13.	Income Taxes

The following table shows the provision for (benefit from) income taxes and our effective tax rates:

(in thousands)	Three months ended
	March 31, 2020			March 31, 2019
Benefit from income taxes	$	(130	)		$	(1,848	)
Effective tax rate		2.0	%			30.1	%

Our income tax benefit for the interim periods presented is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that quarter. Total income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is comprised mainly of foreign and state tax expense. Total income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is comprised mainly of the tax impact of the loss for impairment, federal, foreign and state tax expense.

Our effective tax rate was 2.0% and 30.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the difference between our effective tax rate of 2.0% and the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate of 21% was primarily due to accruals related to uncertain tax positions for certain U.S. and foreign tax contingencies, a change in tax valuation allowance in our US and China subsidiaries and discrete item adjustments for U.S. and foreign taxes. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the difference between the effective tax rate of 30.1% and the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate of 21% was primarily due to permanent differences, accruals related to uncertain tax positions for certain U.S. and foreign tax contingencies, a change in tax valuation allowance in our China subsidiary, discrete item adjustments for the U.S. and foreign taxes, the tax impact of the loss for impairment and the excess book deduction related to stock options and restricted stock units that were exercised or vested during the quarter.

Because of our net operating loss carryforwards, we are subject to U.S. federal and state income tax examinations from the year 2000 and forward. We are subject to foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for years 2014 and forward in Sweden, 2015 and forward in China, 2015 and forward in India and 2016 and forward in the United Kingdom.

An uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return is recognized in the consolidated financial statements when it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of more than 50%) that the position would be sustained upon examination by tax authorities that have full knowledge of all relevant information. A recognized tax position is then measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties related to income taxes are accounted for as income tax expense.

We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that it is believed that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. We have evaluated all positive and negative evidence and determined that it will continue to assess a full valuation allowance on its U.S., Swedish U.K., Chinese and Slovakian net deferred assets as of March 31, 2020. We have determined that it is not more likely than not that it will realize the benefits of its deferred taxes in the U.S and foreign jurisdictions.