Other Financial Information

Earnings in 2016 included after-tax gains of approximately $800 relating to the sale of certain properties. Of this amount, approximately $600 and $200 related to downstream and upstream, respectively. Earnings in 2015 included after-tax gains of approximately $2,300 relating to the sale of certain properties, of which approximately $1,800 and $500 related to downstream and upstream assets, respectively. Earnings in 2016 included after-tax charges of approximately $2,900 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream, and $110 related to downstream. Earnings in 2015 included after-tax charges of approximately $3,000 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream.

Other financial information is as follows:



	Year ended December 31
	2016			2015			2014
Total financing interest and debt costs	$	753		$	495		$	358
Less: Capitalized interest	552			495			358
Interest and debt expense	$	201		$	—		$	—
Research and development expenses	$	476		$	601		$	707
Excess of replacement cost over the carrying value of inventories (LIFO method)	2,942			3,745			8,135
LIFO (losses) / profits on inventory drawdowns included in earnings	(88		)	(65		)	13
Foreign currency effects^*	$	58		$	769		$	487

^*Includes $1, $344 and $118 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, for the company’s share of equity affiliates’ foreign currency effects.

The company has $4,581 in goodwill on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related primarily to the 2005 acquisition of Unocal. The company tested this goodwill for impairment during 2016 and no impairment was required.