Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Basis of Presentation. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of us and our subsidiaries, all of which are 100% owned directly or indirectly by us. All intercompany transactions and balances with or among our consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year’s financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation.

We have determined that each of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, is a variable interest entity, or VIE, as defined under the Consolidation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification^™, or the Codification. We have concluded that we must consolidate each of our TRSs because we are the entity with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact such VIEs’ performance and we have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from each VIE that could be significant to the VIE and are therefore, the primary beneficiary of each VIE. The assets of our TRSs were $33,305 and $26,676 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and consist primarily of amounts due from and working capital advances to certain of our hotel managers. The liabilities of our TRSs were $140,897 and $101,602 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and consist primarily of security deposits they hold and amounts payable to certain of our hotel managers. The assets of our TRSs are available to satisfy our TRSs’ obligations and we have guaranteed certain obligations of our TRSs.

We account for our investment in Affiliates Insurance Company, or AIC, using the equity method of accounting. Significant influence is present through common representation on the boards of trustees or directors of us and AIC. Our Managing Trustee, as the current sole trustee of ABP Trust, is the controlling shareholder of The RMR Group Inc., or RMR Inc. He is also a director and an officer of RMR Inc. and an officer of The RMR Group LLC, or RMR LLC. Barry Portnoy was our other Managing Trustee and a managing director and an officer of RMR Inc. and an officer of RMR LLC until his death on February 25, 2018. Substantially all of the business of RMR Inc. is conducted by its majority owned subsidiary RMR LLC, of which RMR Inc. is the managing member. RMR LLC is the manager of us and AIC, and each of our Trustees is a director of AIC. See Note 10 for a further discussion of our relationships and transactions with RMR Inc. and RMR LLC and our investment in AIC.

Real Estate Properties

Real Estate Properties. We record real estate properties at cost less impairments, if any. We record the cost of real estate acquired at the relative fair value of building, land, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and, if applicable, acquired in place leases, above or below market leases and customer relationships. For transactions that qualify as business combinations, we allocate the excess, if any, of the consideration over the fair value of the assets acquired to goodwill. We depreciate real estate properties on a straight line basis over estimated useful lives of up to 40 years for buildings and improvements and up to 12 years for personal property and we amortize finite lived intangible assets over the shorter of their useful lives or the term of the associated lease.

We regularly evaluate whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could indicate an impairment in the value of our real estate properties. These indicators may include weak or declining operating profitability, cash flows or liquidity, our decision to dispose of an asset before the end of its estimated useful life or market or industry changes that could permanently reduce the value of our investments. If there is an indication that the carrying value of a property is not recoverable, we estimate the projected undiscounted cash flows of the asset to determine if an impairment loss should be recognized. We determine the amount of an impairment loss by comparing the historical carrying value of the property to its estimated fair value. We estimate fair value by evaluating recent financial performance and projecting discounted cash flows of properties using standard industry valuation techniques. In addition to consideration of impairment upon the events or changes in circumstances described above, we regularly evaluate the remaining lives of our real estate properties. If we change estimated lives, we depreciate or amortize the carrying values of affected assets over the revised remaining lives.

Intangible Assets and Liabilities

Intangible Assets and Liabilities. Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired trademarks and tradenames and acquired below market ground leases for which we are the tenant or lessee. Intangible liabilities consist of acquired above market ground leases for which we are the tenant or lessee. We include intangible assets in other assets, net, and intangible liabilities in accounts payable and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, our intangible assets and liabilities were as follows:



	As of December 31,
	2017		2016
Assets:
Tradenames and trademarks	$	89,375	$	89,375
Below market ground leases, net of accumulated amortization of $23,648 and $21,508, respectively	14,660		16,800
Other, net of accumulated amortization of $1,216 and $542, respectively	4,254		2,374
	$	108,289	$	108,549
Liabilities:
Above market ground leases, net of accumulated amortization of $6,628 and $4,525, respectively	$	1,741	$	2,196

We amortize above and below market ground leases on a straight line basis over the term of the associated lease (4 and 6 years on a weighted average basis for intangible liabilities and assets, respectively). For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 amortization relating to intangible assets was $2,814, $2,303 and $2,315, respectively, and amortization relating to intangible liabilities was $455, $455 and $529, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, we estimate future amortization relating to intangible assets and liabilities as follows:



