10-K

-FN6 - VIE's

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-13232 (Apartment Investment and Management Company)

Commission file number 0-56223 (Aimco OP L.P.)

Apartment Investment and Management Company

Aimco OP L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland (Apartment Investment and Management Company)	84-1259577
Delaware (Aimco OP L.P.)	85-2460835
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)
4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1450 Denver, Colorado	80237
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (303-224-7900)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company)	AIV	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None (Apartment Investment and Management Company)

Partnership Common Units (Aimco OP L.P.)

(title of each class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☒ No ☐ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☐ No ☒ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☒ No ☐ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☒ No ☐ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Apartment Investment and Management Company:

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

Aimco OP L.P.:

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Apartment Investment and Management Company: ☐ Aimco OP L.P.: ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☒ No ☐ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes ☐ No ☒ Aimco OP L.P.: Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock of Apartment Investment and Management Company held by non-affiliates of Apartment Investment and Management Company was approximately $1.0 billion based upon the closing price of $6.40 on June 30, 2022.

As of February 24, 2023, there were 149,925,165 shares of Class A common stock ("Common Stock") outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Apartment Investment and Management Company ("Aimco" or "the Company"), a Maryland corporation, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. On December 15, 2020, Aimco completed the separation of its business into two, separate and distinct, publicly traded companies, Aimco and Apartment Income REIT Corp. (“AIR”). The separation was effected by way of a pro rata distribution, in which stockholders of Aimco received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (“AIR Operating Partnership”), formerly known as “Aimco Properties, L.P.” until July 7, 2021, also completed a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common limited partnership units of Aimco OP L.P. ("Aimco Operating Partnership" and such units, "OP Units") to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common limited partnership units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance partnership units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. The transactions described in this paragraph are collectively referred to as the “Separation” and are governed by the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”).

Notwithstanding the legal form of the Separation, for accounting and financial reporting purposes, Aimco is presented as being spun-off from AIR. This presentation is in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and is due primarily to the relative significance of Aimco’s business, as measured in terms of revenue, net income, assets, and other relevant indicators, as compared to those indicators for AIR before the Separation. Therefore, Aimco is considered “spun” for accounting purposes and AIR is considered the divesting entity and treated as the accounting spinner, or accounting predecessor. A separate capital structure did not exist since the assets, liabilities and operations of Aimco prior to the Separation (Aimco and AIR together, as they existed prior to the Separation, “Aimco Predecessor”) were spread across multiple legal entities. Events noted in this filing as occurring before December 15, 2020, were those entered into by Aimco Predecessor. The historical financial statements of Aimco do not represent the financial position and results of operations of one legal entity, but rather a combination of entities under common control that have been “carved out” from Aimco Predecessor’s financial statements.

Aimco, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, is the general partner and directly is the special limited partner of Aimco Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2022, Aimco owned 92.6% of the legal interest in the common partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership and 94.9% of the economic interest in Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 7.4% legal interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management.

Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco's assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco's business. Pursuant to the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement, Aimco is required to contribute to Aimco Operating Partnership all proceeds from the offerings of its securities. In exchange for the contribution of such proceeds, Aimco receives additional interests in Aimco Operating Partnership with similar terms (e.g., if Aimco contributes proceeds of a stock offering, Aimco receives partnership units with terms substantially similar to the stock issued by Aimco).

This filing combines the Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, of Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership. Where it is important to distinguish between the two entities, we refer to them specifically. As used herein and except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively.

We believe combining the periodic reports of Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits:

•We present our business as a whole, in the same manner our management views and operates the business;

•We eliminate duplicative disclosure and provide a more streamlined and readable presentation because a substantial portion of the disclosures apply to both Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership; and

•We save time and cost through the preparation of a single combined report rather than two separate reports.

We operate Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership as one enterprise, the management of Aimco directs the management and operations of Aimco Operating Partnership, and Aimco OP GP, LLC, Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner, is member managed by Aimco.

We believe it is important to understand the few differences between Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership in the context of how Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. Aimco has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in Aimco Operating Partnership. Also, Aimco is a corporation that issues publicly traded equity from time to time, whereas Aimco Operating Partnership is a partnership that has no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from stock offerings by Aimco, which are contributed to Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for additional limited partnership interests (of a similar type and in an amount equal to the shares of stock sold in the offering), Aimco Operating Partnership generates all

remaining capital required by its business. These sources include Aimco Operating Partnership’s working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facility, the issuance of debt and equity securities, including additional partnership units, and proceeds received from the sale of real estate.

Equity, partners’ capital, and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Aimco and those of Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership held by entities other than Aimco, are classified within partners’ capital in Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in Aimco’s consolidated financial statements.

To help investors understand the differences between Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership, this report provides separate consolidated financial statements for Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity’s stockholders’ equity or partners’ capital, and earnings per share or earnings per unit, as applicable; and a combined Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity.

This report also includes separate Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership are both compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP, L.P.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

Item		Page
	PART I
1.	Business	2
1A.	Risk Factors	5
1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	20
2.	Properties	20
3.	Legal Proceedings	20
4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	20
	PART II
5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	21
6.	[Reserved]
7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	34
9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	35
9A.	Controls and Procedures	35
9B.	Other Information	39
9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections	39
	PART III
10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	40
11.	Executive Compensation	58
12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	85
13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	86
14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	88
	PART IV
15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	90
16.	Form 10-K Summary	94

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements in certain circumstances. Certain information included in this Annual Report contains or may contain information that is forward-looking, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including, without limitation, statements regarding: the ongoing relationship between Aimco and AIR (the "Separate Entities") following the Separation; adverse economic and geopolitical conditions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impact our operations, including on our ability to maintain current or meet projected occupancy, rental rate and property operating results; the effect of acquisitions, dispositions, developments, and redevelopments; including our ability to meet budgeted costs and timelines, and achieve budgeted rental rates related to our development and redevelopment investments; expectations regarding sales of our apartment communities and the use of proceeds thereof; the availability and cost of corporate debt; and our ability to comply with debt covenants, including financial coverage ratios.

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s judgment as of this date, which is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations, including, but not limited to: the effects and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events which may adversely affect the markets in which our securities trade, and other macro-economic conditions , including, among other things, supply chain challenges, rising interest rates and inflation, all of which heightens the impact of the other risks and factors described herein, and the impact on entities in which we hold a partial interest, including its indirect interest in the partnership that owns Parkmerced Apartments; real estate and operating risks, including fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in the markets in which we operate and competition for residents in such markets; national and local economic conditions, including the pace of job growth and the level of unemployment; the amount, location and quality of competitive new housing supply; the timing and effects of acquisitions, dispositions, developments and redevelopments; expectations regarding sales of apartment communities and the use of proceeds thereof; insurance risks, including the cost of insurance, and natural disasters and severe weather such as hurricanes; supply chain disruptions, particularly with respect to raw materials such as lumber, steel, and concrete; financing risks, including the availability and cost of financing; the risk that cash flows from operations may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest; the risk that earnings may not be sufficient to maintain compliance with debt covenants, including financial coverage ratios; legal and regulatory risks, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and any adverse outcomes; the terms of laws and governmental regulations that affect us and interpretations of those laws and regulations; possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of apartment communities presently owned by us; the relationship between the Separate Entities after the Separation; the ability and willingness of the Separate Entities and their subsidiaries to meet and/or perform their obligations under any contractual arrangements that were entered into among the parties in connection with the Separation and any of their obligations to indemnify, defend and hold the other party harmless from and against various claims, litigation and liabilities; and the ability to achieve some or all the benefits that we expect to achieve from the Separation; and such other risks and uncertainties described from time to time in filings by the Separate Entities with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

In addition, our current and continuing qualification as a real estate investment trust involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, through actual operating results, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership.

Readers should carefully review our financial statements and the notes thereto, as well as the section entitled “Risk Factors” described in Item 1A of this Annual Report and subsequent documents we file from time to time with the SEC.

Certain financial and operating measures found herein and used by management are not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). These measures are defined and reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measures under the Non-GAAP Measures heading.

1

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

The Company

Aimco, a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Aimco is, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, the general and special limited partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, a Delaware Limited Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through Aimco Operating Partnership.

On December 15, 2020, we completed the Separation, creating two separate and distinct, publicly traded companies, Aimco and AIR. Additional information regarding the Separation is contained in the Explanatory Note.

Please refer to Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for discussion regarding our business segments.

Executive Overview

Our mission is to make real estate investments, primarily focused on the multifamily sector within targeted U.S. markets, where outcomes are enhanced through our human capital and substantial value is created for investors, teammates, and the communities in which we operate.

Our value proposition includes our:

•Platform, consisting of a cohesive, talented, and tenured team with diverse real estate industry experience combined with a disciplined and proven investment process;

•Diversified portfolio, consisting of $0.8 billion of in-process value-added investments, a deep pipeline which includes approximately 14 million square feet of potential future development, a national portfolio of stabilized multifamily real estate and select indirect and passive investments; and

•Capital redeployment plan of prudent recycling of capital, reallocating our equity to higher returning investments.

Our primary goal is outsized risk-adjusted returns and accelerating growth for our shareholders. We are focused on providing superior total-return performance to shareholders, primarily through capital appreciation driven by accretive investment and active portfolio management over multi-year periods. We plan to reinvest earnings to facilitate growth and, therefore, do not presently intend to pay a regular quarterly cash dividend.

Our financial objectives are to create value and produce superior, project-level, risk-adjusted returns on equity as measured by the investment period Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”) and the project-level Multiple on Invested Capital (“MOIC”). We measure broader performance based on Net Asset value (“NAV”) growth over time.

Our capital allocation strategy was designed to leverage our investment platform and optimize risk-adjusted returns for our shareholders.

Aimco targets a balanced allocation which includes investments in “Value Add” and “Opportunistic” multifamily real estate, primarily located in South Florida, the Washington DC Metro Area and Colorado’s Front Range, plus investment in a geographically diversified portfolio of “Core” and “Core-Plus” apartment communities.

In addition, we currently hold select alternative assets, consisting primarily of indirect, real estate related, debt and equity investments. We plan to significantly reduce our allocation to these investments over time.

We have policies in place that support our stated strategy, guide our investment allocations, and manage risk, including to hold at all times a sizeable portion of our net equity in stabilized cash-flowing assets and to require cash or committed credit necessary for completion of development and redevelopment projects prior to their commencement.

Given our stated strategy, it is expected that at any point in time the value-creation process will be ongoing at numerous of our investments. Over time, we expect our enterprise to produce superior returns on equity on a risk-adjusted basis and it is our plan to do so by:

•Benefiting from a national platform while leveraging local and regional expertise

We have corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado and Washington, D.C. Our investment platform is managed by experienced professionals based in three regions, where we will focus our new investment activity: Southeast Florida and the Washington D.C. Metro Area and Colorado's Front Range. By regionalizing this platform, we are able to leverage

2

the in-depth local market knowledge of each regional leader, creating a comparative advantage when sourcing, evaluating, and executing investment opportunities.

•Managing and investing in value-add and opportunistic real estate

Our dedicated team will source and execute development and redevelopment projects, and various other direct investment strategies. Our development and redevelopment portfolio currently includes $0.8 billion of projects in construction and lease-up. In addition, our team has secured significant, high-quality, future development opportunities, including total potential of approximately 14 million square feet, located in high-growth markets. Generally, we seek direct investment opportunities in locations where barriers to entry are high, target customers can be clearly defined and where we have a comparative advantage over others in the market.

•Owning a portfolio of stabilized core and core plus real estate

Our entire portfolio of operating properties includes 26 apartment communities (22 consolidated properties and four unconsolidated properties) with average rents in line with local market averages (generally defined as B class). We also own one commercial office building that is part of an assemblage with an adjacent apartment building. The target composition of our stabilized portfolio will continue to include primarily B multifamily assets, spread across a geographically diversified portfolio and with a bias toward long established residential neighborhoods that rank highly in regard to schools, employment fundamentals and state and regional governance. Core-Plus opportunities offer the opportunity for incremental capital investment while maintaining stabilized cashflow to accelerate income growth and improve asset values.

•Managing and, over time, reducing our allocation to alternative investments

We currently hold select alternative investments the majority of which originated with Aimco Predecessor and, over time, plan to significantly reduce capital allocated to these investments. Our current allocation to alternative investments includes: our indirect interest mezzanine loan to the Parkmerced partnership which owns 3,165 apartment homes and future development rights in San Francisco, California, and our passive equity investments in IQHQ, Inc. (“IQHQ”), a privately-held life sciences real estate development company, and in property technology funds consisting of entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry.

•Maintaining sufficient liquidity and utilizing safe financial leverage

At all times, we will guard our liquidity by maintaining sufficient cash and committed credit.

From time-to-time, we will allocate capital to financial assets designed to mitigate risks elsewhere in our enterprise. Existing examples include our option to acquire an interest rate swap designed to protect against repricing risk on our maturing liabilities and the use of rate caps to provide protection against increases in interest rates on in-place loans.

We expect to capitalize our activities through a combination of non-recourse property debt, construction loans, third-party equity, and the recycling of our equity, including retained earnings. We plan to limit the use of recourse leverage, with a strong preference towards non-recourse property-level debt in order to limit risk to our enterprise. When warranted, we plan to seek equity capital from joint venture partners to improve our cost of capital, further leverage our equity, reduce exposure to a single investment and, in certain cases, for strategic benefits.

Competition

There are many developers, managers, and owners of apartment real estate and underdeveloped land, as well as REITs, private real estate companies, and investors, that compete with us in acquiring, developing, obtaining financing for, and disposing of apartment communities. This competition affects our ability to realize our real estate development and transactional objectives.

In addition, our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing, as well as household formation and job creation in a particular area, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates.

Taxation

Aimco

Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its initial taxable year, and intends to continue to operate in such a manner. The Code imposes various requirements related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership, and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets

3

and categories of income that must be met in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. If Aimco continues to qualify for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

Certain of our operations, or a portion thereof, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, each of which we refer to as a “TRS”. A TRS is a corporate subsidiary that has elected to be a TRS instead of a REIT and, as such, is subject to United States federal corporate income tax.

Aimco Operating Partnership

Aimco Operating Partnership is treated as a “pass-through” entity for United States federal income tax purposes and is not subject to United States federal income taxation. Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership, however, are subject to tax on their allocable share of partnership income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits, regardless of whether the partners receive any actual distributions of cash or other property from Aimco Operating Partnership during the taxable year. Generally, the characterization of any particular item is determined by Aimco Operating Partnership rather than at the partner level, and the amount of a partner’s allocable share of such item is governed by the terms of Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement. Aimco Operating Partnership is subject to tax in certain states.

Regulation

General

Apartment development is subject to various laws, ordinances, and regulations, including those concerning entitlement, building, health and safety, site and building design, environment, zoning, and sales, and similar matters apply to or affect the real estate development industry.

Apartment communities and their owners are subject to various laws, ordinances, and regulations, including those related to real estate broker licensing and regulations relating to recreational facilities such as swimming pools, activity centers, and other common areas.

Changes in laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on communities or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, as well as changes in laws affecting development, construction, and safety requirements, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which could adversely affect our net income and cash flows from operating activities.

In addition, existing rent control laws, as well as future enactment of rent control or rent stabilization laws, or other laws and ordinances regulating multifamily housing, may reduce rental revenue or increase operating costs in particular markets.

Environmental

Various federal, state, and local laws subject real estate owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present. These materials may include lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, and petroleum-based fuels. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. In connection with the ownership of real estate, we could potentially be liable for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our real estate, whether currently owned, acquired in the future, or owned in the past. These and other risks related to environmental matters are described in more detail in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Corporate Responsibility

Corporate responsibility is an important part of our business. As with all other aspects of our business, our corporate responsibility program focuses on continuous improvement, to the benefit of our stockholders, our residents, our teammates, our communities, and the environment. We actively discuss these matters with our stockholders and solicit their feedback on our program.

Environmental, Social, Governance Policies

We updated our Environmental, Social, Governance ("ESG ") policies and published a Corporate Responsibility Report reflecting our ESG priorities and performance.

4

We remain committed to providing best-in-class living environments that mitigate risk while reducing environmental impacts and creating value. Our ESG policies are in place to guide this commitment and are applicable to all new construction, existing assets, and corporate operations. These policies are also taken into consideration when hiring suppliers and procuring materials.

Human Capital and Culture

We believe our most valuable asset is our human capital, and are committed to fostering, cultivating, and preserving a welcoming and inclusive culture for all teammates. Our success is reliant on the collective sum of individual talents.

We continuously invest in our teammates and company culture to ensure employee satisfaction, health, and well-being.

We hire and promote employees based upon their unique experiences, abilities, talents, and drive. This naturally leads to a workforce rich with diverse backgrounds and perspectives, leading to improved outcomes.

We focus on succession planning and talent development to produce a strong, stable team that is the foundation of our success. We are responsible for and implement succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term.

We offer benefits and support reinforcing our emphasis on the health and well-being of our teammates, including 16 weeks of paid time for parental leave to new mothers and fathers, a longstanding policy of workplace flexibility for our teammates to attend to personal and family matters during the workweek, office environments focused on natural light and ergonomic office furniture including adjustable height desks, access to Company-provided healthy snacks and drinks, paid time annually to volunteer in local communities, and a bonus structure at all levels of the organization.

We evaluate team engagement and retention and include those in our goals on which all teammates are compensated. Every teammate is surveyed annually via a third-party confidential survey. The teammate engagement score consists of the average of the responses to the questions that comprise the engagement index, on a scale of 1 to 5, for all teammates who complete the survey during the year. Our overall team engagement score for the 2022 Annual Lifecycle Surveys was 4.52, with a 91% overall response rate, compared to the target score of 4.20.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 62 full-time team members, approximately 60% performing development or transactional services with the balance managing corporate and area functions, including debt and capital market transactions, legal, finance, accounting, and other support functions. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.

In 2022, Aimco was recognized with Healthiest Employers Awards in South Florida, Washington, D.C., and Denver, ranking #1 in its category for South Florida, #2 in its category for Washington, D.C., and a top scorer in Denver's medium sized employer category. The Healthiest Employers Awards honor companies with policies and initiatives promoting the health and well-being of their employees. Healthiest Employers takes a holistic view of worksite health, evaluating the extent of leadership team buy-in, including how well they understand the needs of the employee population and how they proactively support well-being.

Available Information

Our combined Annual Report on Form 10-K, our combined Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K filed by us or Aimco Operating Partnership, and any amendments to any of those reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable through our website at www.aimco.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The risk factors noted in this section, and other factors noted throughout this Annual Report, describe certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

RISKS RELATED TO BUSINESS

Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions, health crises and dislocations in the financial and credit markets could affect our ability to collect rents and late fees from tenants, and our ability to evict tenants, in addition to having other negative effects on our business, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions, local, regional, national, or international health crises and dislocations in the credit markets could negatively impact our tenants and our operations. The occurrence of regional epidemics or a global pandemic, such as COVID-19 may adversely affect our operations, financial condition, and results of operations. These conditions also may add uncertainty to operations and may cause supply chain disruptions.

5

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or another health crisis, adverse economic or geopolitical events or dislocation in the financial and credit markets have negatively impacted or would negatively impact our operations or those of entities in which we hold a partial interest, including:

•our ability to collect rents and late fees on a timely basis or at all, without reductions or other concessions;

•our ability to evict residents for non-payment or for other reasons;

•our ability to ensure business continuity in the event our continuity of operations plan is not effective or improperly implemented or deployed during a disruption;

•fluctuations in regional and local economies, local real estate conditions, and rental rates;

•interruptions in real estate development and redevelopment activities due to supply chain disruptions;

•our ability to control incremental costs associated with COVID-19, including increased costs resulting from higher inflation;

•our ability to dispose of communities at all or on terms favorable to us;

•our ability to complete developments and redevelopments and other construction projects as planned; and

•potential litigation relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Given the nature of the effects of the COVID-19, it remains challenging to predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, our residents and commercial tenants, our communities, and the operations of entities in which we hold an interest (including our economic interest in the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments”), or if disruptions are likely to continue. The extent of such impact will depend on developments, such as the emergence of new COVID-19 variants. Such developments, depending on their nature, duration, and intensity, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. The COVID-19 pandemic also may have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described below.

We do not have control over the partnership owning the Parkmerced Apartments, the operation of which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our indirect interest in the partnership owning the Parkmerced Apartments is subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, exposure to the skill and capital of the controlling party and those resulting from fluctuations in San Francisco occupancy rates, the operating disruption due to effects of COVID-19, and the current economic situation which may result in all, or a portion of the loan not being repaid. In the future, we may have situations like the Parkmerced Apartments impairment that may affect us. Such risks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Development, redevelopment, and construction risks could affect our profitability.

Development and redevelopment are subject to numerous risks, including the following:

•we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy, or other required governmental or third-party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities;

•we may incur costs that exceed our original estimates due to increased material, labor, or other factors and costs, such as those resulting from litigation, program changes, inflation, interest rate increases or supply chain disruptions;

•we may be unable to complete construction and lease-up of an apartment community on schedule, including as a result of global supply chain disruptions, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease in expected rental revenues;

•occupancy rates and rents at an apartment community may fail to meet our expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development of competing communities;

6

•we may be unable to obtain financing, including construction loans, with favorable terms, or at all, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity;

•we may abandon opportunities that we have already begun to explore, or stop projects we have already commenced, for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions or increases in construction or financing costs, and, as a result, we may fail to recover costs already incurred in exploring those opportunities;

•we are required to pay rent to AIR for any properties we may lease from them in accordance with the Master Leasing Agreement;

•we may incur liabilities to third parties during the development or redevelopment process and we may be faced with claims for construction defects after a property has been developed;

•we may face opposition from local community or political groups with respect to the development, construction, or operations at a particular site;

•health and safety incidents or other accidents on site may occur during development;

•unexpected events or circumstances may arise during the development or redevelopment process that affect the timing of completion and the cost and profitability of the development or redevelopment;

•loss of a key member of a redevelopment or development team could adversely affect our ability to deliver developments and redevelopments on time and within our budget;

•government restrictions, standards or regulations intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and potential climate change impacts may increase in the future in the form of restrictions or additional requirements on development in certain areas; and

•environmental, social, governance and other sustainability matters and our responses to these matters could impact development.

Some of these development risks may be heightened given current uncertain and potentially volatile market conditions. If market volatility causes economic conditions to remain unpredictable or to trend downwards, we may not achieve our expected returns on properties under development and we could lose some or all of our investments in those properties. In addition, the lead time required to develop, construct, and lease-up a development property may increase, which could adversely impact our projected returns or result in a termination of the development project.

In addition, we may serve as either the construction manager or the general contractor for our development projects. The construction of real estate projects entails unique risks, including risks that the project will fail to conform to building plans, specifications, and timetables. These failures could be caused by labor strikes, weather, government regulations, and other conditions beyond our control. In addition, we may become liable for injuries and accidents occurring during the construction process that are underinsured.

Failure to generate sufficient net operating income may adversely affect our liquidity, limit our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures, or adversely affect our ability to pay dividends or distributions.

Our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures on our communities and make payments to our investors depends on, among other things, our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments and our ability to collect on interest and principal payments due to us. If we are unable to fund capital expenditures on our communities, we may not be able to preserve the competitiveness of our communities, which could adversely affect their net operating income and long-term value.

Our net operating income and liquidity may be adversely affected by events or conditions beyond our control, including:

•the general economic climate;

•an inflationary environment in which the costs to operate and maintain our communities increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which we can only do upon renewal of existing leases or at the inception of new leases;

•competition from other apartment communities and other housing options;

•local conditions, such as loss of jobs, unemployment rates, or an increase in the supply of apartments, that might adversely affect apartment occupancy or rental rates;

•changes in governmental regulations and the related cost of compliance;

7

•changes in tax laws and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing; and

•changes in interest rates and the availability of financing.

Our business and financial results could be adversely affected by significant inflation, higher interest rates or deflation.

Inflation can adversely affect us by increasing costs of land, materials and labor. In addition, significant inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates, which have a negative impact on housing affordability. Rising interest rates increase the borrowing costs on new debt and could affect fair value of our investments. In an inflationary environment, our cost of capital, labor and materials can increase and the purchasing power of our cash resources can decline, which can have an adverse impact on our business or financial results.

Alternatively, a significant period of deflation could cause a decrease in overall spending and borrowing levels. This could lead to deterioration in economic conditions, including an increase in the rate of unemployment. Deflation could also cause the value of our real estate to decline. These, or other factors related to deflation, could have a negative impact on our business or financial results.

Our ability to continue to grow or maintain our pipeline of development and redevelopment opportunities may be constrained.

We source development and redevelopment opportunities through various means, including from our operating portfolio and property acquisitions. We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions of properties compatible with our investment strategy. We may be unable to locate properties that will produce returns with a sufficient spread to our cost of capital. The inability to source opportunities could impede our growth and could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our properties are geographically concentrated in Florida, Chicago, and in the Northeast region of the United States, which makes us more susceptible to regional and local adverse economic and other conditions than if we owned a more geographically diversified portfolio.

The majority of our properties are located in Florida, Chicago, and in the Northeast region of the United States. As a result, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic or other conditions in these markets (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, and the cost of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters (including earthquakes, storms, and hurricanes), potentially adverse effects of “global warming,” and other disruptions that occur in these markets (such as terrorist activity or threats of terrorist activity and other events), any of which may have a greater impact on the value of our assets or on our operating results than if we owned a more geographically diversified portfolio.

We cannot assure you that these markets will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners, operators, and developers of multifamily, retail, or office assets, or future development assets. Our operations may also be affected if competing assets are built in these markets. Moreover, submarkets within our core markets may be dependent upon a limited number of industries. Any adverse economic or other conditions, or any decrease in demand for office, multifamily, or retail assets could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Our development projects may subject us to certain liabilities, and we are subject to risks associated with developing properties in partnership with others.

We may hire and supervise third-party contractors to provide construction, engineering, and various other services for development projects. Certain of these contracts may be structured such that we are the principal rather than the agent. As a result, we may assume liabilities in the course of the project and be subjected to, or become liable for, claims for construction defects, negligent performance of work or other similar actions by third parties we have engaged.

Adverse outcomes of disputes or litigation could negatively impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition, particularly if we have not limited the extent of the damages for which we may be liable, or if our liabilities exceed the amounts of the insurance that we carry. Moreover, our tenants may seek to hold us accountable for the actions of contractors because of our role even if we have technically disclaimed liability as a legal matter, in which case we may determine it necessary to participate in a financial settlement for purposes of preserving the tenant or customer relationship or to protect our corporate brand. To the extent our tenants are obligated to reimburse us, acting as a principal may also mean that we pay a contractor before we have been reimbursed by our tenants. This exposes us to additional risks of collection in the event of a bankruptcy, insolvency, or a condominium purchaser default. The reverse can occur as well, where a contractor we have paid files for bankruptcy protection or commits fraud with the funds before completing a project that we have funded in part or in full.

8

Additionally, we use partnerships and limited liability companies to develop some of our real estate investments. Acting through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we typically will be the general partner or managing member in these partnerships or limited liability companies. There are, however, instances in which we may not control or even participate in management or day-to-day operations of these properties. The use of partnerships and limited liability companies involve special risks associated with the possibility that:

•a partner or member may have interests or goals inconsistent with ours;

•a general partner or managing member may take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies, or objectives with respect to our real estate investments;

•a partner or member could experience financial difficulties that prevent it from fulfilling its financial or other responsibilities to the project; or

•a partner may not fulfill its contractual obligations.

In the event any of our partners or members file for bankruptcy, we could be precluded from taking certain actions affecting our project without bankruptcy court approval, which could diminish our control over the project even if we were the general partner or managing member. In addition, if the bankruptcy court were to discharge the obligations of our partner or member, it could result in our ultimate liability for the project being greater than originally anticipated.

Further, disputes between us and a partner may result in litigation or arbitration that may increase our expenses and prevent our management from focusing their time and attention on our business.

To the extent we are a general partner, we may be exposed to unlimited liability, which may exceed our investment or equity in the partnership. If one of our subsidiaries is a general partner of a particular partnership, it may be exposed to the same kind of unlimited liability.

Development of properties may entail a lengthy, uncertain, and costly entitlement process.

Approval to develop real property sometimes requires political support and generally entails an extensive entitlement process involving multiple and overlapping regulatory jurisdictions and often requires discretionary action by local governments. Real estate projects must generally comply with local land development regulations and may need to comply with state and federal regulations. We may incur substantial costs to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. An increase in legal and regulatory requirements may cause us to incur substantial additional costs, or in some cases cause us to determine that the property is not feasible for development. In addition, our competitors and local residents may challenge our efforts to obtain entitlements and permits for the development of properties. The process to comply with these regulations is usually lengthy and costly, may not result in the approvals we seek, and can be expected to materially affect our development activities.

Government regulations and legal challenges may delay the start or completion of the development of our communities, increase our expenses or limit our building of apartments or other activities.

Various local, state, and federal statutes, ordinances, rules, and regulations concerning building, health and safety, site and building design, environment, zoning, sales, and similar matters apply to or affect the real estate development industry. In addition, our ability to obtain or renew permits or approvals and the continued effectiveness of permits already granted or approvals already obtained depends on factors beyond our control, such as changes in federal, state, and local policies, rules and regulations, and their interpretations and application.

Municipalities may restrict or place moratoriums on the availability of utilities, such as water and sewer taps. If municipalities in which we operate take such actions, it could have an adverse effect on our business by causing delays, increasing our costs, or limiting our ability to operate in those municipalities. These measures may reduce our ability to develop apartment communities and to build and sell other real estate development projects in the affected markets, including with respect to land we may already own, and create additional costs and administration requirements, which in turn may harm our future sales, margins, and earnings.

In addition, there is a variety of legislation being enacted, or considered for enactment, at the federal, state, and local level relating to energy and climate change. This legislation relates to items such as carbon dioxide emissions control and building codes that impose energy efficiency standards. New building code requirements that impose stricter energy efficiency standards could significantly increase our cost to construct buildings. Such environmental laws may affect, for example, how we manage storm water runoff, wastewater discharges, and dust; how we develop or operate properties on or affecting resources such as wetlands, endangered species, cultural resources, or areas subject to preservation laws; and how we address contamination. As climate change concerns continue to grow, legislation and regulations of this nature are expected to continue and become more costly to comply with. In addition, it is possible that some form of expanded energy efficiency legislation may be passed by the

9

U.S. Congress or federal agencies and certain state legislatures, which may, despite being phased in over time, significantly increase our costs of building apartment communities and the sale price to our buyers and adversely affect our sales volumes. We may be required to apply for additional approvals or modify our existing approvals because of changes in local circumstances or applicable law.

Energy-related initiatives affect a wide variety of companies throughout the United States and the world and, because our operations are heavily dependent on significant amounts of raw materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete, they could have an indirect adverse impact on our operations and profitability to the extent the manufacturers and suppliers of our materials are burdened with expensive cap and trade and similar energy-related taxes and regulations. Our noncompliance with environmental laws could result in fines and penalties, obligations to remediate, permit revocations, other sanctions and reputational harm.

Governmental regulation affects not only construction activities but also sales activities, mortgage lending activities, and other dealings with consumers. Further, government agencies routinely initiate audits, reviews, or investigations of our business practices to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, which can cause us to incur costs or create other disruptions in our business that can be significant. Further, we may experience delays and increased expenses as a result of legal challenges to our proposed communities, whether brought by governmental authorities or private parties.

Competition could limit our ability to lease apartment homes, increase or maintain rents or execute our development strategy.

Our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and, to a lesser degree, single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing, as well as the lack of household formation and job creation in a particular area, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates.

In addition, there are many developers, managers, and owners of apartment real estate and underdeveloped land, as well as REITs, private real estate companies, and investors, that compete with us, some of whom have greater financial resources and market share than us. If our competitors prevent us from realizing our real estate development objectives, our performance may fall short of our expectations and adversely affect our business.

Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to sell apartment communities or other assets when appropriate.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and generally cannot be sold quickly. REIT tax rules also restrict our ability to sell apartment communities. Thus, we may not be able to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other market conditions. Our ability to dispose of apartment communities in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions, including the cost and availability of financing. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Climate change may adversely affect our business.

To the extent that significant changes in the climate occur in areas where our properties are located, we may experience extreme weather and changes in precipitation and temperature, all of which may result in physical damage to or a decrease in demand for properties located in these areas or affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature, including significant property damage to or destruction of our properties, or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, changes in federal, state and local legislation and regulations based on concerns about climate change could result in increased capital expenditures on our properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency and/or resistance to inclement weather) without a corresponding increase in revenue, resulting in adverse impacts to our net income.

Potential liability or other expenditures associated with potential environmental contamination may be costly.

Various federal, state, and local laws subject real estate owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in the land or buildings. Potentially hazardous materials may include polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum-based fuels, lead-based paint, or asbestos, among other materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remediate properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at such real estate as well as the ability to sell or finance such real estate. In addition, governmental agencies may bring claims for costs associated with investigation and remediation actions, damages to natural resources, and for potential fines or penalties in connection with such damage or with respect to the improper management of hazardous materials. Moreover, private plaintiffs may potentially make claims for investigation and remediation costs they incur, or personal injury, disease, disability, or other infirmities related to the alleged presence of hazardous materials at an apartment community. In addition to

10

potential environmental liabilities or costs associated with our current real estate, we may also be responsible for such liabilities or costs associated with communities we acquire or manage in the future, or real estate we no longer own or operate.

Rent control laws and other regulations that limit our ability to increase rental rates may negatively impact our rental income and profitability.

State and local governmental agencies may introduce rent control laws or other regulations that limit our ability to increase rental rates, which may affect our rental income. Especially in times of recession and economic slowdown, rent control initiatives can acquire significant political support. If rent controls unexpectedly became applicable to certain of our properties, our revenue from and the value of such properties could be adversely affected.

Laws benefiting disabled persons may result in our incurrence of unanticipated expenses.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), all places intended to be used by the public are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (“FHAA”) requires apartment communities first occupied after March 13, 1991, to comply with design and construction requirements for disabled access. For those apartment communities receiving federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also has requirements regarding disabled access. These and federal, state, and local laws may require structural modifications to our apartment communities or changes in policy/practice or affect renovations of the communities. Noncompliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct any non-complying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures. Although we believe that our apartment communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements, we may incur unanticipated expenses to comply with the ADA, the FHAA, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 in connection with the ongoing operation or redevelopment of our apartment communities.

Moisture infiltration and resulting mold remediation may be costly.

Although we are proactively engaged in managing moisture intrusion and preventing the presence of mold at our apartment communities, it is not unusual for periodic moisture intrusion to cause mold in isolated locations within an apartment community. We have implemented policies, procedures, and training, and include a detailed moisture intrusion and mold assessment during acquisition due diligence. We believe these measures will manage mold exposure at our apartment communities and will minimize the effects that mold may have on our residents. To date, we have not incurred any material costs or liabilities relating to claims of mold exposure or to abate mold conditions. We have only limited insurance coverage for property damage claims arising from the presence of mold and for personal injury claims related to mold exposure.

Although we are insured for certain risks, the cost of insurance, increased claims activity, or losses resulting from casualty events may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are insured for a portion of our real estate assets’ exposure to casualty losses resulting from fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, and other perils, which insurance is subject to deductibles and self-insurance retention. We recognize casualty losses or gains based on the net book value of the affected asset and the amount of any related insurance proceeds. In many instances, the actual cost to repair or replace the apartment community may exceed its net book value and any insurance proceeds. We recognize the uninsured portion of losses as casualty losses in the periods in which they are incurred. In addition, we are self-insured for a portion of our exposure to third-party claims related to our workers’ compensation coverage and general liability exposure. With respect to our exposure to claims of third parties, we establish reserves at levels that reflect our known and estimated losses. The ultimate cost of losses and the impact of unforeseen events may vary materially from recorded reserves, and variances may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We purchase insurance to reduce our exposure to losses and limit our financial losses on large individual risks. The availability and cost of insurance are determined by market conditions outside our control. No assurance can be made that we will be able to obtain and maintain insurance at the same levels and on the same terms as we do today. If we are not able to obtain or maintain insurance in amounts we consider appropriate for our business, or if the cost of obtaining such insurance increases materially, we may have to retain a larger portion of the potential loss associated with our exposures to risks.

Natural disasters and severe weather may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Natural disasters such as earthquakes and severe weather such as hurricanes may result in significant damage to our real estate assets. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot accurately predict natural disasters or severe weather, or the number and type of such events that will affect us. As a result, our operating and financial results may vary significantly from one period to the next. Although we anticipate and plan for losses, there can be no assurance that our financial

11

results will not be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather in the future that exceed our previous experience and assumptions.

We depend on our senior management.

Our success and our ability to implement and manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of our senior management team, who have extensive market knowledge and relationships, and exercise substantial influence over our operational, financing, acquisition, and disposition activity. Members of our senior management team have national or regional industry reputations that attract business and investment opportunities and assist us in negotiations with lenders, existing and potential tenants, and other industry participants. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain similarly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities, and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants, and industry participants, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

We rely on our property managers to manage our properties. If our property managers fail to efficiently manage our properties, tenants may not renew their leases, or we may become subject to unforeseen liabilities.

A majority of our properties are managed by AIR. We do not supervise AIR or its managers and employees on a day-to-day basis and we cannot assure you that they will manage such properties in a manner that is consistent with their obligations under our agreements, that they will not be negligent in their performance or engage in any criminal or fraudulent activity, or that they will not otherwise default on their management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, the relationships with our tenants at such properties could be damaged, which may cause the tenants not to renew their leases, and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to the properties or to persons at the properties. If we are unable to lease the properties or we become subject to significant liabilities as a result of AIR’s management performance, our financial condition and results of operations could be substantially harmed.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of significant disruptions or cyberattacks of our information technology systems or our failure to comply with laws, rules and regulations related to privacy and data protection.

Information technology, communication networks, and related systems are essential to the operation of our business. We use these systems to manage our vendor relationships, internal communications, accounting and record-keeping systems, and many other key aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks, which also depend on the strength of our procedures and the effectiveness of our internal controls. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years due to the rise in new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyberattacks.

Despite system redundancy, risk transfer, insurance, indemnification, the implementation of security measures, required employee awareness training, and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our internal information technology systems, our systems, and systems maintained by third-party vendors with which we do business are vulnerable to damage from any number of sources. We face risks associated with energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures, and cyberattacks and intrusions, such as computer viruses, malware, attachments to emails, intrusion, and unauthorized access, including from persons inside our organization or from persons outside our organization with access to our systems. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, loss, or misuse of the information (which may be confidential, proprietary, or commercially sensitive in nature), and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.

We also are subject to laws, rules, and regulations in the United States, such as the California Consumer Protection Act (the “CCPA” (which became effective on January 1, 2020)), relating to the collection, use, and security of employee and other data. Evolving compliance and operational requirements under the CCPA and the privacy and data security laws of other jurisdictions

12

in which we operate impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time. Our failure to comply with laws, rules, and regulations related to privacy and data protection could harm our business or reputation.

Third Party Purchase or Offer Rights, such as in our Master Leasing Agreement, may discourage third parties from negotiating with us with respect to the sale of our real property.

During the term of the Master Leasing Agreement (as amended), AIR will have a right of first offer on development and redevelopment assets that we choose to bring to market within one year following stabilization, with certain exceptions as further set forth in the Master Leasing Agreement. In addition, AIR has an additional right of first offer with respect to stabilized properties that we are under contract to purchase, with certain exceptions as further set forth in the Master Leasing Agreement. The rights of first offer held by AIR may discourage third parties from negotiating with us with respect to the sale of our real property and may limit the number of interested buyers, and further may prevent us from receiving the maximum price that we may otherwise have obtained for such properties.

There may be, or there may be the appearance of, conflicts of interest in our relationship with AIR.

There may be, or there may be the appearance of, conflicts of interest in our relationship with AIR. The Separation was designed to minimize conflicts of interest between us and AIR, and the volume of transactions with AIR has significantly decreased since the Separation. Additionally, Mr. Considine no longer serves as a director on the Aimco Board. However, there can be no assurance that such conflicts don’t exist.

Actual, potential, or perceived conflicts could give rise to investor dissatisfaction, settlements with stockholders, litigation or regulatory inquiries or enforcement actions. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential, actual, or perceived conflicts of interest. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including causing a reluctance of counterparties to do business with us, a decrease in the prices of our equity securities, and a resulting increased risk of litigation and regulatory enforcement actions.

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist stockholders.

Publicly traded companies have increasingly become subject to campaigns by investors advocating corporate actions such as financial restructuring, increased borrowing, special dividends, stock repurchases, or even sales of assets or the entire company. Given our stockholder composition and other factors, it is possible our stockholders or future activist stockholders may attempt to effect such changes. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by such activist stockholders or others would be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our Board and senior management team from the pursuit of business strategies, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of stockholder activism or changes to the composition of our board of directors (the "Board") may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business, instability, or lack of continuity, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential lenders, partners, or others with whom we do business, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDEBTEDNESS AND FINANCING

Our debt financing could result in foreclosure of our apartment communities, prevent us from making distributions on our equity, or otherwise adversely affect our liquidity.

A significant number of our assets, including apartment communities, land, and construction projects serve as collateral for our credit facility, property debt and construction loans. Our secured credit facility matures in December 2023, subject to extension options. Certain of our subsidiaries have existing secured property-level debt equal to approximately $938.5 million and construction loans of approximately $126.3 million as of December 31, 2022. Over time, we are likely to become party to additional financing arrangements, including credit facilities or other bank debt, bonds, and mortgage financing. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of debt that we may incur, and we have significant amounts of debt outstanding. Payments of principal and interest may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our communities or pay distributions required to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

In connection with such financing activities, we are subject to the risk that our cash flow from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, and the risk that our indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of then-existing indebtedness. If we fail to make required payments of principal and interest on our non-recourse property debt, our lenders could foreclose on the apartment communities and other collateral securing such debt, which would result in the loss to us of income and asset value.

