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Income Taxes (Tables)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:
 
Three months ended September 30,

Nine months ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
U.S. federal statutory tax rate
(21.0
)%
 
(35.0
)%
 
(21.0
)%
 
(35.0
)%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
(2.3
)
 
14.3

 
0.3

 
6.7

Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
(4.6
)
 
8.9

 
(0.7
)
 
5.4

Reduction in tax benefit related to stock-based awards
0.8

 
15.8

 
1.4

 
14.1

Non-deductible expenses
6.3

 
8.5

 
10.1

 
4.5

Research and development credit
4.7

 
(13.5
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(7.1
)
Valuation allowance
3.7

 
—

 
34.2

 
—

Other
4.7

 
1.5

 
0.5

 
(1.0
)
Effective income tax rate
(7.7
)%
 
0.5
 %
 
24.4
 %
 
(12.4
)%