	Below Market Ground Leases & Other		Above Market Ground Leases
2018	$	2,558	$	(455	)
2019	1,942		(447		)
2020	1,591		(443		)
2021	1,571		(354		)
2022	1,534		(18		)
Thereafter	9,718		(24		)
	$	18,914	$	(1,741	)

We do not amortize our indefinite lived trademarks and tradenames, but we review the assets at least annually for impairment and reassess their classification as indefinite lived assets. In addition, we regularly evaluate whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could indicate impairment in value. We determine the amount of an impairment loss, if any, by comparing the carrying value of the intangible asset to its estimated fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash. Restricted cash, or FF&E reserve escrows, consists of amounts escrowed pursuant to the terms of our management agreements and leases to fund periodic renovations and improvements at our hotels.

Available for Sale Investments

Available for Sale Securities. As of December 31, 2017, we owned 3,420,000 common shares of TA and 2,503,777 shares of class A common stock of RMR Inc. These investments are classified as available for sale securities. Available for sale securities are recorded at fair value based on their quoted market price at the end of each reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities are recorded as a component of cumulative other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. As further described in Note 10, we initially acquired 2,503,777shares of class A common stock of RMR Inc. on June 5, 2015 for cash and share consideration of $55,922. We concluded, for accounting purposes, that the cash and share consideration we paid for our investment in these shares represented a discount to the fair value of these shares. We initially accounted for this investment under the cost method of accounting and recorded this investment at its estimated fair value of $129,722 as of June 5, 2015 using Level 3 inputs, as defined in the fair value hierarchy under United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. As a result, we recorded a liability for the amount by which the estimated fair value of these shares exceeded the price we paid for these shares. This liability is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. This liability is being amortized on a straight line basis through December 31, 2035 as an allocated reduction to our business management and property management fee expense. We amortized $3,585, $3,585 and $2,038 of this liability during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the remaining unamortized amount of this liability was $64,591. Future amortization of this liability as of December 31, 2017, is estimated to be $3,585 in 2018 through 2022 and $46,666 thereafter.

We evaluate our investments in available for sale securities to determine if a decline in the fair value below our carrying value is other than temporary. We consider the severity and the duration of the decline, and our ability and intent to hold the investment until recovery when making this assessment. If a decline in fair value is determined to be other than temporary, an impairment loss equal to the difference between the investment’s carrying value and its fair value is recognized in earnings.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt Issuance Costs. Debt issuance costs consist of capitalized issuance costs related to borrowings, which are amortized to interest expense over the terms of the respective debt. Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization, for our revolving credit facility are included in other assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, debt issuance costs for our revolving credit facility were $7,476 and $7,476, respectively, and accumulated amortization of debt issuance costs for our revolving credit facility were $6,126 and $4,375, respectively. Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization, for our term loan and senior notes are presented as a direct deduction from the associated debt liability in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization, for our term loan and senior notes were $20,226 and $15,536, respectively. Future amortization of debt issuance costs to be recognized with respect to our revolving credit facility, term loan and senior notes as of December 31, 2017, are estimated to be $5,108 in 2018, $3,341 in 2019, $3,092 in 2020, $2,538 in 2021, $2,305 in 2022 and $5,192 thereafter.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition. We report hotel operating revenues for managed hotels in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We generally recognize hotel operating revenues, consisting primarily of room and food and beverage sales, when goods and services are provided.

We report rental income for leased hotels and travel centers in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We recognize rental income from operating leases on a straight line basis over the term of the lease agreements except for one lease in which there is uncertainty regarding the collection of scheduled future rent increases. See Note 6 for further information regarding this lease. Rental income includes $12,378, $13,570, and $9,568 of adjustments necessary to record scheduled rent increases under certain of our leases, the deferred rent obligations payable to us under our leases with TA and the estimated future payments to us under our TA leases for the cost of removing underground storage tanks at our travel centers on a straight line basis in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Notes 5, 6 and 10 for further information regarding our TA leases. Due from related persons includes $54,219 and $42,254 and other assets, net, includes $2,691 and $2,279 of straight line rent receivables at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

We determine percentage rent due to us under our leases annually and recognize it when all contingencies are met and the rent is earned. We earned percentage rental income of $2,106, $1,303 and $2,048 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

We own all the FF&E reserve escrows for our hotels. We report deposits by our third party tenants into the escrow accounts as FF&E reserve income. We do not report the amounts which are escrowed as FF&E reserves for our managed hotels as FF&E reserve income.

