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Income Taxes (Tables)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:
 
Three months ended September 30,

Nine months ended September 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
U.S. federal statutory tax rate
21.0
 %
 
21.0
 %
 
21.0
 %
 
21.0
 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
1.7

 
1.5

 
1.2

 
(0.2
)
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
0.2

 
3.9

 
0.8

 
0.6

Reduction in tax benefit related to stock-based awards
(0.6
)
 
(4.9
)
 
(1.4
)
 
(1.7
)
Non-deductible expenses
(0.7
)
 
(8.6
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(9.2
)
Research and development credit (expense)
0.2

 
(3.5
)
 
0.5

 
0.3

Increase in valuation allowance
(18.8
)
 
(3.4
)
 
(18.2
)
 
(33.6
)
Other
(1.4
)
 
—

 
(0.7
)
 
—

Effective income tax rate
1.6
 %
 
6.0
 %
 
2.8
 %
 
(22.8
)%