SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Business and Segments

Covenant Transportation Group, Inc., a Nevada holding company, together with its wholly owned subsidiaries offers truckload transportation and brokerage services to customers throughout the continental United States.

We have

two

reportable segments, our truckload services ("Truckload") and Managed Freight which provides freight brokerage and logistics services.

The Truckload segment consists of

three

operating fleets that are aggregated because they have similar eco

nomic characteristics and meet the aggregation criteria. The

three

operating fleets that comprise our Truckload segment are as follows: (i) Covenant Transport, Inc. ("Covenant Transport"), our historical flagship operation, which provides expedited long haul, dedicated, temperature-controlled, and regional solo-driver service; (ii) Southern Refrigerated Transport, Inc. ("SRT"), which provides primarily long haul, regional, dedicated, and intermodal temperature-controlled service; and (iii) Star Transportation, Inc. ("Star"), which provides regional solo-driver and dedicated service, primarily in the southeastern United States.

In addition, our Managed Freight segment has service offerings ancillary to our Truckload services, including: freight brokerage s

ervice directly and through freight brokerage agents, who are paid a commission for the freight they provide. The operations consist of several operating segments, which are aggregated due to similar margins and customers. Included within Managed Freight is our account receivable factoring business which does

not

meet the aggregation criteria, but only accounts for

$3.1

million of revenue.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Covenant Transportatio

n Group, Inc., a holding company incorporated in the state of Nevada in

1994,

and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Covenant Transport, Inc., a Tennessee corporation; Southern Refrigerated Transport, Inc., an Arkansas corporation; Star Transportation, Inc., a Tennessee corporation, each d/b/a Covenant Transport Services; Covenant Transport Solutions, Inc., a Nevada corporation, d/b/a Transport Financial Services; Covenant Logistics, Inc., a Nevada corporation; Covenant Asset Management, LLC., a Nevada limited liability corporation; CTG Leasing Company, a Nevada corporation; IQS Insurance Retention Group, Inc., a Vermont corporation; Driven Analytic Solutions, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company; Heritage Insurance, Inc., a Tennessee corporation; and Transport Management Services, LLC, a Tennessee limited liability company.

References in this report to

"it," "we," "us," "our," the "Company," and similar expressions refer to Covenant Transportation Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Investment in Transport Enterprise Leasing, LLC

Transport Enterprise Leasing, LLC ("TEL")

is a tractor and trailer equipment leasing company and used equipment reseller. We evaluated our investment in TEL to determine whether it should be recorded on a consolidated basis. Our percentage of ownership interest (

49%

), an evaluation of control, and whether a variable interest entity ("VIE") existed were all considered in our consolidation assessment. The analysis provided that we do

not

control TEL and that TEL is

not

deemed a VIE. We have accounted for our investment in TEL using the equity method of accounting given our

49%

ownership interest and ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies. Under the equity method, the cost of our investment is adjusted for our share of equity in the earnings of TEL and reduced by distributions received and our proportionate share of TEL's net income is included in our earnings.

On a periodic basis, we assess whether there are any indicators that the fair value of ou

r investment in TEL

may

be impaired. The investment is impaired only if the estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment, and such decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss would be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the fair value of the investment. As a result of TEL's earnings,

impairment indicators were noted that would provide for impairment of our investment.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue, drivers' wages, and other direct operating expenses generated by our Truckload reportable segment are recognized on the date shipments are delivered to the customer. Revenue includes transportation revenue, fuel surcharges, loading and unloading

activities, equipment detention, and other accessorial services.

Revenue generated by our Managed Freight segment is recognized upon completion of the services provided.

Revenue is recorded on a gross basis, without deducting

third

party purchased transportation costs, as we act as a principal with substantial risks as primary obligor, except for transactions whereby equipment from our Truckload segment perform the related services, which we record on a net basis in accordance with the related authoritative guidance. Managed Freight revenue includes

$3.1

million,

$2.6

million, and

$2.4

million of revenue in

2017,

2016,

and

2015,

respectively, related to an accounts receivable factoring business started in

2013

to supplement several aspects of our non-asset operations. Revenue for this business is recognized on a net basis after giving effect to receivables payments we make to the factoring client, given we are acting as an agent and are

not

the primary generator of the factored receivables in these transactions.

stimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make decisions based upon estimates, assumptions, and factors we consider as relevant to the circumstances.

Such decisions include the selection of applicable accounting principles and the use of judgment in their application, the results of which impact reported amounts and disclosures. Changes in future economic conditions or other business circumstances

may

affect the outcomes of our estimates and assumptions. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those anticipated.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of

three

months or less at acquisition to be cash

equivalents. Additionally, we are also subject to concentrations of credit risk related to deposits in banks in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limits.

