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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2016
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

Note 7:  Income Taxes

Management estimates the annual effective income tax rate quarterly, based on current annual forecasted results. Items unrelated to current year ordinary income are recognized entirely in the period identified as a discrete item of tax. The quarterly income tax (benefit) provision is comprised of tax on ordinary income provided at the most recent estimated annual effective tax rate, increased or decreased for the tax effect of discrete items.

For the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, our estimated annual effective tax rates applied to ordinary (losses) income were 42.1% and 29.0%, respectively.  The estimated annual effective tax rate for 2016 reflects a tax benefit on an estimated pre-tax loss for the year and a further benefit for the R&D credit which was made permanent in the fourth quarter of 2015 with the passage of the PATH Act.  The estimated annual effective tax rate for 2015 was based on estimated pre-tax income for the year and did not reflect a benefit for the R&D credit as it was not approved as of June 30, 2015.

Including the effect of discrete items, our effective tax rates for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 were 42.1% and 31.9%, respectively,  and for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 were 35.3% and 32.7%.  The increase in the effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 is due to the inclusion of the R&D credit in the calculation of the full year estimated effective tax rate for 2016 as noted above.