13

Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing and the cost of available financing and could adversely affect our liquidity.

Our ability to obtain financing and the cost of such financing depends on the overall condition of the United States credit markets. During periods of economic uncertainty, the United States credit markets may experience significant liquidity disruptions, which may cause the spreads on debt financings to widen considerably and make obtaining financing, including, but not limited to non-recourse property debt secured by stabilized properties, construction loans, and corporate borrowings such as those under our credit facilities, more difficult. In particular, apartment borrowers have benefited from the historic willingness of the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), to make substantial amounts of loans secured by multifamily properties, even in times of economic distress. These two lenders are federally chartered and subject to federal regulation, which is subject to change, making uncertain their prospects and ability to provide liquidity in a future downturn.

If our ability to obtain financing is adversely affected, we may be unable to satisfy scheduled maturities on existing financings through other sources of liquidity, which could result in a lender foreclosure on the apartment communities securing such debt and loss of income and asset value, both of which would adversely affect our liquidity.

Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense and reduce our profitability, and the phasing out of LIBOR could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our revolving secured credit facility contains a variable interest rate which may be based, in part, on LIBOR. We also have certain non-recourse property debt and construction loans that are based on variable interest rate indexes. An increase or decrease in these variable interest rate indexes would likely increase or decrease our interest expense. An increase in interest expense may affect our profitability. We have taken steps to mitigate risk associated with an increase in variable interest rate indexes with approximately 98% of our non-recourse property debt and construction loans being either fixed or hedged as of December 31, 2022.

In March 2021, the Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, formally announced that the publication of LIBOR was ending and confirmed that USD LIBOR-indexed rates would cease to be published after June 30, 2023. In 2018, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the recommended alternative to LIBOR. The adoption of SOFR is growing, and SOFR is now a widely used index on new transactions. However, until the transition from LIBOR is complete, there are risks and uncertainty in the markets as to the adoption and implementation of alternative reference rates. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect of this on-going transition. Certain of our debt agreements, including our revolving secured credit facility, bear interest at rates that are calculated based, in part, on LIBOR. If LIBOR ceases to exist during the term of our agreements, the documents associated with our agreements contain language to address a transition to another benchmark rate. Accordingly, the phase-out of LIBOR and any other related changes or reforms, could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs, and as a result, our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

Covenant restrictions may limit our operations and impact our ability to make payments to our investors.

Some of our existing and/or future debt and other securities may contain covenants that restrict our activities. These may include covenants that limit our operations or impact our ability to make distributions or other payments unless certain financial tests or other criteria are satisfied, as well as certain other customary affirmative and negative covenants.

We may increase leverage in executing our development plan, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.

We may decide to increase our leverage to execute our development plan. We will consider a number of factors when evaluating our level of indebtedness and when making decisions regarding the incurrence of new indebtedness, including the estimated market value of our assets and the ability of particular assets, and our company as a whole, to generate cash flow to cover the expected debt service. Although our credit facility may limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness, our governing documents do not limit the amount of debt we may incur, and we may change our target debt levels at any time without the approval of our stockholders. We may incur additional indebtedness from time to time in the future to finance working capital,

14

capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our indebtedness could intensify.

RISKS RELATED TO TAX LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Aimco may fail to qualify as a REIT.

If Aimco fails to qualify as a REIT, Aimco will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders in computing its taxable income and will be subject to United States federal income tax at regular corporate rates. This would substantially reduce our funds available for general corporate usage or for distribution to our investors. Unless entitled to relief under certain provisions of the Code, Aimco also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which it ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, Aimco's failure to qualify as a REIT may place us in default under our credit facilities.

We believe Aimco operates, and has since its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, operated, in a manner that enables it to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Moreover, even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Aimco's continued qualification as a REIT will depend on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, investment, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership, and other requirements on a continuing basis. Aimco's ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we do not obtain independent appraisals. Aimco's compliance with the REIT annual income and quarterly asset requirements also depends upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. Moreover, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for United States federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT qualification requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), will not contend that our interests in subsidiaries or other issuers constitutes a violation of the REIT requirements. Moreover, future economic, market, legal, tax, or other considerations may cause Aimco to fail to qualify as a REIT, or the Board may determine to revoke its REIT status.

REIT distribution requirements limit our available cash.

As a REIT, Aimco is subject to annual distribution requirements. Aimco pays distributions, including taxable stock dividends, intended to enable Aimco to satisfy its distribution requirements. This limits the amount of cash available for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. Aimco generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, in order for our distributed earnings not to be subject to United States federal corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to Aimco's stockholders to comply with the requirements applicable to REITs under the Code (which may be all cash or combination of cash and stock satisfying the requirements of applicable law). However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell apartment communities or borrow funds on a short-term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code.

Aimco may be subject to federal, state, and local income taxes in certain circumstances.

Even as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on its undistributed income. We could also be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s-length transactions between us and a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale primarily in the ordinary course. State and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions in which Aimco transacts business. Any taxes imposed on Aimco would reduce our operating cash flow and net income and could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends and distributions.

Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

REITs are entitled to a United States federal income tax deduction for dividends paid to their stockholders. As compared to other taxable corporations, this ability to reduce or eliminate the REIT’s taxable income by paying dividends to stockholders is a principal benefit of maintaining REIT status, generally resulting in a lower combined tax liability of the REIT and its stockholders

15

as compared to that of the combined tax liability of other taxable corporations and their stockholders. Notwithstanding this combined benefit, dividends payable by REITs may result in marginally higher taxes to the stockholder.

C-corporations are generally required to pay United States federal income tax on earnings. After-tax earnings are then available for stockholder dividends. The maximum United States federal tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable to United States stockholders that are individuals, trusts, and estates is currently 20%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. While dividends payable by REITs are generally not eligible for the qualified dividend reduced rates, stockholders that are individuals, trusts, or estates, and meet certain requirements, may generally deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends from REITs. This deduction is available for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, and will generally cause the maximum tax rate for ordinary dividends from REITs to be 29.6%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. The more favorable tax rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts, and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the shares of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including Aimco Common Stock.

Complying with the REIT requirements may cause Aimco to forgo otherwise attractive business opportunities.

To qualify as a REIT, Aimco must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of its income, the nature and diversification of its assets, the amounts distributed to its stockholders, and the ownership of our stock. As a result of these tests, Aimco may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when Aimco does not have funds readily available for distribution, forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities, liquidate assets in adverse market conditions, or contribute assets to a TRS that is subject to regular corporate federal income tax.

Changes to United States federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect Aimco and Aimco’s stockholders.

The present United States federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial, or administrative action at any time, which could affect the United States federal income tax treatment of an investment in Aimco's Common Stock. The United States federal income tax rules dealing with REITs are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, and the United States Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect Aimco or its stockholders. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT and the tax considerations relevant to an investment in Aimco's Common Stock or could cause us to change our investments and commitments.

RISKS RELATED TO AIMCO OPERATING PARTNERSHIP UNITS

There are restrictions on the ability to transfer and redeem Aimco Operating Partnership Units, there is no public market for Aimco Operating Partnership Units and holders of Aimco Operating Partnership Units are subject to dilution.

The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement restricts the transferability of OP Units. Until the expiration of a one-year holding period, subject to certain exceptions, investors may not transfer OP Units without the consent of Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner. Thereafter, investors may transfer such OP Units subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including the general partner’s right of first refusal. In addition, after the expiration of the one-year holding period, investors have the right, subject to the terms of Aimco Operating Partnership’s agreement, to require Aimco Operating Partnership to redeem all or a portion of such investor’s OP Units (in exchange for shares of our Common Stock or cash, at the Aimco Operating Partnership’s discretion) once per quarter on an exchange date set by Aimco Operating Partnership, provided such investor provides notice at least 45 days prior to the quarterly exchange date. See “Description of Aimco Operating Partnership Units and Summary of Aimco Operating Partnership Agreement—Redemption Rights of Qualifying Parties”. There is no public market for the OP Units. Aimco Operating Partnership has no plans to list any OP Units on a securities exchange. It is unlikely that any person will make a market in the OP Units, or that an active market for the OP Units will develop. If a market for the OP Units develops and the OP Units are considered “readily tradable” on a “secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof),” Aimco Operating Partnership would be classified as a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could have a material adverse effect on Aimco Operating Partnership and its unitholders.

In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership may issue an unlimited number of additional OP Units or other securities for such consideration and on such terms as it may establish, without the approval of the holders of OP Units. Such securities could have priority over the OP Units as to cash flow, distributions, and liquidation proceeds. The effect of any such issuance may be to dilute the interests of holders of OP Units.

16

Cash distributions by Aimco Operating Partnership are not guaranteed and may fluctuate with partnership performance.

Aimco Operating Partnership does not intend to make regular distributions to holders of OP Units (other than what is required for Aimco to maintain its REIT status). There can be no assurance regarding the amounts of available cash that Aimco Operating Partnership will generate or the portion that its general partner will choose to distribute. The actual amounts of available cash will depend upon numerous factors, including profitability of operations, required principal and interest payments on its debt, the cost of acquisitions (including related debt service payments), its issuance of debt and equity securities, fluctuations in working capital, capital expenditures, adjustments in reserves, prevailing economic conditions, and financial, business, and other factors, some of which may be beyond Aimco Operating Partnership’s control. Cash distributions depend primarily on cash flow, including from reserves, and not on profitability, which is affected by non-cash items. Therefore, cash distributions may be made during periods when our operating partnership records losses and may not be made during periods when it records profits. The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement gives the general partner discretion in establishing reserves for the proper conduct of the partnership’s business that will affect the amount of available cash. Aimco Operating Partnership may be required to make reserves for the future payment of principal and interest under its credit facilities and other indebtedness. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership’s credit facilities may limit its ability to distribute cash to holders of OP Units. As a result of these and other factors, there can be no assurance regarding actual levels of cash distributions on OP Units, and Aimco Operating Partnership’s ability to distribute cash may be limited during the existence of any events of default under any of its debt instruments.

Holders of OP Units have limited voting rights and are limited in their ability to effect a change of control.

Aimco Operating Partnership is managed and operated by its general partner, Aimco. Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, holders of OP Units have only limited voting rights on matters affecting Aimco Operating Partnership’s business. Such matters relate to certain amendments of the partnership agreement and certain transactions such as the institution of bankruptcy proceedings, an assignment for the benefit of creditors and certain transfers by the general partner of its interest in Aimco Operating Partnership or the admission of a successor general partner. Holders of OP Units have no right to elect the general partner on an annual or other continuing basis, or to remove the general partner. As a result, holders of OP Units have limited influence on matters affecting the operation of Aimco Operating Partnership, and third parties may find it difficult to attempt to gain control over, or influence the activities of, Aimco Operating Partnership.

The limited partners of Aimco Operating Partnership are unable to remove the general partner or to vote in the election of our directors unless they own shares of Aimco. In order to comply with specific REIT tax requirements, Aimco's charter has restrictions on the ownership of its equity securities. As a result, Aimco Operating Partnership limited partners and Aimco's stockholders are limited in their ability to effect a change of control of Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco, respectively.

Holders of OP Units may not have limited liability in specific circumstances.

The limitations on the liability of limited partners for the obligations of a limited partnership have not been clearly established in some states. If it were determined that Aimco Operating Partnership had been conducting business in any state without compliance with the applicable limited partnership statute, or that the right or the exercise of the right by the holders of OP Units as a group to make specific amendments to the agreement of limited partnership or to take other action under the agreement of limited partnership constituted participation in the “control” of Aimco Operating Partnership’s business, then a holder of OP Units could be held liable under specific circumstances for our operating partnership’s obligations to the same extent as the general partner.

Aimco may have conflicts of interest with holders of OP Units.

Conflicts of interest could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership and its affiliates (including us), on the one hand, and Aimco Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. The directors and officers of the general partner have fiduciary duties to manage the general partner in a manner beneficial to us, as the sole stockholder of the general partner. At the same time, as the general partner of our operating partnership, we have fiduciary duties to manage Aimco Operating Partnership in a manner beneficial to Aimco Operating Partnership and its limited partners. The duties of the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership to Aimco Operating Partnership and its partners may therefore come into conflict with the duties of the directors and officers of the general partner to its sole stockholder, Aimco. Such conflicts of interest might arise in the following situations, among others:

•decisions of the general partner with respect to the amount and timing of cash expenditures, borrowings, issuances of additional interests and reserves in any quarter, will affect whether or the extent to which there is available cash to make distributions in a given quarter;

17

•whenever possible, the general partner seeks to limit Aimco Operating Partnership’s liability under contractual arrangements to all or particular assets of Aimco Operating Partnership, with the other party thereto having no recourse against the general partner or its assets;

•any agreements between Aimco Operating Partnership and the general partner and its affiliates will not grant to the holders of OP Units, separate and distinct from Aimco Operating Partnership, the right to enforce the obligations of the general partner and such affiliates in favor of our operating partnership. Therefore, the general partner, in its capacity as the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, will be primarily responsible for enforcing such obligations; and

•under the terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement, the general partner is not restricted from causing Aimco Operating Partnership to pay the general partner or its affiliates for any services rendered on terms that are fair and reasonable to Aimco Operating Partnership or entering into additional contractual arrangements with any of such entities on behalf of our operating partnership. Neither the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement nor any of the other agreements, contracts, and arrangements between Aimco Operating Partnership, on the one hand, and the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership and its affiliates, on the other, are or will be the result of arm’s-length negotiations.

Provisions in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement may limit the ability of a holder of OP Units to challenge actions taken by the general partner.

Delaware law provides that, except as provided in a partnership agreement, a general partner owes the fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership and its limited partners. The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement expressly authorizes the general partner to enter into, on behalf of Aimco Operating Partnership, a right of first opportunity arrangement and other conflict avoidance agreements with various affiliates of Aimco Operating Partnership and the general partner, on such terms as the general partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, believes are advisable. The latitude given in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement to the general partner in resolving conflicts of interest may significantly limit the ability of a holder of OP Units to challenge what might otherwise be a breach of fiduciary duty. The general partner believes, however, that such latitude is necessary and appropriate to enable it to serve as the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership without undue risk of liability.

The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement limits the liability of the general partner for actions taken in good faith. Aimco Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement expressly limits the liability of the general partner by providing that the general partner, and its officers and directors, will not be liable or accountable in damages to Aimco Operating Partnership, the limited partners, or assignees for errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or of any act or omission if the general partner or such director or officer acted in good faith. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership is required to indemnify the general partner, its affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, joint or several, expenses, judgments, fines, and other actions incurred by the general partner or such other persons, provided that Aimco Operating Partnership will not indemnify for (i) willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the law or (ii) for any transaction for which such person received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of any provision of the partnership agreement. The provisions of Delaware law that allow the common law fiduciary duties of a general partner to be modified by a partnership agreement have not been resolved in a court of law, and the general partner has not obtained an opinion of counsel covering the provisions set forth in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement that purport to waive or restrict the fiduciary duties of the general partner that would be in effect under common law were it not for the partnership agreement.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries may be prohibited from making distributions and other payments.

All of Aimco Operating Partnership’s real estate assets are owned by subsidiaries of our operating partnership. As a result, Aimco Operating Partnership depends on distributions and payments from its subsidiaries in order to satisfy our financial obligations and make payments to our equity holders, as applicable. The ability of Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries to make such distributions and other payments depends on their earnings and cash flows and may be subject to statutory or contractual limitations, including covenants in some of our existing and/or future debt agreements. As an equity investor in the REIT subsidiaries and our subsidiaries, our right to receive assets upon their liquidation or reorganization are effectively subordinated to the claims of their creditors and any holders of preferred equity senior to our equity investments. To

18

the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of such subsidiaries, our claims may still be subordinate to any security interest in or other lien on their assets and to any of their debt or other obligations that are senior to our claims.

Limits on ownership of shares specified in Aimco’s charter may result in the loss of economic and voting rights by purchasers that violate those limits.

Our charter limits ownership of Common Stock by any single stockholder (applying certain “beneficial ownership” rules under the federal securities laws) to 8.7% (or up to 12.0% upon a waiver from Aimco’s Board of Directors) of outstanding shares of Common Stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies and Mr. Considine (or up to 20.0% for such pension trusts or registered investment companies upon a waiver from Aimco’s Board of Directors). Aimco's charter also limits ownership of Aimco's Common Stock and preferred stock by any single stockholder to 8.7% of the value of the outstanding Common Stock and preferred stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies, and Mr. Considine. The charter also prohibits anyone from buying shares of Aimco's capital stock if the purchase would result in Aimco losing its REIT status. This could happen if a transaction results in fewer than 100 persons owning all of Aimco's shares of capital stock or results in five or fewer persons (applying certain attribution rules of the Code) owning 50% or more of the value of all of Aimco's shares of capital stock. If anyone acquires shares in excess of the ownership limit or in violation of the ownership requirements of the Code for REITs:

•the transfer will be considered null and void;

•we will not reflect the transaction on Aimco’s books;

•we may institute legal action to enjoin the transaction;

•we may demand repayment of any dividends received by the affected person on those shares;

•we may redeem the shares;

•the affected person will not have any voting rights for those shares; and

•the shares (and all voting and dividend rights of the shares) will be held in trust for the benefit of one or more charitable organizations designated by Aimco.

Aimco may purchase the shares of capital stock held in trust at a price equal to the lesser of the price paid by the transferee of the shares or the then current market price. If the trust transfers any of the shares of capital stock, the affected person will receive the lesser of the price paid for the shares or the then current market price. An individual who acquires shares of capital stock that violate the above rules bears the risk that the individual:

•may lose control over the power to dispose of such shares;

•may not recognize profit from the sale of such shares if the market price of the shares increases;

•may be required to recognize a loss from the sale of such shares if the market price decreases; and

•may be required to repay to us any dividends received from us as a result of his or her ownership of the shares.

Aimco’s charter may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of Aimco.

The 8.7% and other ownership limits discussed above may have the effect of delaying or precluding acquisition by a third-party of control of Aimco without the consent of our Board of Directors. Aimco's charter authorizes our Board of Directors to issue up to 510,587,500 shares of capital stock. As of December 31, 2022, 500,787,260 shares were classified as Common Stock and 9,800,240 shares were classified as preferred stock. Under Aimco's charter, Aimco's Board of Directors has the authority to classify and reclassify any of our unissued shares of capital stock into shares of capital stock with such preferences, conversion or other rights, voting power restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemptions as the Board of Directors may determine. The authorization and issuance of a new class of capital stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of Aimco, where there is a difference of opinion between Aimco's Board of Directors and others as to what is in Aimco's stockholders’ best interests.

The Maryland General Corporation Law may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of Aimco.

As a Maryland corporation, Aimco is subject to various Maryland laws that may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire us and increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, where there is a difference of opinion between our Board of Directors and others as to what is in our stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Business Combination Act, restricts mergers and other business combination transactions between us and any person who acquires, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of shares of our stock representing 10% or more of the

19

voting power without our Board of Directors’ prior approval. Any such business combination transaction could not be completed until five years after the person acquired such voting power, and generally only with the approval of stockholders representing 80% of all votes entitled to be cast and 66-2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast, excluding the interested stockholder, or upon payment of a fair price. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, provides generally that a person who acquires shares of our capital stock representing 10% or more of the voting power in electing directors will have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of two-thirds of the shares eligible to vote. Additionally, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides, among other things, that the Board of Directors has broad discretion in adopting stockholders’ rights plans and has the sole power to fix the record date, time, and place for special meetings of the stockholders. To date, we have not adopted a stockholders’ rights plan. In addition, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides that a corporation that:

•has at least three directors who are not officers or employees of the entity or related to an acquiring person; and

•has a class of equity securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, may elect in its charter or bylaws or by resolution of the board of directors to be subject to all or part of a special subtitle (which we refer to as the “Maryland Unsolicited Takeovers Act” or “MUTA”) that provides that:

•the corporation will have a classified board of directors;

•any director may be removed only for cause and by the vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors generally, even if a lesser proportion is provided in the charter or bylaws;

•the number of directors may only be set by the board of directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws;

•vacancies may only be filled by the remaining directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws; and

•the secretary of the corporation may call a special meeting of stockholders at the request of stockholders only on the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws.

In connection with the 2020 spin-off of AIR, the pre-spin Board elected for Aimco to be subject to all of the provisions of MUTA until the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. In 2022, the Board publicly announced its commitment to, effective as of the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, (i) making us no longer be subject to any of the provisions of MUTA, and (ii) prohibit us from electing to be subject to MUTA without the approval of our stockholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We own a geographically diversified portfolio of operating properties that produce stable cash flow and serves to balance the risk and highly variable cash flows associated with our portfolio of development and redevelopments and value-add investments. Our entire portfolio of operating properties includes 26 apartment communities (22 consolidated properties and four unconsolidated properties) located in eight major U.S. markets and with average rents in line with local market averages (generally defined as B class). We also own one commercial office building that is part of a land assemblage with an adjacent apartment building. Our current development and redevelopment portfolio consists of 12 properties, including developable land, located primarily in Southeast Florida, the Washington D.C. Metro Area and Colorado's Front Range.

Additional information about our consolidated real estate, including property debt, is contained in “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may be a party to certain legal proceedings, incidental to the normal course of business. While the outcome of the legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe there are no legal proceedings pending that would have a material effect upon on our financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

20

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Aimco

Our Common Stock is listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “AIV.”

On February 24, 2023, there were 149,925,165 shares of Common Stock outstanding, held by 825 stockholders of record. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

From time to time, we may issue shares of our Common Stock in exchange for OP Units, defined under the Aimco Operating Partnership heading below. Such shares are issued based on an exchange ratio of one share for each OP Unit. We may also issue shares of our Common Stock in exchange for limited partnership interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. Please refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion of such exchanges.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued approximately 108,000 shares of Common Stock in exchange for OP Units in these transactions. Such shares were issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Repurchases of Equity Securities

Our Board has, from time to time, authorized us to repurchase shares of our outstanding Common Stock. On July 27, 2022, our Board replaced all prior share repurchase authorizations with a new authorization to repurchase up to 15.0 million shares of our outstanding Common Stock, subject to customary limitations, which may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. This authorization has no expiration date. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 3.5 million shares at a weighted-average price of $7.21 per share. As of December 31, 2022, up to 12.3 million shares remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase authorization.

Aimco Operating Partnership

There is no public market for OP Units, and we have no intention of listing OP Units on any securities exchange. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement restricts the transferability of OP Units.

On February 24, 2023, there were 162,014,847 OP Units and equivalents outstanding (of which 149,925,165 were held by us), that were held by 2,117 unitholders of record.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

Aimco Operating Partnership did not issue any unregistered OP Units during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

Repurchases of Equity Securities

Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement generally provides that after holding OP Units for one-year, limited partners other than us have the right to redeem their OP Units for cash or, at our election, shares of our Common Stock on a one-for-one basis (subject to customary antidilution adjustments). During the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 108,000 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock, and approximately 33,000 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for cash at an aggregate weighted average price per unit of $7.07.

Dividend and Distribution Payments

As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of its Common Stock at least 90.0% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. Aimco's Board determines and declares Aimco's dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco's Board considers a variety of factors, including REIT distribution requirements; current market conditions; liquidity needs; and other uses of cash, such as deleveraging and accretive investment activities.

Stockholders receiving any dividend, whether payable in cash or cash and shares of Aimco Common Stock, will be required to include the full amount of such dividend as income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as

21

determined for United States federal income tax purposes for the year of such dividend and may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividend in excess of the cash dividend received. With respect to certain non-United States stockholders, Aimco may be required to withhold United States tax with respect to such dividend, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock.

The Board of Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner determines and declares distributions on OP Units. Aimco, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, is the sole general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2022, Aimco owned 92.6% of the legal interest in the common partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership and 94.9% of the economic interest of Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of our assets and manages the daily operations of our business. The distributions paid by Aimco Operating Partnership to Aimco are used to fund the dividends paid to Aimco's stockholders. Accordingly, the per share dividends Aimco pays to its stockholders generally equal the per unit distributions paid by Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of its common partnership units.

Our revolving credit agreement includes customary covenants, including a restriction on dividends and other restricted payments, but permits dividends and distributions as may be necessary to maintain Aimco's REIT status.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares cumulative total returns for our Common Stock, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, and the Russell 2000. The FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index is published by The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), a representative of multifamily real estate investment trusts and publicly traded real estate companies with interests in United States real estate and capital markets. The FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index serves as our sector comparison and the Russell 2000 serves as our broad-based market index.

The indices are weighted for all companies that fit the definitional criteria of the particular index and are calculated to exclude companies as they are acquired and to add companies to the index calculation as they become publicly traded companies. All companies that fit the definitional criteria and existed at the point in time presented are included in the index calculations. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in our Common Stock and in each index on December 31, 2017, and that all dividends paid have been reinvested. The historical information set forth on the following page is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

 

	For the years ended December 31,
Index	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
Apartment Investment and Management Company		100.00		104.13		126.55		111.27		162.68		150.35
FTSE Nareit Equity Apartment Index		100.00		103.70		130.99		110.89		181.44		123.46
Russell 2000		100.00		88.99		111.70		134.00		153.85		122.41

Source: Zacks Investment Research, Inc.

22

The Performance Graph will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate the same by reference.

23

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021, should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. For discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, please refer to Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 on our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Executive Overview

Our mission is to make real estate investments, primarily focused on the multifamily sector within targeted U.S. markets, where outcomes are enhanced through our human capital and substantial value is created for investors, teammates, and the communities in which we operate.

Please refer to “Item 1. Business” for additional discussion of our business organization and strategy and “Item 2. Properties” and “Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” for details regarding the size, location, and key characteristics of our various properties.

The Separation

On December 15, 2020, we completed the separation of AIR from Aimco, creating two distinct, independent businesses. Prior to the Separation, the consolidated financial statements were prepared on a carve-out basis and reflect significant assumptions and allocations. The consolidated financial statements reflect our historical financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Our financial statements are presented for all historical periods described and at the carrying value of such assets and liabilities reflected in Aimco Predecessor’s books and records.

Results for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022

The results from the execution of our business plan during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, are described below.

Financial Results and 2022 Highlights

•For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income attributable to common stockholders per share, on a fully dilutive basis, was $0.49, compared to a net loss per share of $0.04 for the same period in 2021, due primarily to lease modification income and gains on dispositions of real estate.

•For the year ended December 31, 2022, we exited $952.8 million of assets including the sales of three stabilized apartment communities and one development land parcel, the termination of leases on four completed and stabilized development and redevelopment projects, and the liquidation of 22% of our investment in the private real estate developer, IQHQ Inc.

•For the year ended December 31, 2022, we raised $912.0 million of new debt, which was used to capitalize development projects and payoff the $534.1 million of purchase money notes due to AIR Communities, 18 months prior to their maturity. This activity facilitated an increase in the weighted average maturity of Aimco's debt from 3.5 years for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 6.7 years for the year ended December 31, 2022.

•For the year ended December 31, 2022, we added future development opportunities in each of our target markets with the potential to produce more than 3,600 apartment homes and more than 450,000 square feet of commercial use.

Value Add, Opportunistic and Alternative Investments

Development and Redevelopment

We generally seek development and redevelopment opportunities where barriers to entry are high, target customers can be clearly defined, and where we have a comparative advantage over others in the market. We will focus our new investment activity in Southeast Florida, the Washington D.C. Metro Area and Colorado's Front Range. Our Value Add and Opportunistic investments may also target portfolio acquisitions, operational turnarounds, and re-entitlements.

24

We currently have five active development and redevelopment projects, located across four U.S. markets, in varying phases of construction and lease-up. These projects remain on track, as measured by budget, lease-up metrics, and current market valuations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we invested $294.4 million in development and redevelopment activities. Updates include:

•In Miami, Florida, construction is nearing completion and fully renovated apartment homes are being leased at The Hamilton. Demand for rental housing in Southeast Florida remains robust, especially for unique luxury properties such as The Hamilton. The building welcomed its first residents in October and at year end the building was 50% occupied at rental rates significantly ahead of our underwritten projections.

•In Bethesda, Maryland, construction began on the first phase of Strathmore Square which will contain 220 highly tailored apartment homes when complete in 2025. This infill project is located adjacent to the Grosvenor-Strathmore Metro station and the Strathmore Performing Arts Campus, and 1.5 miles from the National Institutes of Health main campus. Funding for the $164.0 million project is fully secured with Aimco’s equity commitment projected to be $31.5 million.

•In upper northwest Washington D.C., construction at Upton Place continues on schedule and on budget. The neighboring apartment community, City Ridge, is leasing up well and at rents that provide a positive indicator for Upton Place. Aimco plans to start pre-leasing Upton's 689 apartment homes during the summer of 2023 in anticipation of initial delivery in 4Q 2023. To date, 80% of the projects 105K square feet of retail space has been leased.

•In Corte Madera, California, construction is ongoing at Oak Shore where 16 luxury single family rental homes and 8 accessory dwelling units are being developed. The Marin County submarket is significantly supply constrained with for-sale starter homes generally priced near $2.0 million. The development remains on budget, however major rain events delayed our construction schedule by an estimated eight weeks. Aimco expects to deliver the first homes in the third quarter with pre-leasing efforts having begun in the first quarter of 2023.

•In Aurora, Colorado, The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club, the 106-key boutique hotel and event center, is slated for completion at the end of March. As the only ‘on campus’ accommodations, The Benson will serve the surrounding Anschutz Medical Campus which includes the University of Colorado Medical School, UC Health Hospital, Children’s Hospital Colorado, The Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center and the burgeoning Fitzsimons Innovation Community.

Alternative Investments

Our current alternative investments are primarily those investments originated by Aimco Predecessor and include a mezzanine loan secured by a stabilized multifamily property with an option to participate in future multifamily development, as well as three passive equity investments. Over time, we plan to significantly reduce capital allocated to these investments.

Updates for our alternative investments include:

•The borrower on our mezzanine loan, which is secured by the Parkmerced stabilized multifamily property plus phases two through nine of the site's future development opportunity, remains current on its first mortgage obligations. In the fourth quarter, given the decline in the underlying collateral value, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the investment to $158.6 million. We are currently exploring opportunities to monetize this investment to focus our capital on other accretive uses.

•During 2022, we funded the remaining $14.2 million of a total $50.0 million commitment of a passive equity investment in IQHQ Inc., a life sciences developer. After funding was completed, 22% of our passive equity investment in IQHQ was redeemed for $16.5 million resulting in a greater than 50% internal rate of return over the hold period for this portion of our investment. We retained 2.4 million shares with a carrying value of $59.7 million and the opportunity to collaborate with IQHQ on future development opportunities that include a multifamily component. We have no remaining equity commitments to IQHQ.

Investment Activity

We are focused on development and redevelopment, primarily funded through construction loans and joint venture equity. Updates include:

25

•In 2022, we grew our pipeline of development opportunity with the acquisition of 14.9 acres of land for $152.5 million in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Miami, Florida, and on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado.

•In 2022, we formed two joint ventures for mixed-use developments in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida and at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, Maryland.

•We sold three stabilized operating properties in 2022: Pathfinder Village in Fremont, California; Cedar Rim in Renton, Washington; and 2900 on First in Seattle, Washington, for $249.0 million at a weighted average NOI cap rate of 4.0%.

•In December 2022, we sold 0.8 acres of the land acquired in 2022 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for $18.3 million.

•Additionally, following the successful development and lease-up of (i) 707 Leahy in Redwood City, California, (ii) Prism in Cambridge, Massachusetts, (iii) Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, Florida and (iv) The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado, we and AIR entered into an agreement that terminated our leasehold interest in each of these four properties on September 1, 2022. The termination was completed on schedule at a combined asset value of $669 million and after the relief of the leasehold liabilities we received a cash payment of $200 million (subject to customary prorations and adjustments) as consideration from AIR, resulting in value creation, net of costs, of approximately $100 million, which was realized about 18 months sooner than anticipated.

Operating Property Results

We own a diversified portfolio of stabilized apartment communities located in eight major U.S. markets with average rents in line with local market averages. We also own a commercial office building that is part of an assemblage with an adjacent apartment building.

Highlights for the year ended December 31, 2022 include:

•Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $135.2 million, up 10.6% year over year, resulting from a $211 increase in average monthly revenue per apartment home to $2,087, partially offset by a 60-basis point decrease in Average Daily Occupancy to 97.4%.

•Expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $40.8 million, up 3.1% year over year, due primarily to higher real estate taxes and insurance.

•Net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $94.4 million, up 14.2% year over year.

•1001 Brickell Bay Drive, a waterfront office building in Miami, Florida, is owned as part of a larger assemblage with substantial development potential. During 2022, we executed leases on over 96,000 square feet of office space, at rates per square foot 10% higher than leases executed in 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the building was 86% occupied, up from 80% at December 31, 2021.

Balance Sheet and Financing Activities

We are highly focused on maintaining a strong balance sheet, including having at all times ample liquidity. As of December 31, 2022, we had access to $379.8 million in liquidity, including $206.5 million of cash on hand, $23.3 million of restricted cash, and the capacity to borrow up to $150.0 million on our revolving credit facility. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for additional information regarding our leverage.

Financial Results of Operations

We have three segments: (i) Development and Redevelopment; (ii) Operating; and (iii) Other.

Our Development and Redevelopment segment includes properties that are under construction or have not achieved stabilization, as well as land assemblages that are being held for future development. Our Operating segment includes 21 residential apartment communities that have achieved stabilized levels of operations as of January 1, 2021, and maintained it throughout the current year and comparable period. Our Other segment consists of properties that are not included in our Development and Redevelopment or Operating segments.

The following discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statement in Item 8.

26

Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2022, Compared to the same period in 2021

Net income increased by $97.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, due primarily to the recognition of lease modification income and gains recognized on disposition of real estate partially offset by the non-cash impairment of the Mezzanine Investment.

Property Results

As of December 31, 2022, our Development and Redevelopment segment included five properties that were under construction. Our Operating segment included 21 communities with 5,582 apartment homes, and our Other segment included our Eldridge Townhomes acquisition, and one office building.

We use proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our segments. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenues, less direct property operating expenses, but:

•excluding utility reimbursements for the consolidated communities. In our Consolidated Statements of Operations, utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP;

•excluding the results of four apartment communities with an aggregate 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate, our investment in IQHQ and the Mezzanine Investment; and

•excluding property management costs and casualty gains or losses, reported in consolidated amounts, in our assessment of segment performance.

Please refer to Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion regarding our segments, including a reconciliation of these proportionate amounts to consolidated rental and other property revenues and property operating expenses.

Proportionate Property Net Operating Income

The results of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, as presented below, are based on segment classifications as of December 31, 2022.

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021		$			%
Rental and other property revenues, before utility reimbursements:
Development and Redevelopment	$	919		$	2,036	$	(1,117	)		(54.9	%)
Operating		135,224			122,303		12,921			10.6	%
Other		18,030			14,559		3,471			23.8	%
Total		154,173			138,898		15,275			11.0	%
Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements:
Development and Redevelopment		2,198			1,446		752			52.0	%
Operating		40,841			39,625		1,216			3.1	%
Other		5,560			4,405		1,155			26.2	%
Total		48,599			45,476		3,123			6.9	%
Proportionate property net operating income:
Development and Redevelopment		(1,279	)		590		(1,869	)		(100.0	%)
Operating		94,383			82,678		11,705			14.2	%
Other		12,470			10,154		2,316			22.8	%
Total	$	105,574		$	93,422	$	12,152			13.0	%

For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021:

•Development and Redevelopment proportionate net operating income decreased by $1.9 million due primarily to a reduction at The Hamilton, due to its de-leasing in late 2021 for redevelopment.

•Operating proportionate property net operating income increased by $11.7 million, or 14.2%. The increase was attributable primarily to a $12.9 million, or 10.6% increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues of $211 per apartment home, partially offset by a 60-basis point decrease in occupancy.

•Other proportionate property net operating income increased by $2.3 million, or 22.8% primarily due to owning Eldridge Townhomes for all of 2022.

27

The results of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, as presented below, are based on segment classifications as of December 31, 2022.

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2021		2020		$		%
Rental and other property revenues, before utility reimbursements:
Development and Redevelopment	$	2,036	$	1,515		521		34.4	%
Operating		122,303		116,888		5,415		4.6	%
Other		14,559		13,079		1,480		11.3	%
Total		138,898		131,482		7,416		5.6	%
Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements:
Development and Redevelopment		1,446		981		465		47.4	%
Operating		39,625		37,917		1,708		4.5	%
Other		4,405		4,117		288		7.0	%
Total		45,476		43,015		2,461		5.7	%
Proportionate property net operating income:
Development and Redevelopment		590		534		56		10.5	%
Operating		82,678		78,971		3,707		4.7	%
Other		10,154		8,962		1,192		13.3	%
Total	$	93,422	$	88,467	$	4,955		5.6	%

For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, our Development and redevelopment proportionate net operating income increased by $0.1 million.

Operating proportionate property net operating income increased by $3.7 million, or 4.7% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020. The increase was attributable to a $5.4 million, or 4.6% increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues of $47 per apartment home, and a 160-basis point increase in occupancy, offset partially by a $1.7 million, or 4.5% increase in property operating expenses due primarily to higher real estate taxes and insurance.

Other proportionate property net operating income increased by $1.2 million, or 13.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to the acquisition of Eldridge Townhomes in the third quarter of 2021.

Non-Segment Real Estate Operations

Operating income amounts not attributed to our segments include property management costs, casualty losses, and, if applicable, the results of apartment communities sold or held for sale, reported in consolidated amounts, which we do not allocate to our segments for purposes of evaluating segment performance.

Depreciation and Amortization

For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $74.3 million, or 87.7%, due primarily to $85.7 million of accelerated depreciation recognized relating to the 2022 lease termination as described in Note 4.

General and Administrative Expenses

For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, General and administrative expenses increased by $6.5 million, or 19.7%. General and administrative expenses incurred for the year ended December 31, 2021 were prior to the full build out of our platform. General and administrative expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 included $6.5 million of expenses for consulting services with respect to strategic growth, direction and advice per the Separation Agreement with AIR. This agreement concluded at December 31, 2022.

Interest Expense

For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, interest expense increased by $20.9 million, or 39.6% due primarily due to $27.9 million of spread maintenance costs related to prepayment of the Notes Payable to AIR and other debt, the refinancing of certain property debt, and the payoff of a construction loan, partially offset by reduced interest expense on the Notes Payable to AIR due to the early payoff.

28

Mezzanine Investment Income (Loss), Net

In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the "Parkmerced Apartments" located in southwest San Francisco (the "Mezzanine Investment"). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. As discussed in Note 2, ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan was retained by AIR following the Separation. The Separation Agreement provides for AIR to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan, once required third-party consents to transfer are received. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments on the mezzanine loan to us.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million. The non-cash impairment is reflected in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, and as a reduction in Mezzanine investment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $30.4 million of income in connection with the mezzanine loan.

Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Interest Rate Options

We are required to adjust our interest rate options to fair value on a quarterly basis. As a result of the mark-to-market adjustments, we recorded unrealized gains of $36.9 million and $6.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. In addition, we realized gains of $11.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Equity Investments

In June 2022, 22% of our original investment in IQHQ was redeemed for $16.5 million and we recognized a realized gain of $5.7 million. Our remaining investment in IQHQ with a cost basis of $39.2 million was valued at an estimated fair market value of $59.7 million, and we recognized a $20.5 million unrealized gain at the same per share value as the cash redemption. We measure our investments in property technology funds at NAV as a practical expedient. As a result of changes in NAV, we recorded unrealized losses of $5.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to unrealized gains of $6.6 million for the same period in 2021.

Gain on Dispositions of Real Estate

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold three stabilized multifamily properties and one land parcel for gross proceeds of $267.3 million and recognized $175.9 million of gain on dispositions of real estate.

Lease Modification Income

In June 2022, we as lessee and AIR as lessor, entered into a lease termination agreement pursuant to which AIR paid us a termination payment on September 1, 2022. Upon receipt of this payment, the leases with respect to four properties were terminated, and we relinquished control of the associated leasehold improvements and underlying land of these four properties. The total lease modification income recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $207.0 million.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, includes costs associated with our risk management activities, partnership administration expenses, fee income, and certain non-recurring items. For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, Other income (expense), net decreased by $16.6 million due primarily to one-time fee revenue earned in 2021 as well as advisory expenses related to a strategic business review and the annual shareholder meeting in 2022.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in one of our apartment communities and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive.

Our income tax benefit calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

29

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, compared to net losses subject to tax of $31.4 million for the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized income tax expense of $17.3 million, compared to income tax benefit of $13.6 million for the same period in 2021. The year-to-year change is due primarily to GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under our loan agreements.

As of December 31, 2022, our available liquidity was $379.8 million, which consisted of:

•$206.5 million in cash and cash equivalents;

•$23.3 million of restricted cash, including amounts related to tenant security deposits and escrows held by lenders for capital additions, property taxes, and insurance; and

•$150.0 million of available capacity to borrow under our revolving secured credit facility.

