Investment income. Income from investments and gross realized investment and other gains and losses follow:



	2015		2014		2013
	($000 omitted)
Investment income:
Debt securities	15,181		14,593		13,387
Short-term investments, cash equivalents and other	1,669		2,213		2,105
	16,850		16,806		15,492
Investment and other (losses) gains – net:
Realized gains	5,948		12,018		7,555
Realized losses	(7,317	)	(5,274	)	(8,621	)
	(1,369	)	6,744		(1,066	)

Proceeds from the sales of investments available-for-sale were $69.3 million, $58.1 million and $82.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Expenses assignable to investment income were insignificant. There were no significant investments at December 31, 2015 that did not produce income during the year.

In 2015, investment and other (losses) gains – net included realized losses of $2.7 million relating to other-than-temporary impairment of investment in equity securities available-for-sale, $1.8 million impairment of other intangible assets and $1.4 million relating to office closure costs, partially offset by realized gains of $2.4 million from the sale of debt and equity investments available-for-sale and $1.5 million from the sale of office buildings.

In 2014, investment and other gains (losses) – net included realized gains of $5.6 million from the reduction in the fair value of a contingent consideration liability, $3.8 million from the sale of a business and $1.1 million from the sale of debt and equity investments available-for-sale, partially offset by charges of $1.9 million relating to office closure costs, $1.7 million impairment of an other intangible asset and $1.0 million relating to the impairment of a cost-basis investment.

In 2013, investment and other (losses) gains – net included a $5.4 million non-cash charge relating to the early retirement of $37.8 million of the Convertible Senior Notes (Notes), a $1.5 million loss on the sale of an equity investment and $1.0 million for the impairment of cost-basis investments offset by realized gains of $2.7 million from the sale of debt and equity investments available-for-sale, $2.3 million from non-title-related insurance policy proceeds and $1.9 million from the sale of real estate.