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Stock Based Compensation (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Summary of Stock Option Activity Under Equity-Based Plans
The following table summarizes stock option activity under our equity-based plan for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Number
of Shares
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2018
655,515

$
12.90

4.91
$
19

Exercised
(187,504
)
10.80




Expired
(6,000
)
0.50

 
 
Balance at December 31, 2019
462,011

$
13.90

4.02
$
20

Exercisable at December 31, 2019
462,011

$
13.90

4.02
$
20

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019
462,011

$
13.90

4.02
$
20
Additional Disclosure for Stock Options
 
Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for Stock Options (in millions)
2019
2018
2017
Total fair value of options vested
$
1

$
4

$
7

Total intrinsic value of options exercised
9

24

36

Cash received from options exercised
2

7

11
Summary of RSU and RSA Activity Under Equity-Based Plans
The following tables summarize RSU and RSA activity under our equity-based plans for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Time-based RSUs and RSAs
 
Total Number
of RSUs
Total Number
of RSAs
Total Number
of Shares
Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2018
1,560,685

98,445

1,659,130

$
33.88

Granted
616,224

—

616,224

60.99

Vested
(891,633
)
(37,309
)
(928,942
)
32.53

Forfeited
(180,547
)
—

(180,547
)
38.89

Nonvested at December 31, 2019
1,104,729

61,136

1,165,865

$
48.47

 
Performance-based RSUs and RSAs
 
Total Number
of RSUs
Total Number
of RSAs
Total Number Shares
Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2018
176,869

248,347

425,216

$
42.02

Granted
83,110

—

83,110

59.83

Vested
(155,589
)
(122,387
)
(277,976
)
39.45

Cancelled
(61,400
)
—

(61,400
)
61.75

Forfeited
(27,238
)
(11,103
)
(38,341
)
41.52

Nonvested at December 31, 2019
15,752

114,857

130,609

$
49.70
Additional Disclosures for Equity-Based Plans
 
Time-based RSUs and RSAs
 
Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans
2019
2018
2017
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions)
$
38

$
38

$
37

Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions)
$
30

$
28

$
21

Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees
315,762

348,010

332,857

 
Performance-based RSUs and RSAs
 
Year Ended December 31,
Additional Disclosures for equity-based plans
2019
2018
2017
Total grant date fair value of shares granted (in millions)
$
4

$
14

$
10

Total grant date fair value of shares vested (in millions)
$
11

$
7

$
—

Shares withheld to settle payroll tax liabilities related to vesting of shares held by employees
135,877

110,222

2,244
Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options
In applying the Black Scholes option valuation model for the ESPP options, we use the following assumptions:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2019
2018
2017
Expected Term (in Years)
0.5

0.5

0.5

Expected Volatility
27-42%

27-37%

28-37%

Risk-Free Interest Rate
1.6-2.5%

1.42-2.5%

0.62-1.42%

Expected Dividend Yield
0
%
0
%
0
%
 
 
 
 
Shares Issued under ESPP
207,324

175,966

224,928
Stock-based Compensation Expense Stock based compensation expense and other disclosures for stock based awards made to our employees pursuant to the equity plans was as follows: 
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2019
2018
2017
Cost of providing services
$
8

$
10

$
8

Sales and marketing
3

8

6

General and administrative
28

22

14

Systems development and programming costs
2

4

4

Total stock based compensation expense
$
41

$
44

$
32

Total stock based compensation capitalized
$
1

$
—

$
—

Income tax benefit related to stock based compensation expense
$
11

$
11

$
7

Tax benefit realized from stock options exercised and similar awards
$
18

$
23

$
28

The table below summarizes unrecognized compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 associated with the following:
 
Amount
(in millions)
Weighted-Average Period (in Years)
Nonvested stock options
$
—

0
Nonvested RSUs
51

2.27
Nonvested RSAs
2

0.49