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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]  
Summary of stock-based compensation expense
The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense and the impact it had on operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

 
Three months ended
September 30,
 
Nine months ended
September 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Cost of sales
$
1

 
$
8

 
$
8

 
$
27

Product development
2

 
31

 
24

 
86

Selling, general, and administrative
31

 
237

 
525

 
593

Total stock-based compensation
$
34

 
$
276

 
$
557

 
$
706

Schedule of valuation assumptions
Estimates utilized in the calculation include the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility, and are further comparatively detailed as follows:

 
Nine months ended
September 30,
 
2019
 
2018
Fair value of options issued
$
0.32

 
$
1.41

Exercise price
$
0.42

 
$
1.97

Expected life of options (in years)
6.3

 
5.9

Risk-free interest rate
1.9
%
 
2.6
%
Expected volatility
90.0
%
 
84.2
%
Dividend yield
0.0
%
 
0.0
%
Summary of option activity
A summary of option activity under all plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is presented as follows:

 
Number of
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Per
Share
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (in years)
Balance at December 31, 2018
292,871

 
$
3.78

 
 
Granted
450,000

 
0.42

 
 
Canceled/forfeited
(151,993
)
 
2.90

 
 
Expired
(27,525
)
 
5.33

 
 
Balance at September 30, 2019
563,353

 
$
1.26

 
9.1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2019
420,864

 
$
1.54

 
8.9
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercisable at September 30, 2019
109,837

 
$
4.63

 
6.3
Summary of restricted stock activity
A summary of restricted stock unit activity under all plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is presented as follows:

 
Restricted
Stock Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant
Date
Fair Value
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (in years)
Balance at December 31, 2018
546,858

 
$
2.54

 
 
Granted
27,187

 
1.04

 
 
Released
(377,894
)
 
2.51

 
 
Canceled/forfeited
(152,441
)
 
2.32

 
 
Balance at September 30, 2019
43,710

 
$
2.62

 
1.2