We have commitments for approximately $155.8 million and remaining planned spend of $278.7 million on development and redevelopment projects, with $304.6 million undrawn on our construction loans as of December 31, 2022. The initial allocation to our Edgewater joint venture and Strathmore joint ventures have remaining unfunded commitments of $10.3 million. We also have unfunded commitments in the amount of $2.4 million related to four investments in entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry. Our principal uses for liquidity include normal operating activities, payments of principal and interest on outstanding debt, capital expenditures, and future investments. Additionally, our third-party property managers may enter into commitments on our behalf to purchase goods or services in connection with the operation of our apartment communities and our office building. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to historical levels.

We believe, based on the information available at this time, that we have sufficient cash on hand and access to additional sources of liquidity to meet our operational needs for the next twelve months.

In the event that our cash and cash equivalents, revolving secured credit facility, and cash provided by operating activities are not sufficient to cover our liquidity needs, we have the means to generate additional liquidity, such as from additional property financing activity and proceeds from apartment community sales. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including debt maturities, development and redevelopment spending, and future investment activity, primarily through property financing activity, cash generated from operations, and the recycling of our equity. Our revolving secured credit facility matures in December 2023, prior to consideration of its two one-year extension options.

Leverage and Capital Resources

The availability and cost of credit and its related effect on the overall economy may affect our liquidity and future financing activities, both through changes in interest rates and access to financing. Any adverse changes in the lending environment could negatively affect our liquidity. We have taken steps to mitigate a portion of our short-term refunding risk. However, if property or development financing options become unavailable, we may consider alternative sources of liquidity, such as reductions in capital spending or apartment community dispositions.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 83% of our outstanding non-recourse property debt had a fixed interest rate and approximately 17% had a variable interest rate. In addition, the weighted-average rate on our non-recourse property debt was 5.2%, and the average remaining term to maturity was 7.1 years. At December 31, 2022, substantially all of our outstanding non-recourse property debt was either fixed or hedged. Our use of interest rate caps may vary from quarter to quarter depending on lender requirements, recycling of interest rate caps between projects, and our view on forecasted interest rates.

While our primary source of leverage is property-level debt, we also have a secured $150.0 million credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions, and construction loans. As of December 31, 2022, we had no outstanding borrowings under our revolving secured credit facility. Under our revolving secured credit facility, we have agreed to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25x, minimum tangible net worth of $625.0 million, and maximum leverage of 60% as defined in the credit

30

agreement. We are currently in compliance and expect to remain in compliance with these covenants during the next twelve months.

Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash due to operating, investing, and financing activities, which are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8 of this report.

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $204.2 million. Our operating cash flow is primarily affected by rental rates, occupancy levels and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment communities, and general and administrative costs. Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by $191.6 million compared to the same period in 2021, due primarily to cash received from development property lease terminations in 2022.

Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased by $35.3 million compared to 2020, due to higher operating and general and administrative expenses.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash used in investing activities of $120.8 million consisted primarily of capital expenditures of $237.5 million and $129.2 million of cash used to acquire undeveloped land parcels, offset by $260.0 million of proceeds received from the disposition of real estate. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, decreased by $150.7 million compared to the same period in 2021, due primarily to proceeds received from the disposition of real estate offset by increased capital expenditures and acquisitions.

Capital additions totaled $237.5 million and $177.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2022. and 2021, respectively, and were primarily used for construction costs on our development and redevelopment properties.

We exclude the amounts of capital spending related to commercial spaces and to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale at the end of the period from the foregoing measures. We have also excluded from these measures indirect capitalized costs, which are not yet allocated to communities with capital additions, and their related capital spending categories.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, increased by $142.1 million compared to 2020, due primarily to capital expenditures and cash used in the purchase of The Benson Hotel, the Eldridge Townhomes, and construction costs on our development properties.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash used in financing activities of $98.3 million consisted primarily of the $534.1 million payoff of the Notes Payable to AIR, $302.4 million to retire property debt and the $138.4 million paydown of construction loans, offset by $756.2 million in cash raised from the issuance of new property debt, $93.2 million in cash draws received from construction loans, and a $102.0 million redeemable noncontrolling interest preferred equity contribution from an institutional partner. For the year ended December 31, 2021, cash provided by financing activities of $204.7 million consisted primarily of $165.2 million of proceeds received from construction loans undertaken and $59.8 million of proceeds received from non-recourse property debt issuances.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased by $165.4 million compared to 2020, due primarily to the non-recurring $420.9 million investment received from Aimco Predecessor in connection with the Separation.

Non-GAAP Measures

We use EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance. These key financial indicators are non-GAAP measures and are defined and described below. We provide reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable financial measure computed in accordance with GAAP.

31

Earnings Before Interest Expense, Income Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization for Real Estate (“EBITDAre”)

EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre are non-GAAP measures, which we believe are useful to investors, creditors, and rating agencies as a supplemental measure of our ability to incur and service debt because they are recognized measures of performance by the real estate industry and allow for comparison of our credit strength to different companies. EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) as determined in accordance with GAAP as indicators of liquidity. There can be no assurance that our method of calculating EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre is comparable with that of other real estate investment trusts. Nareit defines EBITDAre as net income computed in accordance with GAAP, before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expense, further adjusted for:

•gains and losses on the dispositions of depreciated property;

•impairment write-downs of depreciated property;

•impairment write-downs of investments in unconsolidated partnerships caused by a decrease in the value of the depreciated property in such partnerships; and

•adjustments to reflect our share of EBITDAre of investments in unconsolidated entities.

EBITDAre is defined by Nareit and provides for an additional performance measure independent of capital structure for greater comparability between real estate investment trusts. We define Adjusted EBITDAre as EBITDAre adjusted to exclude the effect of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships and EBITDAre adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests, and unrealized gain on interest rate options, which we believe allow investors to compare a measure of our earnings before the effects of our capital structure and indebtedness with that of other companies in the real estate industry. Additionally, we exclude interest income recognized on our Mezzanine Investment that was accrued but not paid.

The reconciliation of net (loss) income to EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
Net income (loss)	$	92,158		$	(4,980	)
Adjustments:
Interest expense		73,842			52,902
Income tax (benefit) expense		17,264			(13,570	)
Gains on dispositions of real estate		(175,863	)		—
Lease modification income		(206,963	)		—
Depreciation and amortization		158,967			84,712
Impairment		—			—
Adjustment related to EBITDAre of unconsolidated partnerships		1,004			836
EBITDAre	$	(39,591	)	$	119,900
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling    interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		(8,829	)		(91	)
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests    in consolidated real estate partnerships		(3,672	)		(1,136	)
EBITDAre adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests		(491	)		(320	)
Mezzanine investment (income) loss, net		179,239			(30,436	)
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options		(48,205	)		(6,509	)
Unrealized (gains) losses on IQHQ investment		(20,501	)		—
Adjusted EBITDAre	$	57,950		$	81,408

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies involve our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Capitalized Costs

We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including developments, redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community

32

components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which redevelopments are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the asset. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a sublease of office space within our corporate offices to AIR at then-current market rents. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows per the terms of the sublease arrangement, we evaluated the recoverability of the assets associated with the subleased space, including, the right-of-use asset, tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment and concluded the subleased assets were impaired as of December 31, 2020. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.0 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a software license agreement with AIR to provide for the use of certain internally developed software at then-current market rates. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the carrying value of the internally developed software, we concluded the assets were impaired. Additionally, following an evaluation of the future service potential of certain other internal software that was under development, we ceased development and impaired the associated carrying value. We recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $4.9 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

Acquisitions

Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of apartment communities or interests in partnerships that own communities at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.

We allocate the cost of apartment communities acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases and our experience in leasing similar communities.

The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, that the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; and (c) the value associated with leased apartment homes during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had leased apartment homes been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels. The above- and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which

33

include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.

Mezzanine Investment

Pre-Separation, the Mezzanine Investment in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and related swaption were accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and a derivative, respectively. Post-Separation, the legal title to the loan investment and swaption remained with AIR, while we obtained the right to all of the economics.

On a periodic basis, we evaluate our Mezzanine Investment for impairment. We assess whether there are any indicators that imply the value of our investment may be impaired. These include assessments of both the underlying property performance and general market conditions in place. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Cash flow projections for the investment consider property level factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors, such as changes in the macroeconomic environment that can lead to increases in capitalization rates and discount rates. We consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include the loan’s maturity date, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, and the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity.

As a result of our analysis, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million at December 31, 2022. The impairment loss is reflected in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, and as a reduction in Mezzanine investment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022. No impairment losses were recognized for the mezzanine investment during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Prior to recording the non-cash impairment charge, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the mezzanine loan by AIR on its equity investment that are due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in AIR’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represents the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying mezzanine loan.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our chief market risks are refunding risk, that is the availability of property debt or other cash sources to refund maturing property debt, and repricing risk, that is the possibility of increases in base interest rates and credit risk spreads. We use long-dated, fixed-rate, non-recourse property debt on stabilized properties.

In order to avoid the refunding and repricing risks of short-term borrowings. We use working capital primarily to fund short-term uses. We make limited use of derivative financial instruments and we do not use them for trading or other speculative purposes.

Market Risk

As of December 31, 2022, on a consolidated basis, we had $164.2 million of variable-rate property-level debt outstanding and $113.4 million of variable rate construction loans. The impact of rising interest rates is mitigated by our use of interest rate caps, which as of December 31, 2022, provided protection for our variable interest rate debt. Our use of interest rate caps may vary from quarter to quarter depending on lender requirements, recycling of interest rate caps between projects, and our view on forecasted interest rates. We estimate that an increase in our variable rate indices of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, would increase interest expense by $0.5 million on an annual basis. We estimate that a decrease in our variable rate indices of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, would reduce interest expense by $1.0 million on an annual basis.

As of December 31, 2022, we held interest rate swaps and caps with $2.0 billion notional value. These instruments were acquired for $17.7 million and at year end were valued at $62.3 million.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $229.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bears interest at variable rates.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The independent registered public accounting firm’s reports, consolidated financial statements and schedule listed in the “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 of this Annual Report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by this reference.

34

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Aimco

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;

•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).

Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of Aimco.

35

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Apartment Investment and Management Company

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Apartment Investment and Management Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Apartment Investment and Management Company (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 27, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Denver, Colorado

February 27, 2023

36

Aimco Operating Partnership

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Aimco Operating Partnership’s management, with the participation of Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Aimco Operating Partnership’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;

•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).

Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Aimco Operating Partnership’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of Aimco.

37

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Partners and the Board of Directors of

Aimco OP L.P.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Aimco OP L.P.’s internal control over financial reporting as of year ended December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Aimco OP L.P. (the Partnership) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of year ended December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Partnership as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 27, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Denver, Colorado

February 27, 2023

38

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

39

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The Board is composed of nine highly qualified directors who bring strong skills, industry experience and track records of driving value. Seven of eight independent directors have joined the Board within the past approximately two years, demonstrating a commitment to refreshment and providing fresh perspectives through their varied backgrounds.

The directors of the Company, their ages, dates they began serving on the Board, and their positions on the Board are set forth below.

Name	Age	Director Since	Position
Wes Powell	43	December 2020	Director (Class III), President and Chief Executive Officer
Quincy L. Allen	53	December 2020	Director (Class I), Chairman of the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee
Patricia L. Gibson	60	December 2020	Director (Class I), Chairman of the Investment Committee
Jay Paul Leupp	59	December 2020	Director (Class II), Chairman of the Audit Committee
Robert A. Miller	77	April 2007	Director (Class III)
Deborah Smith	50	January 2021	Director (Class III)
R. Dary Stone	69	December 2020	Chairman of the Board of Directors (Class II)
James P. Sullivan	61	December 2022	Director (Class II)
Kirk A. Sykes	64	December 2020	Director (Class I), Chairman of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee

40

The following is a biographical summary of the current directors of the Company.

      WES POWELL   President and Chief Executive Officer, Aimco   Age: 43
Director since 2020 Experience   • President and Chief Executive Officer, (2020 – present) Executive Vice President, Redevelopment and Acquisitions (2018 – 2020), Senior Vice President, Redevelopment with responsibility for the eastern region (2013 to 2018), held various positions, including Asset Manager, Director, and Vice President of Redevelopment, (2004 – 2013), Aimco   • Staff Architect, Ai Architecture (now Perkins & Will)   Qualifications   • Real Estate, Property / Asset Management and Operations, Capital Markets, Development and Construction, Investment and Finance gained through his experience overseeing Aimco’s redevelopment and development activities nationally, leading acquisitions in the eastern U.S., and prior responsibilities as an Asset Manager for the company   • Mr. Powell also brings expertise in Business Operations, Financial Expertise and Literacy, Talent Development and Management   Education   • B.EnvD, University of Colorado School of Architecture and Urban Planning   • MBA, Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management Other Boards / Organizations   • Urban Land Institute, Member   • National Multi Housing Council, Member   Committees   • None

41

      QUINCY L. ALLEN   Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Arc Capital Partners   Age: 53
Independent Director since 2020 Experience   • Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Arc Capital Partners, a Los Angeles real estate investment firm that specializes in urban mixed-use properties (2013 to present)   • Managing Director and investment committee member of the Canyon-Johnson Urban Funds (partnership between Canyon Partners and Earvin “Magic” Johnson), Canyon Partners (2003 – 2013)   • Executive focused on workouts and portfolio management, Lazard Frères (2000 – 2002)   • Vice President, Archstone Communities. a leading national multifamily REIT focused on apartments in urban locations (1997-2000)   • Began real estate investment career at Security Capital Group focused on the multifamily and industrial (Prologis) platforms (1996 – 1997)   Qualifications   • Real Estate, Development, Investment, Finance and Business Operations gained through his experience at Arc Capital, where Mr. Allen is responsible for overall firm strategy, investments, asset management, financing and dispositions, and during his time at Canyon Partners, Lazard and Archstone Communities   • Mr. Allen also brings Financial Expertise and Literacy and Talent Development and Management experience   Education   • BS, Finance, Summa Cum Laude, Wayne State University   • MBA, Harvard Business School Other Boards / Organizations   • Mike Ilitch School of Business at Wayne State University, Board member   • Wayne State University Foundation, Investment Committee Member   • Think Together, Board member   • Urban Land Institute, Pension Real Estate Association, Member   • National Multi Housing Council, Member   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, Chair   • Investment

42

      PATRICIA L. GIBSON   Founding Principal and CEO, Banner Oak Capital Partners   Age: 60
Independent Director since 2020 Experience   • Founding Principal and CEO, Banner Oak Capital Partners, a fully integrated, independent investment management platform and Registered Investment Advisor with $5 billion in assets under management (2016 – present)   • President, Hunt Realty Investments, where she led the commercial real estate investment management activities for the Hunt family of companies (2010 – 2016); Senior Vice President (1997 – 2010)   • Senior positions, Goldman Sachs’ real estate subsidiary, (1994 – 1997)   • Began real estate investment career at The Travelers Realty Investment Company on the debt and equity side of the business (1985 – 1994)   Qualifications   • Real Estate, Investment and Finance, Capital Markets, Asset Management and Financial Expertise and Literacy gained through her experience at Banner Oak, where Ms. Gibson oversees all investment activity and is responsible for establishing and implementing the firm’s strategic direction, as well as her time at Hunt Realty Investment where she was responsible for the growth of an extensive and diverse portfolio of direct-owned strategic assets totaling over $3 billion, including a strategic venture with a major pension fund dedicated to investments in real estate operating platforms, and her time at Goldman Sachs overseeing portfolio management and the capital market efforts for over $4 billion in commercial real estate assets   • Ms. Gibson also brings expertise in Business Operations and Talent Development and Management   Education   • BS, Finance, Fairfield University   • MBA, University of Connecticut   • Chartered Financial Analyst Other Boards / Organizations   • RLJ Lodging Trust (since 2017)   • Pacolet Milliken Enterprises, a private investment company focused on energy and real estate   • Urban Land Institute, Member   • Industrial and Office Parks Red Council, formerly Vice Chair   • Executive Council of the University of Texas Real Estate Finance Council, Member   • National Association of Real Estate Investment Managers, Member & previous Chairman   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, Governance   • Investment, Chair

43

      JAY PAUL LEUPP   Co-Founder, Managing Partner, and Senior Portfolio Manager, Terra Firma Asset Management   Age: 59
Independent Director since 2020 Experience   • Co-Founder, Managing Partner, and Senior Portfolio Manager, Real Estate Securities, Terra Firma Asset Management (2020 – present)   • Managing Director and Portfolio Manager/Analyst, Global Real Estate Securities, Lazard Asset Management (2011 – 2020).   • Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, also served as the Senior Portfolio Manager for real estate securities mutual funds, Grubb & Ellis Alesco Global Advisors (2007 – 2011 when sold to Lazard)   • Managing Director, Real Estate Equity Research, RBC Capital Markets, an investment banking group of the Royal Bank of Canada (2002 – 2006)   • Managing Director, Real Estate Equity Research, Robertson Stephens & Co. Inc., an investment banking firm (1994 – 2002).   • Vice President, Staubach Company (1991 – 1994)   • Development Manager, Trammell Crow Residential, one of the nation’s largest developers of multifamily housing (1989 – 1991)   • Senior Accountant (CPA), KPMG Peat Marwick 1985-1987.   Qualifications   • Capital Markets, Investment and Finance, Real Estate, and Development gained through his over 28 years of experience as a Portfolio Manager and Managing Director focused on investments in real estate securities and leasing, acquisition and financing of commercial real estate; Mr. Leupp also brings Corporate Governance experience gained through his public and private board service   • Mr. Leupp brings additional expertise in Accounting and Auditing for Large Business Organizations, Business Operations, Financial Expertise and Literacy, Property / Asset Management and Operations, and Talent Development and Management. Mr. Leupp is a Certified Public Accountant (Inactive Status)   Education   • BS, Business Administration, Santa Clara University   • MBA, Harvard Business School Other Boards / Organizations   • Health Care Realty (since 2020)   • Marathon Digital Holdings (since 2021)   • G.W. Williams Company (private)   • The Policy Board of the Fisher Center for Real Estate at the University of California, Berkeley, Member   • Santa Clara University’s Trustee Finance Committee, Member   • AICPA, Member   Committees   • Audit, Chair   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

44

      ROBERT A. MILLER   President, RAMCO Advisors LLC   Age: 77
Independent Director since 2007 Experience   • President of RAMCO Advisors LLC, an investment advisory and business consulting firm (2012 – present)   • Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, International, Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation (2011 – 2012)   • President, Marriott Leisure (1997 – 2011)   • President (1988 – 1997), Executive Vice President & General Manager (1984 to 1988), Marriott Vacation Club International   • Co-Founder, President and Chief Operating Officer, American Resorts, Inc. (1978 – 1984 when sold to Marriott)   • Served for five years as an accountant, Arthur Young & Company   Qualifications   • Business Operations, Property / Asset Management and Operations, Marketing and Branding, Sales, Development, Finance and Investment, and Accounting and Auditing for Large Business Organizations through his 44 years as a successful real estate entrepreneur, corporate executive and consultant   • Mr. Miller also provides expertise related to Financial Expertise and Literacy and Talent Development and Management   Education   • BSBA, University of Florida Other Boards / Organizations   • AIR (2020 – 2021)   • Welk Hospitality Group (2016 – 2021)   • American Resort Development Association, Director and past Chairman   • Urban Land Institute, Member   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

45

      DEBORAH SMITH   Co-Founder and CEO, The CenterCap Group   Age: 50
Independent Director since 2021 Experience   • Co-Founder and CEO, The CenterCap Group, a boutique investment bank providing strategic M&A advisory, capital-raising and consulting related services to private and public sector companies and fund managers across the real assets industry (2009 – present); also serves as Chief Executive Officer of the firm’s two wholly owned subsidiaries, CC Securities (since 2011) and CenterCap Advisors (since 2019)   • Co-Head of Mergers and Acquisitions and Senior Managing Director, CB Richard Ellis Investors, where she also served on the Global Leadership Team, which oversaw execution of strategies and best practices (2007 – 2009)   • Served as an investment banker with Lehman Brothers, Wachovia Securities, and Morgan Stanley   • Ms. Smith is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and author of numerous industry articles for real estate focused publications.   Qualifications   • Investment and Finance, Capital Markets, Corporate Transactions, Business Strategy & Operations, Real Estate, and Marketing gained through her experience as a Co-Founder and CEO at The CenterCap Group where Ms. Smith heads the firm’s Strategic Capital, Mergers & Acquisitions and Execution efforts, as well as her role as an investment banker at various firms; Ms. Smith has been involved in more than $100 billion of mergers, acquisitions and restructuring transactions and over $500 million of private capital raising assignments to support GP and LP positions for middle-market restructuring, acquisition and development projects across the retail, multifamily, office, hotel and industrial sectors   • Ms. Smith also brings expertise in Financial Expertise and Literacy, Legal, and Talent Development and Management   Education   • Bachelor of Economics, with honors, University of Sydney   • Bachelor of Law, with honors, University of Sydney Other Boards / Organizations   • None   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

46

      R. DARY STONE   Chairman of the Board   President and CEO, R. D. Stone Interests   Age: 69 Independent Director since 2020 Experience   • President and Chief Executive Officer, R. D. Stone Interests (1990 – present)   • Served as President of multiple real estate companies (1988 – present), including President and COO of Cousins Properties, an NYSE listed REIT   Qualifications   • Investment and Finance, Real Estate, Development, Property / Asset Management and Operations, Capital Markets gained through his over 30-year career investing and developing a variety of projects and joint ventures including the operation and management of one of the country’s largest master planned developments and other large commercial real estate projects and success in getting zoning changes that allowed for multifamily and other non-office uses where prior zoning was commercial   • Mr. Stone also brings expertise in Business Operations, Corporate Governance, Financial Expertise and Literacy, and Talent Development and Management   Education   • Tulane University and Baylor University   • JD, Baylor University Law School Other Boards / Organizations   • Cousins Properties (2011 – 2016 and currently since 2018)   • Tolleson Wealth
Management, a privately held wealth management firm, and Tolleson Private Bank (since 2003; Audit Chairman)   • Former Regent, Baylor University; Chairman (2009 - 2011)   • Hunt Companies, Inc (2015 – 2016)   • Parkway, Inc (2016 – 2017)   • Lone Star Bank (former)   • Former Chairman, Banking Commission of Texas (previously known as the Texas State Finance Commission)   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

47

      JAMES P. SULLIVAN   Age: 61
Independent Director since 2022 Experience   • Senior Advisor – Research, Green Street Advisors (2020)   • President, Green Street Advisory Group (2014-2019)   • Head of North American REIT Research, Green Street Advisors (2010-2014)   • Managing Director/Senior REIT Analyst, Green Street Advisors (1994-2009)   • Prior to Green Street, served as a real estate investment banker and construction lender at Bank of America and Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company   Qualifications   • Real Estate, Capital Markets, Investment and Finance, gained through his 26-year career at Green Street Advisors, the preeminent independent research and advisory firm concentrating on the commercial real estate industry. During his first 20 years at Green Street, Mr. Sullivan was a REIT analyst, and he managed the firm's REIT research team for five years. He then served for five years as President of Green Street's Advisory Group, providing strategic advice to commercial real estate owners and investors around the world. In his final year at Green Street, Mr. Sullivan was a Senior Advisor to Green Street's research team, helping to foster best practices across the firm's public and private market research groups.   • Mr. Sullivan brings additional expertise in Accounting and Auditing for Large Business Organizations, Business Operations, Corporate Governance, Financial Expertise and Literacy, and Operations, and Talent Development and Management   Education   • BA, Economics, Duke University   •  MBA, Finance and Real Estate, Columbia University Other Boards / Organizations   • The James Campbell Company (2022 - present; member of Compensation and Audit Committees)   • Bixby Land Company (2016-present; Compensation Committee Chairman, Audit Committee member)       Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

48

      KIRK A. SYKES   Co-Managing Partner, Accordia Partners   Age: 64
Independent Director since 2020 Experience   • Co-Managing Partner, Accordia Partners, LLC, a real estate development company (2014 – present)   • President, Primary Corporation, a real estate company that owns commercial real estate (1993 – present)   • President and Managing Director, Urban Strategy America Fund, LLP, a New Boston real estate investment fund (2005 – 2014)   Qualifications   • Real Estate, Investment and Finance, Development, Capital Markets, Marketing and Branding, Property / Asset Management and Operations, Financial Expertise and Literacy, gained through his experience at real estate development and commercial real estate companies, as well as his time at a real estate focused investment fund, and perspective gained during his tenure as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and other roles including service on Fleet Bank and BankBoston’s Community Bank Advisory Boards   • Mr. Sykes also brings expertise in Corporate Governance and Talent and Development   Education   • B. Arch., Cornell University   • Graduate, The Harvard Business School Owner and President Management Program Other Boards / Organizations   • Ares Commercial Real Estate Corporation (2017-2019)   • Natixis Loomis Sayles Funds, Board of Trustees. Trustee, Audit & Governance Committee Member (2019 – Present)   • Federal Reserve Bank of Boston External Diversity Advisory Board, Member (2010 – Present)   • Real Estate Executive Council Emeritus Board, (Former-Chairman)   • NAIOP Massachusetts Board Management Committee, Member   • The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Former Member (2008 – 2014) and Chairman (2012 – 2014)   Committees   • Audit   • Compensation and Human Resources, Chair   • Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance   • Investment

49

Summary of Director Qualifications and Expertise

Below is a summary of the qualifications and expertise of the directors, including expertise relevant to Aimco’s business.

Summary of Director Qualifications and Expertise	Mr. Powell	Mr. Allen	Ms. Gibson	Mr. Leupp	Mr. Miller	Ms. Smith	Mr. Stone	Mr. Sullivan	Mr. Sykes
Accounting and Auditing for Large Business Organizations				●	●			●
Business Operations	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Capital Markets	●	●	●	●		●	●	●	●
Corporate Governance	●	●		●			●	●	●
Development	●	●		●	●		●		●
Executive	●	●	●	●	●	●	●		●
Financial Expertise and Literacy	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Information Technology
Investment and Finance	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Legal						●
Marketing and Branding					●	●			●
Property / Asset Management and Operations	●		●	●	●		●		●
Real Estate	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Talent Development and Management	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
Demographics
Race/Ethnicity
African American		●							●
Asian/Pacific Islander
White/Caucasian	●		●	●	●	●	●	●
Hispanic/Latino
Native American
Gender
Male	●	●		●	●		●	●	●
Female			●			●

Meetings and Committees

The Board held nine meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022. During 2022, there were the following five committees: Audit; Compensation and Human Resources; Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance; Investment; and Aimco-AIR Transactions. During 2022, no director attended fewer than 75% of the aggregate total number of meetings of the Board and each committee on which such director served.

The Corporate Governance Guidelines, as described below, provide that the Company generally expects that the Chairman of the Board will attend all annual and special meetings of the stockholders. Other members of the Board are not required to attend such meetings. All of the then-members of the Board attended the Company’s 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, including the Chairman of the Board, and the Company anticipates that the full Board will attend the annual meeting this year.

Below is a table illustrating the current standing committee memberships and chairmen. Additional detail on each committee follows the table.

Director	Audit Committee	Compensation and Human Resources Committee	Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee	Investment Committee
Quincy L. Allen	●	●	†	●
Patricia L. Gibson	●	●	●	†
Jay Paul Leupp	†	●	●	●
Robert A. Miller	●	●	●	●
Wes Powell	̶	̶	̶	̶
Deborah Smith	●	●	●	●
R. Dary Stone*	●	●	●	●
James P. Sullivan	●	●	●	●
Kirk A. Sykes	●	†	●	●

__________

● indicates a member of the committee

† indicates the committee chairman

* indicates the Chairman of the Board

50

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee currently consists of the eight independent directors (Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Miller, Stone, Sullivan, and Sykes and Mses. Gibson and Smith) (the "Independent Directors"). Mr. Leupp serves as the chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in September 2022. In addition to the work of the Audit Committee, the chairman has regular and recurring conversations with Ms. Stanfield, Aimco’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Ms. Johnson, Aimco’s Chief Administrative Officer (“CAO”), the head of Aimco’s internal audit function, and representatives of Ernst & Young LLP. The Audit Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.

The Audit Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following chart.

Audit Committee Responsibilities	Accomplished In 2022
Oversees Aimco’s accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of Aimco’s financial statements.	✓
Directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the independent auditors and the lead engagement partner and makes its appointment based on a variety of factors.	✓
Reviews the scope, and overall plans for and results of the annual audit and internal audit activities.	✓
Oversees management’s negotiation with Ernst & Young LLP concerning fees, and exercises final approval over all Ernst & Young LLP fees.	✓
Consults with management and Ernst & Young LLP with respect to Aimco’s processes for risk assessment and enterprise risk management. Areas involving risk that are reported on by management and considered by the Audit Committee, the other Board committees, or the Board, include: operations, liquidity, leverage, finance, financial statements, the financial reporting process, accounting, legal matters, regulatory compliance, information technology and data protection, sustainability, climate risk, ESG, compensation, succession planning, and human resources and human capital.	✓
Consults with management and Ernst & Young LLP regarding, and provides oversight for, Aimco’s financial reporting process, internal control over financial reporting, and the Company’s internal audit function.	✓
Reviews and approves the Company’s policy about the hiring of former employees of independent auditors.	✓
Reviews and approves the Company’s policy for the pre-approval of audit and permitted non-audit services by the independent auditor, and reviews and approves any such services provided pursuant to such policy.	✓
Receives reports pursuant to Aimco’s policy for the submission and confidential treatment of communications from teammates and others concerning accounting, internal control and auditing matters.	✓
Reviews and discusses with management and Ernst & Young LLP quarterly earnings releases prior to their issuance and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and annual reports on Form 10-K prior to their filing.	✓
Reviews the responsibilities and performance of the Company’s internal audit function, approves the hiring, promotion, demotion or termination of the lead internal auditor, and oversees the lead internal auditor’s periodic performance review and changes to his or her compensation.	✓
Reviews with management the scope and effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, including for purposes of evaluating the accuracy and fair presentation of the Company’s financial statements in connection with the certifications made by the CEO and CFO.	✓
Meets regularly with members of Aimco management and with Ernst & Young LLP, including periodic meetings in executive session.	✓
Performs an annual review of the Company’s independent auditor, including an assessment of the firm’s experience, expertise, communication, cost, value, and efficiency, and including external data relating to audit quality and performance, including recent Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) reports on Ernst & Young LLP and its peer firms.	✓
Performs an annual review of the lead engagement partner of the Company’s independent auditor and the potential successors for that role.	✓
Periodically evaluates independent audit service providers.	✓
Reviews and discusses periodic reports from management pertaining to information technology security and controls.	✓

51

The Audit Committee held eight meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022. As set forth in the Audit Committee’s charter, no director may serve as a member of the Audit Committee if such director serves on the audit committee of more than two other public companies, unless the Board determines that such simultaneous service would not impair the ability of such director to effectively serve on the Audit Committee. No member of the Audit Committee serves on the audit committee of more than two other public companies.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Board has designated Mr. Leupp as an “audit committee financial expert.” In addition, all of the members of the Audit Committee qualify as audit committee financial experts. Each member of the Audit Committee is independent, as that term is defined by Section 303A of the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange relating to audit committees.

Compensation and Human Resources Committee

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee currently consists of the eight Independent Directors. Mr. Sykes serves as the chairman of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee. The chairman meets regularly with Ms. Johnson, Aimco’s CAO. The Chairman also has regular conversations with the Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s independent compensation consultant, Willis Towers Watson, and outside counsel with expertise in executive compensation and compensation governance related matters. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in April 2022. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following charts.

Compensation and Human Resources Committee Responsibilities	Accomplished In 2022
Responsible for succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term, with particular focus on CEO and key person succession.	✓
Oversees the Company’s management of the talent pipeline process.	✓
Oversees the goals and objectives of the Company’s executive compensation plans.	✓
Annually evaluates the performance of the CEO.	✓
Determines the CEO’s compensation.	✓
Negotiates and provides for the documentation of any employment agreement (or amendment thereto) with the CEO, as applicable.	✓
Reviews and approves the decisions made by the CEO as to the compensation of the other executive officers.	✓
Approves and grants equity compensation.	✓
Reviews and discusses the Compensation Discussion & Analysis with management.	✓
Oversees the Company’s submission to a stockholder vote of matters relating to compensation, including advisory votes on executive compensation and the frequency of such votes, incentive and other compensation plans, and amendments to such plans.	✓
Considers the results of stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation and takes such results into consideration in connection with the review and approval of executive officer compensation.	✓
Reviews stockholder proposals and advisory stockholder votes relating to executive compensation matters and recommends to the Board the Company’s response to such proposals and votes.	✓
Reviews compensation arrangements to evaluate whether incentive and other forms of pay encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking.	✓
Reviews and approves the terms of any compensation “claw back” or similar policy or agreement between the Company and the Company’s executive officers.	✓
Reviews periodically the goals and objectives of the Company’s executive compensation plans and recommends that the Board amend these goals and objectives if appropriate.	✓
In coordination with the Nominating, Environmental. Social, and Governance Committee, oversees the Company’s policies and strategies related to human capital.	✓

52

Compensation and Human Resources Committee Responsibilities	Accomplished In 2022
Oversees the Company’s culture, with a particular focus on collegiality, collaboration, and team-building.	✓

One of the most important responsibilities of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee is to ensure a succession plan is in place for key members of the Company’s executive management team, including the CEO. Based on the work of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, the Board has a succession plan for the CEO position, is prepared to act in the event of a CEO vacancy in the short term, and has identified candidates for succession over the long term. The Board will select the successor taking into consideration the needs of the organization, the business environment, and each candidate’s skills, experience, expertise, leadership, and fit. The Company maintains a robust succession planning process, as highlighted in the following chart.

Management Succession

The Company maintains an executive talent pipeline for every executive officer position, including the CEO position, and every other senior officer position within the organization.

The executive talent pipeline includes “interim,” “ready now,” and “under development” candidates for each position. The Company has an intentional focus on those formally under development for executive roles. Management is also focused on attracting, developing, and retaining strong talent across the organization.

The executive talent pipeline is formally updated annually and is the main topic of at least one of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s meetings each year. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee also reviews the pipeline in connection with year-end performance and compensation reviews for every executive officer position. The pipeline is discussed regularly at the management level, as well.

Talent development and succession planning is a coordinated effort among the CEO, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and the CAO, as well as each succession candidate.

The Board is provided exposure to succession candidates for executive officer positions.

All executive succession candidates have development plans.

The Company maintains a forward-looking approach to succession. Positions are filled considering the business strategy and needs at the time of a vacancy and the candidate’s skills, experience, expertise, leadership and fit.

The Company has a proven track record on the development of talented leaders and succession, most recently with the CEO transition in December 2020.

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee held five meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022.

53

Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee

The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee currently consists of the eight Independent Directors. Mr. Allen serves as the chairman of the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in September 2022. The Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.

The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following chart.

Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee Responsibilities	Accomplished In 2022
Focuses on Board candidates and nominees, and specifically: • Plans for Board refreshment and succession planning for directors; • Identifies and recommends to the Board individuals qualified to serve on the Board; • Identifies, recruits, and, if appropriate, interviews candidates to fill positions on the Board, including persons suggested by stockholders or others; and • Reviews each Board member’s suitability for continued service as a director when his or her term expires and when he or she has a change in professional status and recommends whether or not the director should be re-nominated.	✓
Focuses on Board composition and procedures as a whole and recommends, if necessary, measures to be taken so that the Board reflects the appropriate balance of knowledge, experience, skills, expertise, and diversity of perspective and background required for the Board as a whole.	✓
Develops and recommends to the Board a set of corporate governance principles applicable to Aimco and its management.	✓
Maintains a related party transaction policy and oversees any potential related party transactions.	✓
Oversees a systematic and detailed annual evaluation of the Board, committees, and individual directors in an effort to continuously improve the function of the Board.	✓
Considers corporate governance matters that may arise and develops appropriate recommendations, including providing the forum for the Board to consider important matters of public policy and vet stockholder input on a variety of matters.	✓
Reviews corporate governance trends, best practices, and regulations applicable to the corporate governance of the Company and develops appropriate recommendations for the Board.	✓
Oversees the Company’s policies and strategies related to environmental, social, and corporate responsibility matters, including climate-related risks and opportunities and human rights, in coordination with the other standing committees of the Board.	✓
Evaluates relevant, current, and emerging environmental, social, and corporate responsibility risks, opportunities, and trends that may materially impact or be of significance to the business, operations, or performance of the Company, reviews and assesses with management third-party rating reports and scores of the Company on environmental, social, and corporate responsibility matters, reviews with management the Company’s communications strategy on such matters, and develops appropriate recommendations for the Board.	✓
Receives updates from the Company’s management regarding material environmental, social, and corporate responsibility activities, practices, policies, and procedures.	✓
Oversees the Company’s disclosure on environmental, social, and governance matters.	✓
Reviews annually the Company’s public policy advocacy efforts and political and charitable contributions.	✓

The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee held four meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022.

54

Investment Committee

The Investment Committee currently consists of the Independent Directors and non-management directors. Ms. Gibson serves as the chairman of the Investment Committee. The Investment Committee’s purpose is to provide oversight and guidance to the Company’s management regarding investment decisions. The Investment Committee held five meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee

The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee consisted of Ms. Gibson, Mr. Leupp, and Ms. Smith. Ms. Gibson served as the chairman of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee until it was disbanded on February 1, 2023. The purposes of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee were to ensure transactions between Aimco and AIR are on an arms-length basis and on commercially reasonable terms. The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee met regularly with members of Aimco’s senior leadership. Due to reduced transaction activity with AIR, the responsibilities of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee were moved to the Investment Committee effective February 1, 2023, and the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee was disbanded accordingly.

The following table sets forth the number of meetings held by the Board and each committee during the year ended December 31, 2022.

	Board	Non-Management Directors	Audit Committee	Compensation and Human Resources Committee	Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee	Investment Committee	Aimco-AIR   Transactions Committee
Number of Meetings	9	5*	8	5	4	5	5**

* Included one meeting of only the Independent Directors.

** Due to reduced transaction activity with AIR, the responsibilities of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee were moved to the Investment Committee effective February 1, 2023.

THE GOVERNANCE OF OUr BOARD

This chart provides a summary overview of Aimco’s governance practices, each of which is described in more detail in the information that follows.

What Aimco Does

Supermajority Independent Board. Eight of the nine directors, or 89% of the directors, are independent.

Independent Standing Committees. Only independent directors serve on the Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, and Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committees.

Independent Chairman of the Board. The Company’s Chairman of the Board is an independent director.

Separation of Chairman and CEO. The Company has separated the roles of Chairman of the Board and CEO.

Board Refreshment. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has structured the Board such that there are directors of varying tenures and perspectives, with new directors joining the Board every few years, while retaining the institutional memory of longer-tenured directors. In connection with the Separation, six directors left the Board and the Company added seven new directors.

Regular Access to and Involvement with Management. In addition to regular access to management during Board and committee meetings, the independent directors have ongoing, direct access to members of management and to the Aimco business. This includes the Audit Committee chairman’s active and regular engagement with accounting staff and the Aimco auditors, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee chairman’s continuing involvement with compensation and personnel matters, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee chairman’s participation in director recruitment and other governance matters, and Mr. Stone’s frequent involvement with Mr. Powell with respect to strategy, agenda setting, board materials, and policy matters.

Engaged Board. In addition to regular access to management, the non-management directors meet at least quarterly and receive written updates from the CEO regularly.

Stockholder Engagement. Under the direction of the Board and including participation by Board members when requested by stockholders, Aimco systematically and at least annually canvasses its largest stockholders, those holding approximately two-thirds of outstanding Aimco shares, concerning compensation, governance, and other ESG matters.

Director Stock Ownership. By the completion of five years of service from the time of the Separation or from joining the Board, a non-management director is expected to own equity having a value of at least five times the annual cash retainer for independent directors.

55

What Aimco Does

Risk Assessment. The Board conducts an annual risk assessment. Areas involving risk that are reported on by management and considered by the Board, include: operations, liquidity, leverage, finance, financial statements, the financial reporting process, accounting, legal matters, regulatory compliance, information technology and data protection, sustainability, environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”), compensation, and human resources and human capital. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee is responsible for succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term, with particular focus on CEO succession in the short term and the long term.

Majority Voting with a Resignation Policy. In an uncontested election, Aimco requires its directors to be elected by a majority of the votes cast. Directors failing to get a majority of the votes cast in an uncontested election are expected to tender their resignation.

Proxy Access. A stockholder or a group of up to 20 stockholders, owning at least 3% of our shares for three years, may submit nominees for up to 20% of the Board, or two nominees, whichever is greater, for inclusion in our proxy materials, subject to complying with the requirements contained in our bylaws.

What Aimco Does Not Do

Unapproved Related Party Transactions. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee oversees a related party transactions policy requiring review and approval of such transactions to help ensure that Aimco’s decisions are based on considerations only in the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders.

Pledging or hedging shares held to satisfy stock ownership requirements. The Company’s insider trading policy places restrictions on the Company’s directors, executive officers, and all other employees entering into hedging transactions with respect to the Company’s securities (such as, but not limited to, zero-cost collars, equity swaps, and forward sale contracts) and from holding the Company’s securities in margin accounts or otherwise pledging such securities as collateral for loans. Pledging or hedging transactions are permitted only in very limited circumstances, and only with respect to shares held in excess of stock ownership requirements. Hedging transactions may not be entered into with regard to Aimco securities that are subject to a risk of forfeiture (e.g., restricted stock awards) and Aimco directors, executive officers, other officers, and certain other employees must receive preclearance from Aimco’s legal department before engaging in any hedging transactions. No directors or executive officers have in place any hedging or pledging transactions.

