Ciena has undertaken a number of restructuring activities intended to reduce expense and to align its workforce and costs with market opportunities, product development and business strategies. The following table sets forth the restructuring activity and balance of the restructuring liability accounts, which are included in accrued liabilities and other short-term obligations on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, for the six months ended April 30, 2022 (in thousands):


	Workforce reduction			Other restructuring activities			Total
Balance at October 30, 2021	$	781		$	—		$	781
Charges	1,413		(1)	7,018		(2)	8,431

Cash payments	(1,388)			(7,018)			(8,406)
Balance at April 30, 2022	$	806		$	—		$	806
Current restructuring liabilities	$	806		$	—		$	806

(1) Reflects employee costs associated with workforce reductions during the six months ended April 30, 2022 as part of a business optimization strategy to improve gross margin, constrain operating expense and redesign certain business processes.

(2) Primarily represents the redesign of certain business processes associated with Ciena’s supply chain and distribution structure reorganization and costs related to restructured real estate facilities.

The following table sets forth the restructuring activity and balance of the restructuring liability accounts, which are included in accrued liabilities and other short-term obligations on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for the six months ended May 1, 2021 (in thousands):


	Workforce reduction			Other restructuring activities			Total
Balance at October 30, 2020	2,915			$	—		$	2,915
Charges	2,617		(1)	11,459		(2)	14,076


Cash payments	(4,696)			(11,459)			(16,155)
Balance at May 1, 2021	$	836		$	—		$	836
Current restructuring liabilities	$	836		$	—		$	836

(1) Reflects employee costs associated with workforce reductions during the six months ended May 1, 2021 as part of a business optimization strategy to improve gross margin, constrain operating expense and redesign certain business processes.

In February 2022, armed conflict escalated between Russia and Ukraine. The United States and certain other countries have imposed sanctions on Russia and could impose further sanctions. On March 7, 2022, Ciena announced its decision to immediately suspend its business operations in Russia. As a result, Ciena recorded impairment charges of $4.1 million of which $2.0 million was a provision for credit losses.