Accounts Receivable and Concentration of Credit Risk

We extend credit to our customers in the normal course of business. We perform ongoing credit evaluations and generally do

not

require collateral. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at their invoiced amounts, net of allowance for doubtful accounts. We evaluate the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts quarterly. Accounts outstanding longer than contractual payment terms are considered past due and are reviewed individually for collectability. We maintain reserves for potential credit losses based upon its loss history and specific receivables aging analysis. Receivable balances are written off when collection is deemed unlikely.

Accounts receivable are comprised of a diversified customer base that results in a lack of concentra

tion of credit risk. During

2017,

2016,

and

2015,

our top

ten

customers generated

49%,

53%,

and

45%

of total revenue, respectively. In

2017,

there were

customers that accounted for more than

10%

of our consolidated revenue. However, in each of

2016

and

2015,

there was

one

such customer. The carrying amount reported in the consolidated balance sheet for accounts receivable approximates fair value based on the fact that the receivables collection averaged approximately

and

days in

2017

and

2016,

respectively.

Included in accounts rec

eivable is

$31.9

million and

$25.8

million of factoring receivables at

December 31, 2017

and

2016,

respectively, net of a

$0.2

million allowance for bad debts for each respective year. We advance approximately

85%

95%

of each receivable factored and retain the remainder as collateral for collection issues that might arise. The retained amounts are returned to the clients after the related receivable has been collected, net of interest and fees on the amount we advanced. At

December 31, 2017,

the retained amounts related to factored receivables totaled

$0.6

million and were included in accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheet. Our clients are smaller trucking companies that factor their receivables to us for a fee to facilitate faster cash flow. We evaluate each client'

s customer base under predefined criteria. The carrying value of the factored receivables approximates the fair value, as the receivables are generally repaid directly to us by the client'

s customer within

30–40

days due to the combination of the short-term nature of the financing transaction and the underlying quality of the receivables.

The following table provides a summary (in th

ousands) of the activity in the accounts for

2017,

2016,

and

2015:

Years ended December 31:	Beginning balance January 1,		Additional provisions to (reversal of) allowance			Write-offs and other deductions			Ending balance December 31,

201 7	$	1,345	$	454		$	(343	)	$	1,456

201 6	$	1,857	$	(241	)	$	(271	)	$	1,345

201 5	$	1,767	$	1,100		$	(1,010	)	$	1,857

Inventories and Supplies

Inventories and supplies consist of parts, tires, fuel, and supplies. Tires on new revenue equipment are capitalized as a component of the related equipment cost when the tractor or trailer is placed in service and recovered

through depreciation over the life of the vehicle. Replacement tires and parts on hand at year end are recorded at the lower of cost or market with cost determined using the

first

-in,

first

-out (FIFO) method. Replacement tires are expensed when placed in service.

Assets Held for Sale

Assets held for sale include property and revenue equipment

longer utilized in continuing operations which are available and held for sale. Assets held for sale are

longer subject to depreciation, and are recorded at

the lower of depreciated book value or fair market value less selling costs. We periodically review the carrying value of these assets for possible impairment. We expect to sell these assets within

twelve

months.

Property and Equipment

Property and equip

ment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for book purposes is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, while depreciation for tax purposes is generally recorded using an accelerated method. Depreciation of revenue equipment is

our largest item of depreciation. We generally depreciate new tractors (excluding day cabs) over

five

years to salvage values of approximately

15%

of their cost. We generally depreciate new trailers over

seven

years for refrigerated trailers and

ten

years for dry van trailers to salvage values of approximately

25%

of their cost. As a result of the progressive decline in the value of used tractors and our expectations that used tractor prices will

not

rebound in the near term, effective

July 1, 2016

we reduced the salvage values on our tractors and, thus, prospectively increased depreciation expense. Estimates around the salvage values and useful lives for trailers remain unchanged. The depreciation schedules described above reflect the reduction in salvage values. The impact from the

third

quarter of

2016

through

2017

was approximately

$2.0

million per quarter of additional depreciation expense in subsequent quarters, or approximately

$1.2

million per quarter net of tax, which represents approximately

$0.06

per common or diluted share. We expect depreciation levels in

2018

to approximate those of

2017.

We annually review the reasonableness of

our estimates regarding useful lives and salvage values of

our revenue equipment and other long-lived assets based upon, among other things,

our experience with similar assets, conditions in the used revenue equipment market, and prevailing industry practice. Changes in

the useful life or salvage value estimates, or fluctuations in market values that are

not

reflected in

our estimates, could have a material effect on

our results of operations. Gains and losses on the disposal of revenue equipment are included in depreciation expense in

the consolidated statements of operations.