Interlocking Directorships. No member of Aimco management serves on a board or a compensation committee of a company at which an Aimco director is also an employee.

Director Overboarding. Aimco’s corporate governance guidelines and committee charters limit the number of other boards and the number of other audit committees on which an Aimco director may serve. Typically, an Aimco director is limited to service on four or fewer boards (including the Company’s) and is limited to service on three or fewer audit committees, including the Company’s.

Retirement Age or Term Limits. Rather than impose arbitrary limits on service, the Company regularly (and at least annually) reviews each director’s continued role on the Board and considers the need for periodic board refreshment.

CODE OF ETHICS

The Board has adopted a code of ethics entitled “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” that applies to the members of the Board, all of Aimco’s executive officers and all teammates of Aimco or its subsidiaries, including Aimco’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary. If, in the future, Aimco amends, modifies, or waives a provision in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, rather than filing a Current Report on Form 8-K, Aimco intends to satisfy any applicable disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K by posting such information on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com), as necessary.

56

Our Executive Officers

The executive officers of the Company, their ages, dates they were first elected as an executive and their positions are set forth below.

Name	Age		First Elected	Position
Wes Powell		43	January 2018	Director (Class III), President and Chief Executive Officer
H. Lynn C. Stanfield		48	October 2018	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jennifer Johnson		50	December 2020	Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel

For more information about Wes Powell, please see the Board of Directors section. Biographical summaries of our other executive officers are set forth below.

H. Lynn C. Stanfield. Ms. Stanfield was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in December 2020. From October 2018 to December 2020, Ms. Stanfield served as Aimco’s Executive Vice President, Financial Planning & Analysis and Capital Allocation, with responsibility for various finance functions and corporate and income tax strategy, and serving as a member of Aimco’s Investment Committee. Since joining Aimco in March 1999, Ms. Stanfield has held various positions with responsibility for affordable asset management, income tax, and investor relations. Prior to joining Aimco, Ms. Stanfield was engaged in public accounting at Ernst and Young with a focus on partnership and real estate clients and served as Assistant Professor of Accounting at Erskine College. Ms. Stanfield holds a Master of Professional Accountancy from Clemson University and is a licensed CPA.

Jennifer Johnson. Ms. Johnson was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel in December 2020. From August 2009 to December 2020, Ms. Johnson served as Senior Vice President, Human Resources. From July 2006 to August 2009, Ms. Johnson served as Vice President and Assistant General Counsel. She joined the Company as Senior Counsel in August 2004. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Johnson was in private practice with the law firm of Faegre & Benson LLP with a focus on labor and employment law and commercial litigation. Ms. Johnson earned her law degree from the University of Colorado Law School.

57

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

COMPENSATION DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (CD&A)

This CD&A addresses the following:

•Stockholder Engagement;

•Overview of Aimco’s Pay-for-Performance Philosophy

•Overview of Aimco's Post-Separation and 2022 Performance Results;

•Summary of Executive Compensation Program and Governance Practices;

•What We Pay and Why: Components of Executive Compensation;

•Total Compensation for 2022;

•Other Compensation;

•Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements;

•Other Benefits; Perquisite Philosophy;

•Stock Ownership Guidelines and Required Holding Periods After Vesting;

•Role of Outside Consultants;

•Base Salary, Incentive Compensation, and Equity Grant Practices;

•2023 Compensation Targets; and

•Accounting Treatment and Tax Deductibility of Executive Compensation.

Stockholder Engagement

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee (the “Committee”) and Aimco management remain committed to extensive engagement with stockholders as part of ongoing efforts to formulate and implement an executive compensation program designed to align the long-term interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders. In 2021 and 2022, we engaged with stockholders representing more than 80% of our outstanding shares on a broad range of topics, including executive compensation. The Company continued to receive broad support from stockholders on its executive compensation program, including the program's structure, the program's alignment with pay and performance, the quantum of compensation delivered under the program, and the level of disclosure.

OVERview of Aimco’s Pay-for-Performance Philosophy

Aimco is a pay-for-performance organization. Aimco starts by setting target total compensation near the median of target total compensation for Aimco’s peers as identified below, both as a measure of fairness and also to provide an economic incentive to remain with Aimco. Actual compensation varies from target compensation based on Aimco’s results. Each officer’s annual cash incentive compensation, “short term incentive” or STI, is based in part on Aimco’s performance against corporate, rather than personal, goals. The more senior the officer, the greater the percentage of his or her STI that is based on Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals. Aimco’s longer term compensation, “long term incentive” or LTI, follows a similar tiered structure. Each officer’s LTI is based in part on relative “total stockholder return” or TSR, with NEOs having a greater share of their LTI based on relative TSR. In the case of Mr. Powell, his entire LTI award is “at risk” based on Aimco’s relative TSR. LTI is measured and vests over time, so that officers bear longer term exposure to the decisions they make.

58

To reinforce alignment of stockholder and management interests, Aimco also has stock ownership guidelines that require substantial equity holdings by executive officers, as described further below.

OVERview of Aimco’s POST-SEPARATION and 2022 Performance Results

Aimco has achieved significant accomplishments and produced superior returns since the Separation as summarized below.

	Secured significant future development opportunities in key target markets of Southeast Florida, Washington, D.C. Metro Area, and Colorado's Front Range, more than tripling Aimco's controlled pipeline to 14 million square feet		Sourced third party capital and entered into strategic partnership with Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation to provide Limited Partner equity capital for up to $1 billion of Aimco-led multifamily development projects
	Created $100 million of value from the monetization of successfully executed development and redevelopment projects totaling 865 residential units		Repurchased approximately 3.5 million shares in 2022 and increased the Company’s share repurchase authorization from 10 million to 15 million shares
	Refinanced or retired more than $1 billion of near-term liabilities and eliminated substantially all floating rate exposure. Today, Aimco's property debt is primarily fixed-rate loans on stabilized properties with an average term to maturity of 8.2 years. Aimco's construction loans are primarily floating rate with in-place hedges that protect against rising interest rates.		Sold three stabilized multifamily assets, a development land parcel, and a partial interest in life science developer IQHQ, unlocking $284 million of asset value which exceeded the values used in Aimco's internal NAV estimate

Total stockholder returns of 30% since the separation from AIR Communities in December 2020 through December 31, 2022, outperforming peers2 and the FTSE Apartment Equity Index, the MSCI U.S. REIT Index, the Russell 2000, and the S&P 500

1 Returns measured from December 14, 2020, the date of when-issued trading for Aimco post-separation from AIR.

2 Peer group consists of: Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.; Centerspace (formerly known as Investors Real Estate Trust); Clipper Realty, Inc.; Elme Communities (formerly known as Washington Real Estate Investment Trust); Five Point Holdings, LLC; Forestar Group, Inc.; Howard Hughes Corp.; Independence Realty Trust, Inc.; JBG SMITH Properties; Stratus Properties, Inc.; The St. Joe Company; Tejon Ranch Co.; and Veris Residential (formerly known as Mack-Cali Realty Corp). Total shareholder return for this group was determined using the simple average total shareholder return for these companies.

59

Summary of Executive Compensation Program and Governance Practices

Below we summarize certain executive compensation program and governance practices, including practices we have implemented to drive performance and practices we avoid because we believe they would not serve our stockholders’ long-term interests.

  What Aimco Does

Pays for performance. A significant portion of executive pay is not guaranteed, but rather is at risk and tied to key financial and value creation metrics that are set in advance and disclosed to stockholders. All of the incentive compensation (both STI and LTI) for Mr. Powell is subject to the achievement of various performance objectives. For the other NEOs, all STI compensation, and two-thirds of target LTI compensation is subject to the achievement of various performance objectives.

Balances short-term and long-term incentives. The incentive programs provide a balance of annual and longer-term incentives, with LTI compensation vesting over multiple years comprising a substantial percentage of target total compensation.

Uses multiple performance metrics. These mitigate the risk of the undue influence of a single metric by utilizing multiple performance measures. Such measures differ for STI and LTI.

Caps award payouts. Amounts or shares that can be earned under the STI plan and LTI plan are capped.

Uses market-based approach for determining NEO target pay. Target total compensation for NEOs is generally set near the median for peer comparators. The Committee reviews the peer comparator group annually.

Maintains stock ownership guidelines and holding periods after vesting until ownership guidelines are met. Aimco has the following minimum equity ownership requirements: CEO – five times base salary; and other executive officers – three times base salary.

Includes double-trigger change in control provisions. Equity awards include “double trigger” provisions requiring both a change in control and a subsequent termination of employment (other than for cause) for accelerated vesting to occur.

Uses an independent compensation consulting firm. The Committee engages an independent compensation consulting firm that specializes in the real estate industry.

Maintains a claw back policy. In the event of a financial restatement resulting from misconduct by an executive, the claw back policy allows the Company to recoup incentive compensation paid to the executive based on the misstated financial information. The policy covers all forms of bonus, incentive, and equity compensation.

Conducts a risk assessment. The Committee annually conducts a compensation risk assessment to determine whether the compensation policies and practices, or components thereof, create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Acts through an independent Compensation Committee. The Committee consists entirely of independent directors.

  What Aimco Does Not Do

Guarantee salary increases, bonuses or equity grants. The Company does not guarantee annual salary increases or bonuses. The Company makes no guaranteed commitments to grant equity-based awards.

Provide excise tax gross-up payments. The Company does not have, and will not enter into, any contractual arrangements that include excise tax gross-up payments.

Reprice options. The Company has never repriced the per-share exercise price of any outstanding stock options. Repricing of stock options is not permitted under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) without first obtaining approval from the stockholders of the Company.

Pay dividends or dividend equivalents on unearned performance shares. Performance share award agreements provide for the payment of dividends only if and after the shares are earned. Dividends, if any, accrue during the performance period and are paid once shares are earned.

Provide more than minimal personal benefits. The Company does not provide executives with more than minimal perquisites, such as reserved parking spaces.

60

What We Pay and Why: Components of Executive Compensation

Total compensation for Aimco’s NEOs is comprised of the following components:

Compensation Component	Form	Purpose
Base Salary	Cash	Provide a salary that is competitive with market.
STI	Cash	Reward executive for achieving short-term business objectives.
LTI	Restricted stock, stock options, and/or long-term incentive units in our operating partnership (“LTIP Units”), subject to performance and/or time vesting, typically over three to four years.	Align executive’s compensation with stockholder objectives, and provide an incentive to take a longer-term view of Aimco’s performance.

LTI compensation directly ties the interests of executives to the interests of our stockholders, and comprises a substantial proportion of compensation for Aimco NEOs, as follows:

CEO 2022 Target Pay Mix	OTHER NEOs 2022 TARGET PAY MIX

61

CEO Pay Overview

The Committee determines the compensation for the CEO. In setting Mr. Powell’s target total compensation for 2022, the Committee considered, among other things, the peer group compensation data as discussed below and Mr. Powell’s relevant expertise and experience. Because Mr. Powell was relatively new to his position, having been promoted to CEO in December 2020, the Committee set his target total compensation at approximately 72% of the median for the peer group. The Committee devised a compensation plan for Mr. Powell that resulted in approximately 24% base salary, 29% based on Aimco’s performance against its 2022 corporate goals, and 47% based on relative TSR. Mr. Powell’s target compensation mix is illustrated as follows:

 

In addition to reviewing the performance of, and determining the compensation for, the CEO, the Committee also reviews and approves the decisions made by the CEO as to the compensation of Aimco’s other executive officers. Base salary, target STI, and target LTI are generally set near the median base salary, target STI, and target LTI for peer comparators.

How peer comparators are identified

The Committee, with the advice of its independent executive compensation consultant, developed a peer group for purposes of benchmarking NEO compensation based on industry and business strategy. The peer group ranged from 0.5x to 2.5x Aimco's total capitalization, with Aimco at the 41st percentile, and with Aimco at the 51st and 60th percentile based on total and gross depreciable assets, respectively. Based on this analysis, Aimco included as “peers” for 2022 target compensation the following 12 real estate companies:

Peer Group
Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.	Independence Realty Trust, Inc.
Bluerock Residential Growth REIT, Inc.	JBG SMITH Properties
Centerspace	Mack-Cali Realty Corp. (now Veris Residential, Inc.)
Clipper Realty, Inc.	Seritage Growth Properties
Five Point Holdings, LLC	The St. Joe Co.
Forestar Group Inc.	Washington REIT (now Elme Communities)

Risk analysis of Aimco’s compensation programs

The Committee considers risk-related matters when making decisions with respect to executive compensation and has determined that neither Aimco’s executive compensation program nor any of its non-executive compensation programs create risk-taking incentives that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the organization. Aimco’s compensation programs align management incentives with the long-term interests of the Company.

62

  Aimco’s Compensation Program Discourages Excessive Risk-Taking

Limits on STI. The compensation of executive officers and other teammates is not overly weighted toward STI. Moreover, STI is capped.

Use of LTI. LTI is included in target total compensation and typically vests over a period of three to four years. The vesting period encourages officers to focus on sustaining Aimco’s long-term performance. Executive officers with more responsibility for strategic and operating decisions have a greater percentage of their target total compensation allocated to LTI. LTI is capped at two times target, or 200%, for the CEO, and 1.67 times target, or 167%, for the other NEOs.

Stock ownership guidelines and required holding periods after vesting. Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines require all executive officers to hold a specified amount of Aimco equity. Any executive officer who has not yet satisfied the stock ownership requirements for his or her position must retain LTI after its vesting until stock ownership requirements are met. These policies ensure each executive officer has a substantial amount of personal wealth tied to long-term holdings in Aimco stock.

Shared performance metrics across the organization. A portion of STI for the NEOs is based upon Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals, which are reviewed and approved by the Committee. One hundred percent of Mr. Powell’s STI, and 50% of the STI for the other NEOs, is based upon Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals. In addition, having shared performance metrics across the organization reinforces Aimco’s focus on a collegial and collaborative team environment.

LTI based on TSR. One hundred percent of the Mr. Powell’s LTI, and 67% of the LTI for the other NEOs, is based on relative TSR.

Multiple performance metrics. Aimco had five corporate goals for 2022. In addition, through Aimco’s performance management program, Managing Aimco Performance, or MAP, which sets and monitors performance objectives for every team member, each team member had several different individual performance goals that are set at the beginning of the year and approved by management. Mses. Stanfield and Johnson had an average of six individual goals for 2022. Having multiple performance metrics inherently reduces excessive or unnecessary risk-taking, as incentive compensation is spread among a number of metrics rather than concentrated in a few.

Total Compensation for 2022

For 2022, total compensation is the sum of base compensation earned in 2022, STI earned in 2022, and LTI awards granted in 2022.

Base Compensation for 2022

For 2022, Mr. Powell’s base compensation was $550,000, approximately 76% of the median for CEOs in Aimco’s peer group. For 2022, Ms. Stanfield’s base compensation was $450,000 and base compensation for Ms. Johnson was set at $395,000.

Short-Term Incentive Compensation for 2022

The Committee determined Mr. Powell’s STI by the extent to which Aimco met five designated corporate goals, which are described below and are referred to as Aimco’s Key Performance Indicators, or KPIs.

For the other NEOs, calculation of STI was determined by two components: Aimco’s performance against the KPI; and each officer’s achievement of her individual MAP goals. For example, if an executive’s target STI was $400,000 and weighted 50% on KPIs, then 50% of that amount, or $200,000, varied based on KPI results and 50% of that amount, or $200,000, varied based on MAP results. As actual KPI results were 162.00% of target in 2022, then the executive would receive 162.00% of $200,000 ($324,000) for the KPI portion of her STI, and if MAP results were 100%, such hypothetical executive would receive 100% of the $200,000, for a total STI payment of $524,000.

63

Aimco’s 2022 KPIs reflected Aimco’s publicly communicated areas of strategic focus, as set forth below. Specifically, Aimco’s KPIs consisted of the following six corporate goals that were reviewed with, and approved by, the Committee, each weighted as described.

CORPORATE GOALS
Portfolio Management (10% of KPI)
	Based on 2022 NOI performance of stabilized portfolio, dispositions and monetization of investments, and alternative investment performance
Development and Redevelopment (30% of KPI)
	Based on development and redevelopment execution as compared to the 2022 budget and plan
Capital Deployment and Allocation (30% of KPI)
	Based on the deployment and allocation of capital into the existing pipeline of previously identified and/or controlled investment opportunities and into newly identified value-add opportunities
Balance Sheet (20% of KPI)
	Based on execution of the debt and third-party equity financing plan for 2022, maintaining abundant liquidity, and other balance sheet activities that strengthen Aimco's balance sheet and add financial flexibility
Human Capital and Environmental. Social, and Governance (ESG) (10% of KPI)
	Based on team retention and team engagement scores and 2022 progress against ESG objectives

These goals aligned executive officers with the publicly communicated, long-term goals of the Company without encouraging them to take unnecessary and excessive risks. Threshold performance paid out at 50%; target performance paid out at 100%; and maximum performance paid out at 200%.

For some goals, where performance was between threshold and target or between target and maximum, the amount of the payout was interpolated.

64

The following is a tabular presentation of the performance criteria and results for 2022, explained in detail in the paragraphs that follow:

Performance Measures	Goal Weighting	Threshold 50%	Target 100%	Maximum 200%	Actual	Payout
Portfolio Management
2022 NOI performance of stabilized portfolio as compared to 2022 Budget, dispositions and monetization of investments, and alternative investment performance.	10%	For stabilized portfolio, threshold performance equated to 5% less than budgeted NOI	For stabilized portfolio, target performance equated to budgeted NOI. For dispositions and monetization of investments, target performance equated to cancellation of Aimco's leasehold interest in Prism in Cambridge, MA, and 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA.	For stabilized portfolio, maximum performance equated to more than 5% above budgeted NOI	Stabilized property NOI, was more than 5% above budgeted NOI. Following the successful development and lease-up of 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA, Prism in Cambridge, MA, Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, FL, and The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO, Aimco and AIR canceled Aimco’s leasehold interest in each property on September 1, 2022. In return for the termination of the leases, Aimco received proceeds of $200M, resulting in value creation, net of costs, of approximately $100M, which was realized approximately 18 months earlier than anticipated. Exited the Seattle market, closing on the sales of two apartment communities for a total of $122M, and sold Pathfinder Village in Fremont, CA, for $127M. Aimco's joint venture in Fort Lauderdale, FL (described below) monetized a portion of its investment by closing on the sale of one of three parcels it acquired in 1Q 2022 for development along Broward Avenue. The 0.8 acre parcel was sold for $18.3M, approximately double the original purchase price per acre. Redeemed 22% of our passive equity investment in IQHQ, receiving proceeds of $16.5M from the sale, resulting in a greater than 50% IRR over the hold period for this portion of our investment.	20.00%
Development and Redevelopment
Achieve budgeted/forecasted expectations on timing and costs for development/redevelopment projects and rents compared to underwriting.	30%	—	Based on completion of projects on time and on budget, and achievement of year-end occupancy and rental rates consistent with the 2022 budget and plan.	—	Aimco's eight development and redevelopment projects were on track as measured by budget and lease-up metrics. Completed construction and/or lease up of 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA, Prism in Cambridge, MA, Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, FL, and The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, CO. Aimco and its joint venture partner began construction on 220-apartment home development at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, MD.	34.00%
Capital Deployment and Allocation
Deployment and allocation of capital into the existing pipeline of previously identified and/or controlled investment opportunities and into newly identified value-add opportunities.	30%	—	Based on the deployment and allocation of capital consistent with the 2022 Budget into the existing pipeline of previously identified and/or controlled investment opportunities and into newly identified value-add opportunities.	—	Invested $279.4M in development and redevelopment projects. Formed a joint venture for the construction of approximately 1M square feet of mixed-use development in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, FL. Aimco has a 20% share of the joint venture, which includes the initial contribution of an eighth of an acre of land that Aimco purchased for $1.7M in January 2022. Executed a joint venture agreement to act as a co-GP on the development of a phased multifamily community at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, MD. Closed on the purchase of three development parcels for $100M in the Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, FL. The nine-acre assemblage allows for approximately 3M square feet of phased, mixed-use development. Closed on a $1.8M purchase of a land option Aimco controlled for multifamily development on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO.	50.00%

65

Balance Sheet
Financing activities, maintaining abundant liquidity, and other activities that strengthen Aimco’s balance sheet and add financial flexibility.	20%	—	Based on execution of the debt and third-party equity financing plan for 2022, maintaining abundant liquidity, and other balance sheet activities that strengthen Aimco's balance sheet and add financial flexibility.	—	Retired or refinanced more than $1B of near-term liabilities, improving our balance sheet, which is now comprised of primarily fixed-rate loans on stabilized properties with an average term to maturity of 8.2 years. Aimco's construction loans are primarily floating rate with in-place hedges that protect against rising interest rates. In July 2022, completed the early repayment of $534M of notes due to AIR, originally scheduled to mature in January 2024. Entered into a strategic partnership with Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation to provide Limited Partner equity capital for up to $1B of Aimco-led multifamily development projects. At December 31, 2022, Aimco had access to $379.8M, including $206.5M of cash on hand, $23.3M of restricted cash, and the capacity to borrow up to $150M on its revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, 98% of Aimco's total debt was either fixed rate or hedged with interest rate cap protection. Aimco's interest hedging instruments, purchased to provide protection against increases in interest rates, were valued at $62.3M versus a cost basis of $18M.	40.00%

Human Capital & Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)
Progress Against Human Capital and ESG Objectives	10%	—	Based on team retention and team engagement scores and achievement of 2022 ESG plan.	—	Retained 100% of officer team and reduced overall voluntary turnover by more than half year-over-year (from 31% voluntary turnover in 2021 to 14% in 2022). Team engagement was 4.52 (up from 4.21 in 2021), a new Aimco record, based on a response rate of 91%. Recognized as a “Healthiest Employer” by Denver Business Journal, South Florida Business Journal, and Healthiest Employers of Greater Washington, D.C., and certified as a “Great Place to Work.” Refreshed ESG policies, adopted a new human rights policy, performed first-time climate risk assessments, and began reporting to the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures, or TCFD.	18.00%
Total						162.00%

An explanation of the objective of each goal and performance levels and payouts for each goal is set forth below.

Portfolio Management (10% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objective to achieve rent growth for its stabilized portfolio based on high levels of resident retention, through superior customer selection and satisfaction, coupled with disciplined innovation resulting in sustained cost control, to maximize NOI margins, and to monetize investments when the time is right, maximizing proceeds and Aimco's internal rate of return ("IRR") on investments. For 2022, the range for the stabilized portfolio NOI portion of the goal was as follows: “Threshold” equated to achievement of five percent unfavorable to 2022 budgeted NOI; “Target” equated to achievement of 2022 budgeted NOI; and “Maximum” equated to five percent favorable to 2022 budgeted NOI. For the dispositions and monetization of investments portion of the goal, target performance equated to cancellation of Aimco's leasehold interest in Prism in Cambridge, MA, and 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA. Stabilized property NOI, which was up 14.2% from 2021, was more than 5% above budgeted NOI, achieving the maximum level of performance for this portion of the goal. Following the successful development and lease-up of 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA, Prism in Cambridge, MA, Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, FL, and The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO, Aimco and AIR canceled Aimco’s leasehold interest in each property on September 1, 2022. In return for the termination of the leases, Aimco received proceeds of $200M, resulting in value creation, net of costs, of approximately $100M, which was realized approximately 18 months earlier than anticipated. Aimco also exited the Seattle market, closing on the sales of two apartment communities for a total of $122M, and sold Pathfinder Village in Fremont, CA, for $127M. Aimco's joint venture in Fort Lauderdale, FL (described below in "Capital Deployment and Allocation") monetized a portion of its investment by closing on the sale of one of three parcels it acquired in early 2022 for development along Broward Avenue. The 0.8 acre parcel was sold for $18.3M, approximately double the

66

original purchase price per acre. With regard to Aimco's alternative investments, Aimco redeemed 22% of its passive equity investment in IQHQ, receiving proceeds of $16.5M from the sale, a greater than 50% IRR over the hold period for this portion of our investment. This resulted in a payout on the Portfolio Management goal of 20.00% for each of the NEOs.

Development and Redevelopment Execution (30% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill Company’s strategic objective of executing active development, redevelopment, and lease-up projects pursuant to the Company’s 2022 budget and plan. Large and/or complex projects provided increased weighting toward the total goal weighting of 30%, with smaller scale projects provided lower weighting toward the total goal weighting. Achievement for each project was determined with reference to the 2022 budgeted investment and plan for the project, and was based on the extent to which the project work was completed on time and within budget, as well as, where applicable, the extent to which year-end occupancy and rental rates were consistent with the 2022 budget and plan. In 2022, Aimco's development and redevelopment projects were on track as measured by budget and lease-up metrics. Aimco completed construction and/or lease up of 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA, Prism in Cambridge, MA, Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, FL, and The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO. Aimco and its joint venture partner began construction on a 220-apartment home development at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, MD, discussed further below. This resulted in a payout on this goal of 34.00% for each of the NEOs.

Capital Deployment and Allocation (30% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objective of effectively deploying capital into its existing pipeline of previously identified and/or controlled investment opportunities and into newly identified value-add opportunities. In 2022, Aimco invested $279.4M in its active development and redevelopment projects. Additionally, Aimco deployed capital into several newly identified value-add opportunities, significantly expanding Aimco's potential development pipeline. Aimco formed a joint venture for the construction of approximately 1M square feet of mixed-use development in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, FL. Aimco has a 20% share of the joint venture, which includes the initial contribution of an eighth of an acre of land that Aimco purchased for $1.7M in January 2022. The development site is situated as the gateway to Aimco’s Edgewater land assemblage and its redevelopment of The Hamilton. Aimco will serve as the development manager for the venture and expects to begin construction in 2023. Aimco executed a joint venture agreement to act as a co-GP on the development of a phased multifamily community at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, MD. The project is fully entitled and includes approvals for over 2,200 units in six phases. Aimco will participate in the first two multifamily phases totaling 574 units. Aimco has rights to increase our investment and to choose to participate in future phases of development. Aimco and its joint venture partner began construction on the first phase of development in late 2022. Aimco closed on the purchase of three development parcels for $100M in the rapidly growing Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, FL. The nine-acre assemblage allows for approximately 3M square feet of phased, mixed-use development, which could contain up to 1,500 residential units, more than 300 hotel keys, and more than 100,000 square of retail space at full build-out. As set forth above, the joint venture monetized a portion of its investment by closing on the sale of the 0.8 acre parcel for approximately double the original purchase price per acre. Aimco closed on a $1.8M purchase of a land option it controlled for multifamily development on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO. Aimco has begun planning for the next multifamily development on the site, which slated to include approximately 275 apartment homes. This resulted in a payout on this goal of 50.00% for each of the NEOs.

Balance Sheet (20% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objectives of executing its debt and equity financing plans and maintaining abundant liquidity. In 2022, Aimco retired or refinanced more than $1B of near-term liabilities, improving our balance sheet, which is now comprised of primarily fixed-rate loans on stabilized properties with an average term to maturity of 8.2 years. Aimco's construction loans are primarily floating rate with in-place hedges that protect against rising interest rates. In July 2022, Aimco completed the early repayment of $534M of notes due to AIR, originally scheduled to mature in January 2024. Aimco entered into a strategic partnership with Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation to provide Limited Partner equity capital for up to $1B of Aimco-led multifamily development projects. At December 31, 2022, Aimco had access to $379.8M, including $206.5M of cash on hand, $23.3M of restricted cash, and the capacity to borrow up to $150M on its revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, 98% of Aimco's total debt was either fixed rate or hedged with interest rate cap protection. Aimco's interest hedging instruments, purchased to provide protection against increases in interest rates, were valued at $62.3M versus a cost basis of $18M. This resulted in a payout on the balance sheet goal of 40.00% for each of the NEOs.

Human Capital & Environmental, Social, and Governance (10% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill Aimco’s strategic objective of fostering a healthy environment of respect and innovation, empowering our human capital to create value, and furthering our broader commitment to corporate responsibility. In 2022, Aimco retained 100% of its officer team and reduced overall voluntary turnover by more than half year-over-year (from 31% voluntary turnover in 2021 to 14% in 2022). Every teammate is surveyed via a third-party, confidential survey performed on an annual basis. The team engagement score consists of the average of the responses to the questions that comprise the engagement index, on a scale of 1 to 5, for all teammates who complete the survey during the year. Team engagement for 2022 was 4.52 (up from 4.21 in 2021), a new

67

Aimco record, based on a response rate of 91%. Aimco was recognized as a “Healthiest Employer” by the Denver Business Journal, the South Florida Business Journal, and Healthiest Employers of Greater Washington, D.C., and certified as a “Great Place to Work.” In 2022 Aimco refreshed its ESG policies, adopted a new human rights policy, performed first-time climate risk assessments for its portfolio, and began reporting to the TCFD. This resulted in a payout on the ESG goal of 18.00% for each of the NEOs.

Due to Aimco’s overall achievement on each of its 2022 goals, Aimco’s overall KPI performance was 162%. Accordingly, each NEO was awarded 162% of the portion of his or her target STI attributable to KPI.

Various of the key financial indicators we use in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance are non-GAAP measures. Key non-GAAP measures we use are defined, described and, where appropriate, reconciled to the most comparable financial measures computed in accordance with GAAP under the Non-GAAP Measures heading within Part II, Item 7 of this filing.

Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards for 2022

Under the 2022 LTI program for executive officers, four forms of LTI awards were granted to NEOs on February 2, 2022, as follows: (1) performance-based restricted stock, which was granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, representing 50% of the 2022 LTI awards for Mr. Powell and approximately 54% of the respective 2022 LTI awards for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson; (2) performance-based stock options, which were granted to both Mr. Powell, representing 50% of his 2022 LTI awards, and to Ms. Johnson, representing approximately 13% of her 2022 LTI awards; (3) performance-based LTIP Units, which were granted to Ms. Stanfield, representing approximately 13% of her 2022 LTI awards; and (4) time-based restricted stock, which was granted to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, representing one-third of their respective 2022 LTI awards, with one-third of the awards vesting on each anniversary of the grant date. Aimco refers to the performance-based restricted stock, performance-based stock options, and performance-based LTIP Units as “performance-based LTI awards” because the amount of restricted stock, stock options, and LTIP Units that vest, if any, is determined based on Aimco’s relative TSR performance during a forward looking, three-year performance period, as described in detail below.

The Committee typically sets grant dates for LTI awards at the time of its final compensation determination, generally in late January or early February.

2022 CEO LTI Equity Mix   2022 OTHER NEOs LTI EQUITY MIX    

68

The amount of performance-based LTI awards granted in 2022 that may vest are determined in accordance with the following TSR performance metrics:

	Metric and Performance Level(1) (relative performance stated as basis points above or below index performance or percentile rank)(2)
	Threshold 50%	Target 100%	Maximum 200%
Relative to Russell 2000 Value Index (1/3 Weighting)	-350 bps	+50 bps	+500 bps
Relative to FTSE NAREIT Equity Apartments Index (1/3 Weighting)	-350 bps	+50 bps	+500 bps
Relative to Identified Peer Group (1/3 Weighting)(3)	30th Percentile	55th Percentile	80th Percentile

(1) The relative metrics above reflect the metrics used for the awards made in 2022 for the three-year forward looking performance period ending on December 31, 2024.

(2) If absolute TSR for the three-year forward looking performance period is negative, any portion of the LTI award achieved above target will not vest until absolute TSR is once again positive.

(3) The identified peer group, developed by the Committee with the assistance of its independent executive compensation consultant, consisted of the following 13 real estate companies: Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.; Centerspace (formerly known as Investors Real Estate Trust); Clipper Realty, Inc.; Elme Communities (formerly known as Washington Real Estate Investment Trust); Five Point Holdings, LLC; Forestar Group, Inc.; Howard Hughes Corp.; Independence Realty Trust, Inc.; JBG SMITH Properties; Stratus Properties, Inc.; The St. Joe Company; Tejon Ranch Co.; and Veris Residential (formerly known as Mack-Cali Realty Corp).

Such metrics apply to the performance-based restricted stock granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the performance-based stock options granted to Mr. Powell and Ms. Johnson, and the performance-based LTIP Units granted to Ms. Stanfield. The Committee set threshold performance to pay out at 50%; target performance to pay out at 100%; and maximum performance to pay out at 200%. Performance below threshold will result in no payout. If performance is between threshold and target or between target and maximum, the amount of the payout will be interpolated. Performance-based LTI awards vest 100% following the end of the three-year performance period (based on attainment of TSR targets), for a three-year plan from start to finish, illustrated below, subject to the grantee’s continued service to Aimco, and subject to a delay if absolute TSR for the three-year forward looking performance period is negative.

 

For the purpose of calculating the number of shares of performance-based restricted stock to be granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the dollar amount allocated to restricted stock was divided by $7.32 per share, which price was calculated by a third party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of performance-based restricted stock. The share award agreements to which the performance-based restricted shares were granted do not provide for the payment of dividends, if any, until the shares are earned. Dividends, if any, accrue during the performance period.

For the purpose of calculating the number of shares subject to the performance-based stock options to be granted to Mr. Powell and Ms. Johnson, the dollar amount allocated to stock options was divided by $2.82, which price was calculated by a third party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of performance-based stock options. The stock options as granted had an exercise price of $6.96, which was the closing price of Aimco's stock on the grant date and equal to the fair market value of Aimco's Common Stock on the grant date.

69

Ms. Stanfield's performance-based LTIP Units are intended to constitute profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code, with Ms. Stanfield being granted the ability to participate in the appreciation of value of Aimco that took place after these LTIP Units were granted, subject to their vesting. For the purpose of calculating the number of shares subject to these LTIP Units, the dollar amount allocated to LTIP Units was divided by $2.84, which price was calculated by a third party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of such LTIP Units. The performance-based LTIP Units as granted had a conversion price of $6.96, which was the closing price of Aimco's stock on the grant date and equal to the fair market value of Aimco's Common Stock on the grant date.

For the purpose of calculating the number of shares of time-based restricted stock to be granted to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the dollar amount allocated to restricted stock was divided by $6.84, which the average closing trading price of Aimco's Common Stock for the five-day trading period up to and including the date of the grant.

NEO Compensation for 2022

CEO Compensation. The Committee determined Mr. Powell’s STI for 2022 would be based entirely on Aimco’s performance against corporate goals, described above. The Committee calculated Mr. Powell’s STI by multiplying his STI target of $688,000 by 162.00%, which was the Committee’s payout determination having reviewed Aimco’s overall performance against corporate goals, as described in detail above. The Committee granted Mr. Powell’s LTI in the form of restricted stock and stock options on February 2, 2022, for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024; the LTI grant is entirely at risk, based on relative returns over the performance period. Mr. Powell’s 2022 target compensation and incentive compensation is summarized as follows:

		Target Total Incentive		2022 Incentive Compensation
		Compensation		STI	LTI
Target Total Compensation ($)	Paid Base ($)	STI ($)	LTI ($)	($) (1)	Time-Based Equity ($)	Performance-Based 'Equity – Restricted Stock ($) (2)	Performance-Based 'Equity – Stock Options ($) (2)
2,338,000	550,000	688,000	1,100,000	1,114,560	—	550,000	550,000

__________

(1) Amount shown reflects the amount of 2022 STI paid to Mr. Powell.

(2) Amount shown reflects a 100% payout that would result from achieving “target” performance. Actual payout may range from 0% to 200% of this amount depending on performance results over the forward looking, three-year performance period ending December 31, 2024. The number of shares or options that are earned, if any, will vest 100% following the end of the three-year performance period, for a three-year vesting period.

Other NEO Compensation. For Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, an allocation of the target STI was made as follows: 50% of the target STI was calculated based on Aimco’s performance against KPI and 50% of the target STI was calculated based on each executive’s achievement of her individual MAP goals. As described above, Aimco’s KPI performance was 162.00%. Accordingly, each was awarded 162.00% of the portion of her STI attributable to KPI.

In determining the MAP achievement component of 2022 STI, Mr. Powell determined that: Ms. Stanfield’s MAP achievement would be paid at 200% of target for her contributions to Aimco’s balance sheet and to finance, capital allocation, and tax; and Ms. Johnson’s MAP achievement would be paid at 200% of target for her leadership over legal matters, human capital, and ESG efforts. The Committee reviewed and approved Mr. Powell’s determinations with respect to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson. As described above, LTI for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson was granted on February 2, 2022, in the form of restricted stock. Target compensation and incentive compensation for 2022 for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson is summarized as follows:

			Target Total		2022 Incentive Compensation ($)
			Incentive
			Compensation		STI			LTI
	Target Total Compensation ($)	Paid Base ($)	STI ($)	LTI ($)	($) (1)	Time-Based LTI ($) (2)	Performance- Based Equity - Stock ($) (3)	Performance- Based Equity - Profits Interest LTIP Units ($) (3)	Performance- Based Equity - Stock Options ($) (3)
Ms. Stanfield	1,358,000	450,000	383,000	525,000	693,230	175,000	280,000	70,000	—
Ms. Johnson	1,066,000	395,000	296,000	375,000	535,760	125,000	200,000	—	50,000

__________

(1)Amounts shown reflect the 2022 STI paid to each of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson.

(2)Comprises one-third of the LTI target, vesting ratably over three years, and is for the purpose of attracting and retaining key talent integral to the success of Aimco.

70

(3)Amounts shown reflect a 100% payout of the performance-based shares resulting from achieving “target” performance. Actual payouts will be in a range of 0% to 200% of these amounts, depending on performance results for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024.

Determination Regarding 2020 Performance Share Awards. As part of the 2020 LTI program, the Company granted performance-share awards that might be earned based on relative TSR as compared to the FTSE NAREIT Equity Apartments Index (60% weighting) and the MSCI US REIT Index (40% weighting) over a three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, with awards vesting 50% following the end of the three-year performance period (based on attainment of TSR targets) and 50% one year later, for a four-year plan from start to finish. On February 1, 2023, the Committee determined that Aimco’s three-year TSR (combined with AIR’s TSR for the period from December 15, 2020, through December 31, 2022, as described in the chart below) was 180 basis points higher than the FTSE NAREIT Equity Apartments Index and 490 basis points lower than the MSCI US REIT Index for the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, resulting in the number of shares being earned at approximately 82% of target for Mr. Powell and Ms. Stanfield. Factoring in the portion of 2020 LTI that was for the purpose of retention, the realized LTI compensation for Mr. Powell and Ms. Stanfield was 88% of target.

The chart below summarizes the results for the 2020 performance share awards, and provides performance as of December 31, 2022, for the “in progress” 2022 and 2021 and performance share awards.

Long Term Incentive Plan Award Status
Three-Year Performance Period	2020		2021		2022	2023	2024	Status	CEO % Payout(1)(2)	Other NEOs(2)
2022 – 2024					33% Completed			Tracking Between Target and Maximum	200%(3)	167%(3)
2021 – 2023				67% Completed				Tracking Between Target and Maximum	200%(3)	167%(3)
2020 – 2022		100% Completed						Payout Achieved Between Threshold and Target	88%(4)	88%(4)

(1) Beginning in 2021, coinciding with his promotion to CEO, 100% of the LTI award for Mr. Powell is performance-based, or at risk, based entirely on relative TSR.

(2) Two-thirds of the LTI awards for the other NEOs (and for Mr. Powell prior to 2021) are performance-based, or at risk, based on relative TSR, and the remaining one-third of the LTI awards are for the purpose of retention, or time-based. Payouts shown include the time-based portion of the awards.

(3) Amounts reflect performance of “in progress” awards as of December 31, 2022.

(4) Post Separation, the Committee determined that the remaining performance periods of the 2019 and 2020 Aimco performance-based awards would be determined using the combined total stockholder return of Aimco and AIR.

Other Compensation

From time to time, Aimco determines to provide executive officers with additional compensation in the form of discretionary cash or equity awards. Aimco did not provide any such awards to the NEOs in 2022.

Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements

401(k) Plan

Aimco provides a 401(k) plan that is offered to all Aimco teammates. Aimco matches 100% of participant contributions to the extent of the first 3% of the participant's eligible compensation and 50% of participant contributions to the extent of the next 2% of the participant's eligible compensation. For 2022, the maximum match by Aimco was $12,200, which was the amount that Aimco matched for each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson’s 2022 401(k) contributions.

Other than the 401(k) plan, Aimco does not provide post-employment benefits. Aimco does not maintain a defined benefit pension plan, a supplemental executive retirement plan, or any other similar arrangements.

Executive Employment Arrangements

2021 Powell Employment Agreement. On October 27, 2021, Aimco Development Company, LLC, an affiliate of the Company and the employer entity for Aimco’s employees, entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Powell (the “2021 Employment Agreement”). The Committee evaluated the terms of the 2021 Employment Agreement in comparison to those of the CEOs of Aimco’s peers. The 2021 Employment Agreement is for a term expiring on December 31, 2022. The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that on December 31, 2022, and on each subsequent one-year anniversary thereafter, the agreement shall be renewed for an additional one-year term unless either party gives written notice of intent not to renew to the

71

other party at least 60 days before the end of the then calendar year. On December 31, 2022, the 2021 Employment Agreement was renewed for an additional one-year term.

The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that the Committee shall review and set Mr. Powell’s target total compensation on an annual basis in comparison to compensation paid to the Company’s peers, taking into consideration experience, performance, and other relevant factors.

Pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement, upon termination of Mr. Powell’s employment by Aimco Development Company, LLC without cause, or by Mr. Powell for good reason, Mr. Powell is generally entitled to: (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of (i) his annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) his target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; (b) any short-term incentive bonus earned but unpaid for a prior fiscal year (the “Prior Year STI”); (c) a pro-rata portion of the short-term incentive bonus he would have earned for the year in which the termination occurs, based on the actual achievement of the applicable performance targets (the “Pro Rata STI”); and (d) an amount equal to the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare plan coverage for Mr. Powell and his coverage dependents in effect on the date of termination (the “monthly COBRA reimbursement”) multiplied by 24 months. The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held Mr. Powell on the date of termination would be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.

