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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES
Our effective income tax rate was 20% and 36% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease was primarily attributable to a reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% on January 1, 2018 under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The decrease is also attributable to changes to uncertain income tax positions arising from state tax exposures recorded in the same period of 2017. The remaining impacts consisted of tax benefits recognized from excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation and an increase in excludable income for state income tax purposes.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, there was a de minimis increase in our unrecognized tax benefits. The total amount of gross interest and penalties accrued was immaterial. Our unrecognized tax benefits are not expected to change significantly during the next 12 months.
We are subject to tax in U.S. federal and various state and local jurisdictions, as well as Canada. We are not subject to any material income tax examinations in federal or state jurisdictions for tax years prior to January 1, 2011. We previously paid Notices of Proposed Assessments disallowing employment tax credits totaling $11 million, plus interest of $4 million in connection with the IRS examination of Gevity HR, Inc. and its subsidiaries, which was acquired by TriNet in June 2009. This issue is being resolved through the litigation process. Currently, we anticipate our recovery of the refund to likely be less than the total amount.