We lease certain revenue equipment under capital leases with terms of approximately

months. Amortization of leased assets is included in depreciation and amortization expense.

Although a portion of our tractors are protected by non-binding in

dicative trade-in values or binding trade-back agreements with the manufacturers, substantially all of our owned trailers are subject to fluctuations in market prices for used revenue equipment. Moreover, our trade-back agreements are contingent upon reaching acceptable terms for the purchase of new equipment. Declines in the price of used revenue equipment or failure to reach agreement for the purchase of new tractors with the manufacturers issuing trade-back agreements could result in impairment of, or losses on the sale of, revenue equipment.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Pursuant to applicable accounting standards, revenue equipment and other long-lived assets are tested for impairment whenever an event occurs that indicates an impairment

may

exist.

Expected future cash flows are used to analyze whether an impairment has occurred. If the sum of expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the long-lived asset, then an impairment loss is recognized. We measure the impairment loss by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. Fair value is determined based on a discounted cash flow analysis or the appraised value of the assets, as appropriate.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We classify intangible assets into

two

categories: (i) intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization and (ii) goodwill. We have

goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet for the years ended

December 31, 2017

and

2016.

We test intangible assets with definite lives for impairment if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value

may

not

be recoverable. Such conditions

may

include an economic downturn in a geographic market or a change in the assessment of future operations. We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of the definite lived intangible asset is

not

recoverable by the cash flows generated from the use of the asset.

We determine the useful lives of our identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific

facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors we consider when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any agreement, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for the use of the asset, any laws or other local regulations which could impact the useful life of the asset, and other economic factors, including competition and specific market conditions. Intangible assets that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized, generally on a straight-line basis, over their useful lives, ranging from

years. We have

identifiable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets at

December 31, 2017

and

2016

Insurance and Other Claims

The primary claims arising against us consist of auto liability (person

al injury and property damage), workers' compensation, cargo, commercial liability, and employee medical expenses. Our insurance program involves self-insurance with the following risk retention levels (before giving effect to any commutation of an auto liability policy):

●	auto liability - $1.0 million
●	workers' compensation - $1.3 million
●	cargo - $0.3 million
●	employee medical - $0.4 million
●	physical damage - 100%

Due to our significant self-insured retention amounts, we have exposure to

fluctuations in the number and severity of claims and to variations between our estimated and actual ultimate payouts. We accrue the estimated cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims and an estimate for allocated loss adjustment expenses including legal and other direct costs associated with a claim. Estimates require judgments concerning the nature and severity of the claim, historical trends, advice from

third

-party administrators and insurers, the size of any potential damage award based on factors such as the specific facts of individual cases, the jurisdictions involved, the prospect of punitive damages, future medical costs, and inflation estimates of future claims development, and the legal and other costs to settle or defend the claims. We have significant exposure to fluctuations in the number and severity of claims. If there is an increase in the frequency and severity of claims, or we are required to accrue or pay additional amounts if the claims prove to be more severe than originally assessed, or any of the claims would exceed the limits of our insurance coverage, our profitability could be adversely affected.

In addition to estimates within our self-insured retention layers, we also must make judgments concerning claims where we have

third

party insurance and for claims outside our coverage limits. Upon settling claims and expenses associated with claims where we have

third

party coverage, we are generally required to initially fund payment to the claimant and seek reimbursement from the insurer. Receivables from insurers for claims and expenses we have paid on behalf of insurers were $

1.1

million and

$0.7

million at

December 31, 2017

and

2016,

respectively, and are included in drivers'

advances and other receivables on our consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, we accrue claims above our self-insured retention and record a corresponding receivable for amounts we expect to collect from insurers upon settlement of such claims. We have

$2.1

million and less than

$0.1

million at

December 31, 2017

and

2016,

respectively, as a receivable in other assets and as a corresponding accrual in the long-term portion of insurance and claims accruals on our consolidated balance sheet for claims above our self-insured retention for which we believe it is reasonably assured that the insurers will provide their portion of such claims. We evaluate collectability of the receivables based on the credit worthiness and surplus of the insurers, along with our prior experience and contractual terms with each. If any claim occurrence were to exceed our aggregate coverage limits, we would have to accrue for the excess amount. Our critical estimates include evaluating whether a claim

may

exceed such limits and, if so, by how much. If

one

or more claims were to exceed our then effective coverage limits, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We also make judg

ments regarding the ultimate benefit versus risk of commuting certain periods within our auto liability policy. If we commute a policy, we assume

100%

risk for covered claims in exchange for a policy refund. In

April 2015,

we commuted

two

liability policies for the period from

April 1, 2013

through

September 30, 2014,

such that we are now responsible for any claim that occurred during that period up to

$20.0

million, should such a claim develop. We recorded a

$3.6

million reduction in insurance and claims expense in the

second

quarter of

2015

related to the commutation. The insurer did

not

remit the premium refund directly to the Company, but rather applied a credit to the current auto liability insurance policy, such that we recorded the policy release premium refund as a prepaid asset at

June 30, 2015.

