Revenue from contracts with customers (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Analysis of Group's Revenue Streams

The following tables analyse the Group’s revenue streams. Courseware includes curriculum materials provided in book form and/or via access to digital content. Assessments includes test development, processing and scoring services provided to governments, educational institutions, corporations and professional bodies. Services includes the operation of schools, colleges and universities, including sistemas in Brazil as well as the provision of online learning services in partnership with universities and other academic institutions.

	2018
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		378		172		127		677
Higher Education Courseware		1,042		87		57		1,186
English Courseware		16		58		102		176
		1,436		317		286		2,039
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments		332		247		23		602
Clinical Assessments		140		45		—		185
Professional and English Certification		344		150		64		558
		816		442		87		1,345
Services
School Services		288		2		47		337
Higher Education Services		244		40		29		313
English Services		—		5		90		95
		532		47		166		745
Total		2,784		806		539		4,129

	2017
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		394		171		139		704
Higher Education Courseware		1,146		93		63		1,302
English Courseware		20		60		102		182
		1,560		324		304		2,188
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments		355		256		23		634
Clinical Assessments		146		46		—		192
Professional and English Certification		341		138		60		539
		842		440		83		1,365
Services
School Services		274		5		54		333
Higher Education Services		253		34		32		319
English Services		—		12		296		308
		527		51		382		960
Total		2,929		815		769		4,513

	2016
All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Group
Sales:
Courseware
School Courseware		418		173		127		718
Higher Education Courseware		1,147		92		60		1,299
English Courseware		21		65		97		183
		1,586		330		284		2,200
Assessments
School and Higher Education Assessments		378		268		21		667
Clinical Assessments		143		40		—		183
Professional and English Certification		333		112		49		494
		854		420		70		1,344
Services
School Services		259		6		54		319
Higher Education Services		269		29		46		344
English Services		13		18		314		345
		541		53		414		1,008
Total		2,981		803		768		4,552

Summary of transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time

The Group derived revenue for the year to 31 December 2018 from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following major product lines:

All figures in £ millions	North America		Core		Growth		Total
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		718		313		197		1,228
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		—		—		35		35
Products and services transferred over time		718		4		54		776
		1,436		317		286		2,039
Assessments
Products transferred at a point in time		146		65		6		217
Products and services transferred over time		670		377		81		1,128
		816		442		87		1,345
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		—		26		38		64
Products and services transferred over time		532		21		128		681
		532		47		166		745
Total sales		2,784		806		539		4,129

Summary of remaining transaction price on unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers

The below table depicts the remaining transaction price on unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers as at 31 December 2018.

	Sales		Deferred income		Committed sales		Total remaining transaction price		2019		2020		2021 and later
Courseware
Products transferred at a point in time (sale or return)		1,228		1		—		1		1		—		—
Products transferred at a point in time (other)		35		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		776		679		8		687		272		131		284
Assessments
Products transferred at a point in time		217		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time		1,128		196		402		598		420		173		5
Services
Products transferred at a point in time		64		—		—		—		—		—		—
Products and services transferred over time – subscriptions		310		17		—		17		13		3		1
Products and services transferred over time – other ongoing performance obligations		371		19		145		164		162		1		1
Total		4,129		912		555		1,467		868		308		291