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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The 2017 increase in income tax expense between quarterly periods of $864 million, from a benefit of $192 million in 2016 to a charge of $672 million in 2017, is a result of the year-over-year increase in total income before income tax expense, which is primarily due to effects of higher crude oil prices. The company’s effective tax rate changed between periods from (17) percent in 2016 to 25 percent in 2017. The change in effective tax rate is primarily a consequence of the mix effect resulting from the absolute level of earnings or losses and whether they arose in higher or lower tax rate jurisdictions. The reduction in statutory tax rates in the United Kingdom in the 2016 quarter also impacted the 2016 effective tax rate.
The 2017 increase in income tax expense for the nine months of $3.4 billion, from a benefit of $1.8 billion in 2016 to a charge of $1.6 billion in 2017, is a result of the year-over-year increase in total income before income tax expense, which is primarily due to effects of higher crude oil prices and gains on asset sales primarily in Indonesia and Canada. The company’s effective tax rate changed between periods from 67 percent in 2016 to 21 percent in 2017. The change in effective tax rate is primarily a consequence of the mix effect resulting from the absolute level of earnings or losses and whether they arose in higher or lower tax rate jurisdictions.
Tax positions for Chevron and its subsidiaries and affiliates are subject to income tax audits by many tax jurisdictions throughout the world. For the company’s major tax jurisdictions, examinations of tax returns for certain prior tax years had not been completed as of September 30, 2017. For these jurisdictions, the latest years for which income tax examinations had been finalized were as follows: United States — 2011, Nigeria — 2000, Angola — 2015, Australia — 2006 and Kazakhstan — 2007.
The company engages in ongoing discussions with tax authorities regarding the resolution of tax matters in the various jurisdictions. Both the outcomes for these tax matters and the timing of resolution and/or closure of the tax audits are highly uncertain. However, it is reasonably possible that developments regarding tax matters in certain tax jurisdictions may result in significant increases or decreases in the company’s total unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. Given the number of years that still remain subject to examination and the number of matters being examined in the various tax jurisdictions, the company is unable to estimate the range of possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits.
On April 21, 2017, an adverse decision was issued by the full Federal Court of Australia regarding the interest rate to be applied on certain Chevron intercompany loans. On August 14, 2017, an agreement was reached with the Australian Taxation Office to settle this dispute. Management believes the agreed terms to be a reasonable resolution of the dispute, which did not have a material impact on the year-to-date results of the company.