Effectiv

April 2015,

we entered into new auto liability policies with a

three

-year term. The policy includes a limit for a single loss of

$9.0

million, an aggregate of

$18.0

million for each policy year, and a

$30.0

million aggregate for the

month term ended

March 31, 2018.

The policy includes a policy release premium refund of up to

$14.6

million, less any future amounts paid on claims by the insurer, from

October 1, 2014

through

March 31, 2018,

if we were to commute the policy for the entire

month. A decision with respect to commutation of the policy cannot be made before

April 1, 2018,

unless both we and the insurance carrier agree to a commutation prior to the end of the policy term. Management cannot predict whether or

not

future claims or the development of existing claims will justify a commutation, and accordingly,

related amounts were recorded at

December 31, 2017.

Interest

We capitalize interest on major projects during construction. Interest is capitalized based on the averag

e interest rate on related debt. Capitalized interest was less than

$0.1

million in

2017,

2016,

and

2015.

Fair Value of Financial Instrument

Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, commodity contracts,

accounts payable, debt, and interest rate swaps. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and current debt approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments.

The carrying value of the factored receivables approximates the fair value, as the receivables are generally repaid directly to us by the client's customer within

30–40

days due to the combination of the short-term nature of the financing transaction and the underlying quality of the receivables.

Interest rates that are currently available to us for issuance of long-term debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value of our long-term debt, which primarily consists of revenue equipment installment notes. The fair value of our revenue equipment installment notes approximated the carrying value at

December

31,

2017,

as the weighted average interest rate on these notes approximates the market rate for similar debt. Borrowings under our revolving Credit Facility approximate fair value due to the variable interest rate on the facility. Additionally, commodity contracts, which are accounted for as hedge derivatives, as discussed in Note

13,

are valued based on the forward rate of the specific indices upon which the contract is being settled and adjusted for counterparty credit risk using available market information and valuation methodologies. The fair value of our interest rate swap agreements is determined using the market-standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed-cash payments and the discounted expected variable-cash receipts. The variable-cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. These analyses reflect the contractual terms of the swap, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair value calculation also includes an amount for risk of non-performance of our counterparties using "significant unobservable inputs" such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default, which we have determined to be insignificant to the overall fair value of our interest rate swap agreements.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We have reflected the net

liability after offsetting our deferred tax assets and liabilities in the deferred income taxes line in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in accordance with our retrospective adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board ("

FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU")

No.

2015

17,

Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes

, as of

December 31, 2015,

as discussed below. We believe the future tax deductions will be realized principally through future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income, except for when a valuation allowance has been provided as discussed in Note

In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management's evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting dates. For those tax positions where it is more likely than

not

that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than

50%

likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is

not

more likely than

not

that a tax benefit will be sustained,

tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense.

Our policy is to recognize income tax benefit arising from the exercise of stock options and restricted share vesting based on the ordering provisions of the tax law as prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, including indirect tax effects, if any.

Lease Accounting and Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

We issue residual value guarantees in connection with the operating leases we enter into for certain of our revenue equipment. These leases p

rovide that if we do

not

purchase the leased equipment from the lessor at the end of the lease term, then we are liable to the lessor for an amount equal to the shortage (if any) between the proceeds from the sale of the equipment and an agreed value. To the extent the expected value at the lease termination date is lower than the residual value guarantee, we would accrue for the difference over the remaining lease term. We believe that proceeds from the sale of equipment under operating leases would equal or exceed the payment obligation on substantially all operating leases. The estimated values at lease termination involve management judgments. As leases are entered into, determination as to the classification as an operating or capital lease involves management judgments on residual values and useful lives.

Capital Structure

The shares of Class A and B common stock are substantially identical except that the Class B shares are entitled to

two

votes per share and immediately convert to Class A shares if

beneficially owned by anyone other than our Chief Executive Officer or certain members of his immediate family, while Class A shares are entitled to

one

vote per share. The terms of any future issuances of preferred shares will be set by our Board of Directors.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income generally includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owner

s. Comprehensive income for

2017,

2016,

and

2015

was comprised of the net income plus the unrealized gain or loss on the cash flow hedges and the reclassified cash flow hedge gains or losses into earnings.