Per Common Share Amounts

Per Common Share Amounts. We calculate basic earnings per common share by dividing allocable net income available for common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. We calculate diluted earnings per share using the more dilutive of the two class method or the treasury stock method. Unvested share awards and other potentially dilutive common shares, including contingently issuable common shares under the previous terms of our business management agreement with RMR LLC, if any, and the related impact on earnings, are considered when calculating diluted earnings per share.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates in our consolidated financial statements include the allowance for doubtful accounts, purchase price allocations, useful lives of real estate and impairment of long lived assets.

Segment Information

Segment Information. As of December 31, 2017, we had two reportable segments: hotel investments and travel center investments.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the IRC, and, as such, are generally not subject to federal and most state income taxation on our operating income provided we distribute our taxable income to our shareholders and meet certain organization and operating requirements. We are subject to income tax in Canada, Puerto Rico and certain states despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT. Further, we lease our managed hotels to our wholly owned TRSs that, unlike most of our subsidiaries, file a separate consolidated tax return and are subject to federal, state and foreign income taxes. Our consolidated income tax provision (or benefit) includes the income tax provision (or benefit) related to the operations of our TRSs and certain state and foreign income taxes incurred by us despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT.

The Income Taxes Topic of the Codification prescribes how we should recognize, measure and present in our consolidated financial statements uncertain tax positions that have been taken or are expected to be taken in a tax return. Tax benefits are recognized to the extent that it is “more likely than not” that a particular tax position will be sustained upon examination or audit. To the extent the “more likely than not” standard has been satisfied, the benefit associated with a tax position is measured as the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Our tax returns filed for the 2014 through 2017 tax years are subject to examination by taxing authorities. We classify interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income as a component of general and administrative expense.

New Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Pronouncements. On January 1, 2017, we adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which provides additional guidance on evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or of a business. The update defines three requirements for a set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) to be considered a business: inputs, processes and outputs. As a result of the implementation of this update, certain property acquisitions, which under previous guidance were accounted for as business combinations, are now accounted for as acquisitions of assets. In an acquisition of assets, certain acquisition costs are capitalized as opposed to expensed under the previous guidance.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, which outlines a comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. ASU No. 2014-09 states that “an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” While ASU No. 2014-09 specifically references contracts with customers, it may apply to certain other transactions such as the sale of real estate or equipment. In August 2015, the FASB provided for a one-year deferral of the effective date for ASU No. 2014-09, which is now effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. The majority of our revenue is from hotels managed under TRS structures. We do not believe the standard will materially affect the amount or timing of revenue recognition for revenues from room, food and beverage, and other hotel level sales of our managed hotels. A lesser portion of our revenue consists of rental income from leasing arrangements, which are specifically excluded from ASU No. 2014-09. We have evaluated ASU No. 2014-09 (and related clarifying guidance issued by the FASB) and do not expect its adoption to have a significant impact on the amount or timing of our revenue recognition in our consolidated financial statements. We currently expect to adopt No. ASU 2014-09 using the modified retrospective approach.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which changes how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. This update is effective for all prospective interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We expect to record an adjustment of $78,715 on January 1, 2018 to reclassify historical changes in the fair value of our available for sale equity investments from other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Future changes in the fair value of our equity investments will be recorded through earnings in accordance with ASU No. 2016-01.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). ASU No. 2016-02 requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right of use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 will have in our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires that entities use a new forward looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have in our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires companies to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The new standard also requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheets. ASU No. 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years and requires the usage of a retrospective transition method. Upon the adoption of ASU No. 2016-18, we will present the changes in the total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in our consolidated statements of cash flows, whereas under the current guidance we present the changes during the period for cash and cash equivalents only.