provide suppliers with a certain amount of unsecured credit. The credit position is based on forward market prices compared to the benchmark prices. The benchmark prices are the forward prices of energy projected through the contract term and are set at the point of supplier bid submittals. If the forward market price of energy exceeds the benchmark price, the suppliers are required to post collateral for the secured credit portion after adjusting for any unpaid deliveries and unsecured credit allowed under the contract. The unsecured credit used by the suppliers represents ComEd's net credit exposure. As of December 31, 2013, ComEd's credit exposure to suppliers was immaterial.

 

ComEd is permitted to recover its costs of procuring energy through the Illinois Settlement Legislation. ComEd's counterparty credit risk is mitigated by its ability to recover realized energy costs through customer rates. See Note 3 — Regulatory Matters for additional information.

 

PECO's supplier master agreements that govern the terms of its electric supply procurement contracts, which define a supplier's performance assurance requirements, allow a supplier to meet its credit requirements with a certain amount of unsecured credit. The amount of unsecured credit is determined based on the supplier's lowest credit rating from the major credit rating agencies and the supplier's tangible net worth. The credit position is based on the initial market price, which is the forward price of energy on the day a transaction is executed, compared to the current forward price curve for energy. To the extent that the forward price curve for energy exceeds the initial market price, the supplier is required to post collateral to the extent the credit exposure is greater than the supplier's unsecured credit limit. The unsecured credit used by the suppliers represents PECO's net credit exposure. As of December 31, 2013, PECO had no net credit exposure with suppliers.

PECO is permitted to recover its costs of procuring electric supply through its PAPUC-approved DSP Program. PECO's counterparty credit risk is mitigated by its ability to recover realized energy costs through customer rates. See Note 3 — Regulatory Matters for additional information.

 

PECO's natural gas procurement plan is reviewed and approved annually on a prospective basis by the PAPUC. PECO's counterparty credit risk under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements is mitigated by its ability to recover its natural gas costs through the PGC, which allows PECO to adjust rates quarterly to reflect realized natural gas prices. PECO does not obtain collateral from suppliers under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements. As of December 31, 2013, PECO had credit exposure of $9 million under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements with investment grade suppliers.

 

BGE is permitted to recover its costs of procuring energy through the MDPSC-approved procurement tariffs. BGE's counterparty credit risk is mitigated by its ability to recover realized energy costs through customer rates. See Note 3 — Regulatory Matters for additional information.

 

BGE's full requirement wholesale electric power agreements that govern the terms of its electric supply procurement contracts, which define a supplier's performance assurance requirements, allow a supplier, or its guarantor, to meet its credit requirements with a certain amount of unsecured credit. The amount of unsecured credit is determined based on the supplier's lowest credit rating from the major credit rating agencies and the supplier's tangible net worth, subject to an unsecured credit cap. The credit position is based on the initial market price, which is the forward price of energy on the day a transaction is executed, compared to the current forward price curve for energy. To the extent that the forward price curve for energy exceeds the initial market price, the supplier is required to post collateral to the extent the credit exposure is greater than the supplier's unsecured credit limit. The unsecured credit used by the suppliers represents BGE's net credit exposure. The seller's credit exposure is calculated each business day. As of December 31, 2013, BGE had no net credit exposure to suppliers.

 

BGE's regulated gas business is exposed to market-price risk. This market-price risk is mitigated by BGE's recovery of its costs to procure natural gas through a gas cost adjustment clause approved by the MDPSC. BGE does make off-system sales after BGE has satisfied its customers' demands, which are not covered by the gas cost adjustment clause. At December 31, 2013, BGE had credit exposure of $14 million related to off-system sales which is mitigated by parental guarantees, letters of credit, or right to offset clauses within other contracts with those third-party suppliers.

 

Collateral and Contingent-Related Features (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, PECO and BGE)

 

As part of the normal course of business, Generation routinely enters into physical or financially settled contracts for the purchase and sale of electric capacity, energy, fuels, emissions allowances and other energy-related products. Certain of Generation's derivative instruments contain provisions that require Generation to post collateral. Generation also enters into commodity transactions on exchanges (i.e. NYMEX, ICE). The exchanges act as the counterparty to each trade. Transactions on the exchanges must adhere to comprehensive collateral and margining requirements. This collateral may be posted in the form of cash or credit support with thresholds contingent upon Generation's credit rating from each of the major credit rating agencies. The collateral and credit support requirements vary by contract and by counterparty. These credit-risk-related contingent features stipulate that if Generation were to be downgraded or lose its investment grade credit rating (based on its senior unsecured debt rating), it would be required to provide additional collateral. This incremental collateral requirement allows for the offsetting of derivative instruments that are assets with the same counterparty, where the contractual right of offset exists under applicable master netting agreements. In the absence of expressly agreed-to provisions that specify the collateral that must be provided, collateral requested will be a function of the facts and circumstances of the situation at the time of the demand. In this case, Generation believes an amount of several months of future payments (i.e. capacity payments) rather than a calculation of fair value is the best estimate for the contingent collateral obligation, which has been factored into the disclosure below.