Income Per Share

Basic income per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted income per share reflects the dilution that could occur if s

ecurities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in our earnings. The calculation of diluted earnings per share includes approximately

0.1

million unvested shares. A de minimis number of unvested shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share since the effect of any assumed exercise of the related awards would be anti-dilutive for the years ended

December 31, 2017,

2016

, and

2015,

respectively

Income per share is the same for both Class A and Class B shares.

The following table sets forth the calculation of net income per share included in

the consolidated statements of operations for each of the

three

years ended

December 31:

(in thousands except per share data)
	201 7		2016		2015
Numerator:

Net income	$	55,439	$	16,835	$	42,085

Denominator:

Denominator for basic income per share – weighted-average shares		18,279		18,182		18,145
Effect of dilutive securities:
Equivalent shares issuable upon conversion of unvested restricted shares		93		84		161
Equivalent shares issuable upon conversion of unvested employee stock options		-		-		5
Denominator for diluted income per share adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversions		18,372		18,266		18,311

Net income per share:
Basic income per share	$	3.03	$	0.93	$	2.32
Diluted income per share	$	3.02	$	0.92	$	2.30

Stock-Based Employee Compensation

We issue several types of stock-based compensation, including awards that vest based on service and performance conditions or a combination of the conditions. Performance-based awards vest contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria established by the Compensation Committee

of the Board of Directors. All awards require future service. For performance-based awards, determining the appropriate amount to expense in each period is based on likelihood and timing of achieving the stated targets for performance-based awards and requires judgment, including forecasting future financial results. The estimates are revised periodically based on the probability and timing of achieving the required performance and adjustments are made as appropriate. Awards that are only subject to time vesting provisions are amortized using the straight-line method.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We periodically utilize derivative instruments to manage exposure to changes in fue

l prices and interest rates. We record derivative financial instruments in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability at fair value. Previously, at inception of a derivative contract, we documented relationships between derivative instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various derivative transactions, and assessed hedge effectiveness. If it was determined that a derivative was

not

highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceased to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinued hedge accounting prospectively. The ineffective portion was recorded in other income or expense. Effective

December 31, 2017,

we adopted ASU

2017

12,

Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging

Activities

, and thus all changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards adopted

August 2017,

the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“

FASB”) issued ASU

2017

12,

which among other things, eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and requires all items that affect earnings to be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after

December 15, 2018

with early adoption permitted. We have adopted the standard for the fiscal year ended

December 31, 2017.

Entities adopting the ASU must apply a cumulative-effect adjustment related to the elimination of the separate hedge ineffectiveness measurement.

adjustment was required, however, since

hedge ineffectiveness has been recorded. We have adopted the amended presentation and disclosure guidance, which is required only prospectively.

Accounting Standards

not

yet adopted

April 2015,

FASB

issued ASU

2015

14,

which defers the effective date of ASU

2014

09.

The new standard introduces a

five

-step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The premise of the new model is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will be effective for us for our annual reporting period beginning

January 1, 2018,

including interim periods within that reporting period. Entities are allowed to transition to the new standard by either recasting prior periods or recognizing the cumulative effect.

The new standard will require us to recognize revenue from loads proportionally as the transportation service is performed as opposed to recognizing revenue upon the completion of the load, which is our current practice. Our recognition of revenue under the new standard will approximate our recognition of revenue under the current standards, as there will generally be a consistent amount of freight in process at the beginning and end of the period; however, seasonality and the day on which the period ends

may

cause minor differences. We plan to transition to the new standard by recognizing the cumulative effect of adoption as an adjustment in the

first

quarter of

2018.

We believe the cumulative effect of the adoption will result in a positive adjustment to retained earnings of

approximately

$0.6

million, net of tax, from initially recording in process revenue and associated direct expenses. We plan to finalize our evaluation during the

first

quarter of

2018,

including an assessment of the new expanded disclosure requirements and a final determination of the impact to adoption and related changes required to internal controls.

February 2016,

FASB issued ASU

2016

02,

which requires lessees to recognize a right-to-use asset and a lease obligation for all leases. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to

not

recognize an asset and liability for leases with a term of

twelve

months or less. Lessor accounting under the new standard is substantially unchanged. Additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures, including significant judgments made by management, will be required. This new standard will become effective for us in our annual reporting period beginning

January 1, 2019,

including interim periods within that reporting period and requires a modified retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impacts the adoption of this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements.