Fair Value

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Fair Value

Fair Value

9.  Fair Value 

Fair Value Measurement

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of ASC 820, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance in FASB ASC 820 provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions. In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its assets and liabilities carried at fair value in three levels as follows:

Level 1
·	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2
·	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.
·	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.
·	Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for the term of the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds or volatilities) or “market corroborated inputs.”
Level 3
·	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity) and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
·	These assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Securities Available for Sale (“AFS”):  Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities would be classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.  If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flow models. Level 2 securities include U.S. agency securities and mortgage backed agency securities. 

Loans Held for Sale. Fair values are estimated by using actual indicative market bids on a loan by loan basis.

Loans Held at Fair Value.  Fair values for loans for which the guaranteed portion is intended to be sold are estimated by using actual quoted market bids on a loan by loan basis. Fair values for the un-guaranteed portion of SBA loans are estimated based on the present value of future cashflows for each asset based on their unique characteristics, market-based assumptions for prepayment speeds, discount rates, default and voluntary prepayments as well as assumptions for losses and recoveries. 

Servicing Assets. Fair values for servicing assets related to SBA loans are estimated based on the present value of future cashflows for each asset based on their unique characteristics, market-based assumptions for prepayment speeds, discount rates, default and voluntary prepayments as well as assumptions for losses and recoveries. 

Assets on the consolidated balance sheets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

(in 000’s)	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Assets Measured at Fair Value at March 31, 2019		Quoted Prices in Active  Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs  (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable  Inputs (Level 3)
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agency securities	$	2,313	$	-	$	2,313	$	-
Government Sponsored Enterprises residential mortgage-backed securities		2,253		-		2,253		-
Total	$	4,565	$	-	$	4,565	$	-
Loans held for sale	$	8,593	$	-	$	8,593	$	-
Loans held at fair value	$	5,394	$	-	$	-	$	5,394
Servicing asset	$	306	$	-	$	-	$	306

(in 000’s)	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Assets Measured at Fair Value at December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant  Unobservable Inputs  (Level 3)
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agency    securities	$	2,277	$	-	$	2,277	$	-
Government Sponsored Enterprises residential mortgage-backed securities		2,304		-		2,304		-
Total	$	4,581	$	-	$	4,581	$	-
Loans held for sale	$	10,073	$	-	$	10,073	$	-
Loans held at fair value	$	5,420	$	-	$	-	$	5,420
Servicing asset	$	313	$	-	$	-	$	313

The fair value of the Bank’s AFS securities portfolio was approximately $4,565,000 and $4,581,000 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. All the residential mortgage-backed securities were issued or guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”).  The underlying loans for these securities are residential mortgages that are geographically dispersed throughout the United States.  The valuation of AFS securities using Level 2 inputs was primarily determined using the market approach, which uses quoted prices for similar instruments and all relevant information.  There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 assets during the periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

When estimating the fair value of Level 3 financial instruments, management uses various observable and unobservable inputs.  These inputs include estimated cashflows, prepayment speeds, average projected default rate and discount rates as follows:

(in 000’s)

Assets measured at fair value	March 31, 2019 Fair value		December 31, 2018 Fair Value		Principal valuation techniques	Significant observable inputs	March 31, 2019 Range of inputs	December 31, 2018 Range of inputs
Loans held at fair value:	$	5,394	$	5,420	Discounted cash flow	Constant prepayment rate	0% to 18.10%	0% to 16.5%
						Discount rate	8.70% to 12.49%	5.49% to 9.76%
						Weighted average life	1.85 yrs. to 6.50 yrs.	2.04 yrs. to 6.09 yrs.
						Projected default rate	1.14% to 11.16%	1.07% to 10.12%

(in 000’s)

Assets measured at fair value	March 31, 2019 Fair value		December 31, 2018 Fair Value		Principal valuation techniques	Significant observable inputs	March 31, 2019 Range of inputs	December 31, 2018 Range of inputs
Servicing asset	$	306	$	313	Discounted cash flow	Constant prepayment rate	5.66% to 17.78%	4.94% to 15.92 %
						Discount rate	9.70% to 21.23%	11.38% to 19.61%
						Weighted average life	1.85 yrs. to 6.39 yrs.	2.04 yrs. to 6.77 yrs.

Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of assets that do not have a readily available market value, fair value as determined by management may fluctuate from period to period.

The following table summarizes additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which level 3 inputs were utilized to determine fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

(in 000’s)	Loans held at fair value			Servicing Asset
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	5,420		$	313
Origination of loans/transfers		142			17
Principal repayments/amortization		(69	)		(24	)
Change in fair value of financial instruments		(100	)		-
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	5,394		$	306

The following table summarizes additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which level 3 inputs were utilized to determine fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2018:

(in 000’s)	Loans held at fair value			Servicing Asset
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	4,451		$	319
Origination of loans/additions		398			33
Principal repayments/amortization		(45	)		(34	)
Change in fair value of financial instruments		45			-
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	4,849		$	318

Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment).  The following table presents the assets carried on the consolidated balance sheet by level within the hierarchy as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, for which a nonrecurring change in fair value has been recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and year ended December 31, 2018.

Carrying Value at March 31, 2019:

(in 000’s)	Total		Quoted Prices in Active markets for  Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant  Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans	$	488					$	488
Other real estate owned (“OREO”)	$	236		-		-	$	236

Carrying Value at December 31, 2018:

(in 000’s)	Total		Quoted Prices in Active markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs  (Level 3)
Impaired Loans	$	324		-		-	$	324
Other real estate owned (“OREO”)	$	153		-		-	$	153

The Company has measured impairment on impaired loans generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties. In some cases, management may adjust the appraised value due to the age of the appraisal, changes in market conditions, or observable deterioration of the property since the appraisal was completed. Additionally, management makes estimates about expected costs to sell the property which are also included in the net realizable value. If the fair value of the collateral dependent loan is less than the carrying amount of the loan a specific reserve for the loan is made in the allowance for loan losses or a charge-off is taken to reduce the loan to the fair value of the collateral (less estimated selling costs) and the loan is included in the table above as a Level 3 measurement. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, then the loan is not included in the table above as it is not currently being carried at its fair value. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair values shown above exclude estimated selling costs of $57,000 and $15,000, respectively.

OREO is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, which is measured at the foreclosure date. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, no charge-off or adjustment is necessary, the loan is not considered to be carried at fair value, and is therefore not included in the table above. If the fair value of the collateral is less than the carrying amount of the loan, management will charge the loan down to its estimated realizable value. The fair value of OREO is based on the appraised value of the property, which is generally unadjusted by management and is based on comparable sales for similar properties in the same geographic region as the subject property, and is included in the above table as a Level 2 measurement. In some cases, management may adjust the appraised value due to the age of the appraisal, changes in market conditions, or observable deterioration of the property since the appraisal was completed. In these cases, the loans are categorized in the above table as Level 3 measurement since these adjustments are considered to be unobservable inputs. Income and expenses from operations and further declines in the fair value of the collateral subsequent to foreclosure are included in net expenses from OREO.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC Topic 825 requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis.  

The fair value of assets and liabilities not previously disclosed are depicted below:

				March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Level in			Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value Hierarchy			Amount		Value		Amount		Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1			$	10,329	$	10,329	$	8,438	$	8,438
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses		(1	)		19,225		19,191		20,265		21,979
Accrued interest receivable	Level 1				164		164		153		153
Liabilities:
Demand deposits	Level 1				29,198		29,198		29,816		29,816
Savings deposits	Level 1				10,544		10,544		10,589		10,589
Time deposits		(2	)		7,864		7,748		7,867		7,757
Accrued interest payable	Level 1				26		26		17		17

(1)	Level 2 for non-impaired loans; Level 3 for impaired loans.
(2)	Level 1 for variable rate instruments, level 3 for fixed rate instruments.