Share-Based Compensation

We provide share-based compensation to our employees, officers and non-employee directors, including stock options, an employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based restricted stock units (“PeRSUs”) and performance-based stock units ("PSUs", formerly referred to as total shareholder return units or “TSRUs”) (collectively, “share-based awards”). Most of our share-based awards are granted in the first quarter of each fiscal year.

Compensation expense for the share-based awards is recognized for the portion of awards ultimately expected to vest. We estimate the number of share-based awards that will ultimately vest primarily based on historical experience. The estimated forfeiture rate established upon grant is re-assessed throughout the requisite service period and is adjusted when actual forfeitures occur. The actual forfeitures in future reporting periods could be higher or lower than current estimates.

The compensation expense recognized has been classified in the consolidated statements of operations or capitalized in the consolidated balance sheets in the same manner as cash compensation paid to our employees. No share-based compensation expenses were capitalized as part of the cost of an asset in 2019, and no material amounts were capitalized in 2018 and 2017.

Impact on Net Income

The components of share-based compensation expense and related tax benefits are as follows:



	Years Ended March 31,
(In millions)	2019			2018			2017
Restricted stock unit awards⁽¹⁾	$	75		$	46		$	79
Stock options	12			14			24
Employee stock purchase plan	8			9			12
Share-based compensation expense	95			69			115
Tax benefit for share-based compensation expense ⁽²⁾	(12		)	(28		)	(92		)
Share-based compensation expense, net of tax	$	83		$	41		$	23


(1)	Includes compensation expense recognized for RSUs, PeRSUs and PSUs.

(2)

Income tax benefit is computed using the tax rates of applicable tax jurisdictions. Additionally, a portion of pre-tax compensation expense is not tax-deductible. Income tax expense for 2019 included discrete income tax expense of $4 million, 2018 and 2017 included discrete income tax benefits of $8 million and $54 million related to the adoption of the amended accounting guidance on share-based compensation.

Stock Plans

In July 2013, our stockholders approved the 2013 Stock Plan to replace the 2005 Stock Plan. These stock plans provide our employees, officers and non-employee directors the opportunity to receive equity-based, long-term incentives in the form of stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, PeRSUs, PSUs and other share-based awards. The 2013 Stock Plan reserves 30 million shares plus the remaining number of shares reserved but unused under the 2005 Stock Plan. As of March 31, 2019, 25 million shares remain available for future grant under the 2013 Stock Plan.

Stock Options

Stock options are granted with an exercise price at no less than the fair market value and those options granted under the stock plans generally have a contractual term of seven years and follow a four year vesting schedule.

Compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and is based on the grant-date fair value for the portion of the awards that is ultimately expected to vest. We use the Black-Scholes options-pricing model to estimate the fair value of our stock options. Once the fair value of an employee stock option is determined, current accounting practices do not permit it to be changed, even if the estimates used are different from actual. The options-pricing model requires the use of various estimates and assumptions as follows:


•	Expected stock price volatility is based on a combination of historical volatility of our common stock and implied market volatility. We believe that this market-based input provides a reasonable estimate of our future stock price movements and is consistent with employee stock option valuation considerations.


•	Expected dividend yield is based on historical experience and investors’ current expectations.


•	The risk-free interest rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the constant maturity U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant.


•	Expected life of the options is based primarily on historical employee stock option exercises and other behavior data and reflects the impact of changes in contractual life of current option grants compared to our historical grants.

Weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of employee stock options were as follows:



	Years Ended March 31,
	2019	2018	2017
Expected stock price volatility	26%	25%	21%
Expected dividend yield	0.9%	0.8%	0.7%
Risk-free interest rate	2.8%	1.7%	1.1%
Expected life (in years)	4.6	4.5	4

The following is a summary of stock options outstanding at March 31, 2019:



					Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices					Number of Options Outstanding at Year End (In millions)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Number of Options Exercisable at Year End (In millions)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$	87.24	–	$	162.55	1	4	$	133.54	1	$	119.65
162.56		–	239.93		2	3	197.98		1	199.08
					3				2

The following table summarizes stock option activity during 2019:



(In millions, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value⁽²⁾
Outstanding, March 31, 2018	3	$	161.27	4	$	36
Granted	1	141.93
Cancelled	—	167.37
Exercised	(1)	86.65
Outstanding, March 31, 2019	3	$	166.72	3	$	4
Vested and expected to vest⁽¹⁾	3	$	166.88	3	$	3
Vested and exercisable, March 31, 2019	2	167.27		2	4


(1)	The number of options expected to vest takes into account an estimate of expected forfeitures.


(2)	The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the period-end market price of the Company’s common stock and the exercise price of “in-the-money” options.

