ACCRUED WORKERS' COMPENSATION COSTS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

The following table summarizes the accrued workers’ compensation cost activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Total accrued costs, beginning of period	$	189	$	198
Incurred
Current year	16		17
Prior years	(6)		(5)
Total incurred	10		12
Paid
Current year	(1)		—
Prior years	(11)		(11)
Total paid	(12)		(11)
Total accrued costs, end of period	$	187	$	199

The following summarizes workers' compensation liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total accrued costs, end of period	$	187	$	189
Collateral paid to carriers and offset against accrued costs	(6)		(7)
Total accrued costs, net of carrier collateral offset	$	181	$	182

Payable in less than 1 year (net of collateral paid to carriers of $2 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	$	54	$	54
Payable in more than 1 year (net of collateral paid to carriers of $4 and $5 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	127		128
Total accrued costs, net of carrier collateral offset	$	181	$	182

Incurred claims related to prior years represents changes in estimates for ultimate losses on workers' compensation claims. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the favorable development is due to lower than expected reported claim frequency and severity for the more recent years.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $43 million for both periods of collateral held by insurance carriers of which $6 million and $7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively was offset against accrued workers' compensation costs as the agreements permit and are net settled of insurance obligations against collateral held.