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Income Taxes (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of effective income tax rate reconciliation
The income tax provision (benefit) differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before income tax for the reasons set forth below:
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2023202220232022
U.S. federal statutory tax rate
21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
6.1 — 0.4 — 
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
7.3 0.2 0.5 (0.3)
Increase (reduction) in tax benefit related to stock-based awards0.7 — 0.7 (0.4)
Increase in valuation allowance
(5.6)(21.7)(19.0)(20.7)
Permanent differences
(16.7)— (3.0)— 
Non-deductible expenses(6.6)0.5 (0.2)0.4 
2018 IRS exam assessment— — — (0.4)
Effective income tax rate
6.2 %— %0.4 %(0.4)%