The following table provides data related to stock option activity:



	Years Ended March 31,
(In millions, except per share data)	2019		2018		2017
Weighted-average grant date fair value per stock option	$	34.98	$	34.24	$	32.19
Aggregate intrinsic value on exercise	$	16	$	60	$	97
Cash received upon exercise	$	29	$	77	$	54
Tax benefits realized related to exercise	$	4	$	22	$	38
Total fair value of stock options vested	$	16	$	20	$	18
Total compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested stock options not yet recognized, pre-tax	$	15	$	15	$	21
Weighted-average period in years over which stock option compensation cost is expected to be recognized	2		2		2

Restricted Stock Unit Awards

RSUs, which entitle the holder to receive at the end of a vesting term a specified number of shares of the Company’s common stock, are accounted for at fair value at the date of grant. Total compensation expense for RSUs under our stock plans is determined by the product of the number of shares that are expected to vest and the grant date market price of the Company’s common stock. The Compensation Committee determines the vesting terms at the time of grant. These awards generally vest in three to four years. We recognize compensation expense for RSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Non-employee directors receive an annual grant of RSUs, which vest immediately and are expensed upon grant. The director may elect to receive the underlying shares immediately or defer receipt of the shares if they meet director stock ownership guidelines. The shares will be automatically deferred for those directors who do not meet the director stock ownership guidelines. At March 31, 2019, approximately 63,000 RSUs for our directors are vested.

PeRSUs are awards for which the number of RSUs awarded is conditional upon the attainment of one or more performance objectives over a specified period. Each year, the Compensation Committee approves the target number of PeRSUs representing the base number of RSUs that could be awarded if performance goals are attained. PeRSUs are accounted for as variable awards until the performance goals are reached at which time the grant date is established. Total compensation expense for PeRSUs is determined by the product of the number of shares eligible to be awarded and expected to vest, and the market price of the Company’s common stock, commencing at the inception of the requisite service period. During the performance period, the compensation expense for PeRSUs is re-computed using the market price and the performance modifier at the end of a reporting period. At the end of the performance period, if the goals are attained, the awards are granted and classified as RSUs and accounted for on that basis. We recognize compensation expense for these awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite aggregate service period of generally four years.

PSUs, formerly referred to as TSRUs, are conditional upon the attainment of market and performance objectives over a specified period. The number of vested PSUs is assessed at the end of a three-year performance period upon attainment of a total shareholder return metric relative to a peer group of companies and meeting certain earnings per share targets, and for special PSUs granted in 2019 meeting certain cumulative operating profit metric. We use the Monte Carlo simulation model to measure the fair value of the total shareholder return portion of the PSUs. The earnings per share portion of the PSUs is measured at the grant date market price. PSUs have a requisite service period of approximately three years. Expense is attributed to the requisite service period on a straight-line basis based on the fair value of the PSUs, adjusted for the performance modifier at the end of each reporting period. For PSUs that are designated as equity awards, the fair value is measured at the grant date. For PSUs that are eligible for cash settlement and designated as liability awards, we re-measure the fair value at the end of each reporting period and adjust a corresponding liability on our balance sheet for changes in fair value.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo valuations are as follows:



	Years Ended March 31,
	2019	2018	2017
Expected stock price volatility	31%	29%	23%
Expected dividend yield	0.9%	0.8%	0.7%
Risk-free interest rate	2.6%	1.5%	1.1%
Expected life (in years)	3	3	3

The following table summarizes activity for restricted stock unit awards (RSUs, PeRSUs, and PSUs) during 2019:



(In millions, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Nonvested, March 31, 2018	2	$	176.74
Granted	1	143.94
Cancelled	—	147.88
Vested	(1)	210.30
Nonvested, March 31, 2019	2	$	142.77

The following table provides data related to restricted stock unit award activity:



	Years Ended March 31,
(In millions)	2019		2018		2017
Total fair value of shares vested	$	59	$	156	$	109
Total compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested restricted stock unit awards not yet recognized, pre-tax	$	119	$	97	$	99
Weighted-average period in years over which restricted stock unit award cost is expected to be recognized	2		2		2

ESPP

The Company has an ESPP under which 21 million shares have been authorized for issuance. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions. The deductions occur over three-month purchase periods and the shares are then purchased at 85% of the market price at the end of each purchase period. Employees are allowed to terminate their participation in the ESPP at any time during the purchase period prior to the purchase of the shares. The 15% discount provided to employees on these shares is included in compensation expense. The shares related to funds outstanding at the end of a quarter are included in the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. These amounts have not been significant for all the years presented. We recognize costs for employer matching contributions as ESPP expense over the relevant purchase period. Shares issued under the ESPP were not material in 2019, 2018, and 2017. At March 31, 2019, 3 million shares remain available for issuance.