STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Warrants

In the past, we have issued warrants in conjunction with various equity issuances, debt financing arrangements and sales incentives. During 2017 all outstanding warrants totaling 6,750 were canceled or otherwise forfeited. Accordingly, there were no warrants issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

In January of 2020, we offered and sold 3,441,803 shares of our common stock to certain institutional investors, at a purchase price of $0.674 per share in a registered direct offering. We also sold to the same institutional investors unregistered warrants to purchase up to 3,441,803 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.674 per share in a concurrent private placement for a purchase price of $0.125 per warrant. Refer to Note 16 “Subsequent Events” for further information.

Stock-based compensation

On May 6, 2014, our board of directors approved the Energy Focus, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by the stockholders at our annual meeting on July 15, 2014, after which no further awards could be issued under the Energy Focus, Inc. 2008 Incentive Stock Plan (the “2008 Plan”). The 2014 Plan initially allowed for awards up to 600,000 shares of common stock and expires on July 15, 2024. On July 22, 2015, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan by an additional 600,000 shares. On June 21, 2017, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan by an additional 1,300,000. We have two other equity-based compensation plans under which options are currently outstanding; however, no new awards may be granted under these plans. Generally, stock options are granted at fair market value and expire ten years from the grant date. Employee grants generally vest in three or four years, while grants to non-employee directors generally vest in one year. The specific terms of each grant are determined by our board of directors. At December 31, 2019, 851,160 shares remain available to grant under the 2014 Plan.

Stock-based compensation expense is attributed to the granting of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock unit awards. For all stock-based awards, we recognize compensation expense using a straight-line amortization method.

The impact on our results for stock-based compensation was as follows (in thousands):



	For the year ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Cost of sales	$	9	$	37	$	34
Product development	26		118		59
Selling, general, and administrative	581		753		714
Total stock-based compensation	$	616	$	908	$	807

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had unearned stock compensation expense of $0.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively. These costs will be charged to expense and amortized on a straight-line basis in subsequent periods. The remaining weighted average period over which the unearned compensation is expected to be amortized was approximately 2.6 years as of December 31, 2019 and 1.8 years as of December 31, 2018.

Stock options

The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Estimates utilized in the calculation include the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility, and are further comparatively detailed as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
Fair value of options issued	$	0.29		$	1.41		$	2.66
Exercise price	$	0.44		$	1.97		$	3.55
Expected life of option (in years)	4.8			5.9			5.8
Risk-free interest rate	1.8		%	2.7		%	2.1		%
Expected volatility	90.0		%	84.2		%	91.9		%
Dividend yield	0.00		%	0.00		%	0.00		%

We utilize the simplified method as provided by ASC 718-10 to calculate the expected stock option life. Under ASC 718-10, the expected stock option life is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term of the stock option award. The use of this simplified method in place of using the actual historical exercise data is allowed when a stock option award meets all of the following criteria: the exercise price of the stock option equals the stock price on the date of grant; the exercisability of the stock option is only conditional upon completing the service requirement through the vesting date; employees who terminate their service prior to the vesting date forfeit their stock options; employees who terminate their service after vesting are granted a limited time period to exercise their stock options; and the stock options are nontransferable and non-hedgeable. We believe that our stock option awards meet all of these criteria. The estimated expected life of the option is calculated based on contractual life of the option, the vesting life of the option, and historical exercise patterns of vested options. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected life of the option. The volatility estimates are calculated using historical volatility of our stock price calculated over a period of time representative of the expected life of the option. We have not paid dividends in the past, and do not expect to pay dividends over the corresponding expected term as of the grant date.

Options outstanding under all plans at December 31, 2019 have a contractual life of ten years, and vesting periods between one and four years. A summary of option activity under all plans was as follows:



	Number of Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	530,734		$	7.48
Granted	192,984		3.55
Cancelled	(377,095	)	6.71
Expired	(56,111	)	10.65
Exercised	(42,000	)	2.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	248,512		5.76
Granted	100,746		1.97
Cancelled	(46,387	)	6.96
Expired	(10,000	)	20.00
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	292,871		3.78
Granted	689,300		0.44
Cancelled	(177,493	)	2.55
Expired	(27,525	)	5.33
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	777,153		$	1.04

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019	578,486		$	1.25

Exercisable at December 31, 2019	111,595		$	4.61

The “Expected to Vest” options are the unvested options that remain after applying the pre-vesting forfeiture rate assumption to total unvested options. No options were exercised during 2019. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2019 was zero dollars each, which was calculated using the closing stock price at the end of the year of $0.46 per share less the option price of the in-the-money grants.

The options outstanding at December 31, 2019 have been segregated into ranges for additional disclosure as follows:



OPTIONS OUTSTANDING							OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Shares Outstanding	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares Exercisable	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price
$0.42	—	$0.45	450,000	9.5	$	0.42	—	—	$	—
$0.46	—	$1.81	213,800	1.9	0.48		—	—	—
$1.82	—	$3.76	72,603	7.2	3.34		70,845	7.2	3.35
$3.77	—	$10.70	40,750	4.1	6.80		40,750	4.1	6.80
			777,153	6.9	$	1.04	111,595	6.0	$	4.61

Restricted stock and restricted stock units

In 2015, we began issuing restricted stock units to employees and non-employee Directors under the 2014 Plan with vesting periods ranging from 1 to 3 years from the grant date.

The following table shows a summary of restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity:



	Restricted Stock Units Outstanding		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
At December 31, 2016	250,115		$	6.34
Granted	375,542		3.18
Vested	(115,622	)	5.78
Forfeited	(203,893	)	5.30
At December 31, 2017	306,142		3.37
Granted	553,657		2.38
Vested	(222,835	)	3.11
Forfeited	(90,106	)	2.99
At December 31, 2018	546,858		2.54
Granted	85,575		0.62
Vested	(436,282	)	2.23
Forfeited	(163,100	)	2.33
At December 31, 2019	33,051		$	2.63

Employee stock purchase plans

In September 2013, our stockholders approved the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2013 Plan”) to replace the 1994 prior purchase plan. A total of 500,000 shares of common stock were provided for issuance under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to the lower of 85 percent of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of the offering period. Employees may end their participation at any time during the offering period, and participation ends automatically upon termination of employment with us. During 2019, 2018, and 2017, employees purchased 15,706, 25,953 and 16,004 shares, respectively. At December 31, 2019, 385,778 shares remained available for purchase under the 2013 Plan.