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Stockholders' Equity
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]  
Stockholders' Equity STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common Stocks
1-for-7 Reverse Stock Split
At the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders held on June 15, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved a form of the certificate of amendment (“Certificate of Amendment”) to the Certificate of Incorporation and authorized our board of directors to amend the Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock at a ratio ranging from any whole number of at least 1-for-2 and up to 1-for-10, with the exact ratio within the foregoing range to be determined by the board of directors in its sole discretion.
On June 15, 2023, our board of directors determined to set the reverse stock split at 1-for-7 (the “Split Ratio”). The Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 15, 2023, with the reverse stock split becoming effective on June 16, 2023 (the “Effective Time”). At the Effective Time, every seven shares of common stock issued and outstanding automatically combined into one validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the reverse stock split. The fractional shares were settled in cash in an amount not material to the Company. The $0.0001 par value per share of common stock and other terms of the common stock were not affected by the reverse stock split. The number of authorized shares of common stock under the Certificate of Incorporation remained unchanged at 50,000,000 shares.
The current financial statements, as well as the prior-period financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.
Our outstanding shares of restricted stock and shares underlying our options and warrants entitling the holders to purchase shares of common stock have been adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split, as required by the terms of these securities. Also, the number of shares reserved for issuance under our existing 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and our 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan were reduced proportionately based on the Split Ratio. Preferred shares outstanding were not affected by the reverse stock split and as such, those shares have not been adjusted.
The reverse stock split was effected solely to increase the per share trading price of the common stock to satisfy the Bid Price Rule for continued listing on Nasdaq. The common stock began trading on Nasdaq on a split-adjusted basis at the opening of trading on June 19, 2023.
Private Placements
The Company entered the securities purchase agreements with certain investors and issued 2,870,964 (including debt-to-equity exchange noted in Note 7, “Debt”) and 384,615 shares of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
September 2023 Private Placement
On September 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 853,658 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $2.05 (the “September 2023 Private Placement”).
Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the September 2023 Private Placement were approximately $1.75 million. The September 2023 Private Placement closed on September 29, 2023.
June 2023 Private Placement
On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 746,875 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.76 (the “June 2023 Private Placement”). One of the purchasers was Mr. Huang, the Company’s CEO.
Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the June 2023 Private Placement were approximately $1.3 million. The June 2023 Private Placement closed on June 29, 2023.
March 2023 Private Placements
On March 28, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mr. Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “March 28, 2023 Private Placement”), 15,500 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.55 per share.
On March 30, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (collectively with the March 28, 2023 Private Placement, the “March 2023 Private Placements”), 71,428 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.50 per share.
Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the March 2023 Private Placements were $305 thousand. Each of the March 2023 Private Placements was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules.
February 2023 Private Placement
On February 24, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “February 2023 Private Placement”), 114,744 shares of the Company’s common stock, for a purchase price of $3.49 per share.
Gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the February 2023 Private Placement were $400 thousand. The February 2023 Private Placement was priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.
January 2023 Sander Electronics Private Placement
On January 17, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Sander Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers associated with Sander Electronics, Inc., pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement (the “Sander Private Placement”) an aggregate of 778,017 shares of common stock for a purchase price per share of $3.51. Consideration for the transaction included exchange of approximately $657 thousand in the aggregate of outstanding amounts on previous short-term bridge financings, including the 2022 Promissory Notes issued to Mr. Huang, as described above in Note 7, “Debt”.
Aggregate gross proceeds from the Sander Private Placement were approximately $2.1 million. The Sander Private Placement was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules.
January 2023 Transactions with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang
On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, 36,828 shares of the Company’s common stock, for a purchase price of $2.72 per share. On January 10, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Ms. Huang, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, 46,543 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.22 per share.
Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of these private placements to Ms. Huang were $250 thousand. Each of the private placements to Ms. Huang was priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.
On January 17, 2023, the Company and Ms. Huang entered into exchange agreements pursuant to which the Company and Ms. Huang agreed to exchange the approximately $817 thousand aggregate outstanding amounts on previous short-term bridge financings, including the 2022 Promissory Notes issued to Ms. Huang, as described above in Note 7, “Debt”, for an aggregate of 207,371 shares of common stock at a price per share of $3.94. The exchanges were priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.
June 2022 Private Placement
In June 2022, we completed a private placement (the “June 2022 Private Placement”) with certain institutional investors for the sale of 187,637 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $9.10 per share. We also sold to the same institutional investors (i) pre-funded warrants (the “June 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 196,978 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0007 per share and (ii) warrants (collectively with the June 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants, the “June 2022 Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 384,615 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.10 per share. In connection with the June 2022 Private Placement, we paid the placement agent commissions of $252 thousand, plus $35 thousand in expenses, and we also paid legal, accounting and other fees of $47 thousand. Total offering costs of $334 thousand have been presented as a reduction of additional paid-in capital and have been netted within equity in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022. Net proceeds to us from the June 2022 Private Placement were approximately $3.2 million. We determined the exercise price of the June 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants to be nominal and, as such, have considered the 196,978 shares underlying them to be outstanding effective June 7, 2022, for purposes of calculating net loss per share.
In July 2022, all of the June 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised. As of December 31, 2023, June 2022 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 384,615 shares remained outstanding, with a weighted average exercise price of $9.10 per share. The exercise of the remaining June 2022 Warrants outstanding could provide us with cash proceeds of up to $3.5 million in the aggregate.
December 2021 Private Placement
In December 2021, we completed a private placement (the “December 2021 Private Placement”) with certain institutional investors for the sale of 170,455 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $24.64 per share. We also sold to the same institutional investors (i) pre-funded warrants (the “December 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 12,175 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0007 per share and (ii) warrants (collectively with the December 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants, the “December 2021 Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 182,630 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $24.64 per share. In connection with the December 2021 Private Placement, we paid the placement agent commissions of $360 thousand plus $42 thousand in expenses and we also paid legal, accounting and other fees of $97 thousand. Net proceeds from the December 2021 Private Placement were approximately $4.0 million.
In January 2022, all of the December 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised. As of December 31, 2023, December 2021 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 182,630 shares remained outstanding, with an exercise price of $24.64 per share. The December 2021 Warrants expire on December 16, 2026. The exercise of the remaining December 2021 Warrants outstanding could provide us with cash proceeds of up to $4.5 million in the aggregate.
Preferred Stock
The Series A Preferred Stock was created by the filing of a Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 29, 2019, which designated 2,000,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as Series A Preferred Stock (the “Original Series A Certificate of Designation”). On January 15, 2020 with prior stockholder approval, the Company amended the Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of preferred stock to 5,000,000. The Original Series A Certificate of Designation was also amended on January 15, 2020, to
increase the number of shares of preferred stock designated as Series A Preferred Stock to 3,300,000 (the Original Series A Certificate of Designation, as so amended, the “Series A Certificate of Designation”).
Pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, each holder of outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to vote with holders of outstanding shares of common stock, voting together as a single class, with respect to any and all matters presented to the stockholders of the Company for their action or consideration, except as provided by law. In any such vote, each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall entitle its holder to a number of votes equal to 1.582% of the number of shares of common stock into which such share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible.
The Series A Preferred Stock (a) has a preference upon liquidation equal to $0.67 per share and then participates on an as-converted basis with the common stock with respect to any additional distributions, (b) shall receive any dividends declared and payable on our common stock on an as-converted basis, and (c) is convertible at the option of the holder into shares of our common stock on a 1- for- 35 basis.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 876,447 Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding which can be convertible into 25 thousand shares of common stock at the option of the holder.
Warrants
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no warrants were exercised.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had the following outstanding warrants:
As of
December 31, 2023
As of
 December 31, 2022
Number of Underlying SharesExercise PriceExpiration
June 2022 Warrants384,615384,615$9.10December 16, 2026
December 2021 Warrants182,630182,630$24.64June 7, 2027
January 2020 Investor Warrants26,81926,819$23.59January 13, 2025
January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants5,9545,954$34.96January 13, 2025
600,018 600,018
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense is attributable to stock options and restricted stock unit awards. For all stock-based awards, we recognize expense using a straight-line amortization method.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense and the impact it had on operations for the periods presented (in thousands):
 For the year ended December 31,
 20232022
Cost of sales$2 $2 
Product development— 15 
Selling, general, and administrative42 100 
Total stock-based compensation$44 $117 
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had unearned stock compensation expense of $64 thousand and $128 thousand, respectively. These costs will be charged to expense and amortized on a straight-line basis in subsequent periods. The remaining weighted average period over which the unearned compensation is expected to be amortized was approximately 2.7 years years as of December 31, 2023 and 2.8 years as of December 31, 2022. 