In the event of termination of Mr. Powell’s employment by Aimco without cause, or by Mr. Powell for good reason, in either case, within the period commencing six months prior to and ending 24 months following a “Change in Control” (as defined in the 2021 Employment Agreement), then in lieu of the severance benefits described above, Mr. Powell will be entitled to: (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to three times the sum of (i) his annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) his target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; (b) the Prior Year STI; (c) the Pro Rata STI; (d) the monthly COBRA reimbursement multiplied by 36 months; and (e) 100% accelerated vesting of any unvested equity awards then held by Mr. Powell.

The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that if Mr. Powell’s employment is terminated by reason of his death or disability, then Mr. Powell will be eligible to receive the Prior Year STI and the Pro Rata STI. The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by Mr. Powell at the time of his death or disability would be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.

In the event that any payment or benefit payable to Mr. Powell under the 2021 Employment Agreement would result in the imposition of excise taxes under the “golden parachute” provisions of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then such payments and benefits will either be made and/or provided in full or will be reduced such that the excise tax under Section 280G is not applicable, whichever is least economically disadvantageous to Mr. Powell. The 2021 Employment Agreement does not provide for any excise tax or other tax “gross-up” payment.

All severance payments and benefits under the 2021 Employment Agreement are subject to applicable withholding obligations, Mr. Powell’s execution and non-revocation of a release of claims, and compliance with certain non-competition, non-disclosure, and non-solicitation covenants.

Neither Ms. Stanfield nor Ms. Johnson has an employment agreement.

Executive Severance Arrangements

Aimco has an executive severance policy that provides that Aimco shall seek stockholder approval or ratification of any future severance agreement for any senior executive officer that provides for benefits, such as lump-sum or future periodic cash payments or new equity awards, in an amount in excess of 2.99 times such executive officer’s base salary and bonus. Compensation and benefits earned through the termination date, the value of vesting or payment of any equity awards outstanding prior to the termination date, pro rata vesting of any other long-term awards, or benefits provided under plans, programs or arrangements that are applicable to one or more groups of employees in addition to senior executives are not subject to the policy. It has been Aimco’s longstanding practice not to provide excessive severance arrangements.

Executive Severance Policy. On February 22, 2018, the Committee adopted the Apartment Investment and Management Company Executive Severance Policy (the “Executive Severance Policy”). The Executive Severance Policy superseded and replaced any employment agreement or other plan, policy or practice involving the payment of severance benefits to participants under the Executive Severance Policy. On April 28, 2021, the Committee amended the Executive Severance Policy in accordance with recommendations provided by the Committee’s compensation consultant to bring the policy in line with

72

market. On October 27, 2021, the Committee amended the Executive Severance Policy to remove severance provisions for the Chief Executive Officer in connection with the Committee’s approval of an employment agreement for Mr. Powell that includes severance provisions that are consistent with the severance to which he may otherwise become entitled under the Executive Severance Policy. The Company’s Executive Vice Presidents, as determined on the records of the Company and any other entities through which the operations of the Company are conducted, are eligible to participate in the Executive Severance Policy. Each of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson are participants under the Executive Severance Policy.

The Executive Severance Policy provides that if the Company terminates a participant’s employment without “Cause,” or if the participant terminates his or her employment for “Good Reason” (each as defined in the Executive Severance Policy), then the participant will be eligible to receive the following benefits:

• a lump sum payment equal to the sum of (i) the annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) the target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; and

• with respect to each participant, an amount equal to their monthly COBRA premium, multiplied by 18 months.

The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by a participant on the date of termination will be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the Executive Severance Policy, if the Company terminates a participant’s employment without Cause, or if the participant terminates his or her employment for Good Reason, in either case, within the period commencing six months prior to and ending 24 months following a “Change in Control” (as defined in the Executive Severance Policy), then in lieu of the severance benefits described above the participant will be eligible to receive the following benefits:

• a lump sum payment equal to two times the sum of (i) the annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) the target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination;

• with respect to each participant, the monthly COBRA premium multiplied by 24 months; and

• 100% accelerated vesting of any unvested equity awards then-held by the participant.

The Executive Severance Policy provides that if the employment of the participant is terminated by reason of the participant’s death or disability, then the participant will be eligible to receive a pro-rated bonus for the year of termination. In addition, the vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by the participant at the time of his or her death or disability will be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.

In the event that any payment or benefit payable to a participant under the Executive Severance Policy would result in the imposition of excise taxes under the “golden parachute” provisions of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then such payments and benefits will either be made and/or provided in full or will be reduced such that the excise tax under Section 280G is not applicable, whichever is least economically disadvantageous to the participant. The Executive Severance Policy does not provide for any excise tax or other tax “gross-up” payment.

All severance payments and benefits under the Executive Severance Policy are subject to applicable withholding obligations, the participant’s execution and non-revocation of a release of claims, and compliance with certain non-competition, non-disclosure and non-solicitation covenants set forth in a restrictive covenant agreement that is appropriate for the participant’s position.

The Executive Severance Policy will remain in effect, subject to amendment, until terminated by the Board. The Board may terminate or amend the Executive Severance Policy at any time, so long as at least 90 days’ prior notice is provided to any participant if the termination or amendment of the Executive Severance Policy would materially or adversely affect the rights of the participant.

Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreements

Effective in connection with their promotions by Aimco for Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, Aimco entered into certain non-competition and non-solicitation agreements with each executive. Mr. Powell’s non-competition and non-solicitation agreement was replaced by his 2021 Employment Agreement. Pursuant to these agreements, each of these NEOs agreed that during the term of his or her employment with the Company and for a period of two years following the termination

73

of his or her employment, except in circumstances where there was a change in control of the Company, he or she would not (i) be employed by a competitor of the Company described on a schedule to the agreement, (ii) solicit other employees to leave the Company’s employment, or (iii) solicit customers of Aimco to terminate their relationship with the Company. The agreements further require that the NEOs protect Aimco’s trade secrets and confidential information. For Mr. Powell, the non-solicitation requirement survives a change in control of the Company. For Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the agreements provide that in order to enforce the above-noted non-competition condition following the executive’s termination of employment by the Company without cause, the executive will receive, for a period not to extend beyond the earlier of 24 months following such termination or the date of acceptance of employment with a non-competitor, (i) non-compete payments in an amount, if any, to be determined by the Company in its sole discretion and (ii) a monthly payment equal to two-thirds of such executive’s monthly base salary at the time of termination. For purposes of these agreements, “cause” is defined to mean, among other things, the executive’s (i) breach of the agreement, (ii) failure to perform required employment services, (iii) misappropriation of Company funds or property, (iv) conviction, plea of guilty, or plea of no contest to a crime involving fraud or moral turpitude, or (v) negligence, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, misconduct or violation of law.

Equity Award Agreements

Double Trigger Vesting Upon Change in Control. The award agreements pursuant to which restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards have been granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, as applicable, provide that if (i) a change in control occurs and (ii) the executive’s employment with the Company is terminated either by the Company without cause or by the executive for good reason, in either case, within 12 months following the change in control, then (a) for time-based restricted stock and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock and LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested, and (b) for performance-based restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested based on the higher of actual or target performance through the truncated performance period ending on the date of the change in control, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable for the remainder of the term of the option.

Accelerated Vesting Upon Termination of Employment Due to Death or Disability. The award agreements pursuant to which restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards have been granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, as applicable, provide that upon a termination of employment due to death or disability, then (a) for time-based restricted stock and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock and LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested, and (b) for performance-based restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested based on the higher of actual or target performance through the truncated performance period ending on the date of termination, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable for the remainder of the term of the option.

Other Benefits; Perquisite Philosophy

Aimco’s executive officer benefit programs are substantially the same as for all other eligible officers and employees. Aimco does not provide executives with more than minimal perquisites, such as reserved parking places.

Stock Ownership Guidelines and Required Holding Periods After Vesting

Aimco believes that it is in the best interest of Aimco’s stockholders for Aimco’s executive officers to own Aimco equity. Every year, the Committee and CEO review Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines, each executive officer’s holdings in light of the stock ownership guidelines, and each executive officer’s accumulated realized and unrealized restricted stock, stock option, and LTIP Unit gains. The Committee updated the stock ownership guidelines in April 2022.

Equity ownership guidelines for all executive officers are determined as a multiple of the executive’s base salary. The Committee and management have established the following stock ownership guidelines for Aimco’s executive officers:

Officer Position	Ownership Target
Chief Executive Officer	5x base salary
Other Executive Vice Presidents	3x base salary

74

Any executive officer who has not satisfied the stock ownership guidelines must, until the stock ownership guidelines are satisfied, hold 50% of any restricted stock that vests, after deduction of restricted stock sold for payment of income taxes related to the vesting, and hold shares equal to 50% of (i) the value realized upon option exercises less (ii) related income taxes.

Each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson exceeded the ownership targets established in Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines as of the date of this filing.

75

Role of Outside Consultants

The Committee has the authority under its charter to engage the services of outside advisors, experts and others to assist the Committee. In 2022, the Committee engaged Willis Towers Watson to advise the Committee regarding Aimco’s executive compensation plan. Willis Towers Watson did not provide other services to Aimco. The Committee assessed the independence of Willis Towers Watson pursuant to SEC rules and concluded that Willis Towers Watson is independent.

The Committee directed Willis Towers Watson to: (i) perform studies of competitive compensation practices; (ii) develop conclusions and recommendations regarding Aimco’s executive compensation plans for consideration by the Committee; (iii) identify an executive compensation peer group; (iv) perform a benchmarking analysis of the base salary, STI, and LTI of the NEOs relative to competitive practices; (v) advise the Committee regarding stock ownership guidelines for the NEOs; and (vi) perform an assessment of the risks contained in Aimco’s incentive compensation plans.

Base Salary, Incentive Compensation, and Equity Grant Practices

Base salary adjustments typically take effect on January 1. The Committee (for the CEO) and the CEO, in consultation with the Committee (for the other executive officers), determine incentive compensation in late January or early February. STI is typically paid in February or March. LTI is granted on a date determined by the Committee, typically in late January or early February.

Aimco grants equity in three scenarios: in connection with its annual incentive compensation program as discussed above; in connection with certain new-hire or promotion packages; and for purposes of retention.

With respect to LTI, the Committee sets the grant date for the restricted stock, stock option, and LTIP Unit grants. The Committee typically sets grant dates at the time of its final compensation determination, generally in late January or early February. The date of determination and date of award are not selected based on share price. In the case of new-hire packages that include equity awards, grants are made on the executive’s start date or on a date designated in advance based on the passage of a specific number of days after the executive’s start date. For non-executive officers, as provided for in the 2015 Plan, the Committee has delegated the authority to make equity awards, up to certain limits, to the Chief Financial Officer (Ms. Stanfield) and/or Corporate Secretary (Ms. Johnson). The Committee and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson time grants without regard to the share price or the timing of the release of material non-public information and do not time grants for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation.

2023 Compensation Targets

Based on comparison to compensation paid to CEOs at Aimco’s peers, the Committee set Mr. Powell’s target total compensation (base compensation, STI and LTI) for 2023 at approximately $3.9 million. Mr. Powell, in consultation with and approval from the Committee, set target total compensation (base compensation, STI and LTI) for 2023 for the other NEOs as follows: Ms. Stanfield — $1.8 million; and Ms. Johnson — $1.4 million. Aimco performance will determine the amounts paid for 2023 STI and the portion of LTI awards that vest, and such amounts may be less than, or in excess of, these target amounts. STI will be paid in cash. The LTI was granted on February 1, 2023, and was in the form of restricted stock.

Accounting Treatment and Tax Deductibility of Executive Compensation

The Committee generally considers the accounting treatment and tax implications of the compensation awarded or paid to our executives. Grants of equity compensation awards under our long-term incentive program are accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 718. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code was amended on December 22, 2017, by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). Under the Tax Act, Section 162(m) applies to each employee who serves as the Company’s principal executive officer or principal financial officer during the taxable year, each other employee of the Company who is among the three most highly compensated officers during such taxable year, and any other employee who was a covered employee of the Company for any preceding taxable year beginning after December 31, 2016. The Tax Act also eliminated the performance-based compensation exception with respect to tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, but includes a transition rule with respect to compensation that is provided pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on November 2, 2018, and not materially modified after that date. The Company has awarded, and will continue to award, compensation as it considers appropriate that does not qualify for deductibility under Section 162(m).

Compensation and Human Resources Committee Report to Stockholders

76

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee held five meetings during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion & Analysis with management. Based upon such review, the related discussions, and such other matters deemed relevant and appropriate by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee has recommended to the Board that the Compensation Discussion & Analysis be included in this filing.

Date: February 20, 2023

QUINCY L. ALLEN

PATRICIA L. GIBSON

JAY PAUL LEUPP

ROBERT A. MILLER

DEBORAH SMITH

R. DARY STONE

JAMES P. SULLIVAN

KIRK A. SYKES (CHAIRMAN)

The above report will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by Aimco under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that Aimco specifically incorporates the same by reference.

77

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE

The table below summarizes the compensation for the years 2022, 2021 and 2020 attributable to each of the NEOs.

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Bonus ($)		Stock Awards ($) (1)			Option Awards ($) (2)			Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) (3)		All Other Compensation ($) (4)		Total ($)
Wes Powell —	2022		550,000		—		550,003	(5)		550,002	(5)		1,196,516		12,200		2,858,721
President and Chief Executive Officer	2021		525,000		—		3,123,148			964,228			827,662		5,160		5,445,198
	2020		450,000		175,000		501,417			—			630,437		2,850		1,759,704
H. Lynn C. Stanfield —	2022		450,000		—		528,077	(6)		—			805,753		12,200		1,796,030
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	2021		425,000		—		2,354,344			—			633,332		5,160		3,417,836
	2020		425,000		350,000		423,975			—			616,642		2,850		1,818,467
Jennifer Johnson —	2022		395,000		—		327,198	(7)		50,001	(7)		774,309		12,200		1,558,708
Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel	2021		371,280		—		1,558,035			—			617,877		5,160		2,552,352
	2020		362,440		250,000		—			—			482,179		2,850		1,097,469

__________

(1)This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of stock awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column for 2022, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote in this filing.

The amounts shown in this column for 2022 include the grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards or performance based LTIP Unit awards, as applicable, granted in 2022 based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such awards are subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $7.32 per share for the performance-based restricted stock awards granted to each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, and $2.84 per LTIP Unit granted to Ms. Stanfield, that are based on relative TSR performance. The grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,100,006 for Mr. Powell, $560,009 for Ms. Stanfield, and $400,009 for Ms. Johnson. The grant date fair value of the performance-based LTIP Unit award, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $140,001 for Ms. Stanfield.

(2)This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the option awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column for 2022, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing.

The amounts shown in this column for 2022 include the grant date fair value of the performance-based stock options granted in 2022 based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such option is subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $2.82 per underlying share of the options. The grant date fair value of the options, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,100,003 for Mr. Powell and $100,003 for Ms. Johnson.

(3)For Mr. Powell, the amount shown equals the sum of $1,114,560, representing the STI bonus that was paid to him on February 21, 2023, and $81,956, representing a payout in 2022 pursuant to a prior year long-term cash grant. For Ms. Stanfield, the amount shown equals the sum of $693,230, representing the STI bonus that was paid to her on February 21, 2023, and $112,523, representing a payout in 2022 pursuant to prior year long-term cash grants. For Ms. Johnson, the amount shown equals the sum of $535,760, representing the STI bonus that was paid to her on February 21, 2023, and $238,549 representing a payout in 2022 pursuant to prior year long-term cash grants.

(4)Includes non-discretionary matching contributions under Aimco’s 401(k) plan.

(5)Equity awards for Mr. Powell in 2022 include a 2022 LTI award consisting of 75,137 shares of performance-based restricted stock and a performance-based non-qualified stock option to purchase 195,036 shares, in each case, for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024, with the number of shares or option shares earned, if any, vesting 100% following the end of the three-year performance period.

(6)Equity awards for Ms. Stanfield in 2022 include a 2022 LTI award consisting of the following: (i) 25,585 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting one-third on each anniversary of the grant date; and (ii) 38,252 shares of performance-based restricted stock and 24,648 performance-based LTIP Units, in each case, for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024, with the number of shares or units earned, if any, vesting 100% following the end of the three-year performance period.

(7)Equity awards for Ms. Johnson in 2022 include a 2022 LTI award consisting of the following: (i) 18,275 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting one-third on each anniversary of the grant date; and (ii) 27,323 shares of performance-based restricted stock and a performance-based non-qualified stock option to purchase 17,731 shares, in each case, for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024, with the number of shares or option shares earned, if any, vesting 100% following the end of the three-year performance period.

78

GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS IN 2022

The following table provides details regarding plan-based awards granted to the NEOs during the year ended December 31, 2022.

		Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards (1)						Estimated Future Payouts Under Equity Incentive Plan Awards (2)						All Other Stock Awards: Number of Shares of		All other Option Awards Number of Securities Underlying Options (4)						Exercise or Base Price of	Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and
														Stock or								Option	Option
Name	Grant Date	Threshold ($)		Target ($)		Maximum ($)		Threshold (#)		Target (#)		Maximum (#)		Units (#) (3)		Threshold (#)		Target (#)		Maximum (#)		Awards ($/Sh)	Awards ($) (5)
Wes Powell	2/2/2022		344,000		688,000		1,376,000
	2/2/2022								37,569		75,137		150,274											550,003
	2/2/2022																97,518		195,036		390,072	6.96		550,002
H. Lynn Stanfield	2/2/2022		191,500		383,000		766,000
	2/2/2022														25,585									178,072
	2/2/2022								19,126		38,252		76,504											280,005
	2/2/2022								12,324		24,648		49,296											70,000
Jennifer Johnson	2/2/2022		148,000		296,000		592,000
	2/2/2022														18,275									127,194
	2/2/2022								13,662		27,323		54,646											200,004
	2/2/2022																8,866		17,731		35,462	6.96		50,001

__________

(1)On February 2, 2022, the Committee made determinations of target total incentive compensation for 2022 based on achievement of Aimco’s five corporate goals for 2022, and achievement of specific individual objectives. Target total incentive compensation amounts were as follows: Mr. Powell — $1.788 million; Ms. Stanfield — $908,000; and Ms. Johnson — $671,000. The awards in this column indicate the 2022 STI portion of these target total incentive amounts — at threshold, target, and maximum performance levels. The actual 2022 STI awards earned by each of Mr. Powell, and Mses. Stanfield, and Johnson are as disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table under “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation.” See the discussion above under “CD&A — Total Compensation for 2022 — Short-Term Incentive Compensation for 2022.”

(2)The amounts in this column include the number of shares underlying performance-based restricted stock (in the case of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson) and performance-based LTIP Units (in the case of Ms. Stanfield) granted on February 2, 2022, pursuant to their 2022 LTI award that may be earned – at threshold, target and maximum performance levels – based on relative TSR (one-third of each award is based on the Company’s TSR relative to each of the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE NAREIT Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco's identified peer group) over a three-year period from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2024, with the number of shares or units earned, if any, vesting 100% on the later of the third anniversary of the grant date or the date on which performance is determined (but no later than March 15, 2025).

(3)The amounts in this column reflect the number of shares of time-based restricted stock granted pursuant to the 2022 LTI award, vesting one-third on each anniversary of the grant date. The number of shares of restricted stock was determined based on the average of the closing trading prices of Aimco’s Common Stock on the NYSE on the five trading days up to and including the grant date, or $6.84.

(4)The amounts in this column reflect the number of performance-based non-qualified stock options granted pursuant to the 2022 LTI award that may vest — at threshold, target and maximum performance levels — based on relative TSR (one-third of each award is based on the Company’s TSR relative to each of the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE NAREIT Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco's identified peer group) over a three-year period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, with the number of underlying shares earned, if any, vesting 100% on the later of the third anniversary of the grant date or the date on which performance is measured (but no later than March 15, 2025).

(5)This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of equity awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing.

The amounts shown in this column include the grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards or performance based LTIP Unit awards, as applicable, based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such awards are subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $7.32 per share for the performance-based restricted stock awards granted to each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, and $2.84 per LTIP Unit granted to Ms. Stanfield, that are based on relative TSR performance. The grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,100,006 for Mr. Powell, $560,009 for Ms. Stanfield, and $400,009 for Ms. Johnson. The grant date fair value of the performance-based LTIP Unit award, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $140,001 for Ms. Stanfield.

The amounts shown in this column include the grant date fair value of the performance-based stock options based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such option is subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $2.82 per underlying share of the options. The grant date fair value of the options, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,100,003 for Mr. Powell and $100,003 for Ms. Johnson.

79

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END 2022

The following table shows outstanding stock option awards classified as exercisable and unexercisable as of December 31, 2022, for the NEOs. The table also shows unvested and unearned stock awards assuming a market value of $7.12 per share (the closing market price of the Company’s Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on December 30, 2022).

	Option Awards								Stock Awards
Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable	Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#)			Option Exercise Price ($)		Option Expiration Date	Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)			Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) (1)		Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested (#)			Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($) (1)
Wes Powell				390,072	(2)		6.96	2/2/2032							150,274	(3)		1,069,951
				634,400	(4)		6.66	4/28/2031							179,858	(5)		1,280,589
										5,125	(6)		36,490
										371,901	(7)		2,647,935
										1,557	(8)		11,086
										692	(9)		4,927
										1,329	(10)		9,462
H. Lynn C. Stanfield															76,504	(3)		544,708
															49,296	(11)		7,887
															135,892	(5)		967,551
										6,858	(12)		6,858
										3,267	(13)		23,261
										25,585	(14)		182,165
										22,998	(15)		163,746
										247,934	(7)		1,765,290
										1,323	(16)		9,420
										649	(17)		4,621
										1,245	(18)		8,864
Jennifer Johnson				35,462	(2)		6.96	2/2/2032							54,646	(3)		389,080
															76,816	(5)		546,930
										18,275	(14)		130,118
										13,000	(15)		92,560
										175,984	(7)		1,253,006

__________

(1)The information on unvested stock shown above has been adjusted, where applicable, to reflect additional shares received as a result of the special dividend paid in February 2019. Effective December 15, 2020, in connection with the Separation, the executive officers received a share or partnership unit of AIR for every share or partnership unit of Aimco, and partnership units were adjusted to preserve their pre-Separation value. The share amounts in this table reflect only the Aimco awards and corresponding values as of December 31, 2022. Amounts reflect the number of shares subject to the award that have not vested multiplied by the market value of $7.12 per share, which was the closing market price of Aimco’s Common Stock on December 30, 2022.

(2)This option was granted on February 2, 2022, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 100% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.

(3)This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on February 2, 2022, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 100% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.

(4)This option was granted on April 28, 2021, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, and 50% on January 27, 2025. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.

(5)This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on April 28, 2021, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, and 50% on January 27, 2025. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.

(6)This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on January 28, 2020. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2022, of which 50% vested on February 1, 2023, and the remaining 50% will vest on January 28, 2024. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $175,839.

(7)This restricted stock award was granted on April 15, 2021, and vests 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date.

(8)This restricted stock award was granted on January 28, 2020, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $53,421.

(9)This restricted stock award was granted on January 29, 2019, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $23,743.

(10)This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on January 29, 2019. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2019, through December 31, 2021, of which 50% vested on January 29, 2022, and the remaining 50% vested on January 29, 2023. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $45,598.

(11)This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on February 2, 2022, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 100% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.

(12)This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2022, of which 50% vested on February 1, 2023, and the remaining 50% will vest on January 28, 2024. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of zero.

(13)This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2022, of which 50% vested on February 1, 2023, and the remaining 50% will vest on January 28, 2024. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $112,091.

(14)This restricted stock award was granted on February 2, 2022, and vests one-third on each anniversary of the grant date.

80

(15)This restricted stock award was granted on April 28, 2021, and vests 25% on each of January 27, 2022, January 27, 2023, January 27, 2024, and January 27, 2025.

(16)This LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $45,392.

(17)This LTIP Unit award was granted on January 29, 2019, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $22,267.

(18)This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 19, 2019. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2019, through December 31, 2021, of which 50% vested on January 29, 2022, and the remaining 50% vested on January 29, 2023. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $42,716.

OPTION EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED IN 2022

The following table sets forth certain information regarding options and stock awards exercised and vested, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022, for the persons named in the Summary Compensation Table above.

	Option Awards				Stock Awards
Name	Number of Shares Acquired on Exercise (#)		Value Realized on Exercise ($) (1)		Number of Shares Acquired on Vesting (#)		Value Realized on Vesting ($) (2)
Wes Powell		—		—		5,317		36,488
H. Lynn Stanfield		—		—		14,981		106,819
Jennifer Johnson		—		—		4,334		28,474

__________

(1)Amounts reflect the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market price at the time of exercise.

(2)Amounts reflect the market price of the stock on the day the shares of restricted stock vested.

POTENTIAL PAYMENTS UPON TERMINATION OR CHANGE IN CONTROL

The NEOs are entitled to certain severance payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment or, in the case of a change in control, double trigger accelerated vesting of equity awards in the event of a qualifying termination of employment that occurs within one year following a change in control. The terms of these arrangements are described under “CD&A — Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements — Executive Employment Arrangements, Executive Severance Arrangements, and Equity Award Agreements” above.

In the table that follows, potential payments and other benefits payable upon termination of employment and change in control situations are set out as if the conditions for payments had occurred and/or the terminations took place on December 31, 2022. In setting out such payments and benefits, amounts that had already been earned as of the termination date are not shown. Also, benefits that are available to all full-time regular employees when their employment terminates are not shown. The amounts set forth below are estimates of the amounts that could be paid out to the NEOs upon their termination. The actual amounts to be paid out can only be determined at the time of such NEOs’ separation from Aimco. The following table summarizes the potential payments under various scenarios if they had occurred on December 31, 2022.

	Value of Accelerated Stock and Stock Options ($)(1)					Severance ($)
Name	Change in Control Only	Double Trigger Change in Control	Death or Disability	Termination Without Cause	Termination  For Good Reason	Death		Disability		Termination   Without   Cause		Termination  For Good  Reason		Termination  Without  Cause or  For Good  Reason  in Connection  with a  Change in  Control		Non- Compete Payments ($) (2)
Wes Powell	—	5,414,672	5,414,672	—	—	1,114,560	(3)	1,114,560	(3)	2,534,368	(4)	2,534,368	(4)	3,801,551	(5)	—
H. Lynn C. Stanfield	—	3,684,372	3,684,372	—	—	693,230	(3)	693,230	(3)	865,625	(6)	865,625	(6)	1,709,500	(7)	600,000
Jennifer Johnson	—	2,417,367	2,417,367	—	—	535,760	(3)	535,760	(3)	742,447	(6)	742,447	(6)	1,450,595	(7)	526,667

__________

1.Amounts reflect value of accelerated restricted stock, stock options, and LTIP Units using the closing market price on December 30, 2022, of $7.12 per share.

2.Amounts assume the agreements were enforced by the Company and that non-compete payments in an aggregate amount equal to two-thirds of the executive’s monthly base salary would be payable for 24 months following the executive’s termination of employment by the Company without cause.

3.Amount consists of a lump sum cash payment equal to the amount of 2022 STI paid, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement, in the case of Mr. Powell, and the Executive Severance Policy, in the case of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson.

81

4.Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 24 months, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement.

5.Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to three times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 36 months, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement.

6.Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 18 months, as payable pursuant to the Executive Severance Policy.

7.Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 24 months, as payable pursuant to the Executive Severance Policy.

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION

We believe that executive pay should be internally consistent and equitable to motivate our teammates to create stockholder value. In August 2015, pursuant to a mandate of the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC adopted a rule requiring annual disclosure of the ratio of the median employee’s annual total compensation to the annual total compensation of the principal executive officer. The disclosure is required for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2017. The annual total compensation for 2022 for Mr. Powell, our CEO, was $2,858,721, as reported under the heading “Summary Compensation Table.” Our median employee’s total compensation for 2022 was $177,320. As a result, we estimate that Mr. Powell’s 2022 total compensation was approximately 16 times that of our median employee.

Our CEO to median employee pay ratio was calculated in accordance with Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K. We identified the median employee by examining 2022 total compensation, consisting of base salary, annual bonus amounts, stock-based compensation (based on the grant date fair value of awards granted during 2022) and other incentive payments for all individuals who were employed by Aimco on December 31, 2022, other than our CEO. Our measuring date of December 31 remained the same as last year. We included all active employees and annualized the compensation for any employees who were not employed by Aimco for the full 2022 calendar year. After identifying the median employee based on 2022 total compensation, we calculated annual total compensation for such employee using the same methodology we use for our NEOs as set forth in the “Total” column in the Summary Compensation Table.

82

DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

In formulating its recommendation for director compensation, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviews director compensation for independent directors of companies in the real estate industry and companies of comparable market capitalization, revenue, and assets and considers compensation trends for other NYSE-listed companies. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee also considers the size of the Board as compared to other boards, the participation of each independent director on committees, and the resulting workload on the directors. In addition, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee considers the overall cost of the Board to the Company and the cost per director.

2022 COMPENSATION

For 2022, based on the advice of Aimco's independent compensation consultant, Willis Towers Watson, with such advice based on a review of director compensation for Aimco's identified peer group, compensation for the Independent Directors included an annual fee of $170,000, payable up to 50% in the form of a cash retainer with the remainder in stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units. The stock, stock options, and LTIP Units were awarded on February 4, 2022. The closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on February 4, 2022, was $6.79. No meeting fees were paid to independent directors for attending meetings of the Board and the committees on which they serve.

As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Mr. Considine had specific responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive consultant during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Board. These responsibilities included short and long-term strategic direction and advice, transition and executive support to Aimco officers, and advice and consultation with respect to Aimco’s strategic growth and acquisition activities. The Independent Directors set Mr. Considine’s 2022 target total compensation (including base compensation, STI, and LTI) for these responsibilities at $1.8 million. Mr. Considine’s responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive consultant did not continue past 2022, and he will not be provided any further compensation as a non-executive consultant in 2023. Mr. Considine resigned from serving as a member of the Board on February 13, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Aimco paid the directors serving on the Board during that year as follows:

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) (1)		Stock Awards ($) (2)		Option Awards ($) (3)		Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)		Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings		All Other Compensation ($)		Total ($)
Quincy L. Allen		85,000		83,890		—		—		—		—		168,890
Terry Considine (4)		—		1,960,503		—		—		—		—		1,960,503
Patricia L. Gibson		21,250		146,807		—		—		—		—		168,057
Jay Paul Leupp		21,250		146,807		—		—		—		—		168,057
Robert A. Miller (5)		21,250		—		148,751		—		—		—		170,001
Wes Powell (6)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Deborah Smith (5)		21,250		—		148,751		—		—		—		170,001
Michael A. Stein (7)		60,000		109,287		—		—		—		—		169,287
R. Dary Stone		85,000		83,890		—		—		—		—		168,890
Kirk A. Sykes		85,000		83,890		—		—		—		—		168,890

__________

(1)For 2022, each of the Independent Directors were provided a minimum cash retainer of $21,250 and the opportunity to receive up to 50% of the $170,000 annual retainer, or $85,000, in cash.

(2)For 2022, each of the Independent Directors were provided the opportunity to receive up to 87.5% of the $170,000 annual retainer in Aimco equity. Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Stone, and Sykes and Ms. Gibson elected to receive the non-cash portion of their annual retainer in shares of Aimco's Common Stock, and Mr. Stein elected to receive the non-cash portion of his annual retainer in LTIP Units. The shares and LTIP Units were awarded on February 4, 2022, and the closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on that date was $6.79. The dollar value shown above represents the aggregate grant date fair value computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 and is calculated based on the closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the date of grant.

(3)For 2022, each of the Independent Directors were provided the opportunity to receive up to 87.5% of the $170,000 annual retainer in equity. Mr. Miller and Ms. Smith elected to receive the non-cash portion of their annual retainer in non-qualified stock options. The dollar value shown above represents the aggregate grant date fair value computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The stock options as granted have an exercise price of $6.79, which was the closing price of Aimco's stock on the grant date and equal to the fair market value of Aimco's Common Stock on the grant date.

(4)Mr. Considine resigned from serving as a member of the Board on February 13, 2023. Mr. Considine, who was not an independent director, did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board in 2022. As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Mr. Considine had specific responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive consultant during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting

83

directly to the Board, as described above. The Independent Directors set Mr. Considine’s 2022 target total compensation for these responsibilities at $1.8 million, consisting of $300,000 in base salary, target STI of $600,000, and target LTI of $900,000. Mr. Considine’s 2022 base salary of $300,000 was paid in the form of 175,439 LTIP Units. The LTIP Units were granted on February 2, 2022 and vested 100% on the anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Considine’s 2022 STI was $600,000 at target with a final value based entirely on Aimco’s performance against 2022 corporate goals. The final value was equal to 162% of target or 568,422 LTIP Units and was awarded on February 1, 2023. This award will appear next year under the “Stock Awards” heading of this table in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Mr. Considine’s 2022 LTI award, valued at $900,000, was granted by the Independent Directors on February 2, 2022, and consisted of a number between zero and 633,804 of performance-based LTIP Units, or 316,902 LTIP Units at target, for the forward-looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024, pursuant to the same 2022 LTI plan as established by the Committee for the NEOs described above under the heading “Compensation Discussion & Analysis – Total Compensation for 2022 – Long Term Incentive Compensation Awards for 2022.” The performance-based LTIP Units constitute profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code. The exact number of Mr. Considine’s performance-based LTIP Units granted in 2022 that may vest is determined based on Aimco’s relative TSR performance over the course of the forward-looking, three-year performance period, with 100% of such number of LTIP Units generally vesting at the later of the time performance is determined or February 2, 2025. With respect to the performance-based LTIP Units granted to Mr. Considine, Mr. Considine was granted the ability to participate in the appreciation of value of Aimco that took place after the grant date, subject to their vesting. For the purpose of calculating the number of shares subject to these LTIP Units, the target dollar amount of $900,000 was divided by $2.84, or 316,902 LTIP Units, with such LTIP Unit value calculated by a third-party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of such LTIP Units. The LTIP Units as granted had a conversion price of $6.96, which was the closing price of Aimco’s stock on the grant date, and equal to the fair market value of Aimco’s Common Stock on the grant date. Additional details regarding the structure of LTIP Units can be found in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Aimco OP L.P., effective as of December 14, 2020, and the Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement, each of which are incorporated by reference in this filing, as Exhibits 10.1 and 10.15, respectively. The amount shown for Mr. Considine under the “Stock Awards” heading above represents the grant date value of the performance-based LTIP Units based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such award is subject, which was calculated using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the award, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value was $2.84 per LTIP Unit as to Mr. Considine’s performance-based LTIP Unit award. The grant date fair value of the performance-based LTIP Unit award of $900,002 at target, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,800,003. The amount shown under the "Stock Awards" heading above also includes Mr. Considine's 2021 STI, which was $600,000 at target with a final value based entirely on Aimco’s performance against 2021 corporate goals. The final value was equal to 126.75% of target, or 563,334 LTIP Units, and was awarded on February 2, 2022.

(5)As of December 31, 2022, Mr. Miller and Ms. Smith each held a fully vested and exercisable option to acquire 111,843 shares.

(6)Mr. Powell, who is not an independent director, did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board.

(7)Mr. Stein served as an independent director until December 16, 2022.

2023 Compensation

Compensation for each of the non-management directors in 2023 includes an annual fee of $200,000, payable up to 50% in the form of a cash retainer with the remainder in stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units. The stock, stock options, and LTIP Units were awarded on February 1, 2023. The closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on February 1, 2023, was $7.59. Additional retainers for Board leadership positions in 2023 are as follows: Chairman of the Board — $65,000; Audit Committee Chairman — $20,000; Compensation and Human Resources Committee Chairman — $15,000; Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee Chairman — $14,000; and Investment Committee Chairman — $15,000. Directors will not receive meeting fees in 2023.

84

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information available to the Company, as of February 22, 2023, with respect to Aimco’s equity securities beneficially owned by (i) each director and the NEOs, and (ii) all directors and executive officers as a group. The table also sets forth certain information available to the Company, as of February 22, 2023, with respect to shares of Common Stock held by each person known to the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of such shares. This table reflects options that are exercisable within 60 days. Unless otherwise indicated, each person has sole voting and investment power with respect to the securities beneficially owned by that person. The business address of each of the following directors and NEOs is 4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1450, Denver, Colorado 80237. None of the securities reflected in this table held by the directors or NEOs are the subject of any hedging or pledging transaction.

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	Number of shares of Common Stock (1)			Percentage of Common Stock Outstanding (2)			Number of Partnership Units (3)		Percentage Ownership of the Company (4)
Directors and Named Executive Officers:
Wes Powell		1,389,494		0.93%				—	0.88%
H. Lynn C. Stanfield		710,216		*				17,858	*
Jennifer Johnson		479,225		*				—	*
Quincy L. Allen		70,336		*				—	*
Patricia L. Gibson		98,451		*				—	*
Jay Paul Leupp		102,609	(5)	*				—	*
Robert A. Miller		299,037	(6)	*				—	*
Deborah Smith		233,855	(7)	*				—	*
R. Dary Stone		89,185		*				—	*
James P. Sullivan		18,618		*				—	*
Kirk A. Sykes		75,887		*				—	*
All directors and executive officers as a group    (11 persons)		3,566,913	(8)		2.37	%		17,858		2.26	%
5% or Greater Holders:
The Vanguard Group		21,828,329	(9)		14.56	%		—		13.84	%
100 Vanguard Blvd.
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc.		17,439,376	(10)		11.63	%		—		11.06	%
100 East Pratt St.
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
BlackRock, Inc.		13,949,317	(11)		9.30	%		—		8.84	%
55 East 52nd Street
New York, New York 10055
Sessa Capital Special Opportunity Fund II, L.P. and affiliates		9,932,043	(12)		6.62	%		—		6.30	%
888 Seventh Avenue, 30th Floor
New York, New York 10019
Westdale Investments L.P. and affiliates		8,807,745	(13)		5.87	%		—		5.58	%
2550 Pacific Ave., Suite 1600
Dallas, Texas 75226
Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC and affiliates		8,798,969	(14)		5.87	%		—		5.58	%
1 Landmark Square, 17th Floor
Stamford, Connecticut 06901

__________

* Less than 0.5%

(1) Excludes shares of Common Stock issuable upon redemption of common OP Units or equivalents.

(2) Represents the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by each person divided by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 22, 2023. Any shares of Common Stock that may be acquired by a person within 60 days upon the exercise of options, warrants, rights or conversion privileges or pursuant to the power to revoke, or the automatic termination of, a trust, discretionary account or similar arrangement are deemed to be beneficially owned by that person and are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage of outstanding shares of Common Stock owned by that person, but not any other person.

(3) Through wholly owned subsidiaries, Aimco acts as general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership. As of February 22, 2023, Aimco held approximately 95.0% of the common partnership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as “OP Units.” Generally, after a holding period of 12 months, common OP Units may be tendered

85

for redemption and, upon tender, may be acquired by Aimco for shares of Common Stock at an exchange ratio of one share of Common Stock for each common OP Unit (subject to adjustment). If Aimco acquired all common OP Units for Common Stock (without regard to the ownership limit set forth in Aimco’s Charter), these shares of Common Stock would constitute approximately 5.0% of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock. OP Units are subject to certain restrictions on transfer.

(4) Represents the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned, divided by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding, assuming, in both cases, that all 7,812,767 OP Units outstanding as of February 22, 2023 are redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock (notwithstanding any holding period requirements, and Aimco’s ownership limit). See note (3) above. Excludes partnership preferred units issued by the Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco preferred securities.

(5) Includes 2,000 shares held directly by Mr. Leupp, 100,596 shares held by a trust for the benefit of Mr. Leupp’s children, of which Mr. Leupp and his spouse are trustees, and 13 shares held by Terra Firma Asset Management, LLC, of which Mr. Leupp is a 65% managing member.

(6) Includes 228,803 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.

(7) Includes 170,323 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.

(8) Includes 399,126 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.

(9) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 9, 2023, by The Vanguard Group. According to the schedule, The Vanguard Group has sole dispositive power with respect to 21,429,805 of the shares, shared voting power with respect to 237,528 of the shares, and shared dispositive power with respect to 398,524 of the shares.

(10) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023, by T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. on behalf of itself and affiliated entities. According to the schedule, included in the securities listed above as beneficially owned by T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. are 6,581,317 shares and 9,836,953 shares over which T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. and T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund, Inc., respectively, have sole voting power. According to the schedule, T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. has sole dispositive power with respect to all 17,439,376 shares.

(11) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 3 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 24, 2023, by BlackRock, Inc. According to the schedule, BlackRock, Inc. has sole voting power with respect to 13,448,597 of the shares and sole dispositive power with respect to all 13,949,317 shares.

(12) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023, by Sessa Capital Special Opportunity Fund II, L.P., Sessa Capital GP, LLC, Sessa Capital IM, L.P., Sessa Capital IM GP, LLC, and John Petry. According to the schedule, Sessa Capital Special Opportunity Fund II, L.P., Sessa Capital GP, LLC, Sessa Capital IM, L.P., Sessa Capital IM GP, LLC, and John Petry have shared voting power and shared dispositive power with respect to all 9,932,043 shares.

