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Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Description of Business

Description of Business

We are a Fortune 500-ranked global provider of hardware, software, Cloud and service solutions to business, government, healthcare and educational clients. The Company is organized in the following three operating segments, which are primarily defined by their related geographies:

 

Operating Segment

  

Geography

North America    United States and Canada
EMEA    Europe, Middle East and Africa
APAC    Asia-Pacific

Our offerings in North America and select countries in EMEA include hardware, software and services. Our offerings in the remainder of our EMEA segment and in APAC are largely software and select software-related services.

Acquisitions

Effective October 1, 2015, we acquired BlueMetal Architects, Inc. (“BlueMetal”), an interactive design and technology architecture firm based in the Boston area with offices in Chicago and New York, for a cash purchase price, net of cash acquired, of approximately $44,221,000. The acquisition was funded using borrowings under our accounts receivable securitization financing facility (see Note 22).

Principles of Consolidation and Presentation

Principles of Consolidation and Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Insight Enterprises, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. References to “the Company,” “Insight,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar words refer to Insight Enterprises, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context suggests otherwise.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, these estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to sales recognition, anticipated achievement levels under partner funding programs, assumptions related to stock-based compensation valuation, allowances for doubtful accounts, valuation of inventories, litigation-related obligations, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets and impairment of long-lived assets, including purchased intangibles and goodwill, if indicators of potential impairment exist.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Book overdrafts represent the amount by which outstanding checks issued, but not yet presented to our banks for disbursement, exceed balances on deposit in applicable bank accounts and a legal right of offset with our positive cash balances in other financial institution accounts does not exist. Our book overdrafts, which are not directly linked to a credit facility or other bank overdraft arrangement, do not result in an actual bank financing, but rather constitute normal unpaid trade payables at the end of a reporting period. These amounts are included within our accounts payable balance in our consolidated balance sheets. The changes in these book overdrafts are included within the changes in accounts payable line item as a component of cash flows from operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect our best estimate of probable losses inherent in our accounts receivable balance. The allowance is based on our evaluation of the aging of the receivables, historical write-offs and the current economic environment. We write off individual accounts against the reserve when we no longer believe that it is probable that we will collect the receivable because we become aware of a client’s or partner’s inability to meet its financial obligations. Such awareness may be as a result of bankruptcy filings, or deterioration in the client’s or partner’s operating results or financial position.

Inventories

Inventories

We state inventories, principally purchased information technology (“IT”) hardware, at the lower of weighted average cost (which approximates cost under the first-in, first-out method) or market. We evaluate inventories for excess, obsolescence or other factors that may render inventories unmarketable at normal margins. Write-downs are recorded so that inventories reflect the approximate net realizable value and take into account contractual provisions with our partners governing price protection, stock rotation and return privileges relating to obsolescence. Because of the large number of transactions and the complexity of managing the price protection and stock rotation process, estimates are made regarding write-downs of the carrying amount of inventories. Additionally, assumptions about future demand, market conditions and decisions by manufacturers/publishers to discontinue certain products or product lines can affect our decision to write down inventories.

Inventories not available for sale relate to product sales transactions in which we are warehousing the product and will be deploying the product to clients’ designated locations subsequent to period-end. Additionally, we may perform services on a portion of the product prior to shipment to our clients and will be paid a fee for doing so. Although these product contracts are non-cancelable with customary credit terms beginning the date the inventories are segregated in our warehouse and invoiced to the client and the warranty periods begin on the date of invoice, these transactions do not meet the sales recognition criteria under GAAP. Therefore, we do not record sales and the inventories are classified as inventories not available for sale on our consolidated balance sheet until the product is delivered. If clients remit payment before we deliver product to them, we record the payments received as deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheet until such time as the product is delivered.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

We record property and equipment at cost. We capitalize major improvements and betterments, while maintenance, repairs and minor replacements are expensed as incurred. Depreciation or amortization is provided using the straight-line method over the following estimated economic lives of the assets:

 

     Estimated Economic Life

Leasehold improvements

   Shorter of underlying lease term or asset life

Furniture and fixtures

   2 – 7 years

Equipment

   3 – 5 years

Software

   3 – 10 years

Buildings

   29 years

Costs incurred to develop internal-use software during the application development stage, including capitalized interest, are recorded in property and equipment at cost. External direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining internal-use computer software and payroll and payroll-related costs for teammates who are directly associated with and who devote time to internal-use computer software development projects, to the extent of the time spent directly on the project and specific to application development, are capitalized.

