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Common Stock and Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table summarizes RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Employees
 
Non-Employee Directors
 
Total
RSUs outstanding at January 1, 2019
840,431

 
140,539

 
980,970

RSUs granted
1,664,256

 
268,373

 
1,932,629

Shares issued upon vesting of RSUs
(239,509
)
 
(93,670
)
 
(333,179
)
RSUs canceled or forfeited(1)
(1,717,354
)
 
(17,528
)
 
(1,734,882
)
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2019
547,824

 
297,714

 
845,538

Weighted-average per share grant date fair value
$
3.09

 
$
4.84

 
$
3.71

(1)
Pursuant to the terms of our stock unit plans, employees have the option of forfeiting stock units to cover their minimum statutory tax withholding when shares are issued. Any stock units surrendered or canceled in satisfaction of participants’ tax withholding obligations are not available for future grants under the plans.
The fair value of the PSUs is remeasured at each reporting period. The following table summarizes PSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
PSUs
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019
291,773

 
$
9.94

Granted
761,335

 
3.06

Vested
(26,734
)
 
18.93

Forfeited
(472,891
)
 
3.37

Performance adjustment(1)
(240,761
)
 
8.92

Outstanding at December 31, 2019
312,722

 
$
3.15


(1)
Represents an adjustment to the 2018 tranche of the 2016, 2017 and 2018 PSU awards based on actual performance during the 2018 annual performance period in relation to the established performance goal for that period. The actual performance for the 2018 annual performance period was certified by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors in the first quarter of 2019.
Schedule of Stock Unit Grants and Stock Unit Expense
The following table summarizes information about our RSU grants and RSU expense during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Total intrinsic value of RSUs vested/distributed during the period
$
1,565

 
$
2,496

 
$
7,960

Weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted
2.82

 
8.92

 
17.91

Tax benefit related to RSU expense
516

 
972

 
2,071


Schedule of Phantom Share Activity The following table summarizes the phantom share activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019
2,007,427

 
$
11.35

Granted
5,102,334

 
2.84

Converted/paid
(864,364
)
 
12.14

Forfeited
(1,526,346
)
 
4.72

Outstanding at December 31, 2019
4,719,051

 
$
4.15


Schedule of Restricted Stock Activity The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2019
87,526

 
$
8.44

Restricted shares granted
156,961

 
1.42

Restricted shares vested
(88,164
)
 
4.59

Unvested at December 31, 2019
156,323

 
$
3.56


Schedule of Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
 
Weighted
Average
Contractual Life (Years)
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Options outstanding and exercisable at January 1, 2019
385,538

 
$
14.55

 
 
 
 
Forfeited and canceled(1)
(244,144
)
 
16.36

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019(2)
141,394

 
11.43

 
0.84
 
$

(1)
Pursuant to the terms of our stock option plans, options that are forfeited or canceled may be available for future grants. Effective May 15, 2013, any stock options surrendered or canceled in satisfaction of participants' exercise proceeds or tax withholding obligation will no longer become available for future grants under the plans.
(2)
As of December 31, 2019, there were no remaining unvested stock options.
Schedule of Options Outstanding and Exercisable
The following table summarizes information about options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019:
 
Options Outstanding and Exercisable
Range of
Exercise Prices
Number
Outstanding
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life (in years)
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
$ 8.96
34,706

 
1.14
 
$
8.96

10.44
33,426

 
2.13
 
10.44

12.60
61,711

 
0.12
 
12.60

15.42
11,551

 
0.09
 
15.42


Schedule of Additional Information on Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes additional information regarding our stock option activity (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Intrinsic value of options exercised
$

 
$

 
$
427

Fair value of shares vested

 

 

Tax benefit related to stock option expense

 

 


Schedule of Share-Based Compensation Expense Recognized The following table summarizes the share-based compensation expense related to equity-based awards recognized during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
RSUs
$
2,063

 
$
4,935

 
$
5,969

 
PSUs
(287
)
(1) 
(68
)
(1) 
(2,395
)
(1) 
Phantom shares
607

  
3,028

 
7,447

 
Total
$
2,383

  
$
7,895

 
$
11,021

 

(1)
The net credit to PSU expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is primarily the result of lower expected performance (relative to the established performance metric) associated with the 2019, 2018 and 2017 tranches of these awards, respectively.