Revenue from contracts with customers (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Text block [abstract]

Analysis of Group's Revenue Streams

The following tables analyse the Group’s revenue streams. Courseware includes curriculum materials provided in book form and/or via access to digital content. Assessments includes test development, processing and scoring services provided to governments, educational institutions, corporations and professional bodies. Services includes the operation of schools, colleges and universities, including sistemas in Brazil, as well as the provision of online learning services in partnership with universities and other academic institutions.

	2019
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		86		169		118		373
Higher Education Courseware		975		81		44		1,100
English Courseware		14		56		107		177
		1,075		306		269		1,650
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments		309		264		26		599
Clinical Assessments		175		52		—		227
Professional and English Certification		390		168		80		638
		874		484		106		1,464
Services
School Services		319		2		46		367
Higher Education Services		266		45		26		337
English Services		—		1		50		51
		585		48		122		755
Total		2,534		838		497		3,869

	2018
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		378		172		127		677
Higher Education Courseware		1,042		87		57		1,186
English Courseware		16		58		102		176
		1,436		317		286		2,039
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments1		298		237		23		558
Clinical Assessments1		174		55		—		229
Professional and English Certification		344		150		64		558
		816		442		87		1,345
Services
School Services		288		2		47		337
Higher Education Services		244		40		29		313
English Services		—		5		90		95
		532		47		166		745
Total		2,784		806		539		4,129

	2017
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		394		171		139		704
Higher Education Courseware		1,146		93		63		1,302
English Courseware		20		60		102		182
		1,560		324		304		2,188
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments1		318		256		23		597
Clinical Assessments1		183		46		—		229
Professional and English Certification		341		138		60		539
		842		440		83		1,365
Services
School Services		274		5		54		333
Higher Education Services		253		34		32		319
English Services		—		12		296		308
		527		51		382		960
Total		2,929		815		769		4,513

1 The analysis of Assessments revenues in 2018 and 2017 have been re-presented to reflect the transfer of a product from School to Clinical.

Summary of transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time

The Group derived revenue from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following major product lines:

	2019
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Total
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		448		291		178		917
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		—		—		37		37
Products and services transferred over time		627		15		54		696
		1,075		306		269		1,650
Assessments
Products transferred at a point in time		113		55		6		174
Products and services transferred over time		761		429		100		1,290
		874		484		106		1,464
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		—		26		—		26
Products and services transferred over time		585		22		122		729
		585		48		122		755
Total		2,534		838		497		3,869

	2018
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Total
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		718		313		197		1,228
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		—		—		35		35
Products and services transferred over time		718		4		54		776
		1,436		317		286		2,039
Assessments1
Products transferred at a point in time		106		52		—		158
Products and services transferred over time		710		390		87		1,187
		816		442		87		1,345
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		—		26		38		64
Products and services transferred over time		532		21		128		681
		532		47		166		745
Total		2,784		806		539		4,129

1 The analysis of Assessments revenues in 2018 has been re-presented to better reflect the nature of sales.

Summary of remaining transaction price on unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers

The below table depicts the remaining transaction price on unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers.

	2019
All figures in £ millions	Sales		Deferred income		Committed sales		Total remaining transaction price		2020		2021		2022 and later
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		917		1		—		1		1		—		—
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		37		1		—		1		1		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		696		118		—		118		82		13		23
Assessments
Products transferred at a point in time		174		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		1,290		206		375		581		433		146		2
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		26		3		—		3		3		—		—
Products and services transferred over time – subscriptions		310		11		—		11		11		—		—
Products and services transferred over time – other ongoing performance obligations		419		20		106		126		125		1		—
Total		3,869		360		481		841		656		160		25

	2018
All figures in £ millions	Sales		Deferred income		Committed sales		Total remaining transaction price		2019		2020		2021 and later
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		1,228		1		—		1		1		—		—
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		35		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		776		679		8		687		272		131		284
Assessments1
Products transferred at a point in time		158		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		1,187		196		402		598		420		173		5
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		64		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time – subscriptions		310		17		—		17		13		3		1
Products and services transferred over time – other ongoing performance obligations		371		19		145		164		162		1		1
Total		4,129		912		555		1,467		868		308		291

1 The analysis of Assessments revenues in 2018 has been re-presented to better reflect the nature of sales.