Reviews are regularly performed to determine whether facts and circumstances exist which indicate that the useful life is shorter than originally estimated or the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. When an indication exists that the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability of our assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. Such impairment test is based on the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value of those assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. We may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If it is concluded that this is the case, it is necessary to perform a quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. The quantitative two-step goodwill impairment review process compares the fair value of the reporting unit in which goodwill resides to its carrying value. The Company has three reporting units, which are the same as our operating segments. Multiple valuation techniques can be used to assess the fair value of the reporting unit. All of these techniques include the use of estimates and assumptions that are inherently uncertain. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value or goodwill impairment, or both.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

We amortize intangible assets acquired in business combinations using the straight-line method over the following estimated economic lives of the intangible assets from the date of acquisition:

 

     Estimated Economic Life

Customer relationships

   2 – 11 years

Other

   9 months – 3 years

We regularly perform reviews to determine if facts and circumstances exist which indicate that the useful lives of our intangible assets are shorter than originally estimated or the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. When an indication exists that the carrying amount of intangible assets may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability of our assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. Such impairment test is based on the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value of those assets.

Trade Credits

Trade Credits

Trade credit liabilities arise from aged unclaimed credit memos, duplicate payments, payments for returned product or overpayments made to us by our clients, and, to a lesser extent, from goods received by us from a partner for which we were never invoiced. Trade credit liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. We derecognize the liability as a reduction of costs of goods sold only if it has been extinguished, upon either (1) our payment of the liability to relieve our obligation or (2) our legal release from the related obligation.

Self Insurance

Self Insurance

We are self-insured in the United States for medical insurance up to certain annual stop-loss limits and workers’ compensation claims up to certain deductible limits. We establish reserves for claims, both reported and incurred but not reported, using currently available information as well as our historical claims experience.

Treasury Stock

Treasury Stock

We record repurchases of our common stock as treasury stock at cost. We also record the subsequent retirement of these treasury shares at cost. The excess of the cost of the shares retired over their par value is allocated between additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. The amount recorded as a reduction of paid-in capital is based on the excess of the average original issue price of the shares over par value. The remaining amount is recorded as a reduction of retained earnings.

Sales Recognition

Sales Recognition

Sales are recognized when title and risk of loss are passed to the client, there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement for sale, delivery has occurred and/or services have been rendered, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Our standard sales terms are F.O.B. shipping point or equivalent, at which time title and risk of loss have passed to the client. However, because we either (i) have a general practice of covering client losses while products are in transit despite title and risk of loss contractually transferring at the point of shipment or (ii) have specifically stated F.O.B. destination contractual terms with the client, delivery is not deemed to have occurred until the point in time when the product is received by the client.

We leverage drop-shipment arrangements with many of our partners and suppliers to deliver products to our clients without having to physically hold the inventory at our warehouses, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing costs. We recognize revenue for drop-shipment arrangements on a gross basis when the product is received by the client. We recognize revenue on a gross basis as the principal in the transaction because we are the primary obligor in the arrangement, we assume inventory risk if the product is returned by the client, we set the price of the product charged to the client, we assume credit risk for the amounts invoiced, and we work closely with our clients to determine their hardware and software specifications.

We make provisions for estimated product returns that we expect to occur under our return policy based upon historical return rates. Our manufacturers warrant most of the products we market, and it is our policy to request that clients return their defective products directly to the manufacturer for warranty service during the manufacturer’s warranty period. On selected products, and for selected client service reasons, we may accept returns directly from the client and then either credit the client or ship a replacement product. We generally offer a limited 15- to 30-day return policy for unopened products and certain opened products, which are consistent with manufacturers’ terms; however, for some products we may charge restocking fees. Products returned opened are processed and returned to the manufacturer or partner for repair, replacement or credit to us. Subject to some manufacturers’ restrictions, certain products cannot be returned to the manufacturer for warranty processing. We resell most unopened products returned to us. If we accept a return from a client that we cannot return to the partner, we try to mitigate our losses by selling to inventory liquidators, to end users as “previously sold” or “used” products, or through other channels.