 

The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in a liability position that are not fully collateralized (excluding transactions on the exchanges that are fully collateralized) is detailed in the table below:

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
Credit-Risk Related Contingent Feature 2013 2012
Gross Fair Value of Derivative Contracts Containing this Feature (a) $($1,056) $($1,849)
Offsetting Fair Value of In-the-Money Contracts Under Master Netting Arrangements (b)  $846  $1,426
Net Fair Value of Derivative Contracts Containing This Feature (c) $($210) $($423)

____________________

  • Amount represents the gross fair value of out-of-the-money derivative contracts containing credit-risk-related contingent ignoring the effects of master netting agreements.
  • Amount represents the offsetting fair value of in-the-money derivative contracts under legally enforceable master netting agreements with the same counterparty, which reduces the amount of any liability for which a Registrant could potentially be required to post collateral.
  • Amount represents the net fair value of out-of-the-money derivative contracts containing credit-risk related contingent features after considering the mitigating effects of offsetting positions under master netting arrangements and reflects the actual net liability upon which any potential contingent collateral obligations would be based.

 

Generation had cash collateral posted of $72 million, letters of credit posted of $364 million, cash collateral held of $206 million and letters of credit held of $34 million as of December 31, 2013 for counterparties with derivative positions. Generation had cash collateral posted of $527 million and letters of credit posted of $563 million and cash collateral held of $499 million and letters of credit held of $45 million at December 31, 2012 for counterparties with derivative positions. In the event of a credit downgrade below investment grade (i.e. BB+ or Ba1), Generation could be required to post additional collateral of $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. These amounts represent the potential additional collateral required after giving consideration to offsetting derivative and non-derivative positions under master netting agreements.

 

Generation's and Exelon's interest rate swaps contain provisions that, in the event of a merger, if Generation's debt ratings were to materially weaken, it would be in violation of these provisions, resulting in the ability of the counterparty to terminate the agreement prior to maturity. Collateralization would not be required under any circumstance. Termination of the agreement could result in a settlement payment by Exelon or the counterparty on any interest rate swap in a net liability position. The settlement amount would be equal to the fair value of the swap on the termination date. As of December 31, 2013, Generation's and Exelon's swaps were in an asset position, with a fair value of $18 million and $21 million, respectively.

 

See Note 24 – Segment Information for additional information regarding the letters of credit supporting the cash collateral.

 

Generation entered into supply forward contracts with certain utilities, including PECO and BGE, with one-sided collateral postings only from Generation. If market prices fall below the benchmark price levels in these contracts, the utilities are not required to post collateral. However, when market prices rise above the benchmark price levels, counterparty suppliers, including Generation, are required to post collateral once certain unsecured credit limits are exceeded. Under the terms of ComEd's standard block energy contracts, collateral postings are one-sided from suppliers, including Generation, should exposures between market prices and benchmark prices exceed established unsecured credit limits outlined in the contracts. As of December 31, 2013, ComEd held neither cash nor letters of credit for the purpose of collateral from suppliers in association with energy procurement contracts. Under the terms of ComEd's annual renewable energy contracts, collateral postings are required to cover a fixed value for RECs only. In addition, under the terms of ComEd's long-term renewable energy contracts, collateral postings are required from suppliers for both RECs and energy. The REC portion is a fixed value and the energy portion is one-sided from suppliers should the forward market prices exceed contract prices. As of December 31, 2013, ComEd held approximately $19 million in the form of cash and letters of credit as margin for both the annual and long-term REC obligations. See Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.

 

PECO's natural gas procurement contracts contain provisions that could require PECO to post collateral. This collateral may be posted in the form of cash or credit support with thresholds contingent upon PECO's credit rating from the major credit rating agencies. The collateral and credit support requirements vary by contract and by counterparty. As of December 31, 2013, PECO was not required to post collateral for any of these agreements. If PECO lost its investment grade credit rating as of December 31, 2013, PECO could have been required to post approximately $42 million of collateral to its counterparties.

 

PECO's supplier master agreements that govern the terms of its DSP Program contracts do not contain provisions that would require PECO to post collateral.

 

BGE's full requirements wholesale power agreements that govern the terms of its electric supply procurement contracts do not contain provisions that would require BGE to post collateral.

 

BGE's natural gas procurement contracts contain provisions that could require BGE to post collateral. This collateral may be posted in the form of cash or credit support with thresholds contingent upon BGE's credit rating from the major credit rating agencies. The collateral and credit support requirements vary by contract and by counterparty. As of December 31, 2013, BGE was not required to post collateral for any of these agreements. If BGE lost its investment grade credit rating as of December 31, 2013, BGE could have been required to post approximately $85 million of collateral to its counterparties.