(13) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on November 18, 2022, by Westdale Investments L.P., JGB Ventures I, Ltd., JGB Holdings, Inc., Joseph G. Beard, Westdale Construction Co. Limited, Ronald Kimel, and Warren Kimel. According to the schedule, Westdale Investments L.P., JGB Ventures I, Ltd., JGB Holdings, Inc., and Joseph G. Beard have shared voting and dispositive power over the 7,857,295 shares owned directly by Westdale Investments L.P., and Westdale Construction Co. Limited, Ronald Kimel, and Warren Kimel have shared voting and dispositive power over the 950,450 shares owned directly by Westdale Construction Co. Limited.

(14) Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on December 19, 2022, by Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC, Jonathan Litt, and affiliated persons. According to the schedule, Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC and Jonathan Litt have shared voting power and shared dispositive power with respect to 8,798,969 shares.

SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS

Information on equity compensation plans as of the end of the 2022 fiscal year under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance is set forth in the following table.

Plan Category	Number of Securities To Be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1)		Number of Securities  Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding  Securities Subject to Outstanding Unexercised Grants)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders		7,004,196	$	6.33		21,388,667
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		—		—		—

__________

(1)The weighted average exercise price is calculated based solely on the outstanding stock options. It does not take into account the shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding time-based restricted stock, performance-based restricted stock, or LTIP awards, because such awards do not have an exercise price.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

Policies and Procedures for Review, Approval or Ratification of Related Person Transactions

Aimco recognizes that related person transactions can present potential or actual conflicts of interest and create the appearance that Aimco’s decisions are based on considerations other than the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders. Nevertheless, Aimco recognizes that there are situations where related person transactions may be in, or may not be inconsistent with, the

86

best interests of Aimco and its stockholders. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee, pursuant to a written policy approved by the Board, has oversight for related person transactions. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee will review transactions, arrangements or relationships in which (1) the aggregate amount involved will or may be expected to exceed $100,000 in any calendar year, (2) Aimco (or any Aimco entity) is a participant, and (3) any related party has or will have a direct or indirect interest (other than an interest arising solely as a result of being a director of another corporation or organization that is a party to the transaction or a less than ten percent beneficial owner of another entity that is a party to the transaction). The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has also given its standing approval for certain types of related person transactions such as certain employment arrangements, director compensation, transactions with another entity in which a related person’s interest is only by virtue of a non-executive employment relationship or limited equity position, and transactions in which all stockholders receive pro rata benefits.

Sublease of a Portion of Aimco Office Space

On January 25, 2019, Aimco entered into a sublease agreement (the “Sublease”) with an entity in which Mr. Considine, former Director who resigned from the Board in February 2023, has sole voting and investment power. Under this agreement, Aimco has subleased to said entity approximately 2,957 square feet of office space within the same building as Aimco’s corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado, and consisting of excess space not needed by Aimco, on exactly the same terms as Aimco leases the space. The Sublease does not provide any benefit to the entity, as other space in the building requires comparable rent. The Sublease provides some benefit to Aimco as it gives Aimco the ability to put the excess space to productive use. The entity has a lease term less favorable than Aimco’s lease with the landlord, in that Aimco has the option to terminate the Sublease at any time, for any or no reason, upon six months’ notice. The Sublease has a term that began on April 1, 2019, and ends on April 30, 2029, the same term as the Aimco lease. The annual amount of rent in the first year was $78,361, subject to annual increases. The aggregate amount of rent expected to be paid under the Sublease, assuming the entire lease term is fulfilled, is approximately $850,000. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed the Sublease and determined that it is in the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders.

Related Person Transactions

In November 2019, Aimco confirmed an arrangement with Richard M. Powell, of R.M. Powell & Co., a contractor for Aimco since 1997 and father of Mr. Wes Powell, Director, President and CEO. Depending on the success of potential transactions identified by Mr. Richard Powell, he may earn fees in amounts in excess of $120,000. Pursuant to the Company’s related party transactions policy, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed and approved the arrangement with Mr. Richard Powell, subject to the Committee’s subsequent review and approval of any specific transaction in which R.M. Powell & Co. provides services. In April 2022, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed and approved a transaction directly sourced by R.M. Powell & Co., including a fee paid to R.M. Powell & Co. in the amount of $998,134, with such fee calculated pursuant to the fee structure previously reviewed and approved by the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee.

In March 2020, Elizabeth Likovich, the daughter of Mr. Considine, former Director who resigned from the Board in February 2023, became a full-time employee of the Company. Her compensation for 2022 was in line with the median for her peers, and consisted of $262,184 in base salary, $129,687 in STI, $8,403 in non-discretionary matching contributions under Aimco’s 401(k) plan, and $103,728 in equity awards vesting over three years. Prior to joining Aimco, Ms. Likovich held a similar position at a peer apartment company. Pursuant to the policy noted above, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed and approved the employment of Ms. Likovich.

INDEPENDENCE OF DIRECTORS

The Board has determined that to be considered independent, a director may not have a direct or indirect material relationship with Aimco or its subsidiaries (directly or as a partner, stockholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with the Company). A material relationship is one that impairs or inhibits, or has the potential to impair or inhibit, a director’s exercise of critical and disinterested judgment on behalf of Aimco and its stockholders. In determining whether a material relationship exists, the Board considers all relevant facts and circumstances, including whether the director or a family member is a current or former employee of the Company, family member relationships, compensation, business relationships and payments, and charitable contributions between Aimco and an entity with which a director is affiliated (as an executive officer, partner or substantial stockholder). The Board consults with the Company’s counsel to ensure that such determinations are consistent with all relevant securities and other laws and regulations regarding the definition of “independent director,” including but not limited to those categorical standards set forth in Section 303A.02 of the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

87

Consistent with these considerations, the Board has affirmatively determined that Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Miller, Stone, Sullivan, and Sykes and Mses. Gibson and Smith are independent directors.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES

Below is information on the fees billed for services rendered by Ernst & Young LLP during the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022	2021
Aggregate fees billed for services	$ 1.66 million	$ 1.77 million
Audit Fees: Including fees associated with the audit of Aimco’s annual financial statements, internal controls, interim reviews of financial statements, registration statements, comfort letters, and consents	$ 1.62 million	$ 1.75 million
Audit-Related Fees: Including fees related to benefit plan audits	$ --	$ --
Tax Fees:	$ 0.4 million	$ 0.02 million
Tax Consulting Fees (1)
All other fees	$ --	$ --

__________

(1)Tax consulting fees consist primarily of amounts attributable to routine advice related to REIT compliance.

88

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies

The Audit Committee has adopted the Audit and Non-Audit Services Pre-Approval Policy (the “Pre-Approval Policy”). A summary of the Pre-Approval Policy is as follows:

• The Pre-Approval Policy describes the Audit, Audit-related, Tax and Other Permitted services that have the general pre-approval of the Audit Committee.

• Pre-approvals are typically subject to a dollar limit of $50,000.

• The term of any general pre-approval is generally 12 months from the date of pre-approval.

• At least annually, the Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves the services that may be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm without obtaining specific pre-approval from the Audit Committee.

• Unless a type of service has received general pre-approval and is anticipated to be within the dollar limit associated with the general pre-approval, it requires specific pre-approval by the Audit Committee if it is to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm.

• The Audit Committee will consider whether all services are consistent with the rules on independent registered public accounting firm independence.

• The Audit Committee also considers whether the independent registered public accounting firm is best positioned to provide the most effective and efficient service, for reasons such as its familiarity with Aimco’s business, people, culture, accounting systems, risk profile and other factors, and whether the service might enhance Aimco’s ability to manage or control risk or improve audit quality. Such factors are considered as a whole, and no one factor is necessarily determinative.

All of the services described in the Principal Accountant Fees section above were approved pursuant to the annual engagement letter or in accordance with the Pre-Approval Policy.

89

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) The financial statements listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.

(a)(2) The financial statement schedule listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report is filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.

(a)(3) Exhibits.

90

INDEX TO EXHIBITS (1) (2)

EXHIBIT NO.	DESCRIPTION
2.1	Separation and Distribution Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 2.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.1	Charter- Articles of Restatement (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated February 24, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.2	Articles of Amendment of Apartment Investment and Management Company (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 1, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.3	Articles Supplementary of Apartment Investment Management Company (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.4	Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
4.1	Description of Aimco’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exhibit 4.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 12, 2021, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.1	Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Aimco OP L.P., effective as of December 14, 2020 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.2	Credit Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment and Management Company, AIMCO OP L.P., certain subsidiary loan parties party thereto, the lenders party thereto and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, swingline loan lender and letter of credit issuing lender. (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 16, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference)
10.3	Aimco Severance Policy (Exhibit 99.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 22, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)*
10.4	2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (Exhibit A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007 is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.5	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.6	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.7	Aimco 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated January 31, 2017) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.8	Aimco Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective February 22, 2018) (Exhibit A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 8, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)*
10.9	Form of Performance Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.24 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.10	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.25 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.11	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.12	Form of LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*

91

10.13	Form of Performance Vesting LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.14	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.15	Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.15 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.16	Employee Matters Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.17	Purchase Agreement, effective as of February 3, 2021, by and among AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a Aimco Properties, L.P.), Aimco Development Company, LLC, Campus GP Holdings, LLC, Aimco OP L.P. and Aimco Properties, LLC (Exhibit 10.18 to Aimco's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 1, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.18	Master Services Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.19	Master Leasing Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) and Aimco Development Company, LLC (Exhibit 10.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.20	Amendment to Master Leasing Agreement by and between Apartment Income REIT L.P. and Aimco Development Company, LLC, dated as of May 19, 2022 (Exhibit 1.1 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated as of May 25, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.21	Amendment to Master Leasing Agreement by and between Apartment Income REIT, L.P. and Aimco Development Company, LLC, dated as of June 14, 2022, (Exhibit 1.3 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 14, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.22	Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO 50 Rogers Street, LLC and Prism Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.5 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.23	Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO Fitzsimons 3A Lessor, LLC and Fremont Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.6 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.24	Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between MCZ/Centrum Flamingo II, L.L.C. and Flamingo North Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.7 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.25	First Amendment to Master Lease Agreement, dated April 15, 2021, by and between MCZ/Centrum Flamingo II, L.L.C. and Flamingo North Lessee, LLC. (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.26	Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO Leahy Square Apartments, LLC and 707 Leahy Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.8 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.27	Termination of Master Lease Agreements, dated as of June 17, 2022, by and among (i) MCZ/Centrum Flamingo II, L.L.C., AIMCO 50 Rogers Street, L.L.C., AIMCO Leahy Square Apartments, LLC, and Aimco Fitzsimons 3A Lessor, LLC; (ii) Flamingo North Lessee, LLC, Prism Lessee, LLC, 707 Leahy Lessee, LLC, and Fremont Lessee LLC; (iii) Aimco OP L.P.; and (iv) Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (Exhibit 1.1 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 14, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)

92

10.28	Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between James-Oxford Limited Partnership and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.9 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.29	Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco OP L.P. and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.10 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.30	Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco OP L.P. and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.11 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.31	Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco Development Company, LLC and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.12 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.32	Mezzanine Note Agreement, effective as of December 14, 2020, by and among Aimco REIT Sub, LLC, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.13 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.33	Amendment to Mezzanine Note Agreement and Notes, dated as of June 17, 2022, by and among Aimco JO Intermediate Holdings, LLC, Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) and AIR/Bethesda Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc.) (Exhibit 1.2 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 14, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)

10.34	Form of 5.2% Secured Mezzanine Note, made by Aimco REIT Sub, LLC (included in Exhibit 10.32)
10.35	Program Agreement for Aimco/APFC Multifamily Development Program Dated as of August 5, 2022 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 5, 2022, is incorporated herein by this reference)
21.1	List of Subsidiaries
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Aimco
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e), and Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f)/15d-15(f), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e), and Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f)/15d-15(f), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
31.3	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e), and Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f)/15d-15(f), as Adopted Pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership
31.4	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)/15d-15(e), and securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f)/15d-15(f), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Aimco
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Aimco
32.3	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership
32.4	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership

93

101

The following materials from Aimco’s and Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) consolidated balance sheets; (ii) consolidated statements of operations; (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income; (iv) consolidated statements of equity and consolidated statements of partners’ capital; (v) consolidated statements of cash flows; (vi) notes to the consolidated financial statements; and (vii) financial statement schedule (3)

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

(1)Schedule and similar exhibits to the exhibits have been omitted but will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

(2)The Commission file numbers for exhibits is 001-13232 (Aimco) and 0-24497 (Aimco Operating Partnership).

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

94

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Financial Statements: Apartment Investment and Management Company:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Equity	F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-9
Aimco OP L.P.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	F-10
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-12
Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-13
Consolidated Statements of Partners’ Capital	F-14
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-15
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Apartment Investment and Management Company and Aimco OP L.P.	F-16
Note 1 — Organization	F-16
Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	F-16
Note 3 — Significant Transactions	F-25
Note 4 — Lease Arrangements	F-26
Note 5 — Agreements and Transactions with AIR	F-28
Note 6 — Variable Interest Entities	F-30
Note 7 —Debt	F-31
Note 8 — Income Taxes	F-33
Note 9 — Aimco Equity	F-34
Note 10 — Partners’ Capital	F-35
Note 11 — Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit	F-36
Note 12 — Share-Based Compensation	F-37
Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements	F-40
Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies	F-16
Note 15 — Business Segments	F-41
Note 16 — Subsequent Events	F-44
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation	F-45

F-1

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
By:	/s/ Wesley W. Powell
	Wesley W. Powell
	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	February 27, 2023

AIMCO OP L.P.
By:	Aimco OP GP, LLC, its General Partner
	/s/ Wesley W. Powell
	Wesley W. Powell Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	February 27, 2023

F-2

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of each registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
AIMCO OP L.P.
By: Aimco OP GP, LLC, its General Partner
/s/ WESLEY W. POWELL	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer	February 27, 2023
Wesley W. Powell	(principal executive officer)
/s/ H. LYNN C. STANFIELD	Executive Vice President and	February 27, 2023
H. Lynn C. Stanfield	Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)
/s/ R. DARY STONE	Chairman of the Board of Directors	February 27, 2023
R. Dary Stone
/s/ QUINCY L. ALLEN	Director	February 27, 2023
Quincy L. Allen
/s/ PATRICIA L. GIBSON	Director	February 27, 2023
Patricia L. Gibson
/s/ JAY PAUL LEUPP	Director	February 27, 2023
Jay Paul Leupp
/s/ ROBERT A. MILLER	Director	February 27, 2023
Robert A. Miller
/s/ DEBORAH SMITH	Director	February 27, 2023
Deborah Smith
/s/ JAMES P. SULLIVAN	Director	February 27, 2023
James P. Sullivan
/s/ KIRK A. SYKES	Director	February 27, 2023
Kirk A. Sykes

F-3

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Apartment Investment and Management Company

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 27, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Impairment of mezzanine investment

Description of the Matter

During 2022 the Company recorded an impairment loss on its mezzanine investment of $212.6 million to reduce the investment to its estimated fair value of $158.6 million. As more fully described in Note 2 and Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates the mezzanine investment for impairment. An impairment loss is recognized to adjust the investment to its estimated fair value when the Company determines the fair value is less than the carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Auditing the Company’s measurement of the impairment loss on the mezzanine investment involved a higher degree of judgment due to the subjective nature of the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of real estate include the capitalization rate, discount rate, market rental rates and operating expense ratio.

F-4

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit             We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process to determine the fair value of the mezzanine investment and measure the impairment loss. This included testing controls over management’s evaluation of the significant inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral.   To test the impairment loss on the mezzanine investment, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the information included in the valuation model and evaluating the significant assumptions mentioned above that were used to estimate fair value. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, we compared the significant assumptions to observable market data and published industry resources, including comparing management’s capitalization rate, discount rate, market rental rates, operating expense ratio to ranges for comparable properties in the same or nearby markets.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

Denver, Colorado

February 27, 2023

F-5

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)

	December 31,
	2022			2021
ASSETS
Buildings and improvements	$	1,322,381		$	1,257,214
Land		641,102			534,285
Total real estate		1,963,483			1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation		(530,722	)		(561,115	)
Net real estate		1,432,761			1,230,384
Cash and cash equivalents		206,460			233,374
Restricted cash		23,306			11,208
Mezzanine investment		158,558			337,797
Interest rate options		62,387			25,657
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		15,789			13,025
Notes receivable		39,014			38,029
Right-of-use lease assets- finance leases		110,269			429,768
Other assets, net		132,679			114,859
Total assets	$	2,181,223		$	2,434,101
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Non-recourse property debt, net	$	929,501		$	483,137
Construction loans, net		118,698			163,570
Notes payable to AIR		—			534,127
Total indebtedness		1,048,199			1,180,834
Deferred tax liabilities		119,615			124,747
Lease liabilities - finance leases		114,625			435,093
Accrued liabilities and other		106,600			97,400
Total liabilities		1,389,039			1,838,074
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		166,826			33,794
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Equity (510,587,500 shares authorized at both December 31, 2022 and 2021):
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 146,524,941 and 149,818,021 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		1,466			1,498
Additional paid-in capital		496,482			521,842
Retained Earnings (accumulated deficit)		49,904			(22,775	)
Total Aimco equity		547,852			500,565
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		48,294			35,213
Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership		29,212			26,455
Total equity		625,358			562,233
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,181,223		$	2,434,101

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
REVENUES
Rental and other property revenues	$	190,344		$	169,836		$	151,451
OPERATING EXPENSES
Property operating expenses		71,792			67,613			61,514
Depreciation and amortization		158,967			84,712			77,965
Impairment		—			—			15,860
General and administrative expenses		39,673			33,151			10,469
Total operating expenses		270,432			185,476			165,808
Interest income		4,052			2,277			110
Interest expense		(73,842	)		(52,902	)		(27,512	)
Mezzanine investment income (loss), net		(179,239	)		30,436			27,576
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options		48,205			6,509			1,058
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments		20,302			6,585			—
Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships		579			973			808
Gains on dispositions of real estate		175,863			—			—
Lease modification income		206,963			—			—
Other income (expense), net		(13,373	)		3,212			(3,603	)
Income (loss) before income tax		109,422			(18,550	)		(15,920	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		(17,264	)		13,570			10,149
Net income (loss)		92,158			(4,980	)		(5,771	)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling    interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		(8,829	)		(91	)		457
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests    in consolidated real estate partnerships		(3,672	)		(1,136	)		4
Net (income) loss attributable to common noncontrolling    interests in Aimco Operating Partnership		(3,931	)		297			269
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco	$	75,726		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco per common    share – basic (Note 6)	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco per common    share – diluted (Note 6)	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic		149,395			149,480			148,569
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted		150,834			149,480			148,569

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In thousands)

	Common Stock						Noncontrolling Interests in	Common Noncontrolling Interests in
	Shares Issued	Amount	Additional Paid- in Capital	Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	Aimco Predecessor Equity	Total Aimco Equity	Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships	Aimco Operating Partnership	Total Equity
Balances at December 31, 2019	—	$—	$—	$—	$513,264	$513,264	$108	$188	$513,560
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	(16,839)	11,798	(5,041)	(4)	(269)	(5,314)
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net	—	—	—	—	18,249	18,249	—	—	18,249
Issuance of equity in connection with Separation	148,866	1,488	514,306	—	(543,311)	(27,517)	—	27,517	—
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—	31,773	—	31,773
Other common stock issuances	170	2	821	—	—	823	—	—	823
Balances at December 31, 2020	149,036	1,490	515,127	(16,839)	—	499,778	31,877	27,436	559,091
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	(5,910)	—	(5,910)	1,136	(297)	(5,071)
Redemption of OP Units	595	6	1,305	—	—	1,311	—	(1,387)	(76)
Share-based compensation expense	—	—	2,972	—	—	2,972	—	745	3,717
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—	3,370	—	3,370
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,157)	—	(1,157)
Other common stock issuances	246	2	1,070	—	—	1,072	—	—	1,072
Other, net	(59)		1,368	(26)	—	1,342	(13)	(42)	1,287
Balances at December 31, 2021	149,818	1,498	521,842	(22,775)	—	500,565	35,213	26,455	562,233
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	75,726		75,726	3,672	3,931	83,329
Redemption of OP Units	108	1	2,653	—	—	2,654	—	(2,888)	(234)
Share-based compensation expense	—	—	5,687	—	—	5,687	—	1,770	7,457
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—	10,616	—	10,616
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,202)	(160)	(1,362)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	—	—	(183)	—	—	(183)	—	—	(183)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	—	—	(7,088)	—	—	(7,088)	—	—	(7,088)
Common stock repurchased	(3,459)	(35)	(24,957)	—	—	(24,992)	—	—	(24,992)
Other common stock issuances	106	1	851	—	—	852	—	—	852
Cash dividends	—	—	—	(3,043)	—	(3,043)	—	—	(3,043)
Other, net	(48)	1	(2,323)	(4)	—	(2,326)	(5)	104	(2,227)
Balances at December 31, 2022	$146,525	$1,466	$496,482	$49,904	$-	$547,852	$48,294	$29,212	$625,358

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

(In thousands)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$	92,158		$	(4,980	)	$	(5,771	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		158,967			84,712			77,965
Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships		(579	)		(973	)		(808	)
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options		(48,205	)		(6,509	)		1,058
Income tax expense (benefit)		17,264			(13,570	)		(10,149	)
Impairment		—			—			15,860
Amortization of debt issuance costs and other		2,787			1,384			368
Mezzanine investment, net		179,239			(30,436	)		(27,576	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net		28,986			—			—
Lease modification income		(206,963	)		—			—
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments		(20,302	)		(6,585	)		—
Gain on disposition of real estate		(175,863	)		—			—
Share-based compensation		7,471			5,271			—
Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities:
Other assets, net		1,039			(11,826	)		(1,873	)
Net cash received from development property lease terminations		195,789			—			—
Accrued liabilities and other		(27,556	)		(3,902	)		(1,228	)
Total adjustments		112,074			17,566			53,617
Net cash provided by operating activities		204,232			12,586			47,846
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of real estate		(129,245	)		(69,601	)		(107,908	)
Capital expenditures		(237,523	)		(177,809	)		(23,889	)
Proceeds from disposition of real estate		259,983			—			—
Investment in IQHQ		(14,227	)		(23,273	)		—
Redemption of IQHQ investment		16,473			—			—
Investment in unconsolidated real estate partnerships		(15,668	)		—			—
Other investing activities		(547	)		(727	)		2,472
Net cash used in investing activities		(120,754	)		(271,410	)		(129,325	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt		756,220			59,757			40,000
Proceeds from construction loans		93,206			165,170			—
Payments of deferred loan costs		(15,266	)		(6,437	)		(10,234	)
Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt		(302,428	)		(24,383	)		(84,193	)
Principal repayments on construction loans		(138,404	)		—			—
Principal repayments on Notes Payable to AIR		(534,127	)		—			—
Purchase of interest rate options		(5,620	)		(5,905	)		(12,245	)
Proceeds from interest rate options		16,818			—			—
Payments on finance leases		(26,213	)		(10,855	)		—
Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net					—			420,929
Payments of prepayment premiums		(25,801	)		—			(4,269	)
Common stock repurchased		(23,492	)		—			—
Dividend paid on common stock		(3,043	)		—			—
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		(1,362	)		(1,158	)		—
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests		(9,365	)		—			—
Contributions from noncontrolling interests		10,616			212			20,106
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests		122,571			29,440			—
Redemption of OP units		(225	)		—			—
Redemption of noncontrolling interests		(7,088	)		—			—
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests		(5,094	)		—			—
Other financing activities		(197	)		(1,171	)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(98,294	)		204,671			370,094
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH		(14,816	)		(54,153	)		288,615
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD		244,582			298,735			10,120
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD	$	229,766		$	244,582		$	298,735

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-9

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Partners and the Board of Directors of

Aimco OP L.P.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Aimco OP L.P. (the Partnership) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, partners’ capital, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 27, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Impairment of mezzanine investment

Description of the Matter

During 2022 the Company recorded an impairment loss on its mezzanine investment of $212.6 million to reduce the investment to its estimated fair value of $158.6 million. As more fully described in Note 2 and Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates the mezzanine investment for impairment. An impairment loss is recognized to adjust the investment to its estimated fair value when the Company determines the fair value is less than the carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Auditing the Company’s measurement of the impairment loss on the mezzanine investment involved a higher degree of judgment due to the subjective nature of the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of real estate include the capitalization rate, discount rate, market rental rates and operating expense ratio.

F-10

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit           We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process to determine the fair value of the mezzanine investment and measure the impairment loss. This included testing controls over management’s evaluation of the significant inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral.   To test the impairment loss on the mezzanine investment, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the information included in the valuation model and evaluating the significant assumptions mentioned above that were used to estimate fair value. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, we compared the significant assumptions to observable market data and published industry resources, including comparing management’s capitalization rate, discount rate, market rental rates, operating expense ratio to ranges for comparable properties in the same or nearby markets.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Partnership's auditor since 2020.

Denver, Colorado

February 27, 2023

F-11

AIMCO OP L.P.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)

	December 31,
	2022			2021
ASSETS
Buildings and improvements	$	1,322,381		$	1,257,214
Land		641,102			534,285
Total real estate		1,963,483			1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation		(530,722	)		(561,115	)
Net real estate		1,432,761			1,230,384
Cash and cash equivalents		206,460			233,374
Restricted cash		23,306			11,208
Mezzanine investment		158,558			337,797
Interest rate options		62,387			25,657
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		15,789			13,025
Notes receivable		39,014			38,029
Right-of-use lease assets- finance leases		110,269			429,768
Other assets, net		132,679			114,859
Total assets	$	2,181,223		$	2,434,101
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Non-recourse property debt, net	$	929,501		$	483,137
Construction loans, net		118,698			163,570
Notes payable to AIR		—			534,127
Total indebtedness		1,048,199			1,180,834
Deferred tax liabilities		119,615			124,747
Lease liabilities - finance leases		114,625			435,093
Accrued liabilities and other		106,600			97,400
Total liabilities		1,389,039			1,838,074
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		166,826			33,794
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Partners’ capital:
General Partner and Special Limited Partner		547,852			500,565
Limited Partners		29,212			26,455
Partners’ capital attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership		577,064			527,020
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		48,294			35,213
Total partners’ capital		625,358			562,233
Total liabilities and partners’ capital	$	2,181,223		$	2,434,101

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-12

AIMCO OP L.P.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
REVENUES
Rental and other property revenues	$	190,344		$	169,836		$	151,451
OPERATING EXPENSES
Property operating expenses		71,792			67,613			61,514
Depreciation and amortization		158,967			84,712			77,965
Impairment		—			—			15,860
General and administrative expenses		39,673			33,151			10,469
Total operating expenses		270,432			185,476			165,808
Interest income		4,052			2,277			110
Interest expense		(73,842	)		(52,902	)		(27,512	)
Mezzanine investment income (loss), net		(179,239	)		30,436			27,576
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options		48,205			6,509			1,058
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments		20,302			6,585			—
Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships		579			973			808
Gains on dispositions of real estate		175,863			—			—
Lease modification income		206,963			—			—
Other income (expense), net		(13,373	)		3,212			(3,603	)
Income (loss) before income tax		109,422			(18,550	)		(15,920	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		(17,264	)		13,570			10,149
Net income (loss)		92,158			(4,980	)		(5,771	)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling    interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		(8,829	)		(91	)		457
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests    in consolidated real estate partnerships		(3,672	)		(1,136	)		4
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating      Partnership	$	79,657		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating      Partnership per common unit – basic (Note 6)	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating      Partnership per common unit – diluted (Note 6)	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Weighted-average common units outstanding – basic		157,317			157,701			156,500
Weighted-average common units outstanding – diluted		158,774			157,701			156,500

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-13

AIMCO OP L.P.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PARTNERS’ CAPITAL

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In thousands)

	General Partner and Special Limited Partner			Limited Partners			Partners’ Capital Attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership			Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships			Aimco Predecessor Capital			Total Partners’ Capital
Balances at December 31, 2019	$	—		$	188		$	188		$	108		$	513,264		$	513,560
Net income (loss)		(16,839	)		(269	)		(17,108	)		(4	)		11,798			(5,314	)
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net		—			—			—			—			18,249			18,249
Issuance of partners' capital in connection with Separation		515,794			27,517			543,311			—			(543,311	)		—
Contributions from noncontrolling interests		—			—			—			31,773			—			31,773
Other issuances of OP Units		823			—			823			—			—			823
Balances at December 31, 2020		499,778			27,436			527,214			31,877			—			559,091
Net income (loss)		(5,910	)		(297	)		(6,207	)		1,136			—			(5,071	)
Redemption of OP Units		1,311			(1,387	)		(76	)		—			—			(76	)
Share-based compensation expense		2,972			745			3,717			—			—			3,717
Contributions from noncontrolling interests		—			—			—			3,370			—			3,370
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—			—			—			(1,157	)		—			(1,157	)
Other OP Unit issuances		1,072			—			1,072			—			—			1,072
Other, net		1,342			(42	)		1,300			(13	)		—			1,287
Balances at December 31, 2021		500,565			26,455			527,020			35,213			—			562,233
Net income (loss)		75,726			3,931			79,657			3,672			—			83,329
Redemption of OP Units		2,654			(2,888	)		(234	)		—			—			(234	)
Share-based compensation expense		5,687			1,770			7,457			—			—			7,457
Contributions from noncontrolling interests		—			—			—			10,616			—			10,616
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—			(160	)		(160	)		(1,202	)		—			(1,362	)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		(183	)		—			(183	)		—			—			(183	)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships		(7,088	)		—			(7,088	)		—			—			(7,088	)
Repurchases of OP Units held by Aimco		(24,992	)		—			(24,992	)		—			—			(24,992	)
Other OP Unit issuances		852			—			852			—			—			852
Cash dividends		(3,043	)		—			(3,043	)		—			—			(3,043	)
Other, net		(2,326	)		104			(2,222	)		(5	)		—			(2,227	)
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	547,852		$	29,212		$	577,064		$	48,294		$	-		$	625,358

See notes to the consolidated financial statements

F-14

AIMCO OP L.P.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In thousands)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021				2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$	92,158		$	(4,980	)		$	(5,771	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		158,967			84,712				77,965
Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships		(579	)		(973	)			(808	)
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options		(48,205	)		(6,509	)			1,058
Income tax expense (benefit)		17,264			(13,570	)			(10,149	)
Impairment		—			—				15,860
Amortization of debt issuance costs and other		2,787			1,384				368
Mezzanine investment, net		179,239			(30,436	)			(27,576	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net		28,986			—				—
Lease modification income		(206,963	)		—				—
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments		(20,302	)		(6,585	)			—
Gain on disposition of real estate		(175,863	)		—				—
Share-based compensation		7,471			5,271				—
Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities:
Other assets, net		1,039			(11,826	)			(1,873	)
Net cash received from development property lease terminations		195,789			—				—
Accrued liabilities and other		(27,556	)		(3,902	)			(1,228	)
Total adjustments		112,074			17,566				53,617
Net cash provided by operating activities		204,232			12,586				47,846
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of real estate		(129,245	)		(69,601	)			(107,908	)
Capital expenditures		(237,523	)		(177,809	)			(23,889	)
Proceeds from disposition of real estate		259,983			—				—
Investment in IQHQ		(14,227	)		(23,273	)			—
Redemption of IQHQ investment		16,473			—				—
Investment in unconsolidated real estate partnerships		(15,668	)		—				—
Other investing activities		(547	)		(727	)			2,472
Net cash used in investing activities		(120,754	)		(271,410	)			(129,325	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt		756,220			59,757		—		40,000
Proceeds from construction loans		93,206			165,170		—		—
Payments of deferred loan costs		(15,266	)		(6,437	)	—		(10,234	)
Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt		(302,428	)		(24,383	)	—		(84,193	)
Principal repayments on construction loans		(138,404	)		—		—		—
Principal repayments on Notes Payable to AIR		(534,127	)		—		—		—
Purchase of interest rate options		(5,620	)		(5,905	)	—		(12,245	)
Proceeds from interest rate options		16,818			—		—		—
Payments on finance leases		(26,213	)		(10,855	)	—		—
Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net		—			—		—		420,929
Payments of prepayment premiums		(25,801	)		—		—		(4,269	)
Common stock repurchased		(23,492	)		—		—		—
Dividend paid on common stock		(3,043	)		—		—		—
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		(1,362	)		(1,158	)	—		—
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests		(9,365	)		—		—		—
Contributions from noncontrolling interests		10,616			212		—		20,106
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests		122,571			29,440		—		—
Redemption of OP units		(225	)		—		—		—
Redemption of noncontrolling interests		(7,088	)		—		—		—
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests		(5,094	)		—		—		—
Other financing activities		(197	)		(1,171	)	—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(98,294	)		204,671				370,094
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH		(14,816	)		(54,153	)			288,615
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD		244,582			298,735				10,120
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD	$	229,766		$	244,582			$	298,735

See notes to the consolidated financial statements

F-15

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2022

Note 1 — Organization

Apartment Investment and Management Company (“Aimco”), a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Aimco, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, is the general partner and directly is the special limited partner of Aimco OP L.P. ("Aimco Operating Partnership").

Except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively.

The Separation

On December 15, 2020, we completed the separation of our businesses (the “Separation”), creating two, separate and distinct, publicly traded companies, Aimco and Apartment Income REIT Corp. (“AIR”) (Aimco and AIR together, as they existed prior to the Separation, “Aimco Predecessor”). Events noted in this filing as occurring before December 15, 2020, were those entered into by Aimco Predecessor.

Prior to the Separation, the consolidated financial statements were prepared on a carve-out basis and reflect significant assumptions and allocations. The consolidated financial statements reflect our historical consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The historical financial statements of Aimco do not represent the financial position and results of operations of one legal entity, but rather a combination of entities under common control that have been “carved out” from Aimco Predecessor’s financial statements. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

All Separation-related transactions between Aimco and Aimco Predecessor have been considered effectively settled through partners’ capital in our consolidated financial statements, other than the Notes Payable to AIR as discussed in Note 7. The settlement of these transactions has been reflected as Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net in our Consolidated Statements of Equity and Partners’ Capital and Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net in financing activity in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Business

As of December 31, 2022, Aimco owned 92.6% of the legal interest in the common partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership and 94.9% of the economic interest in Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 7.4% legal interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management.

We own or lease a portfolio of real estate investments focused primarily on the U.S. multifamily sector. These real estate investments include a portfolio of 26 operating apartment communities (22 consolidated properties with 5,640 apartment homes and four unconsolidated properties), diversified by both geography and price point; one commercial office building that is part of a land assemblage; three residential apartment communities, with 1,185 planned apartment homes, a single family rental community, with 16 planned homes plus eight accessory dwelling units, and one hotel, with 106 planned rooms, we are actively developing or redeveloping; land parcels held for development. Our Other real estate portfolio also includes two unconsolidated investments in land held for development. In addition, we hold other alternative investments, including our Mezzanine investment (see Note 2 for further information); our IQHQ investment (see Note 3 for further information); and our investment in real estate technology funds.

Any reference to the number of apartment communities and homes, square footage, or occupancy percentage in these notes to our consolidated financial statements are unaudited.

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

F-16

As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on the Company’s previously reported results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation

We consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”), in which we are considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 6 for further information.

Allocations

The 2020 Consolidated Statement of Operations includes allocations of general and administrative expenses from Aimco Predecessor, as discussed in Note 5. We consider the basis on which expenses have been allocated to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by us during the periods presented. However, the allocations may not include all of the actual expenses that we would have incurred and may not reflect our consolidated results of operations, financial position, and cash flows had it been a stand-alone company during the periods presented. Actual costs that might have been incurred had we been a stand-alone company would depend on a number of factors, including the chosen organizational structure, what functions we might have performed ourselves or outsourced, and strategic decisions we might have made in areas such as information technology and infrastructure. Following the Separation, AIR, through its subsidiaries, provides us with certain property management and other services, and we perform certain functions using our own resources or purchase services from third parties.

Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership

Individuals and entities that hold an interest in Aimco Operating Partnership other than Aimco are reflected in our accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of OP Units, other than Aimco, based on the weighted-average number of OP Units (including Aimco) outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the holders of OP Units had a weighted-average economic ownership interest in Aimco Operating Partnership of approximately 5.1%, 5.0%, and 5.0%, respectively. Please refer to Note 10 for further information regarding the items comprising common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Aimco are held by Aimco Operating Partnership.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships

Redeemable noncontrolling interests consist of equity interests held by a limited partner in a consolidated real estate partnership that has a finite life. We generally attribute to noncontrolling interests their share of income or loss of consolidated partnerships based on their proportionate interest in the results of operations of the partnerships, including their share of losses even if such attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance within our equity accounts.

If a consolidated real estate partnership includes redemption rights that are not within our control, the noncontrolling interest is included as temporary equity. If the redemption right is not currently redeemable, but probable of being redeemable in the future, changes in redemption value are recognized each quarter with the change in value being reflected in additional paid-in-capital.

The assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships must first be used to settle the liabilities of the consolidated real estate partnerships. The consolidated real estate partnership’s creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership.

In December 2022, we were admitted to Strathmore Joint Venture 1 as sole limited partner. In addition, in the same period $12.9 million of loans were funded to the Strathmore Joint Venture 1 and $6.4 million in funds were remitted to our co-GP as a partial return of their capital contributions to the joint venture. This remittance reduced their ownership percentage in the joint venture and increased our combined GP and LP ownership percentage. As a result of these transactions, we consolidated Strathmore Joint Venture 1 in the fourth quarter of 2022 and recognized $7.3 million of redeemable noncontrolling interests.

F-17

In July 2022, we closed a $102.0 million preferred equity financing with an institutional investor, providing for a fixed 8% annual rate of return payable monthly. We recognized this financing as a capital contribution to redeemable noncontrolling interests.

In February 2022, we acquired all of the outstanding redeemable non-controlling interests in an entity reported as a consolidated VIE as of December 31, 2021. At the time of redemption, the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interests was $4.9 million.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships as of December 31, 2022 consist of the $102.0 million preferred equity noted above, our partner's equity interest in the Upton Joint Venture, which provides for an accruing 9.7% rate of return on their investment and the $7.3 million net interest held by the other general partner of Strathmore Joint Venture 1. These investment interests are presented as Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022.

The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2022 , and 2021 (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	33,794		$	4,263
Capital contributions		138,479			29,440
Distributions		(9,365	)		—
Redemptions		(4,911	)		—
Net income		8,829			91
Balance at December 31,	$	166,826		$	33,794

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Accordingly, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains or losses recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The excess of our cost of the acquired partnership interests over our share of the partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost ascribed to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships.

We assess the recoverability of our equity method investments if there are indicators of potential impairment. We did not recognize any such impairments of our equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Mezzanine Investment

In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments” located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. Ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan was retained by AIR following the Separation.

The Separation Agreement provides for AIR to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan, a related equity option to acquire a 30% interest in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and the interest rate option, or swaption, that provides partial protection against future refinancing risk to us through 2024 once required third-party consents are received. At the time of the Separation and as of the date of this filing, legal title of these subsidiaries had not yet transferred to us. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments received on such loan to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment and have recognized an asset related to our right to receive the Mezzanine Investment from AIR.

On a periodic basis, we evaluate our Mezzanine Investment for impairment. We assess whether there are any indicators that imply the value of our investment may be impaired. These include assessments of both the underlying property performance and general market conditions in place. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Cash flow projections for the investments consider property

F-18

level factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. We consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include the loan’s maturity date, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, and the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity.

The loan is subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, changes in the macroeconomic environment that can lead to increases in capitalization rates and discount rates, and factors that can have negative effects on occupancy and market rental rates such as lower demand for urban living in San Francisco resulting from the post pandemic virtual working environment adopted by big tech, and an increase in virtual participation as compared to pre-pandemic in class learning at local colleges. These trends have impacted the demand at the Parkmerced Apartments, resulting in a sustained decrease in rents and a negative impact on the resulting occupancy rates. Further, recent transactions in the market and a supporting appraisal, indicate that that the collateral from the note has declined in value.

This decline was deemed to be other-than-temporary and the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $212.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The non-cash impairment is reflected in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, and as a reduction in the carrying value of the Mezzanine investment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022. No impairment losses were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Prior to recording the impairment charge, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the mezzanine loan by AIR on its equity investment that are due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in AIR’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represents the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying mezzanine loan.

Real Estate

Acquisitions

Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of real estate or interests in partnerships that own real estate at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.

We allocate the cost of real estate acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures, and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs, and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar real estate.

The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, for which the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; (c) the value associated with in-place leases during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had the leased space been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels; and (d) tax abatement contract related intangibles, to the extent the property has them in place. The above and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.

Capital Additions

We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities,

F-19

at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $30.6 million, $21.3 million, and $1.0 million of interest costs, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $16.9 million, $20.9 million, and $2.7 million of indirect costs, respectively.

Gain or Loss on Dispositions

Gain or loss on dispositions are recognized when we no longer hold a controlling financial interest in the real estate and sufficient consideration has been received. Upon disposition, the related assets and liabilities are derecognized, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized as the difference between the carrying amount of those assets and liabilities and the value of consideration received. Total Gains on dispositions of real estate of $175.9 million were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no dispositions in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Impairment

Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the community.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a sublease of office space within our corporate offices to AIR at then-current market rents. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the sublease arrangement, we evaluated the recoverability of the assets associated with the subleased space, including, the right-of-use asset, tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment and concluded the subleased assets were impaired. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.0 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a software license agreement with AIR to provide for the use of certain internally developed software at then-current market rates. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the carrying value of the internally developed software, we concluded the assets were impaired. Additionally, following an evaluation of the future service potential of certain other internal software that was under development, we ceased development and impaired the associated carrying value. We recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $4.9 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

Cash Equivalents

We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions.

