9. Income Taxes

The provisions for taxes on income and the related income before taxes for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:

(In thousands)	2015			2014		2013
Taxes on Income
Federal
Current	$	7,697		$	3,362	$	9,744
Deferred		3,890			4,338		(285	)
State
Current		1,559			782		1,223
Deferred		(225	)		643		(680	)
Foreign
Current		14,562			9,004		12,067
Deferred		(664	)		325		1,224
Total	$	26,819		$	18,454	$	23,293
Income before Taxes
Domestic	$	48,721		$	34,091	$	50,626
Foreign		54,135			41,444		45,004
Total	$	102,856		$	75,535	$	95,630

The variations between the effective and statutory U.S. federal income tax rates are summarized as follows:

(In thousands)	2015 Amount			%			2014 Amount			%			2013 Amount			%
Federal income tax provision at statutory tax rate	$	36,000			35.0		$	26,437			35.0		$	33,471			35.0
State tax provision on income less applicable federal tax benefit		867			0.8			926			1.2			353			0.4
Foreign income taxed at different rates^(a)		(5,060	)		(4.9	)		(5,416	)		(7.2	)		(2,474	)		(2.6	)
Unrecognized tax benefits^(a)		1,536			1.5			241			0.3			(53	)		(0.1	)
Domestic production activities deduction		(884	)		(0.9	)		(312	)		(0.4	)		(991	)		(1.0	)
Nontaxable foreign interest income		(2,106	)		(2.0	)		(2,435	)		(3.2	)		(2,614	)		(2.7	)
Nontaxable biodiesel excise credit income		—			—			(130	)		(0.2	)		(2,347	)		(2.5	)
U.S. tax credits		(3,465	)		(3.4	)		(1,086	)		(1.4	)		(2,209	)		(2.3	)
Non-deductible expenses and other items, net^(a)		(69	)		0.0			229			0.3			157			0.2
Total income tax provision	$	26,819			26.1		$	18,454			24.4		$	23,293			24.4

(a)

Certain 2014 and 2013 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the tax effects of significant temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows. Note that in the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company early-adopted ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The Company adopted the new guidance on a prospective basis, and as a result, the classifications of prior year amounts were not changed from those previously reported:

(In thousands)	2015			2014
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Depreciation	$	(69,975	)	$	(63,104	)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss		(614	)		(838	)
Other		(950	)		(1,159	)
	$	(71,539	)	$	(65,101	)
Deferred Tax Assets:
Pensions	$	16,698		$	18,775
Deferred revenue		1,377			1,650
Other accruals and reserves		17,171			13,230
Inventories		1,833			1,957
Legal and environmental accruals		9,303			9,505
Deferred compensation		17,828			15,636
Bad debt and rebate reserves		3,685			4,618
Subsidiaries net operating loss carryforwards		602			727
Tax credit carryforwards		1,120			2,064
	$	69,617		$	68,162
Valuation Allowance	$	(1,443	)	$	(1,506	)
Net Deferred Tax (Liabilities) Assets	$	(3,365	)	$	1,555
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
Current deferred tax assets	$	—		$	15,364
Non-current deferred tax assets (in other non-current assets)		6,090			2,044
Current deferred tax liabilities (in accrued liabilities)		—			(49	)
Non-current deferred tax liabilities		(9,455	)		(15,804	)
Net Deferred Tax (Liabilities) Assets	$	(3,365	)	$	1,555

Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries and related companies that are deemed to be permanently reinvested amounted to $266,317,000 at December 31, 2015, compared to $224,483,000 at December 31, 2014. In general, the Company reinvests earnings of foreign subsidiaries in their operations indefinitely. However, the Company will repatriate earnings from a subsidiary where excess cash has accumulated and it is advantageous for tax or foreign exchange reasons. Because of the probable availability of foreign tax credits, it is not practicable to estimate the amount, if any, of the deferred tax liability on earnings reinvested indefinitely.

The Company has tax loss carryforwards of $2,224,000 (pretax) as of December 31, 2015, and $2,776,000 as of December 31, 2014, that are available for use by the Company between 2016 and 2024. The Company has tax credit carryforwards of $1,120,000 as of December 31, 2015, and $2,064,000 as of December 31, 2014, that are available for use by the Company between 2016 and 2022.

At December 31, 2015, the Company had valuation allowances of $1,443,000, which were primarily attributable to deferred tax assets in China, India and the Philippines. The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income in the appropriate tax jurisdictions. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will not be realized.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1,958,000 and $464,000, respectively. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective income tax rate in any future periods, net of the federal benefit on state issues, was approximately $1,948,000, $454,000 and $231,000 at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to its current uncertain tax positions could decrease by a range of approximately $0 to $900,000 over the next 12 months as a result of ongoing audits.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. In 2015, the Company recognized net interest and penalty expense of $6,000 compared to $6,000 of net interest and penalty expense in 2014 and $9,000 of net interest and penalty income in 2013. At December 31, 2015 the liability for interest and penalties was $44,000 compared to $38,000 at December 31, 2014.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is not subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. In addition, 2013 is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations (see paragraph below). Some foreign jurisdictions and various U.S. states jurisdictions may be subject to examination back to 2009.

During 2015, the Internal Revenue Service completed its audit of the 2013 tax year. Other than timing differences which will primarily reverse on the 2015 income tax return, no adjustments were made.

With respect to jurisdictions outside of the U.S., the French tax authority completed its audit of the tax years 2012 and 2013. The audit resulted in a $1,924,000 unfavorable adjustment (excluding interest) related to an intercompany transfer of an intangible asset to the Company’s subsidiary in Poland. The cost will be recognized over the tax period in which the $1,000,000 tax benefit in Poland is recognized from the amortization of the intangible asset. Other than the interest, no tax impact was recorded in 2015.

Below are reconciliations of the January 1 and December 31 balances of unrecognized tax benefits for 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(In thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Unrecognized tax benefits, opening balance	$	464		$	240		$	289
Gross increases – tax positions in prior period		1,526			—			27
Gross decreases – tax positions in prior period		—			—			(41	)
Gross increases – current period tax positions		29			261			17
Foreign currency translation		(37	)		(13	)		5
Lapse of statute of limitations		(24	)		(24	)		(57	)
Unrecognized tax benefits, ending balance	$	1,958		$	464		$	240