FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting standards pertaining to fair value measurements establish a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company held certain items that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. These included cash equivalents, short-term investments (primarily treasury bills), fuel derivative contracts, and available-for-sale securities. The majority of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of instruments classified as Level 1. However, the Company has certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and time deposits that are classified as Level 2, due to the fact that the fair value for these instruments is determined utilizing observable inputs in non-active markets. Equity securities primarily consist of investments with readily determinable market values associated with the Company’s excess benefit plan.

The Company’s fuel and interest rate derivative instruments consist of over-the-counter contracts, which are not traded on a public exchange. Fuel derivative instruments currently consist solely of option contracts, whereas interest rate derivatives consist solely of swap agreements. See Note 11 for further information on the Company’s derivative instruments and hedging activities. The fair values of swap contracts are determined based on inputs that are readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. Therefore, the Company has categorized these swap contracts as Level 2. The Company’s Treasury Department, which reports to the Chief Financial Officer, determines the value of option contracts utilizing an option pricing model based on inputs that are either readily available in public markets, can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets, or are provided by financial institutions that trade these contracts. The option pricing model used by the Company is an industry standard model for valuing options and is a similar model used by the broker/dealer community (i.e., the Company’s counterparties). The inputs to this option pricing model are the option strike price, underlying price, risk free rate of interest, time to expiration, and volatility. Because certain inputs used to determine the fair value of option contracts are unobservable (principally implied volatility), the Company has categorized these option contracts as Level 3. Volatility information is obtained from external sources, but is analyzed by the Company for reasonableness and compared to similar information received from other external sources. The fair value of option contracts considers both the intrinsic value and any remaining time value associated with those derivatives that have not yet settled. The Company also considers counterparty credit risk and its own credit risk in its determination of all estimated fair values. To validate the reasonableness of the Company’s option pricing model, on a monthly basis, the Company compares its option valuations to third party valuations. If any significant differences were to be noted, they would be researched in order to determine the reason. However, historically, no significant differences have been noted. The Company has consistently applied these valuation techniques in all periods presented and believes it has obtained the most accurate information available for the types of derivative contracts it holds.

Included in Other available-for-sale securities are the Company's investments associated with its deferred compensation plans, which consist of mutual funds that are publicly traded and for which market prices are readily available. These plans are non-qualified deferred compensation plans designed to hold contributions in excess of limits established by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The distribution timing and payment amounts under these plans are made based on the participant's distribution election and plan balance. Assets related to the funded portions of the deferred compensation plans are held in a rabbi trust, and the Company remains liable to these participants for the unfunded portion of the plans. The Company records changes in the fair value of plan obligations and plan assets, which net to zero, within the Salaries, wages, and benefits line and Other (gains) losses, net line, respectively, of the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:


			Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
			Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets		Significant other observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
Description	December 31, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets	(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Cash equivalents (a)	$	9,032	$	9,032	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper	135		—		135		—
Certificates of deposit	21		—		21		—
Time deposits	100		—		100		—
Short-term investments:
Treasury bills	1,983		1,983		—		—
Certificates of deposit	203		—		203		—


Fuel derivatives:
Option contracts (b)	223		—		—		223

Equity Securities	280		280		—		—
Total assets	$	11,977	$	11,295	$	459	$	223

(a) Cash equivalents are primarily composed of money market investments and treasury bills.

(b) In the Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts are presented as an asset. See Note 11.


			Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
			Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets		Significant other observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
Description	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets	(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Cash equivalents (a)	$	9,040	$	9,040	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper	179		—		179		—
Certificates of deposit	23		—		23		—
Time deposits	250		—		250		—
Short-term investments:
Treasury bills	2,226		2,226		—		—
Certificates of deposit	124		—		124		—
Time deposits	450		—		450		—
Fuel derivatives:
Option contracts (b)	512		—		—		512
Interest rate derivatives (see Note 11)	$	14	$	—	$	14	$	—
Equity Securities	235		235		—		—
Total assets	$	13,053	$	11,501	$	1,040	$	512

(a) Cash equivalents are primarily composed of money market investments.

(b) In the Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts are presented as an asset. See Note 11.

The Company did not have any material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. The following tables present the Company’s activity for items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for 2023 and 2022:


Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
(in millions)	Fuel derivatives
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	512
Total gains (losses) for the period
Included in earnings	17		(a)
Included in other comprehensive income	(312)
Purchases	273		(b)

Settlements	(267)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	223

The amount of total losses for the period included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held as of December 31, 2023	$	209

(a) Included in Other (gains) losses, net, within the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(b) The purchase of fuel derivatives is recorded on a gross basis based on the structure of the derivative instrument and whether a contract with multiple derivatives was purchased as a single instrument or separate instruments.


Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
(in millions)	Fuel derivatives
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	696
Total gains for the period
Included in earnings	41		(a)
Included in other comprehensive income	645
Purchases	79		(b)

Settlements	(949)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	512

The amount of total gains for the period included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held as of December 31, 2022	$	122

(a) Included in Other (gains) losses, net, within the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(b) The purchase and sale of fuel derivatives is recorded on a gross basis based on the structure of the derivative instrument and whether a contract with multiple derivatives was purchased as a single instrument or separate instruments.

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s derivative option contracts is implied volatility. Holding other inputs constant, an increase (decrease) in implied volatility would have resulted in a higher (lower) fair value measurement, respectively, for the Company’s derivative option contracts.

The following table presents a range and weighted average of the unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value measurements of the Company’s fuel derivatives classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2023:


Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements
	Valuation technique	Unobservable input	Period (by year)	Range	Weighted Average (a)
Fuel derivatives	Option model	Implied volatility	2024	20-41%	31	%
			2025	26-28%	27	%
			2026	26-27%	26	%

(a) Implied volatility weighted by the notional amount (barrels of underlying commodity) that will settle in respective period.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s short-term and long-term debt (including current maturities), as well as the applicable fair value hierarchy tier, as of December 31, 2023, are presented in the table below. The fair values of the Company’s publicly held long-term debt are determined based on inputs that are readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets; therefore, the Company has categorized these agreements as Level 2. All privately held debt agreements are categorized as Level 3. The Company has determined the estimated fair value of this debt to be Level 3, as certain inputs used to determine the fair value of these agreements are unobservable. The Company utilizes indicative pricing from counterparties and a discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of the Level 3 items.


(in millions)	Carrying value	Estimated fair value	Fair value level hierarchy




5.25% Notes due 2025	1,302	1,303	Level 2
1.25% Convertible Notes due 2025	1,611	1,640	Level 2
3.00% Notes due 2026	300	285	Level 2
7.375% Debentures due 2027	111	117	Level 2
3.45% Notes due 2027	300	284	Level 2
5.125% Notes due 2027	1,727	1,737	Level 2
2.625% Notes due 2030	500	438	Level 2



1.000% Payroll Support Program Loan due 2030 (a)	976	932	Level 3
1.000% Payroll Support Program Loan due 2031 (a)	566	522	Level 3
1.000% Payroll Support Program Loan due 2031 (a)	526	481	Level 3

(a) The interest rate will change to Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus two percent on the fifth anniversary of the loans.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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