F-20

Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	45,171		$	43,800		$	22,152
Cash paid for income taxes		22,930			2,941			9,216
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions:
Buildings and improvements		11,109			—			—
Intangible assets, net		13,377			—			—
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan		363			—			—
Right-of-use lease assets		15,036			—			—
Other assets, net		5,629			—			—
Accrued liabilities and other		(1,854	)		(310	)		—
Lease liabilities		(15,151	)		—			—
Contributions to noncontrolling interests		(13,756	)		—			—
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor		—			—			955
Contribution from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships		—			3,159			11,667
Other non-cash transactions:
Operating leases		2,336			143			5,559
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period)		41,435			25,686			1,040
Issuance of notes payable to AIR in connection with Separation		—			—			534,127
Contribution from Aimco Predecessor, net		—			—			131,447

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, capital replacement reserves, insurance reserves, and cash restricted as required by our debt agreements.

Other Assets

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, other assets were comprised of the following amounts (in thousands):

	2022		2021
Other investments	$	63,982	$	45,386
Deferred costs, deposits, and other		20,460		22,136
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes		17,363		20,516
Intangible assets, net		14,160		3,269
Corporate fixed assets		8,371		9,855
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,206 and $1,285 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively		4,079		2,469
Deferred tax assets		2,321		6,388
Due from affiliates		1,943		4,840
Total other assets, net	$	132,679	$	114,859

F-21

Other investments

Other investments consist of passive equity investments in IQHQ Inc. (IQHQ), a privately held life sciences real estate development company, and property technology funds. See Note 13 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these investments.

Intangibles

Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands).

	2022			2021
Intangible assets (1)	$	29,902		$	16,744
Less: accumulated amortization		(15,742	)		(13,475	)
Intangible assets, net	$	14,160		$	3,269
Below-market leases	$	4,175		$	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,971	)		(3,093	)
Intangible liabilities, net	$	204		$	1,082

(1) Amount includes $13.4 million of intangible tax abatement.

Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands).

	Intangible assets		Intangible liabilities
2023	$	657	$	174
2024		735		30
2025		892		—
2026		892		—
2027		892		—
Thereafter		10,092		—
Total future amortization	$	14,160	$	204

Accounts Receivable, net and Straight-line rent

We present our accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. The allowance is determined based on an assessment of whether substantially all of the amounts due from the resident or tenant is probable of collection. This includes a specific tenant analysis and aging analysis.

F-22

Deferred Leasing Costs

In accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 842, we defer leasing costs incremental to a lease that we would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs over the lease term on the same basis as lease income, is included in Depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue from Leases

We are a lessor for residential and commercial leases. Our operating leases with residents may provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. Our operating leases with commercial tenants may provide that the tenant reimburse us for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs incurred by the commercial property. Residential and commercial reimbursements represent revenue attributable to non-lease components for which the timing and pattern of recognition is the same as the revenue for the lease components. Reimbursements and the related expenses are presented on a gross basis in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, with the reimbursements included in Rental and other property revenues in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. We recognize rental revenue attributed to lease components, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Debt Issuance Costs

We defer, as debt issuance costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issuance costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issuance costs associated with non-recourse property debt are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facilities and construction loans that have not been drawn we record the costs in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortize the costs to Interest expense, on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with construction loans are reclassified as a direct deduction to the construction loan liability in proportion to any draws on the loans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized to Interest expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the arrangement in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issuance costs are written off. Any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with an extinguishment are recognized as expense. Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs and other extinguishment costs are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition, and other physical characteristics of the asset. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are generally depreciated over five years.

We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15, or 30 years. We also capitalize payroll and other indirect costs incurred in connection with preparing an asset for its intended use. These costs include corporate-level costs that clearly relate to the capital addition activities, which we allocate to the applicable assets. All capitalized payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions.

Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease.

Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods.

F-23

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in one of our apartment communities and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive.

Our income tax benefit (expense) calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, compared to net loss subject to tax of $31.4 million for the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized income tax expense of $17.3 million, compared to income tax benefit of $13.6 million for the same period in 2021. The year-to-year change is due primarily to the GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022.

Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and Aimco intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco's current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a TRS and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income.

Earnings per Share and per Unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock or OP Units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Aimco Operating Partnership considers both OP Units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. Please refer to Note 11 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year

During the first quarter of 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-05 establishing Topic 842, Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments in conjunction with our ongoing operations. ASU 2021-05 requires a lessor to classify a lease with variable payments that do not depend on an index or rate as an operating lease if either a sales-type lease or direct financing lease classification would trigger a day-one loss, which was effective for us on January 1, 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the

F-24

discontinuation of the LIBOR or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance was effective beginning March 12, 2020 and can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2024. In January 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope” (“ASU 2021-01”), which clarified the scope and application of the original guidance. In December 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"), which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The UK Financial Conduct Authority has an intended cessation date of the overnight 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month tenors of USD LIBOR of June 30, 2023. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06 when LIBOR is discontinued. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance, but do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 — Significant Transactions

Acquisitions and Investments

•In January 2022, our Fort Lauderdale consolidated joint venture closed on the acquisition of three undeveloped land parcels located in downtown Fort Lauderdale, Florida for $49.0 million ($25.0 million at our 51% share), funded primarily by a $40.0 million loan ($20.4 million at our share). The cost was allocated among the parcels based on third-party appraisals. In the fourth quarter of 2022, this loan was paid down to $22.9 million ($11.7 million at our 51% share) with disposition proceeds from one of the three undeveloped land parcels.

At the time of acquisition, one land parcel was subject to a sales agreement, which closed in December 2022, for a gross sales price of $18.3 million. This land parcel was classified as a held for sale asset prior to the sale. See below Dispositions section for further details.

•In February 2022, we entered into a short-term cancellable lease of and a purchase agreement to acquire, for $100.0 million, a nine-acre development site in the Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The site has the potential for the development of approximately three million square feet of mixed-use property, which could contain up to 1,500 residential units at full build-out. During the third quarter of 2022, we completed the $100.0 million purchase and capitalized an additional $5.9 million of costs to Land in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

•In December 2022, we closed on the acquisition of an undeveloped land parcel located in Aurora, Colorado for $1.8 million. This land is intended for the development of a multifamily property on the Anschutz Medical Campus. Capitalized costs of $0.2 million were recorded as of December 31, 2022.

•During 2022, we made an additional $14.2 million payment for our passive equity investment in IQHQ, which completed our total capital commitment of $50.0 million. Based on certain facts and circumstances related to the investment, IQHQ was initially reported at cost. In June 2022, 22% of our original investment with a cost basis of $10.8 million was redeemed for $16.5 million and we recognized a $5.7 million gain. Concurrently, our remaining investment in IQHQ with a cost basis of $39.2 million was valued at an estimated fair market value of $59.7 million, and a $20.5 million unrealized gain was recognized.

Joint Venture Transactions

•In March 2022, we formed a joint venture for the construction of approximately one million square feet of mixed-use development in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida. We hold a 20% share of the joint venture (the “Edgewater joint venture"), which includes our initial contribution of an eighth of an acre of land that we purchased for $1.7 million in January 2022 and a cash contribution of $0.3 million. Our total capital commitment for this venture is $8.0 million. We will serve as the development manager for this venture.

•In May 2022, we formed two joint ventures for a ground up project on the development of a phased multifamily community totaling 574 units at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, Maryland. We hold a 50% share of the general partner interest in these joint ventures. In December 2022, we were admitted as the sole limited partner in one of the two joint ventures ("Strathmore Joint Venture 1") and our funding commitments for both joint ventures increased to $35.6 million with remaining unfunded commitments of $21.2 million as of December 31, 2022. We serve as co-development manager for these ventures.

Dispositions

•In May 2022, we sold our Pathfinder Village property located in Fremont, California, for a gross sales price of $127.0 million and recognized a gain from the sale of $94.6 million. Pathfinder Village was a stabilized property previously reported within our Operating segment.

F-25

•In July and August 2022, we sold our Cedar Rim and 2900 on First properties located in Seattle, Washington, for a total gross sales price of $122.0 million and recognized a total gain from the sales of $75.6 million.

•In December 2022, we sold a land parcel in downtown Fort Lauderdale, for a gross sales price of $18.3 million and recognized a gain from the sale of $5.9 million. The land parcel was purchased in January 2022 and reported as a held for sale asset prior to the sale.

Lease Arrangements

•In September 2022, we as lessee, received final payment from AIR, pursuant to the lease termination agreement entered into in June 2022. The leases with respect to four properties were terminated, and we relinquished control of these properties. See Note 4 for further information.

•In December 2022, in conjunction with consolidation of the Strathmore Joint Venture 1, described in the Joint Venture Transactions section above, we recognized a 98-year ground lease for the land underlying the development site in Bethesda, Maryland. As a result, we recorded right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $15.0 million and $15.2 million, respectively. See Note 4 for further information.

Note 4 — Lease Arrangements

Aimco as Lessor

The majority of lease payments we receive from our residents and tenants are fixed. We receive variable payments from our residents and commercial tenants primarily for utility reimbursements and other services.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, our total lease income was comprised of the following amounts for all residential and commercial property leases (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed lease income	$	176,080	$	157,842	$	140,140
Variable lease income		13,654		11,487		11,192
Total lease income	$	189,734	$	169,329	$	151,332

In general, our commercial leases have options to extend for a certain period of time at the tenant's option. Future minimum annual rental payments we will receive under commercial leases, excluding such extension options, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$	13,031
2024		9,212
2025		5,728
2026		3,430
2027		1,546
Thereafter		800
Total	$	33,747

Generally, our residential leases do not provide extension options, so the average remaining term is less than one year. Our commercial leases, as of December 31, 2022, have an average remaining term of 3.2 years.

Aimco as Lessee

Lease Arrangements with AIR

We as lessee, and AIR, as lessor, have entered into leases on properties currently under construction or in lease-up. These lease arrangements are governed by separate Master Lease Agreements and the Master Leasing Agreement.

As of December 31, 2022, the Master Leasing Agreement governed one finance lease for a 15-acre plot of land in the San Francisco Bay Area. This lease commenced on June 1, 2021, has a term of 25 years, and is governed by both a separate Master Lease Arrangement and this Master Leasing Agreement. In June 2021, we commenced construction of 16 single family rental homes and 8 accessory dwelling units on this land.

F-26

In June 2022, we as lessee and AIR as lessor, entered into a lease termination agreement with respect to four leases entered into on January 1, 2021 that pertained to our North Tower of Flamingo Point, 707 Leahy, The Fremont, and Prism properties. This agreement terminated these four finance leases on September 1, 2022. Upon termination, both parties were released of any and all liabilities and obligations under each respective lease other than those liabilities and obligations, if any, that expressly survived termination. On September 1, 2022, we relinquished control of the leasehold improvements on these four properties as well as the underlying land. In exchange, AIR remitted a total of $200.0 million in consideration to us as termination payments.

Because the termination agreement modified the expiration date of each lease to September 1, 2022, we accelerated depreciation on the associated leasehold improvements using lease terms that ended September 1, 2022. We recorded $85.7 million of total depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, we recognized Lease modification income of $207.0 million, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Ground Leases

In December 2022, in conjunction with consolidating the Strathmore Joint Venture 1, which was described in the Note 3, we recognized a 98-year ground lease for the land underlying the development site, a ground up project on the development of a phased multifamily community totaling 220 units in Bethesda, Maryland, initially recording right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $15.0 million and $15.2 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we entered into two 99-year ground leases for the land underlying the development site at Upton Place, a mixed-use development project which will create 689 apartment homes and approximately 100,000 square feet of commercial space in upper-northwest Washington, D.C., initially recording right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $92.8 million and $86.3 million, respectively. Substantially all of the payments under our ground leases are fixed. We exclude options to extend the leases from our minimum lease terms unless the options are reasonably certain to be exercised.

Other Finance Lease Arrangements

In February 2022, we, as lessee, entered into certain finance lease arrangements concurrent with a purchase agreement to acquire a development site in the Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. During the third quarter of 2022, we completed the $100.0 million purchase and recognized an additional $5.9 million of capitalized costs as Land in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 3 for further information.

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our finance leases had weighted-average remaining terms of 94.2 years and 38.5 years, respectively, and weighted-average discount rates of 6.1% and 5.4%, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, finance lease right-of-use assets and liabilities totaled $110.3 million and $114.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, finance right-of-use lease assets and liabilities totaled $429.8 million and $435.1 million, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, amortization related to finance leases was $6.7 million, net of amounts capitalized, compared to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we capitalized $8.5 million of lease costs associated with active development and redevelopment projects on certain of the underlying property and ground lease assets, compared to $22.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. No lease costs were capitalized on leased assets for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense net of amounts capitalized related to our finance leases was $7.5 million compared to $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Operating Lease Arrangements

We have operating leases primarily for corporate office space. Substantially all of the payments under our office leases are fixed. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our operating leases had weighted-average remaining terms of 5.6 years and 7.4 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our operating leases had weighted-average discount rates of 3.4% and 3.1%, respectively.

We record operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Total operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, operating lease right-of-use assets of $6.7 million and $5.1 million, respectively, are included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, operating lease liabilities of $12.8 million and $12.7 million, respectively, are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

F-27

For finance and operating leases, when the rate implicit in the lease cannot be determined, we estimate the value of our lease liabilities using discount rates equivalent to the rates we would pay on a secured borrowing with terms similar to the leases. We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and have elected to not separate these components for all classes of underlying assets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases with initial terms greater than 12 months are recorded as operating or financing leases in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Office Space Sublease

We have a sublease arrangement to provide space within our corporate office for fixed rents, which commenced on January 1, 2021 and expires on May 31, 2029. We sublease office space within our corporate office to AIR which is reflected in the sublease income below. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized sublease income from AIR of $1.4 million, $1.4 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.

Annual Future Minimum Lease Payments

Combined minimum annual lease payments under operating and finance leases, and sublease income that offsets our operating lease rent, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Sublease Income and Lease Modification Income		Operating Lease Future Minimum Rent			Finance Leases Future Minimum Payments
2023	$	1,403	$	1,999		$	2,905
2024		1,413		2,298			3,921
2025		1,423		2,302			4,437
2026		1,433		2,341			4,954
2027		1,443		2,380			5,483
Thereafter		2,083		3,024			1,433,295
Total	$	9,198	$	14,344		$	1,454,995
Less: Discount				(1,502	)		(1,340,370	)
Total lease liabilities			$	12,842		$	114,625

Note 5 — Agreements and Transactions with AIR

In conjunction with the Separation, we entered into various separation and transition services agreements with AIR that have significant operational and financial impacts to us.

Master Services Agreement

Under the Master Services Agreement with AIR, AIR provides us with customary administrative and support services. We are obligated to pay AIR the fully burdened costs in performing the services. We may terminate any or all services on 60 days prior written notice, and AIR may terminate individual services, at any time after December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we incurred administrative and support fees of $2.1 million and $2.4 million, respectively. We did not incur any fees during the year ended December 31, 2020. These administrative support fees are included in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Property Management Agreements

Under the Property Management Agreements with AIR, AIR provides us with certain property management, property accounting and related services for the majority of our operating properties. We pay AIR a property management fee for these services equal to 3% of each respective property’s revenue collected and such other fees as may be mutually agreed for various other services. The initial term of each Property Management Agreement is one year, with automatic one-year renewal periods, unless either party elects to terminate at any time upon delivery of 60 days prior written notice to the other party before the end of the term. Neither party is obligated to pay to the other party a termination fee or other penalty upon such termination.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized property management and property accounting fees of $5.3 million and $5.2 million, respectively. From Separation to December 31, 2020, we recorded property management and

F-28

property accounting fees of $0.2 million. These property management and property accounting fees are included in Property operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Master Leasing Agreement

The Master Leasing Agreement, as amended on June 14, 2022, governs the current and any future leasing arrangements between us, as lessee, and AIR, as lessor. Under the amendments to the Master Leasing Agreement, AIR's purchase option to acquire completed development and redevelopment properties was replaced with a right of first offer on development and redevelopment assets that have achieved stabilization and that we choose to bring to market within one year thereafter. Each time the parties wish to execute a new lease for a particular property, they will execute a stand-alone lease.

Notes Payable to AIR

In July 2022, we completed the early repayment of the $534.1 million of Notes Payable to AIR, which was entered into in December 2020. As a result of the early repayment, we incurred $17.4 million of spread maintenance costs, which were included in Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized interest expense on the Notes Payable to AIR of $13.7 million and $27.8 million, respectively.

Other

In June 2022, for $7.2 million, we acquired from AIR the common noncontrolling interest in the entity that indirectly holds a portfolio of assets that previously secured the Notes Payable to AIR.

Due to and from AIR

As of December 31, 2022, we have amounts due to and from AIR of $7.2 million and $1.7 million, which are included in Other assets and Accrued liabilities and other, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had amounts due to and from AIR of $15.7 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The amounts due to AIR primarily consist of invoices paid on our behalf and other reimbursements owed to AIR. The amounts due from AIR primarily consist of net cash flows generated by our operating properties.

Terry Considine Service Agreement/AIR Reimbursement

As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Terry Considine, an Aimco board member and our former Chief Executive Officer, had specific responsibilities to us as a non-executive employee during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of our business, reporting directly to the Board. These responsibilities, separate from Mr. Considine's services as a board member, which have also come to an end, included (i) short and long-term strategic direction and advice; (ii) transition and executive support to officers; and (iii) advice and consultation with respect to strategic growth and acquisition activities. Mr. Considine's transition services to Aimco have been completed. The independent directors of the Board set Mr. Considine's 2022 target total compensation (including base compensation, short-term incentive, and long-term incentive) for these responsibilities at $1.8 million, to be paid in equity. Mr. Considine did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board in 2022.

Additionally, we are obligated for all base salary, short-term incentive amounts and long-term incentive amounts payable to Mr. Considine for the calendar year 2022 under the terms of his employment agreement with AIR that are in excess of $1.0 million, collectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $6.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of expense in the aggregate pursuant to these arrangements. This expense is included in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4.5 million and $4.6 million, respectively, is included in the amounts due to AIR.

These arrangements concluded as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, Mr. Considine resigned from serving as a member of the Board on February 13, 2023.

Expense Allocation

In preparing our consolidated financial statements for the periods prior to the Separation, certain expenses, including property operating expenses, depreciation and amortization, and general and administrative expenses, incurred at the corporate level that are attributable to us have been allocated on a carve-out basis. Expenses allocated for the years ended December 31, 2020 was $9.8 million. Depending on the nature of the expense, the allocation was based on our relative share of total gross potential revenue, and the relative gross asset value of our communities as compared to the total gross potential revenue and gross asset

F-29

value of all communities held by Aimco Predecessor, which we believe to be reasonable methodologies. These allocated expenses are centralized corporate costs for management and other services, including, but not limited to, executive oversight, treasury, finance, human resources, tax, accounting, financial reporting, information technology, and investor relations.

Note 6 — Variable Interest Entities

We evaluate our investments in limited partnerships and similar entities in accordance with applicable consolidation guidance to determine whether each such entity is a VIE. The accounting standards for the consolidation of VIEs require qualitative assessments to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is based on power and economics. We conclude that we are the primary beneficiary and consolidate the VIE if we have both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Significant judgments and assumptions related to the determinations include, but are not limited to, estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

We consolidate Aimco Operating Partnership, a VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary. Through Aimco Operating Partnership, we consolidate all VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Substantially all of our assets and liabilities are those of Aimco Operating Partnership.

Aimco Operating Partnership is the primary beneficiary, and therefore consolidates its five VIEs that own interests in real estate. In addition, we have eight unconsolidated VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary because we are not their primary decision maker. The eight unconsolidated VIEs include four unconsolidated real estate partnerships that hold four apartment communities in San Diego, California, the Mezzanine Investment, our passive investment in IQHQ, our investment in the Edgewater joint venture, and our investments in one of the Strathmore joint ventures.

The details of our consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs, excluding those of Aimco Operating Partnership, are summarized in the table below as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except for VIE count).

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Consolidated		Unconsolidated		Consolidated		Unconsolidated
Count of VIEs	5		8		9		6
Assets
Real estate, net	$	258,529	$	—	$	564,909	$	—
Mezzanine investment		—		158,558		—		337,797
Right-of-use lease assets		110,269		—		429,768		—
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		—		15,789		—		13,005
Other assets, net		36,345		59,823		43,715		35,773
Liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities		—		—		124,747		—
Accrued liabilities and other		26,003		—		30,519		—
Non-recourse property debt, net		22,689		—		—		—
Construction loans, net		40,013		—		163,570		—
Lease liabilities		114,625		—		435,093		—

Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships

The changes in consolidated VIE assets and liabilities from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 in the table above are primarily due to the impact of:

(i) In December 2022, we were admitted as sole limited partner to Strathmore Joint Venture 1, and we remitted $6.4 million in funds to our co-GP as a partial return of their capital contributions to the joint venture. This remittance reduced their ownership percentage in the joint venture and increased our combined GP and LP ownership percentage to greater than 50%. As a result of this change in ownership, we became the primary beneficiary and consequently consolidated the joint venture. As of December 31, 2022, we had $51.4 million in assets and $28.5 million in liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. There was no gain or loss recognized upon consolidation.

(ii) In September 2022, we as lessee received final payment from AIR as lessor, pursuant to the lease termination agreement entered into in June 2022. The leases with respect to four properties were terminated, and we relinquished control of the associated leasehold improvements and underlying land of these four properties. Consequently, we derecognized real estate assets of $86.6 million and paid off a $138.4 million construction loan, which was derecognized as well. In

F-30

addition, we derecognized right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $326.1 million and $337.3 million, respectively, due to the lease terminations described here and in Note 4.

(iii) In February 2022, we acquired all of the outstanding redeemable non-controlling interests in an entity reported as a consolidated VIE as of December 31, 2021. Consequently, the entity became wholly owned by us and is no longer a VIE. As a result, $416.2 million of Real estate, net and $124.7 million of Deferred tax liability are no longer presented in the table above.

Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

We own an interest in four unconsolidated real estate partnerships that hold four apartment communities in San Diego, California. We also own investments in the Edgewater joint venture formed in March 2022 to develop a 2.8-acre site in Miami's Edgewater neighborhood, and a Strathmore joint venture formed in May 2022 to develop a ground-up phased multifamily community in Bethesda, Maryland.

Our investment balances of $15.8 million and $13.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, represent our maximum exposure to loss in these unconsolidated VIEs.

Mezzanine Investment

As discussed in Note 2, AIR holds a mezzanine loan payable by the partnership that owns Parkmerced Apartments, of which it is not the primary beneficiary. Under the terms of the Separation Agreement, AIR is obligated to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that hold this interest to us upon receipt of applicable third-party consents. Our investment balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were $158.6 million and $337.8 million. The net carrying values reflect our indirect interest in the mezzanine notes receivable through our agreement with AIR and our maximum exposure to loss in this VIE.

Note 7 —Debt

Non-Recourse Property Debt

We finance apartment communities in our portfolio primarily using property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate debt. The following table summarizes non-recourse property debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate property debt	May 15, 2026 to June 1, 2033	1.00% to 4.68%	4.25%	$	774,293		$	429,883
Variable-rate property debt	January 10, 2024 to October 9, 2025	8.84% to 10.63%	9.73%		164,183			55,000
Total non-recourse property debt			5.21%	$	938,476		$	484,883
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					1,210			1,536
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(10,185	)		(3,282	)
Total non-recourse property debt, net				$	929,501		$	483,137

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 5.12%.

Principal and interest on our non-recourse property debt are generally payable monthly or in monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2022, our property debt was secured by 24 properties. These non-recourse property debt instruments contain financial covenants common to the type of borrowing, and as of December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with all such covenants.

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments for the non-recourse property debt were as follows (in thousands):

F-31

	Amortization		Maturities		Total
2023	$	3,078	$	—	$	3,078
2024		3,188		82,883		86,071
2025		3,303		81,300		84,603
2026		2,166		75,519		77,685
2027		1,596		—		1,596
Thereafter		6,215		679,228		685,443
Total	$	19,546	$	918,930	$	938,476

Construction Loans

Our construction loans, which are primarily non-recourse loans except for customary construction loan guarantees, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate construction loans	December 23, 2025 to December 23, 2052	3.25% to 13.00%	8.09%	$	12,900		$	—
Variable-rate construction loans	July 1, 2024 to June 23, 2025	7.32% to 8.76%	7.75%		113,417			168,376
Total construction loans			7.78%	$	126,317		$	168,376
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					(363	)		—
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(7,256	)		(4,806	)
Total construction loans, net				$	118,698		$	163,570

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 6.89%.

Interest-only payments on our construction loans are generally payable monthly with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2022, our construction debt was secured by 4 properties. These debt instruments contain financial covenants common to the type of borrowing, and as of December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with all such covenants.

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal maturity payments for the construction debt were as follows (in thousands):

	Principal Maturity Payments
2023	$	—
2024		79,815
2025		40,002
2026		—
2027		—
Thereafter		6,500
Total	$	126,317

Revolving Credit Facility

In December 2020, we entered into a credit agreement that provides for a $150.0 million secured credit facility, a $20.0 million swingline loan sub-facility and a $30.0 million letter of credit sub-facility. We can request incremental commitments under the credit agreement up to an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. The credit facility has a maturity date of December 2023, with two twelve-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The revolving loans (other than the swingline) will bear interest, at our option, at a per annum rate equal to (a) LIBOR plus a margin of 2.00% or (b) a base rate plus a margin of 1.00%. Swingline loans made under the revolving credit facility will bear interest at a per annum rate equal to the base rate plus a margin of 1.00%. The base rate is defined as a fluctuating per annum rate of interest equal to the highest of (x) the overnight bank funding rate as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 0.5%, (y) PNC Bank, National Association’s prime rate and (z) the daily LIBOR Rate plus 1.00%. If the LIBOR Rate determined under any referenced method

F-32

would be less than 0.25%, such rate shall be deemed 0.25%. We may terminate or, from time to time, reduce the aggregate amount of commitments. The revolving credit facility agreement contains language to facilitate a change to SOFR from LIBOR in 2023.

As of December 31, 2022, we had no outstanding balance on our secured revolving credit facility, the swingline sub-facility or the letter of credit sub-facility. Under our secured revolving credit facility, we have agreed to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25x, minimum adjusted tangible net worth of $625.0 million, and maximum leverage of 60.0% as defined in the credit agreement, among other customary covenants. We believe we are in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2022.

Notes Payable to AIR

In July 2022, we completed the prepayment of $534.1 million of Notes Payable to AIR, which was entered into on December 14, 2020. As a result, we incurred $17.4 million of spread maintenance costs, which are included in Income expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized interest expense of $13.7 million, $27.8 million, and $1.3 million, respectively, associated with the Notes Payable to AIR, which is included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Note 8 — Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of our taxable entities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2022			2021
Deferred tax liabilities:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences	$	119,621		$	124,733
Lease Liability		385			79,827
Other		120			1,807
Deferred tax assets:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences		—			145
Lease Right of Use		439			80,497
Other		3,703			2,764
Net operating, capital, and other loss carryforwards		1,109			5,598
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(2,419	)		(1,342	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	117,294		$	118,705

Our policy is to include any interest and penalties related to income taxes within income tax benefit (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations.

Significant components of the income tax benefit (expense) including any interest and penalties related to income taxes are as follows and are classified within Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands):

	2022			2021			2020
Current:
Federal	$	12,499		$	905		$	857
State		5,840			(250	)		660
Total current		18,339			655			1,517
Deferred:
Federal		(934	)		(7,400	)		(10,470	)
State		(141	)		(6,825	)		(1,196	)
Total deferred		(1,075	)		(14,225	)		(11,666	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	17,264		$	(13,570	)	$	(10,149	)

F-33

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and income and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had consolidated net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 we had consolidated net loss subject to tax of $31.4 million, and $25.5 million, respectively.

The reconciliation of income tax attributable to operations computed at the United States statutory rate to income tax benefit recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is shown below (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Tax (benefit) expense at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax	$18,641	21.0%	$(6,591)	21.0%	$(5,361)	21.0%
US branch profits tax on earnings of foreign subsidiary	(1,965)	(2.2%)	(1,084)	3.5%	(4,195)	16.4%
State income tax, net of federal (benefit) expense	4,590	5.2%	(7,075)	22.5%	(536)	2.1%
Effects of permanent differences	209	0.2%	197	(0.6%)	1	0.0%
Uncertain tax positions	(4,945)	(5.6%)	—	0%	—	0.0%
Valuation allowance	1,109	1.2%	840	(2.7%)	—	0.0%
Other	(375)	(0.4%)	143	(0.5%)	(58)	0.2%
Total income tax benefit	$17,264	19.4%	$(13,570)	43.2%	$(10,149)	39.7%

Income taxes paid totaled approximately $22.9 million, $2.9 million, and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

For income tax purposes, dividends paid to holders of Common Stock primarily consist of ordinary income, capital gains, qualified dividends, unrecaptured Section 1250 gains, or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, tax attributes of dividends per share held for the entire year were estimated to be as follows (unaudited):

	2022					2021					2020
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Ordinary income	$	0.01		53.5	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	3.17		6.7	%
Capital gains		0.01		46.5	%		-		0.0	%		19.43		40.9	%
Qualified dividends		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		0.62		1.3	%
Unrecaptured § 1250 gain		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		8.80		18.5	%
Return of capital		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		15.48		32.6	%
Balance at December 31	$	0.02		100.0	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	47.50		100.0	%

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is presented below and is included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

Because the statute of limitations has not yet elapsed, our United States federal income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2019, and subsequent years and certain of our state income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2019, and subsequent years are currently subject to examination by the IRS or other taxing authorities. If recognized, the unrecognized tax benefits would affect our effective tax rate.

	2022			2021
Balance at January 1	$	7,038		$	7,076
Reductions based on tax positions in prior years		(4,903	)		(38	)
Balance at December 31	$	2,135		$	7,038

In accordance with the accounting requirements for stock-based compensation, we may recognize tax benefits in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees of our TRS entities and the vesting of restricted stock awards. We recognize the tax effects related to stock-based compensation through earnings in the period the compensation is recognized.

Note 9 — Aimco Equity

Common Stock

F-34

Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 510,587,500 shares of Common Stock and we had 146,524,941 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

2022 Stock Repurchases

Our Board has, from time to time, authorized us to repurchase shares of our outstanding Common Stock. As of December 31, 2022, we were authorized to repurchase up to 12.3 million shares of our outstanding Common Stock, subject to certain customary limitations, which may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. This authorization has no expiration date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 3.5 million shares of our Common Stock at a weighted-average price of $7.21 per share.

There were no stock repurchases during the years ended December 31, 2021, or December 31, 2020.

2022 Cash Dividend

As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of shares of its Common Stock at least 90.0% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. Aimco's Board determines and declares Aimco's dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco's Board considers a variety of factors, including REIT distribution requirements, current market conditions, liquidity needs, and other uses of cash, such as deleveraging and accretive investment activities. On September 30, 2022, Aimco paid a special cash dividend of $0.02 per share to shareholders of record on September 14, 2022.

Separation from AIR

On December 15, 2020, we completed the Separation which was effected by way of a pro rata distribution, in which stockholders of Aimco received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. AIR Operating Partnership also completed a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common OP units of Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common OP units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance OP units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020.

Notwithstanding the legal form of the Separation, for accounting and financial reporting purposes, we are presented as being spun-off from AIR. Therefore, we are the accounting spinee and AIR is considered the divesting entity and treated as the accounting spinnor, or accounting predecessor. Since the assets, liabilities and operations of Aimco prior to the Separation were spread across multiple legal entities, a separate capital structure did not exist.

Note 10 — Partners’ Capital

Aimco Operating Partnership Partners’ Capital

Common Partnership Units

In Aimco Operating Partnership’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, the OP Units held by us are classified within Partners’ Capital as General Partner and Special Limited Partner capital and the OP Units held by entities other than us are classified within Limited Partners’ capital. In our Consolidated Balance Sheets, the OP Units held by entities other than us are classified within permanent equity as Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership.

OP Units held by us are not redeemable whereas OP Units held by interests in Aimco Operating Partnership other than Aimco are redeemable at the holders’ option, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of one OP Unit for either one share of Common Stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of Common Stock at the time of redemption. We have the option to deliver shares of Common Stock in exchange for all or any portion of such OP Units tendered for redemption. When a limited partner redeems an OP Unit for Common Stock, Limited Partners’ capital is reduced, and the General Partner and Special Limited Partners’ capital is increased.

Entities other than us that hold OP Units receive distributions in an amount equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of Common Stock.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 108,000 OP Units, which were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock, and approximately 33,000 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for cash at an aggregate weighted average price per unit of $7.07.

F-35

Separation from AIR

On December 15, 2020, Aimco Operating Partnership completed the Separation, which was effected, in part, through a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common limited partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common limited partnership units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance partnership units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. In addition, our stockholders received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on the record date and received cash in lieu of fractional shares of Class A common stock of AIR.

Note 11 — Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate basic earnings per share of common stock and basic earnings per common unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding. We calculate diluted earnings per share of Common Stock and diluted earnings per unit taking into consideration dilutive shares of Common Stock and common partnership unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period.

The shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding at the Separation date are reflected as outstanding for all periods prior to the Separation for purposes of determining earnings per share and per unit. Each of our executives and AIR’s executives received one unvested share of our stock and one unvested share of AIR stock at the Separation date for each unvested share they held at that date. We include AIR’s executives’ rights to receive Aimco shares upon vesting in our dilutive calculations.

Aimco's Common Stock and common partnership unit equivalents include options to purchase shares of Common Stock, which, if exercised, would result in our issuance of additional shares of Common Stock and Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance to us of additional common partnership units equal to the number of shares of Common Stock purchased under the options. These equivalents also include unvested performance-based restricted stock awards that do not meet the definition of participating securities, which would result in an increase in the number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding equal to the number of the shares that vest. Common partnership unit equivalents also include unvested long-term incentive partnership units. We include in the denominator securities with dilutive effect in calculating diluted earnings per share and per unit during these periods.

Aimco's time-based restricted stock awards receive non-forfeitable dividends similar to shares of common stock and common partnership units prior to vesting, and our Performance-Based LTIP I units and Performance-Based LTIP II units receive non-forfeitable distributions based on specified percentages of the distributions paid to common partnership units prior to vesting and conversion. The unvested restricted shares and units related to these awards are participating securities. We include the effect of participating securities in basic and diluted earnings per share and unit computations using the two-class method of allocating distributed and undistributed earnings when the two-class method is more dilutive than the treasury stock method. Participating securities are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share and unit for the year ended December 31, 2022, because the effect of their inclusion is dilutive. Participating securities are excluded from our computation of diluted loss per share and unit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

F-36

Reconciliations of the numerator and denominator in the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share and per unit for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands, except per share and per unit data):

	Years ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
Earnings per share
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco	$	75,726		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco participating securities		(1,087	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders	$	74,639		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Denominator - shares:
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding		149,395			149,480			148,569
Diluted share equivalents outstanding		1,439			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding		150,834			149,480			148,569
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings per unit
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership	$	79,657		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco Operating Partnership participating securities		(1,131	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership's common unit holders	$	78,526		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Denominator - units
Basic weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		157,317			157,701			156,500
Diluted partnership unit equivalents outstanding		1,457			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		158,774			157,701			156,500
Earnings (loss) per unit - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per unit - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)

Note 12 — Share-Based Compensation

We have a stock award and incentive program to attract and retain employees and independent directors. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 21.4 million shares were available for issuance under the Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The total number of shares available for issuance under this plan may increase due to any forfeiture, cancellation, exchange, surrender, termination or expiration of an award outstanding under the 2015 Plan. Awards under the 2015 Plan may be in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, or other types of awards as authorized under the 2015 Plan. Our plans are administered by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into an agreement to modify all outstanding awards granted to the holders of such awards. Each outstanding time or performance based Aimco award was converted into one share of our Common Stock and one share of AIR common stock. Generally, all such Aimco equity awards retain the same terms and vesting conditions as the original Aimco equity awards immediately before the Separation.

Following the Separation, compensation expense related to these modified awards for the employees retained by us is incurred by Aimco. The compensation expense related to these modified awards for employees of AIR is incurred by AIR.

F-37

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, total compensation cost recognized for share-based awards was (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
Share-based compensation expense (1)	$	6,441	$	3,377	$	1,070
Capitalized share-based compensation (2)		1,016		340		138
Total share-based compensation (3)	$	7,457	$	3,717	$	1,208

(1)Amounts are recorded in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2)Amounts are recorded in Buildings and improvements in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3)Amounts are recorded in Additional paid-in capital and Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and in General Partner and Special Limited Partner and Limited Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of December 31, 2022, our share of total unvested compensation cost not yet recognized was 13.5 million. We expect to recognize this compensation cost over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.

We grant stock options and restricted stock awards that are subject to time-based vesting and require continuous employment, typically over a period of four to five years from the grant date, and we refer to these awards as Time-Based Stock Options and Time-Based Restricted Stock, respectively. We also grant stock options, restricted stock awards, and two forms of long-term incentive partnership units (“LTIP units”), that vest conditioned on our total shareholder return (“TSR”), relative to identified indices over a forward-looking performance period of three years. We refer to these awards as TSR Stock Options, TSR Restricted Stock, TSR LTIP I units, and TSR LTIP II units. Vested LTIP II units may be converted at the holders’ option to LTIP Units for a conversion price over a term of 10 years. Earned TSR-based awards, if any, will generally vest 100% on the third anniversary of the grant date, based on continued employment. Our Time-Based Stock Options and TSR Stock Options expire generally 10 years from the date of grant.

We recognize compensation cost associated with time-based awards ratably over the requisite service periods, which are typically three to four years. We recognize compensation cost related to the TSR-based awards, over the requisite service period, commencing on the grant date. The value of the TSR-based awards takes into consideration the probability that the market condition will be achieved; therefore, previously recorded compensation cost is not adjusted in the event that the market condition is not achieved, and awards do not vest.

We had Time-Based Stock Options, Time-Based Restricted Stock, TSR Stock Options, TSR Restricted Stock, TSR LTIP I units and TSR LTIP II units outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The following two tables summarize activity for equity compensation for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	TSR Stock Options				Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards						TSR Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of year		317,200	$	6.66		1,941,125		$	6.84			283,503		$	10.14
Granted		212,767		6.96		328,941			7.16			183,320			7.25
Exercised		—		—	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A
Vested	N/A		N/A			(30,618	)		14.61	(1)		(3,198	)		47.44	(1)
Forfeited		—		—		(85,310	)		6.90			(2,880	)		55.50	(1)
Outstanding at end of year		529,967	$	6.78		2,154,138		$	6.78			460,745		$	8.45

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

	LTIP I Units						TSR LTIP II Units				Time LTIP II Units
	Number of Units			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		12,441		$	53.69	(1)		563,890	$	4.64		—	$	—
Granted		—			—			341,550		6.96		563,334		6.96
Exercised	N/A			N/A				—		—		—		—
Vested		(2,557	)		53.17	(1)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Forfeited		(2,698	)		55.17	(1)		—		—		—		—
Outstanding at end of year		7,186		$	53.33			905,440	$	5.52		563,334	$	6.96

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

F-38

The following table summarizes the unvested or outstanding shares issued to our employees and employees of AIR and are potentially dilutive to us and Aimco Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2022.

	Unvested Shares
Awards	Aimco		AIR		Unvested Compensation Not Yet Recognized (1)
Time-Based Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		—		786,413	$	—
TSR Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		529,967		25,563		874
Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards		2,154,138		18,000		9,143
TSR Restricted Stock Awards		460,745		47,516		2,007
LTIP I units		7,186		—		62
TSR LTIP II units (Outstanding shares)		1,468,774		1,089,691		1,415
Total awards		4,620,810		1,967,183	$	13,501

(1)Unvested compensation not yet recognized represents our compensation cost for our employees. Compensation costs related to shares issued to AIR employees are recognized by AIR.

Determination of Grant-Date Fair Value Awards

We estimated the fair value of TSR-based awards granted in 2022 and 2021 using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation method. Under this method, the prices of the indices and shares of our Common Stock were simulated through the end of the performance period. The correlation matrix between shares of our Common Stock and the indices, as well as the corresponding return volatilities, were developed based upon an analysis of historical data.

The following table includes the assumptions used for the valuation of TSR-based awards that were granted in 2022 and 2021.

TSR-based Award Assumptions	2022	2021
Grant date market value of a common share	$6.96	$6.66-$7.10
Risk-free interest rate	0.19%-1.38%	0.02%-1.22%
Dividend yield	0%	0%
Expected volatility	32.09%-33.04%	30.4%-32.29%
Derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock	3.0	3.0
Weighted average expected term of TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units	4.9	5.4

Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

From time to time, we purchase interest rate swaps, caps, and other instruments to provide protection against increases in interest rates on our variable rate debt. As of December 31, 2022, we held interest rate swaps and caps with $2.0 billion notional value. These instruments were acquired for $17.7 million, and the fair value of these instruments is noted in the table below.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we monetized an interest rate swap and an interest rate cap for $16.8 million and recognized gains of $11.1 million, net of transaction costs, which are included in Realized and unrealized gain (losses) on interest rate options.

