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Income Taxes (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:
 
Three months ended June 30,

Six months ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
U.S. federal statutory tax rate
(21.0
)%
 
(35.0
)%
 
(21.0
)%
 
(35.0
)%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
6.0

 
(4.8
)
 
0.5

 
(3.8
)
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
(15.3
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(0.4
)
 
0.1

Reduction in tax benefit related to stock-based awards
33.5

 
13.4

 
1.4

 
10.7

Non-deductible expenses
18.3

 
(1.5
)
 
10.4

 
(1.2
)
Research and development credit
(20.2
)
 
2.6

 
(0.8
)
 
2.0

Valuation allowance
43.9

 
0.1

 
36.4

 
0.1

Other
0.2

 
(3.0
)
 
0.2

 
(1.9
)
Effective income tax rate
45.4
 %
 
(28.3
)%
 
26.7
 %
 
(29.0
)%