There were no business combinations during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021.

On August 30, 2021, ADTRAN, Inc. and Adtran Networks (then known as ADVA Optical Networking SE) entered into a Business Combination Agreement, pursuant to which both companies agreed to combine their respective businesses and each become subsidiaries of a new holding company, ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (formerly known as Acorn HoldCo, Inc.), which was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADTRAN, Inc. in order to consummate the transactions under the Business Combination Agreement. Under the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, on July 8, 2022, Acorn MergeCo, Inc, a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned direct subsidiary of the Company, merged with and into ADTRAN, Inc., with ADTRAN, Inc. surviving the Business Combination as a wholly-owned direct subsidiary of the Company.

Additionally, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on July 15, 2022, the Company made a public offer to exchange each issued and outstanding no-par value bearer share of Adtran Networks for 0.8244 shares of Company Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share of the Company. The Exchange Offer was settled on July 15, 2022 (the "Exchange Offer Settlement Date"), on which date the Company acquired 33,957,538 bearer shares of Adtran Networks, or 65.43% of Adtran Networks’ outstanding bearer shares as of the Exchange Offer Settlement Date, in exchange for the issuance of an aggregate of 27,994,595 shares of Company Common Stock. Additionally, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Adtran Networks stock option holders were entitled to have their Adtran Networks stock options assumed by ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (applying the exchange ratio in the Business Combination Agreement), thereafter representing options to acquire stock of ADTRAN, Holdings, Inc. The fair value of the Adtran Networks stock options assumed by ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. was $12.8 million, estimated using the Monte Carlo method.

ADTRAN, Inc. and Adtran Networks became subsidiaries of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. as a result of the Business Combination. ADTRAN, Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer of Adtran Networks based on ADTRAN, Inc. shareholders’ majority equity stake in the combined company, the composition of the board of directors and senior management of the combined company, among other factors. The Business Combination with Adtran Networks has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting as per the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 805, “Business Combinations” (“ASC 805”). The Business Combination Agreement used a fixed exchange ratio of Company Common Stock for Adtran Networks shares of common stock, which resulted in a 36.0% equity stake for Adtran Networks stockholders and a 64.0% equity stake for ADTRAN, Inc. stockholders in the post-closing combined company (calculated on a fully diluted basis and utilizing the tender of 65.43% of Adtran Networks’ current issued and outstanding share capital) as of July 15, 2022. Therefore, ADTRAN, Inc. shareholders continued to hold a majority interest in the combined company following the completion of the Business Combination. Additionally, following the transaction, the Board of Directors was comprised of six members from ADTRAN, Inc. and three members from Adtran Networks; the ADTRAN, Inc. chief executive officer became and continues to act as the chairman of the Board of Directors and the former Adtran Networks chief executive officer became the vice chairman of the Board of Directors. Additionally, the ADTRAN, Inc. chief executive officer and ADTRAN, Inc. chief financial officer held these positions within the combined company immediately following the completion of the Business Combination. Based upon these and other considerations as outlined in ASC 805, ADTRAN, Inc. represented the accounting acquirer.

The following table summarizes the purchase price for the Adtran Networks business combination:


(In thousands, except shares, share price and exchange ratio)	Purchase Price
Adtran Networks shares exchanged		33,957,538
Exchange ratio		0.8244
ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. shares issued		27,994,595
ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. share price on July 15, 2022	$	20.20
Purchase price paid for Adtran Networks shares	$	565,491
Equity compensation (1)	$	12,769
Total purchase price	$	578,260

(1) Represents the portion of replacement share-based payment awards that relates to pre-combination vesting.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recognized at their respective fair values as of July 15, 2022. In determining the fair value, the Company utilized various methods of the income, cost and market approaches depending on the asset or liability being fair valued. The estimation of fair value required significant judgment related to future net cash flows reflecting the risk inherent in each cash flow stream, competitive trends, market comparables and other factors. Inputs were generally determined by taking into account historical data, current and anticipated market conditions, and growth rates.

Developed technology and customer relationships were valued using the multi-period excess earnings method. Backlog was valued using the distributor method. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow analysis for (i) developed technology were the revenue growth rates, long-term revenue growth rate, discount rate, and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) margins, obsolescence factors, income tax rate, tax depreciation, and economic depreciation; (ii) customer relationships were earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) margins, contributory asset charges, and customer attrition rate; and (iii) backlog were EBIT margins, adjusted EBIT margins, and contributory asset charges.

The allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was subject to adjustment within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). The measurement period adjustments since initial preliminary estimates resulted from changes to the fair value estimates of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on finalizing the valuations of inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, property plant and equipment, intangible assets, other non-current assets and deferred tax assets and liabilities. The cumulative effect of all measurement period adjustments resulted in a decrease to recognized goodwill of $8.7 million.