We record the freight we bill to our clients as net sales and the related freight costs we pay as costs of goods sold. We report sales net of any sales-based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with sales transactions.

Revenue is recognized from software sales when clients acquire the right to use or copy software under license, but in no case prior to the commencement of the term of the initial software license agreement, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met (i.e., evidence of the arrangement exists, the fee is fixed or determinable and collectibility of the fee is probable).

We sell certain third-party service contracts and software maintenance or subscription products for which we are not the primary obligor. These sales do not meet the criteria for gross sales recognition, and thus are recorded on a net sales recognition basis. As we enter into contracts with third-party service providers or vendors and our clients, we evaluate whether the subsequent sales of such services should be recorded as gross sales or net sales. We determine whether we act as a principal in the transaction and assume the risks and rewards of ownership or if we are simply acting as an agent or broker. Under gross sales recognition, the selling price is recorded in sales and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in costs of goods sold. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to sales, resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction, and there are no costs of goods sold.

We recognize revenue for sales of services ratably over the time period over which the service will be provided if there is no discernible pattern of recognition of the cost to perform the service. Billings for such services that are made in advance of the related revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue ratably over the billing coverage period. Revenue from certain arrangements that allow for the use of a product or service over a period of time without taking possession of software are also accounted for ratably over the time period over which the service will be provided.

We recognize revenue for professional services engagements that are on a time and materials basis based upon hours incurred as the services are performed and amounts are earned.

 

Additionally, we sell certain professional services contracts on a fixed fee basis. Revenues for fixed fee professional services contracts are recognized based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs. Net sales for these service contracts are not a significant portion of our consolidated net sales.

In certain arrangements, we may provide a combination of hardware and software products and the provision of services. Services that are performed by us in conjunction with hardware and software sales that are completed in our facilities prior to shipment of the product are recognized upon delivery, when title passes to the client, for the hardware sale. Net sales of services that are performed at client locations are primarily service-only contracts and are recorded as sales when the services are performed. The total consideration for an arrangement with multiple deliverables is allocated to all deliverables that represent a separate unit of accounting using the relative selling price method.

Costs of Goods Sold

Costs of Goods Sold

Costs of goods sold include product costs, direct costs incurred associated with delivering services, outbound and inbound freight costs and provisions for inventory reserves. These costs are reduced by provisions for supplier discounts and certain payments and credits received from partners, as described under “Partner Funding” below.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses include salaries and wages, bonuses and incentives, stock-based compensation expense, employee-related expenses, facility-related expenses, marketing and advertising expense, reduced by certain payments and credits received from partners related to shared marketing expense programs, as described under “Partner Funding” below, depreciation of property and equipment, professional fees, amortization of intangible assets, provisions for losses on accounts receivable and other operating expenses.

Partner Funding

Partner Funding

We receive payments and credits from partners, including consideration pursuant to volume sales incentive programs, volume purchase incentive programs and shared marketing expense programs. Partner funding received pursuant to volume sales incentive programs is recognized as it is earned as a reduction to costs of goods sold. Partner funding received pursuant to volume purchase incentive programs is allocated as a reduction to inventories based on the applicable incentives earned from each partner and is recorded in cost of goods sold as the related inventory is sold. Partner funding received pursuant to shared marketing expense programs is recorded as it is earned as a reduction of the related selling and administrative expenses in the period the program takes place if the consideration represents a reimbursement of specific, incremental, identifiable costs. Consideration that exceeds the specific, incremental, identifiable costs is classified as a reduction of costs of goods sold. The amount of partner funding recorded as a reduction of selling and administrative expenses in our statements of operations totaled $37,317,000, $40,106,000 and $34,900,000 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Concentrations of Risk

Concentrations of Risk

Credit Risk

Although we are affected by the international economic climate, management does not believe material credit risk concentration existed at December 31, 2015. We monitor our clients’ financial condition and do not require collateral. No single client accounted for more than 3% of our consolidated net sales in 2015.