Stock Options
The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Estimates utilized in the calculation include the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility, and are further comparatively detailed as follows:
 20232022
Fair value of options issued$2.49 $0.77 
Exercise price$3.04 $0.95 
Expected life of option (in years)6.16.1
Risk-free interest rate3.5 %3.0 %
Expected volatility101.8 %104.0 %
Dividend yield0.00 %0.00 %
We utilize the simplified method as provided by ASC 718-10 to calculate the expected stock option life. Under ASC 718-10, the expected stock option life is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term of the stock option award. The use of this simplified method in place of using the actual historical exercise data is allowed when a stock option award meets all of the following criteria: the exercise price of the stock option equals the stock price on the date of grant; the exercisability of the stock option is only conditional upon completing the service requirement through the vesting date; employees who terminate their service prior to the vesting date forfeit their stock options; employees who terminate their service after vesting are granted a limited time period to exercise their stock options; and the stock options are nontransferable and non-hedgeable. We believe that our stock option awards meet all of these criteria. The estimated expected life of the option is calculated based on contractual life of the option, the vesting life of the option, and historical exercise patterns of vested options. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected life of the option. The volatility estimates are calculated using historical volatility of our stock price calculated over a period of time representative of the expected life of the option. We have not paid dividends in the past, and do not expect to pay dividends over the corresponding expected term as of the grant date.

Options outstanding under all plans at December 31, 2023 have a contractual life of ten years, and vesting periods between one and four years. A summary of option activity under all plans was as follows:
Number of
Options*		Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 202138,032 $24.30 
Granted32,317 6.67 
Exercised(22,893)21.00 
Canceled/forfeited(318)19.52 
Expired(36)10.18 
Outstanding at December 31, 202247,102 13.78 
Granted11,427 $3.04 
Canceled/forfeited(24,076)18.55 
Expired(3,878)17.03 
Balance at December 31, 202330,575 $5.60 
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 202325,679 $5.77 
Exercisable at December 31, 20238,068 $7.53 
*Options have been restated for the 1-for-7 reverse stock split effective June 16, 2023.
The “Expected to Vest” options are the unvested options that remain after applying the pre-vesting forfeiture rate assumption to total unvested options. No options were exercised during 2023 and 22,893 options were exercised during 2022. All outstanding equity awards were out of the money as of December 31, 2023.
The options outstanding at December 31, 2023 have been segregated into ranges for additional disclosure as follows:
OPTIONS OUTSTANDINGOPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices
Number of Shares OutstandingWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)Weighted Average Exercise PriceNumber of Shares ExercisableWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)Weighted Average Exercise Price
$3.04—$4.147,142 9.3$3.04 — — $— 
$4.15—$5.7321,428 8.75.25 6,702 8.75.25 
$5.74—$13.48882 7.28.34 453 6.79.26 
$13.49—$27.55661 5.816.80 661 5.816.80 
$27.56—$59.78463 7.039.91 252 6.840.68 
   30,576 8.7$5.60 8,068 8.3$7.53 
Restricted Stock Units
In 2015, we began issuing restricted stock units to certain employees and non-employee Directors under the 2014 Plan with vesting periods ranging from one to four years from the grant date. In 2020, we began issuing restricted stock units to certain employees and non-employee Directors under the 2020 Plan with vesting periods ranging from one to four years.
The following table shows a summary of restricted stock unit activity:
 Restricted Stock Units Outstanding*Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021343 $1.02 
Granted7,143 $0.18 
Expired(5,829)$0.22 
Outstanding at December 31, 20221,657 $11.13 
Expired(1,428)$4.90 
Canceled/forfeited(229)$49.99 
Outstanding at December 31, 2023— $— 
*Restricted stock units have been restated for the 1-for-7 reverse stock split effective June 16, 2023.