The following table summarizes the final purchase price allocation for each major class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Business Combination (in thousands):


(In thousands)

Total purchase price	$	578,260
Non-controlling interest	$	316,415
Net Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	44,003
Accounts receivable		114,659
Other receivables		1,457
Inventory		200,331
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		28,208
Property plant and equipment		55,480
Deferred tax assets		1,759
Identifiable intangible assets		403,780
Other non-current assets		31,074
Accounts payable		(98,587	)
Current unearned revenue		(26,047	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(59,600	)
Income tax payable, net		(4,898	)
Current portion of notes payable		(25,254	)
Tax liabilities		(1,400	)
Non-current unearned revenue		(11,498	)
Pension liability		(6,820	)
Other non-current liabilities		(6,094	)
Non-current portion of revolving credit agreements and notes payable		(15,250	)
Non-current lease obligations		(20,046	)
Deferred tax liabilities		(61,040	)
Total net assets acquired	$	544,217
Goodwill	$	350,458

The fair value of the assets acquired included accounts receivable of $114.7 million and other receivables of $1.5 million as of the date of the Business Combination. The unpaid principal balance under these receivables as of the date of the Business Combination was $118.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance represents an allowance for credit losses that was factored into the fair value calculation as of the date of the Business Combination.

The fair value of the identifiable intangible assets acquired as of the acquisition date:


(In thousands)	Estimated-average useful life (in years) (1)		Fair value		Income Statement Amortization Classification
Developed technology		8.5	$	291,925	Cost of revenue - Network Solutions
Backlog		1.4		52,165	Cost of revenue - Network Solutions and Services & Support
Customer relationships		10.5		32,704	Selling, general and administrative expenses
Trade name		2.8		26,986	Selling, general and administrative expenses
Total			$	403,780

(1) Determination of the weighted average period of the individual categories of intangible assets was based on the nature of the applicable intangible asset and the expected future cash flows to be derived from the intangible asset. Amortization of intangible assets with definite lives is recognized over the period of time the assets are expected to contribute to future cash flows.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Business Combination resulted in the recognition of goodwill of $350.5 million, which the Company believes is attributable to the value driven by the Company’s expected growth of the business, synergies, and expanded market and product opportunities. Goodwill created as a result of the Business Combination is not deductible for tax purposes.

After the Business Combination, the chief operating decision maker assessed and will continue to assess the Company’s performance and allocate resources to its two segments (1) Network Solutions and (2) Services & Support. The goodwill resulting from the Business Combination of $272.8 million was allocated to the Network Solutions segment, and $77.7 million was allocated to the Services & Support segment. See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this report for more information about the Company’s segments.

As of the acquisition date, the fair value of the non-controlling interest was approximately $316.4 million and determined using a market approach. As a portion of Adtran Networks' shares remains trading after the Business Combination, the non-controlling interest was calculated using 17,941,496 Adtran Networks shares held by non-controlling interest multiplied by the Adtran Networks closing share price of €17.58 ($17.64 using the July 15, 2022 EUR to USD conversion rate of $1.00318) on July 15, 2022.

The Company has included the financial results of Adtran Networks in its consolidated financial statements since July 15, 2022, the acquisition date. The net revenue from the Adtran Networks business for the Adtran Networks business for the period from July 15, 2022 through December 31, 2022, was $365.9 million and the net loss from the Adtran Networks business for the period from July 15, 2022 through December 31, 2022, was $12.9 million which are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Loss. The net revenue from the Adtran Networks business for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $666.3 million and the net loss from the Adtran Networks business for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $93.6 million which are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Loss. The net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interest from the Adtran Networks business for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $8.4 million and ($6.9) million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $11.5 million, representing the portion of the annual recurring cash compensation to the non-controlling shareholders accrued during such periods, which will be paid after the ordinary general shareholders' meeting of Adtran Networks beginning in 2024. See Note 1 and Note 17 for additional information on RNCI and the annual dividend.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has incurred $26.2 million of transaction costs related to the Business Combination, of which $0.1 million, $14.2 million and $11.9 million were incurred during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These transaction costs are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Loss.

The unaudited pro forma financial information in the table below summarizes the combined results of operations for ADTRAN, Inc. and Adtran Networks as though the Business Combination had occurred on January 1, 2021. The pro forma amounts have been adjusted for differences in basis of accounting which are determined before taking into effect the impacts of purchase accounting and Business Combination accounting impacts.

The following unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only. It is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations of future periods, the results of operations that actually would have been realized had the entities been a single company as of January 1, 2021, or the future operating results of the combined entities. The unaudited pro forma information does not give effect to the potential impact of current financial conditions, regulatory matters or any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies or cost savings that may be associated with the acquisition. The unaudited pro forma information also does not include any integration costs that the Company has incurred and may continue to incur related to the Business Combination as part of combining the operations of the companies.


	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022			2021

Revenue	$	1,410,296		$	1,210,201
Net loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.	$	(46,204	)	$	(91,423	)