Supplier Risk

Purchases from Microsoft, Cisco and Ingram Micro (a distributor) accounted for approximately 27%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of our aggregate purchases in 2015. No other partner accounted for more than 10% of purchases in 2015. Our top five partners as a group for 2015 were Microsoft, Cisco, Ingram Micro, HP and Tech Data (a distributor), and approximately 65% of our total purchases during 2015 came from this group of partners. Although brand names and individual products are important to our business, we believe that competitive sources of supply are available in substantially all of our product categories such that, with the exception of Microsoft, we are not dependent on any single partner for sourcing products.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as they are incurred. Advertising expense of $27,574,000, $31,214,000 and $29,394,000 was recorded in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These amounts were predominantly offset by partner funding earned pursuant to shared marketing expense programs recorded as a reduction of selling and administrative expenses, as discussed in “Partner Funding” above.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation is measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant and the corresponding expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the reward. Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the same line item of our consolidated statements of operations as other payroll-related expenses specific to the employee. Compensation expense related to service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Compensation expense related to performance-based RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards (i.e., a graded vesting basis).

Foreign Currencies

Foreign Currencies

We use the U.S. dollar as our reporting currency. The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are the local currencies. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rate for each month within the year. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded directly in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – foreign currency translation adjustments as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Net foreign currency transaction gains/losses, including transaction gains/losses on intercompany balances that are not of a long-term investment nature and non-functional currency cash balances, are reported as a separate component of non-operating (income) expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the risk of non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities on our consolidated financial statements. These forward contracts are not designated as hedge instruments. The fair value of all derivative assets and liabilities are recorded gross in the other current assets and accrued expenses and other current liabilities sections of our consolidated balance sheets. Gains/losses are recorded net in non-operating (income) expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable earnings in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized within the income tax expense line in our consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in our consolidated balance sheets.

Net Earnings Per Share ("EPS")

Net Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted EPS is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding RSUs. A reconciliation of the denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows (in thousands, except per share data):

 

     Years Ended December 31,  
     2015      2014      2013  

Numerator:

        
        

 

 

 

Net earnings

   $ 75,851       $ 75,684       $ 71,021   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Denominator:

        

Weighted-average shares used to compute basic EPS

     37,984         41,062         43,012   

Dilutive potential common shares due to dilutive

RSUs, net of tax effect

     291         296         277   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted EPS

     38,275         41,358         43,289   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net earnings per share:

        

Basic

   $ 2.00       $ 1.84       $ 1.65   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Diluted

   $ 1.98       $ 1.83       $ 1.64   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

In 2015, 2014 and 2013, approximately 1,000, 20,000 and 177,000, respectively, of our RSUs were not included in the diluted EPS calculations because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. These share-based awards could be dilutive in the future.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-17, “Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes,” which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. ASU 2015-17 provides presentation requirements to classify deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted for any interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. We early adopted ASU 2015-17 effective December 31, 2015, retrospectively. Adoption resulted in a $13.4 million decrease in total current assets, a $285,000 decrease in total assets and a $285,000 decrease in total liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2014. Adoption had no impact on our results of operations.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory.” The standard changes the measurement from lower of cost or market to lower of cost and net realizable value. This standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The guidance shall be applied prospectively, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual period. The new standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

On April 7, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, “Interest–Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Cost.” ASU 2015-03 is designed to simplify presentation of debt issuance costs. The standard requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The amortization of debt issuance costs also shall be reported as interest expense. ASU 2015-03 is effective for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The new standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

 

On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The original effective date for ASU 2014-09 would have required the Company to adopt the new standard beginning in its first quarter of 2017. In July 2015, the FASB voted to amend ASU 2014-09 by approving a one-year deferral of the mandatory effective date as well as providing the option to early adopt the standard on the original effective date. Accordingly, the Company may adopt the standard in either its first quarter of 2017 or 2018. An entity may choose to adopt the new standard either retrospectively or through a cumulative effect adjustment as of the start of the first period for which it applies the new standard. We expect to adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018 and are in the process of determining the effect that the adoption will have on our consolidated financial statements. We have not yet selected our planned transition approach.