On a recurring basis, we measure at fair value our interest rate options, which are presented in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our interest rate options are classified within Level 2 of the GAAP fair value hierarchy, and we estimate their fair value using pricing models that rely on observable market information, including contractual terms, market prices, and interest rate yield curves. The fair value adjustment is included in earnings in Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value are reflected as a non-cash transaction in adjustments to arrive at cash flows from operations, and any upfront premium is reflected in Purchase of interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had investments of $4.3 million and $9.6 million, respectively, in property technology funds consisting of entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry. These investments are measured at net asset

F-39

value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient. See Note 14 for further information regarding unfunded commitments related to these investments.

The following table summarizes the fair value of our interest rate options and our investments in real estate technology funds as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Interest rate options	$62,259	$—	$62,259	$—	$25,449	$—	$25,449	$—
Investments in real estate technology funds (1)	$4,296	$—	$—	$—	$9,613	$—	$—	$—

(1)Investments measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

As of December 31, 2022, we tested the Mezzanine Investment for impairment given triggering events occurring in the fourth quarter of 2022 and we recorded a non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million. Our estimate of the Mezzanine Investment's fair value was derived using internally developed models to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral, with significant weighting given to a third-party appraisal of the Parkmerced Apartments collateral. This appraisal incorporates various estimates and assumptions, the most significant being the capitalization rate and discount rate of 3.75% and 11.5%, respectively, market rental rates and operating expenses. These assumptions are based on Level 3 inputs. See Note 2 for further details.

Immediately following the Separation, we tested our right of use assets, tenant improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and our internally developed software for impairment. We concluded that the estimated fair value of the related assets no longer exceeded their carrying values and recorded an aggregate impairment of $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value determination included assumptions based on Level 3 inputs. See Note 2 for further information. There were no such impairments in 2022 or 2021.

Fair Value Disclosures

We believe that the carrying value of the consolidated amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivables and payables approximated their fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, due to their relatively short-term nature and high probability of realization. We estimate the fair value of our debt using an income and market approach, including comparison of the contractual terms to observable and unobservable inputs such as market interest rate risk spreads, contractual interest rates, remaining periods to maturity, debt service coverage ratios, and loan to value ratios. We classify the fair value of our non-recourse property debt and construction loans within Level 2 of the GAAP valuation hierarchy based on the significance of certain of the unobservable inputs used to estimate their fair value. The carrying amount of the Notes Payable to AIR, which were fully repaid in the third quarter of 2022, approximated their fair value at December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes carrying value and fair value of our non-recourse property debt, construction loans, and Notes Payable to AIR as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Non-recourse property debt	$	938,476	$	878,804	$	484,883	$	498,960
Construction loans		126,317		125,954		168,376		168,376
Notes Payable to AIR		-		-		534,127		534,127
Total	$	1,064,793	$	1,004,758	$	1,187,386	$	1,201,463

Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

In connection with our development, redevelopment and other capital additions activities, we have entered into various construction-related contracts, and have made commitments to complete development and redevelopment of certain real estate, pursuant to financing or other arrangements. We have entered into contracts for $155.8 million, with $304.6 million undrawn on our construction loans as of December 31, 2022.

F-40

We have total remaining commitments to unconsolidated joint ventures of $10.3 million, which we expect to fund over the next twelve months.

As of December 31, 2022, we have remaining commitments of $2.4 million related to our investments in property technology funds invested in entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry. The timing of the remaining funding of these commitments is uncertain.

We also enter into certain commitments for future purchases of goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures.

Legal Matters

From time to time, we may be a party to certain legal proceedings, incidental to the normal course of business. While the outcome of the legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe there are no legal proceedings pending that would have a material effect upon on our financial condition or results of operations.

Note 15 — Business Segments

We have three segments: (i) Development and Redevelopment, (ii) Operating, and (iii) Other.

Our Development and Redevelopment segment consists of properties that are under construction or have not achieved stabilization, as well as land held for development. Our Operating segment includes 21 residential apartment communities that have achieved stabilized level of operations as of January 1, 2021 and maintained it throughout the current year and comparable period. We aggregate all our apartment communities that have reached stabilization into our Operating segment. Our Other segment consists of properties that are not included in our Development and Redevelopment or Operating segments. During 2022, we disposed of two Seattle, Washington area properties and one stabilized property located in Fremont, CA that was previously reported within our Operating segment. In addition, we terminated the leases for four residential apartment communities that were previously reported within our Development and Redevelopment segment. Prior period segment information has been recast based upon our current segment population, and is consistent with how our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") evaluates the business. The recast conforms with our reportable segment composition as of December 31, 2022.

Our CODM uses cash flow, construction timeline to completion, and actual versus budgeted results to evaluate our properties in our Development and Redevelopment segment. Our CODM uses proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our Operating segment. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenues, excluding reimbursements, less direct property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements, for consolidated communities. In our Consolidated Statements of Operations, utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP.

As of December 31, 2022, our Development and Redevelopment segment consists of 12 properties; three residential apartment communities with 1,185 planned apartment homes, a single family rental community with 16 planned homes plus eight accessory dwelling units, and one hotel, with 106 planned rooms, we are actively developing or redeveloping; and land parcels held for development. Our Operating segment includes 21 consolidated apartment communities with 5,582 apartment homes. Our Other segment includes our Eldridge Townhomes apartment community, stabilized but not owned for the comparable reporting period, and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive, our only office building.

The following tables present the results of operations of consolidated properties, with our segments reported on a proportionate basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands): Prior period carve out amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reconcile the difference between non-recurring carve out accounting and current results as it relates to insurance

F-41

expense, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This adjustment ensures comparability of post-Separation results to pre-Separation segment results. Absent the adjustment, 2021 NOI would have increased 6.9%.

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Rental and other property revenues	$	919		$	135,224	$	18,030	$	6,097	$	30,074		$	190,344
Property operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		17,116			71,792
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—			—		—		—		198,640			198,640
Total operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		215,756			270,432
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		(1,279	)		94,383		12,470		20		(185,682	)		(80,088	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—			—		—		—		189,510			189,510
Income (loss) before income tax	$	(1,279	)	$	94,383	$	12,470	$	20	$	3,828		$	109,422

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Rental and other property revenues	$	2,036	$	122,303	$	14,559	$	5,256	$	25,682		$	169,836
Property operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		16,938			67,613
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		117,863			117,863
Total operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		134,801			185,476
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		590		82,678		10,154		57		(109,119	)		(15,640	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(2,910	)		(2,910	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	590	$	82,678	$	10,154	$	57	$	(112,029	)	$	(18,550	)

F-42

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Rental and other property revenues	$	1,515	$	116,888	$	13,079	$	5,577	$	14,392		$	151,451
Property operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		13,614			61,514
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		104,294			104,294
Total operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		117,908			165,808
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		534		78,971		8,962		692		(103,516	)		(14,357	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(1,563	)		(1,563	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	534	$	78,971	$	8,962	$	692	$	(105,079	)	$	(15,920	)

(1)Represents adjustments for the redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnership’s share of the results of consolidated communities in our segments, which are included in the related consolidated amounts, but excluded from proportionate property net operating income for our segment evaluation. Also, includes the reclassification of utility reimbursements from revenues to property operating expenses for the purpose of evaluating segment results. Utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Operations prepared in accordance with GAAP.

(2)Includes the operating results of apartment communities sold during the periods shown or classified as Held for Sale at the end of the period. Also includes property management expenses and casualty gains and losses, which are included in consolidated property operating expenses and are not part of segment performance.

(3)Other operating expenses not allocated to segments consists of depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, and miscellaneous other expenses.

(4)Other items included in income before income tax benefit (expense) consists primarily of interest expense, gain on our interest rate options, gain on sale of Real Estate, lease modification income and mezzanine investment income (loss), net.

Net real estate and non-recourse property debt, net, of our segments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)		Total
As of December 31, 2022:
Buildings and improvements	$	449,316		$	674,419		$	198,646		$	—	$	1,322,381
Land		228,568			259,033			153,501			—		641,102
Total real estate		677,884			933,452			352,147			—		1,963,483
Accumulated depreciation		(2,378	)		(468,054	)		(60,290	)		—		(530,722	)
Net real estate	$	675,506		$	465,398		$	291,857		$	—	$	1,432,761
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	200,135		$	823,692		$	24,372		$	—	$	1,048,199

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)			Total
As of December 31, 2021:
Buildings and improvements	$	202,367		$	675,269		$	196,853		$	182,725		$	1,257,214
Land		82,325			259,033			153,501			39,426			534,285
Total real estate		284,692			934,302			350,354			222,151			1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation		(1,426	)		(444,324	)		(41,841	)		(73,524	)		(561,115	)
Net real estate	$	283,266		$	489,978		$	308,513		$	148,627		$	1,230,384
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	36,218		$	428,308		$	—		$	182,181		$	646,707

F-43

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2022, certain properties were sold or reclassified as Held for Sale, and therefore are not included in our segment balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. We added a Corporate segment to the tables above for presentation purposes to display these assets and the associated debt as of December 31, 2021.

In addition to the amounts disclosed in the tables above, as of December 31, 2022, the Development and Redevelopment segment right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities aggregated to $110.3 million and $114.6 million, respectively, and as of December 31, 2021, aggregated to $96.3 million and $95.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities primarily related to our investments in Upton Place, Strathmore and Oak Shore. As described in Note 4, we entered into termination agreements that cancelled our leases on North Tower of Flamingo Point, 707 Leahy, The Fremont, and Prism properties on September 1, 2022. Consequently, during 2022, we wrote off $326.1 million and $337.3 million of right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively.

Note 16 — Subsequent Events

On February 20, 2023, we entered into an agreement to sell our Parkmerced mezzanine loan for $167.5 million. The closing of the sale is subject to a reasonable due diligence period and the satisfaction of certain conditions to closing including various approvals, and as such closing is not guaranteed.

F-44

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2022

(In Thousands Except Apartment Home Data)

								(2)	As of December 31, 2022
		(1)				Initial Cost		Cost Capitalized				(4)
Apartment Community	Apartment	Date		Year	Apartment		Buildings and	Subsequent to		Buildings and	(3)	Accumulated	Total Cost	(5)
Name	Type	Acquired	Location	Built	Homes	Land	Improvements	Acquisition	Land	Improvements	Total	Depreciation (AD)	Net of AD	Encumbrances
Operating:
118-122 West 23rd Street	High Rise	Jun 2012	New York, NY	1987	42	$14,985	$23,459	$6,186	$14,985	$29,645	$44,630	$(12,453)	$32,177	$16,472
173 E. 90th Street	High Rise	May 2004	New York, NY	1910	72	12,066	4,535	9,044	12,066	13,579	25,645	(7,080)	18,565	12,138
237-239 Ninth Avenue	High Rise	Mar 2005	New York, NY	1900	36	8,495	1,866	2,777	8,495	4,643	13,138	(3,338)	9,800	6,148
1045 on the Park Apartments Homes	Mid Rise	Jul 2013	Atlanta, GA	2012	30	2,793	6,662	1,185	2,793	7,847	10,640	(2,711)	7,929	6,007
2200 Grace	High Rise	Aug 2018	Lombard, IL	1971	72	642	7,788	242	642	8,030	8,672	(5,583)	3,089	11,193
Bank Lofts	High Rise	Apr 2001	Denver, CO	1920	125	3,525	9,045	5,716	3,525	14,761	18,286	(9,341)	8,945	18,540
Bluffs at Pacifica, The	Garden	Oct 2006	Pacifica, CA	1963	64	8,108	4,132	17,749	8,108	21,881	29,989	(14,208)	15,781	—
Elm Creek	Mid Rise	Dec 1997	Elmhurst, IL	1987	400	5,910	30,830	31,618	5,910	62,448	68,358	(41,367)	26,991	78,095
Evanston Place	High Rise	Dec 1997	Evanston, IL	1990	190	3,232	25,546	18,557	3,232	44,103	47,335	(25,532)	21,803	46,670
Hillmeade	Garden	Nov 1994	Nashville, TN	1986	288	2,872	16,070	22,362	2,872	38,432	41,304	(27,915)	13,389	46,026
Hyde Park Tower	High Rise	Oct 2004	Chicago, IL	1990	155	4,731	14,927	16,560	4,731	31,487	36,218	(17,199)	19,019	29,484
Plantation Gardens	Garden	Oct 1999	Plantation, FL	1971	372	3,773	19,443	23,203	3,773	42,646	46,419	(31,196)	15,223	60,133
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Warwick, RI	1972	492	22,433	24,095	6,029	22,433	30,124	52,557	(24,639)	27,918	—
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Nashua, NH	1970	902	68,230	45,562	18,108	68,230	63,670	131,900	(53,853)	78,047	173,435
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Marlborough, MA	1970	473	25,178	28,786	14,289	25,178	43,075	68,253	(34,792)	33,461	71,295
St. George Villas	Garden	Jan 2006	St. George, SC	1984	40	108	1,024	452	108	1,476	1,584	(1,419)	165	237
Waterford Village	Garden	Aug 2002	Bridgewater, MA	1971	588	29,110	28,101	12,390	29,110	40,491	69,601	(34,473)	35,128	—
Wexford Village	Garden	Aug 2002	Worcester, MA	1974	264	6,349	17,939	6,199	6,349	24,138	30,487	(17,627)	12,860	—
Willow Bend	Garden	May 1998	Rolling Meadows, IL	1969	328	2,717	15,437	19,897	2,717	35,334	38,051	(28,997)	9,054	43,501
Yacht Club at Brickell	High Rise	Dec 2003	Miami, FL	1998	357	31,362	32,214	21,404	31,362	53,618	84,980	(29,866)	55,114	163,880
Yorktown Apartments	High Rise	Dec 1999	Lombard, IL	1971	292	2,414	10,374	52,617	2,414	62,991	65,405	(44,465)	20,940	46,857
Total Operating					5,582	259,033	367,835	306,584	259,033	674,419	933,452	(468,054)	465,398	830,111
Development and redevelopment:
Benson Hotel & faculty Club, The	—	Jan 2021	Denver, CO	—	—	1,815	4,414	62,529	1,815	66,943	68,758	—	68,758	—
One Edgewater	Garden	Jul 2021	Miami, FL	1948	—	20,045	—	2,638	20,045	2,638	22,683	—	22,683	—
Hamilton House	—	Jan 1900	Miami, FL	—	—	11,467	—	4,606	11,467	4,606	16,073	—	16,073	—
Flying Horse	—	Jul 2021	Colorado Springs, CO	—	—	4,257	—	3,164	4,257	3,164	7,421	—	7,421	—
Hamilton, The	High Rise	Aug 2020	Miami, FL	1985	276	45,239	34,891	108,564	45,239	143,455	188,694	(2,378)	186,316	79,815
Oak Shore	—	Jun 2021	Corte Madera, CA	—	24	—	—	23,309	—	23,309	23,309	—	23,309	1
Upton Place	—	Dec 2020	Washington, DC	—	—	—	21,280	151,224	—	172,504	172,504	—	172,504	33,601
Mondo Market	—	Sep 2022	Aurora, CO	—	—	—	—	2,282	—	2,282	2,282	—	2,282	—
Strathmore Phase 1 Con	—	Feb 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	—	—	13,681	—	13,681	13,681	—	13,681	12,537
300 W. Broward Blvd.	—	Jan 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	21,355	—	9,260	21,355	9,260	30,615	—	30,615	12,796
200 W. Broward Blvd.	—	Jan 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	16,750	—	2,215	16,750	2,215	18,965	—	18,965	10,087
Fitzsimons Phase Four	—	Dec 2022	Aurora, CO	—	—	2,016	—	71	2,016	71	2,087	—	2,087	—
Sears Parcel 1	—	Jun 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	68,485	—	3,497	68,485	3,497	71,982	—	71,982	38,400
Sears Parcel 2	—	Jul 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	20,737	—	978	20,737	978	21,715	—	21,715	12,000
Sears Parcel 3	—	Jun 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	16,402	—	713	16,402	713	17,115	—	17,115	9,600
Total Development and redevelopment					300	228,568	60,585	388,731	228,568	449,316	677,884	(2,378)	675,506	208,837
Other:
1001 Brickell Bay Drive	High Rise	Jul 2019	Miami, FL	1985	—	150,018	152,791	8,321	150,018	162,924	312,942	(58,497)	254,445	—
Eldridge	Townhome	Aug 2021	Elmhurst, IL	2018	58	3,483	35,706	16	3,483	35,722	39,205	(1,793)	37,412	26,691
Total Portfolio					5,940	$641,102	$616,917	$703,652	$641,102	$1,322,381	$1,963,483	$(530,722)	$1,432,761	$1,065,639

F-45

(1)Date we acquired the apartment community or first acquired the partnership that owns the community.

(2)Includes costs capitalized since acquisition or date of initial acquisition of the community.

(3)The aggregate cost of land and depreciable property for federal income tax purposes was approximately $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2022.

(4)Depreciable life for buildings and improvements ranges from five to 30 years and is calculated on a straight-line basis.

(5)Encumbrances are presented before reduction for debt issuance costs.

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In Thousands)

	2022			2021		2020
Total real estate balance at beginning of year	$	1,791,499		$	1,500,269	$	1,385,412
Additions during the year:
Acquisitions		146,236			69,178		112,820
Capital additions		273,380			222,052		24,334
Dispositions		(233,308	)		—		(22,297	)
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other		(14,324	)		—		—
Total real estate balance at end of year	$	1,963,483		$	1,791,499	$	1,500,269
Accumulated depreciation balance at beginning of year	$	561,115		$	495,010	$	449,444
Depreciation		143,983			66,105		67,919
Dispositions		(160,052	)		—		—
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other		(14,324	)		—		(22,353	)
Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year	$	530,722		$	561,115	$	495,010

F-46

EX-21

Exhibit 21.1

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY ENTITIES

As of 12/31/2022

Entity	Jurisdiction
APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY	Maryland
LA Indian Oaks QRS, Inc.	Delaware
LA Canyon Terrace QRS, Inc.	Delaware
AmReal Corporation	South Carolina
Ambassador IX, Inc.	Delaware
National Corporation for Housing Partnerships	District of Columbia
Rescorp Development, Inc.	Illinois
Aimco OP GP, LLC	Delaware
Aimco OP L.P.	Delaware
AIVUP JV Holdings Member, LLC	Delaware
AUP JV Holdings, LLC	Delaware
AUP JV Member, LLC	Delaware
Upton Place JV LLC	Delaware
Upton Place West LLC	Delaware
Upton Place East LLC	Delaware
Real Estate Technology Ventures, L.P.	Delaware
Real Estate Technology Ventures, II, L.P.	Delaware
RET Ventures SPV 1, L.P.	Delaware
Aimco Development Company, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB Holding, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB 555 NE, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB 630 NE, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB 640 NE, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB REIT Corp	Delaware
Brickell Bay Miami REIT	Delaware
1001 Brickell Owner, LLC	Delaware
1001 Brickell Bay Drive, LLC	Delaware
1001 Brickell US, LLC	Delaware
Brickell Bay Tower Ltd	Bahamas
Brickell Bay Tower Inc.	Delaware
Flamingo North Lessee, LLC	Delaware
707 Leahy Lessee, LLC	Delaware
Fremont Lessee, LLC	Delaware
Prism Lessee, LLC	Delaware
Campus GP Holdings, LLC	Delaware
New GP Holdings, LLC	Delaware
NHP Partners Two Limited Partnership	Delaware
The National Housing Partnership	District of Columbia

Exhibit 21.1

St. George Villas Limited Partnership	South Carolina
Aimco Wexford Village, L.L.C.	Delaware
AIMCO WEXFORD VILLAGE II, L.L.C.	Delaware
AIMCO Warwick, L.L.C.	Delaware
AIMCO ROYAL CREST – NASHUA, L.L.C.	Delaware
Waterford Village, L.L.C.	Delaware
Royal Crest Estates (Marlboro), L.L.C.	Delaware
AIMCO ESPLANADE AVENUE APARTMENTS, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO Yacht Club at Brickell, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO 237 Ninth Avenue, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO 173 East 90th Street, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO Hyde Park Tower, L.L.C.	Delaware
NP Bank Lofts Associates, L.P.	Colorado
HERMOSA TERRACE A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP	California
AIMCO Hermosa Terrace LP, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO Hermosa Terrace GP, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO Casa Del Mar TIC, LLC	Delaware
Aimco REIT Sub, LLC	Delaware
Aimco JO Intermediate Holdings, LLC	Delaware
James-Oxford Limited Partnership	Maryland
AIMCO Hillmeade, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO Milan, LLC	Delaware
New J-O GP Holdings, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO ELM CREEK, L.P.	Delaware
Church Street Associates Limited Partnership	Illinois
AIMCO Yorktown, L.P.	Delaware
Cedar Rim Apartments, LLC	Delaware
CCIP Plantation Gardens, L.L.C.	Delaware
Aimco Pathfinder Village Apartments, L.P.	Delaware
AIMCO Pathfinder Village Apartments GP, LLC	Delaware
Williamsburg Limited Partnership	Illinois
Ambassador GP Holdings, LLC	Delaware
Aimco Park and 12th, LLC	Delaware
LA JOLLA TERRACE, A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP	California
AIMCO La Jolla Terrace LP, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO La Jolla Terrace GP, LLC	Delaware
Casa Del Norte a Limited Partnership	California
AIMCO Casa Del Norte GP, LLC	Delaware
RIVERCREST APARTMENTS, L.P.	South Carolina
M & P Development Company	Pennsylvania
Center Square Associates	Pennsylvania
Lafayette Manor Associates Limited Partnership	Virginia
1691-1695 2ND Avenue, LLC	Delaware
234-236 East 88th, LLC	Delaware
2900 On First, LLC	Delaware
34 Pine LLC	Delaware
510 34th LLC	Delaware
560 NE 34TH ST, LLC	Delaware
AHOTB 555 NE HOLDCO LLC	Delaware

2

Exhibit 21.1

AIMCO BROWARD BOULEVARD I LLC	Delaware
AIMCO BROWARD BOULEVARD II LLC	Delaware
Aimco Elm Creek Townhomes Three, LLC	Delaware
AIMCO INVESTMENT COMPANY, LLC	Delaware
BISCAYNE NORTH, LLC	Delaware
FLAMINGO NEW TOWER LESSEE, LLC	Delaware
FLAMINGO NORTH LESSEE HOLDCO, LLC	Delaware
Hamilton on the Bay II, LLC	Delaware
Hamilton on the Bay III, LLC	Delaware
K-A 200 and 520 Broward JV LLC	Delaware
K-A 300 Broward JV LLC	Delaware
NARDWARE PROPERTIES LLC	Delaware
Silversmith Road, LLC	Delaware
TIBURON LESSEE, LLC	Delaware
WR CREEK LLC	Delaware
440 NE 34TH STREET, LLC	Delaware
AF Hotel Parcel Lessee, LLC	Delaware
AF Hotel Parcel Lessor, LLC	Delaware
AF Hotel Parcel Opportunity Zone Business, LP	Delaware

3

EX-23

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements listed below and in the related Prospectuses of our reports dated February 27, 2023 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Apartment Investment and Management Company and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Apartment Investment and Management Company included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Apartment Investment and Management Company for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Form S-3ASR (No. 333-236779)	Form S-3 (No. 333-08997)	Form S-8 (No. 333-36803)
Form S-3 (No. 333-828)	Form S-3 (No. 333-4546)	Form S-3 (No. 333-47201)
Form S-3 (No. 333-20755)	Form S-8 (No. 333-14481)	Form S-8 (No. 333-70409)
Form S-3 (No. 333-36537)	Form S-3 (No. 333-75109)	Form S-3 (No. 333-77067)
Form S-8 (No. 333-41719)	Form S-3 (No.333-77257)	Form S-3 (No. 333-31718)
Form S-8 (No. 333-57617)	Form S-3 (No. 333-92743)	Form S-3 (No. 333-52808)
Form S-3 (No. 333-69121)	Form S-3 (No. 333-71002)	Form S-3 (No. 333-73162)
Form S-8 (No. 333-75349)	Form S-3 (No. 333-101735)	Form S-3 (No. 333-130735)
Form S-3 (No. 333-81689)	Form S-8 (No. 333-207828)	Form S-3 (No. 333-150342)
Form S-3 (No. 333-50742)	Form S-3 (No. 333-17431)	Form S-8 (No. 333-225037)
Form S-3 (No. 333-64460)	Form S-8 (No. 333-142466)	Form S-3 (No. 333-86200)
Form S-3 (No. 333-85844)	Form S-8 (No.333-207826)	Form S-8 (No. 333-269084)
Form S-3/A (No. 333-36531)
/s/ Ernst and Young LLP Denver, Colorado February 27, 2023

EX-31

Exhibit 31.1

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, Wesley W. Powell, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Apartment Investment and Management Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2023

/s/ Wesley W. Powell

Wesley W. Powell

Director, President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31

Exhibit 31.2

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, H. Lynn C. Stanfield, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Apartment Investment and Management Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2023

/s/ H. Lynn C. Stanfield

H. Lynn C. Stanfield

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-31

Exhibit 31.3

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, Wesley W. Powell, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Aimco OP L.P.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2023

/s/ Wesley W. Powell

Wesley W. Powell

Director, President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31

Exhibit 31.4

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, H. Lynn C. Stanfield, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Aimco OP L.P.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2023

/s/ H. Lynn C. Stanfield

H. Lynn C. Stanfield

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of CEO Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Wesley W. Powell

Wesley W. Powell

Director, President and Chief Executive Officer

February 27, 2023

EX-32

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of CFO Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ H. Lynn C. Stanfield

H. Lynn C. Stanfield

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

February 27, 2023

EX-32

Exhibit 32.3

Certification of CEO Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Aimco OP L.P. (the “Partnership”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Partnership.

/s/ Wesley W. Powell

Wesley W. Powell

Director, President and Chief Executive Officer

February 27, 2023

EX-32

Exhibit 32.4

Certification of CFO Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Aimco OP L.P. (the “Partnership”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Partnership.

/s/ H. Lynn C. Stanfield

H. Lynn C. Stanfield

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

February 27, 2023

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)
$ in Billions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Feb. 24, 2023

Jun. 30, 2022

Document Information [Line Items]

Entity Registrant Name

Apartment Investment and Management Company

Entity Central Index Key

0000922864

Document Type

10-K

Document Period End Date

Dec. 31, 2022

Amendment Flag

false

Document Fiscal Year Focus

2022

Document Fiscal Period Focus

FY

Current Fiscal Year End Date

--12-31

Entity Current Reporting Status

Yes

Entity Interactive Data Current

Yes

Entity Filer Category

Large Accelerated Filer

Entity Emerging Growth Company

false

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Small Business

false

Entity Shell Company

false

Trading Symbol

AIV

Entity File Number

1-13232

Entity Tax Identification Number

84-1259577

Entity Address, State or Province

MD

Entity Address, Address Line One

4582 South Ulster Street

Entity Address, Address Line Two

Suite 1450

Entity Address, City or Town

Denver

Entity Address, State or Province

CO

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

80237

City Area Code

303

Local Phone Number

224-7900

Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding

149,925,165

Title of 12(b) Security

Class A Common Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company)

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

Document Annual Report

true

Document Transition Report

false

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

false

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Entity Public Float

$ 1.0

Auditor Firm ID

42

Auditor Name

Ernst & Young LLP

Auditor Location

Denver, Colorado

Aimco OP L.P. [Member]

Document Information [Line Items]

Entity Registrant Name

Aimco OP L.P.

Entity Central Index Key

0000926660

Document Type

10-K

Document Period End Date

Dec. 31, 2022

Amendment Flag

false

Document Fiscal Year Focus

2022

Document Fiscal Period Focus

FY

Current Fiscal Year End Date

--12-31

Entity Current Reporting Status

Yes

Entity Interactive Data Current

Yes

Entity Emerging Growth Company

true

Entity Ex Transition Period

true

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Small Business

false

Entity Shell Company

false

Entity File Number

0-56223

Entity Tax Identification Number

85-2460835

Entity Address, State or Province

DE

Entity Address, Address Line One

4582 South Ulster Street

Entity Address, Address Line Two

Suite 1450

Entity Address, City or Town

Denver

Entity Address, State or Province

CO

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

80237

City Area Code

303

Local Phone Number

224-7900

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

true

Auditor Firm ID

42

Auditor Name

Ernst & Young LLP

Auditor Location

Denver, Colorado

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
ASSETS
Buildings and improvements	$ 1,322,381	$ 1,257,214
Land	641,102	534,285
Total real estate	1,963,483	1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation	(530,722)	(561,115)
Net real estate	1,432,761	1,230,384
Cash and cash equivalents	206,460	233,374
Restricted cash	23,306	11,208
Mezzanine investment	158,558	337,797
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships	15,789	13,025
Notes receivable	39,014	38,029
Right-of-use lease assets- finance leases	110,269	429,768
Other assets, net	132,679	114,859
Total assets	2,181,223	2,434,101
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Non-recourse property debt, net	929,501	483,137
Construction loans, net	118,698	163,570
Notes payable to AIR		534,127
Total indebtedness	1,048,199	1,180,834
Deferred tax liabilities	119,615	124,747
Lease liabilities - finance leases	114,625	435,093
Accrued liabilities and other	106,600	97,400
Total liabilities	1,389,039	1,838,074
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	166,826	33,794
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Equity (510,587,500 shares authorized at both December 31, 2022 and 2021):
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 146,524,941 and 149,818,021 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	1,466	1,498
Additional paid-in capital	496,482	521,842
Retained Earnings (accumulated deficit)	49,904	(22,775)
Total Aimco equity	547,852	500,565
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	48,294	35,213
Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership	29,212	26,455
Total equity	625,358	562,233
Total liabilities and equity	2,181,223	2,434,101
Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
ASSETS
Buildings and improvements	1,322,381	1,257,214
Land	641,102	534,285
Total real estate	1,963,483	1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation	(530,722)	(561,115)
Net real estate	1,432,761	1,230,384
Cash and cash equivalents	206,460	233,374
Restricted cash	23,306	11,208
Mezzanine investment	158,558	337,797
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships	15,789	13,025
Notes receivable	39,014	38,029
Right-of-use lease assets- finance leases	110,269	429,768
Other assets, net	132,679	114,859
Total assets	2,181,223	2,434,101
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Non-recourse property debt, net	929,501	483,137
Construction loans, net	118,698	163,570
Notes payable to AIR		534,127
Total indebtedness	1,048,199	1,180,834
Deferred tax liabilities	119,615	124,747
Lease liabilities - finance leases	114,625	435,093
Accrued liabilities and other	106,600	97,400
Total liabilities	1,389,039	1,838,074
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	166,826	33,794
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Equity (510,587,500 shares authorized at both December 31, 2022 and 2021):
General Partner and Special Limited Partner	547,852	500,565
Limited Partners	29,212	26,455
Partners' capital attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership	577,064	527,020
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	48,294	35,213
Total partners' capital	625,358	562,233
Total liabilities and equity	2,181,223	2,434,101
Interest Rate Options
ASSETS
Interest rate options	62,387	25,657
Interest Rate Options | Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
ASSETS
Interest rate options	$ 62,387	$ 25,657

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common Stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock, shares authorized (in shares)	510,587,500	510,587,500
Common Stock, shares issued (in shares)	146,524,941	149,818,021
Common Stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	146,524,941	149,818,021

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
REVENUES:
Rental and other property revenues	$ 190,344	$ 169,836	$ 151,451
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Property operating expenses	71,792	67,613	61,514
Depreciation and amortization	158,967	84,712	77,965
Impairment			15,860
General and administrative expenses	39,673	33,151	10,469
Total operating expenses	270,432	185,476	165,808
Interest income	4,052	2,277	110
Interest expense	(73,842)	(52,902)	(27,512)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options	48,205	6,509	1,058
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments	20,302	6,585
Gain on dispositions of real estate	175,863
Lease modification income	206,963
Other income (expenses), net	(13,373)	3,212	(3,603)
Income (loss) before income tax	109,422	(18,550)	(15,920)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(17,264)	13,570	10,149
Net income (loss)	92,158	(4,980)	(5,771)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(8,829)	(91)	457
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(3,672)	(1,136)	4
Net loss (income) attributable to common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership	(3,931)	297	269
Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco	$ 75,726	$ (5,910)	$ (5,041)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit - basic (Note 6)	$ 0.50	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit - diluted (Note 6)	$ 0.49	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Weighted-average common shares/units outstanding - basic	149,395	149,480	148,569
Weighted-average common shares/units outstanding - diluted	150,834	149,480	148,569
Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
REVENUES:
Rental and other property revenues	$ 190,344	$ 169,836	$ 151,451
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Property operating expenses	71,792	67,613	61,514
Depreciation and amortization	158,967	84,712	77,965
Impairment			15,860
General and administrative expenses	39,673	33,151	10,469
Total operating expenses	270,432	185,476	165,808
Interest income	4,052	2,277	110
Interest expense	(73,842)	(52,902)	(27,512)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options	48,205	6,509	1,058
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments	20,302	6,585
Gain on dispositions of real estate	175,863
Lease modification income	206,963
Other income (expenses), net	(13,373)	3,212	(3,603)
Income (loss) before income tax	109,422	(18,550)	(15,920)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(17,264)	13,570	10,149
Net income (loss)	92,158	(4,980)	(5,771)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(8,829)	(91)	457
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(3,672)	(1,136)	4
Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco	$ 79,657	$ (6,207)	$ (5,310)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit - basic (Note 6)	$ 0.50	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit - diluted (Note 6)	$ 0.49	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Weighted-average common shares/units outstanding - basic	157,317	157,701	156,500
Weighted-average common shares/units outstanding - diluted	158,774	157,701	156,500
Mezzanine Investment [Member]
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	$ (179,239)	$ 30,436	$ 27,576
Mezzanine Investment [Member] | Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	(179,239)	30,436	27,576
Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member]
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	579	973	808
Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member] | Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	$ 579	$ 973	$ 808

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) [Member]	Aimco Predecessor Equity [Member]	Total Aimco Equity [Member]	Noncontrolling Interests In Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member]	Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership [Member]
Balances at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 513,560				$ 513,264	$ 513,264	$ 108	$ 188
Net income (loss)	(5,314)			$ (16,839)	11,798	(5,041)	(4)	(269)
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net	18,249				18,249	18,249
Issuance of equity in connection with Separation		$ 1,488	$ 514,306		$ (543,311)	(27,517)		27,517
Issuance of equity in connection with Separation (In share)		148,866
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	31,773						31,773
Other common stock issuances	823	$ 2	821			823
Other common stock issuances (In share)		170
Balances at Dec. 31, 2020	559,091	$ 1,490	515,127	(16,839)		499,778	31,877	27,436
Balances (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		149,036
Net income (loss)	(5,071)			(5,910)		(5,910)	1,136	(297)
Redemption of OP Units	(76)	$ 6	1,305			1,311		(1,387)
Redemption of OP Units, (In share)		595
Share-based compensation expense	3,717		2,972			2,972		745
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	3,370						3,370
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1,157)						(1,157)
Other common stock issuances	1,072	$ 2	1,070			1,072
Other common stock issuances (In share)		246
Other, net	1,287		1,368	(26)		1,342	(13)	(42)
Other, net (in shares)		(59)
Balances at Dec. 31, 2021	562,233	$ 1,498	521,842	(22,775)		500,565	35,213	26,455
Balances (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		149,818
Net income (loss)	83,329			75,726		75,726	3,672	3,931
Redemption of OP Units	(234)	$ 1	2,653			2,654		(2,888)
Redemption of OP Units, (In share)		108
Share-based compensation expense	7,457		5,687			5,687		1,770
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	10,616						10,616
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1,362)						(1,202)	(160)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(7,088)		(7,088)			(7,088)
Common stock repurchased	(24,992)	$ (35)	(24,957)			(24,992)
Common stock repurchased (In shares)		(3,459)
Other common stock issuances	852	$ 1	851			852
Other common stock issuances (In share)		106
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(183)		(183)			(183)
Cash Dividends	(3,043)			(3,043)		(3,043)
Other, net	(2,227)	$ 1	(2,323)	(4)		(2,326)	(5)	104
Other, net (in shares)		(48)
Balances at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 625,358	$ 1,466	$ 496,482	$ 49,904		$ 547,852	$ 48,294	$ 29,212
Balances (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		146,525

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PARTNERS' CAPITAL - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Aimco OP L.P. [Member]	General Partner and Special Limited Partner [Member] Aimco OP L.P. [Member]	Limited Partners [Member] Aimco OP L.P. [Member]	Partners Capital Attributable To The Partnership [Member] Aimco OP L.P. [Member]	Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member] Aimco OP L.P. [Member]	Aimco Predecessor Capital [Member] Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
Balances at Dec. 31, 2019		$ 513,560		$ 188	$ 188	$ 108	$ 513,264
Net income (loss)	$ (5,314)	(5,314)	$ (16,839)	(269)	(17,108)	(4)	11,798
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net		18,249					18,249
Issuance of partners' capital in connection with Separation			515,794	27,517	543,311		$ (543,311)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	31,773	31,773				31,773
Other OP Units Issuances		823	823		823
Balances at Dec. 31, 2020		559,091	499,778	27,436	527,214	31,877
Net income (loss)	(5,071)	(5,071)	(5,910)	(297)	(6,207)	1,136
Redemption of OP Units		(76)	1,311	(1,387)	(76)
Share-based compensation expense		3,717	2,972	745	3,717
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	3,370	3,370				3,370
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1,157)	(1,157)				(1,157)
Other OP Units Issuances		1,072	1,072		1,072
Other, net		1,287	1,342	(42)	1,300	(13)
Balances at Dec. 31, 2021		562,233	500,565	26,455	527,020	35,213
Net income (loss)	83,329	83,329	75,726	3,931	79,657	3,672
Redemption of OP Units		(234)	2,654	(2,888)	(234)
Share-based compensation expense		7,457	5,687	1,770	7,457
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	10,616	10,616				10,616
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1,362)	(1,362)		(160)	(160)	(1,202)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(183)	(183)	(183)		(183)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships	(7,088)	(7,088)	(7,088)		(7,088)
Repurchases of OP Units held by Aimco	(24,992)	(24,992)	(24,992)		(24,992)
Other OP Units Issuances		852	852		852
Cash Dividends	$ (3,043)	(3,043)	(3,043)		(3,043)
Other, net		(2,227)	(2,326)	104	(2,222)	(5)
Balances at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 625,358	$ 547,852	$ 29,212	$ 577,064	$ 48,294

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$ 92,158	$ (4,980)	$ (5,771)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	158,967	84,712	77,965
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options	(48,205)	(6,509)	(1,058)
Income tax expense (benefit)	17,264	(13,570)	(10,149)
Impairment			15,860
Amortization of debt issuance costs and other	2,787	1,384	368
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	28,986
Lease modification income	(206,963)
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments	(20,302)	(6,585)
Gain on disposition of real estate	(175,863)
Share based compensation	7,471	5,271
Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities:
Other assets, net	1,039	(11,826)	(1,873)
Net cash received from development property lease terminations	195,789
Accrued liabilities and other	(27,556)	(3,902)	(1,228)
Total adjustments	112,074	17,566	53,617
Net cash provided by operating activities	204,232	12,586	47,846
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of real estate	(129,245)	(69,601)	(107,908)
Capital expenditures	(237,523)	(177,809)	(23,889)
Proceeds from disposition of real estate	259,983
Investment in IQHQ	(14,227)	(23,273)
Redemption of IQHQ investment	16,473
Investment in unconsolidated real estate partnerships	(15,668)
Other investing activities	(547)	(727)	2,472
Net cash used in investing activities	(120,754)	(271,410)	(129,325)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt	756,220	59,757	40,000
Proceeds from construction loans	93,206	165,170
Payments of deferred loan costs	(15,266)	(6,437)	(10,234)
Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt	(302,428)	(24,383)	(84,193)
Principal repayments on construction loans	(138,404)
Principal repayments on notes payable to AIR	(534,127)
Purchase of interest rate options	(5,620)	(5,905)	(12,245)
Proceeds from interest rate option	16,818
Payments on finance leases	(26,213)	(10,855)
Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net			420,929
Payments of prepayment premiums	(25,801)		(4,269)
Common stock repurchased	(23,492)
Dividend paid on common stock	(3,043)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(1,362)	(1,158)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(9,365)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	10,616	212	20,106
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests	122,571	29,440
Redemption of OP Units	(225)
Redemption of noncontrolling interests	(7,088)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests	(5,094)
Other financing activities	(197)	(1,171)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(98,294)	204,671	370,094
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH	(14,816)	(54,153)	288,615
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD	244,582	298,735	10,120
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD	229,766	244,582	298,735
Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	92,158	(4,980)	(5,771)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	158,967	84,712	77,965
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options	(48,205)	(6,509)	(1,058)
Income tax expense (benefit)	17,264	(13,570)	(10,149)
Impairment			15,860
Amortization of debt issuance costs and other	2,787	1,384	368
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	28,986
Lease modification income	(206,963)
Realized and unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments	(20,302)	(6,585)
Gain on disposition of real estate	(175,863)
Share based compensation	7,471	5,271
Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities:
Other assets, net	1,039	(11,826)	(1,873)
Net cash received from development property lease terminations	195,789
Accrued liabilities and other	(27,556)	(3,902)	(1,228)
Total adjustments	112,074	17,566	53,617
Net cash provided by operating activities	204,232	12,586	47,846
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of real estate	(129,245)	(69,601)	(107,908)
Capital expenditures	(237,523)	(177,809)	(23,889)
Proceeds from disposition of real estate	259,983
Investment in IQHQ	(14,227)	(23,273)
Redemption of IQHQ investment	16,473
Investment in unconsolidated real estate partnerships	(15,668)
Other investing activities	(547)	(727)	2,472
Net cash used in investing activities	(120,754)	(271,410)	(129,325)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt	756,220	59,757	40,000
Proceeds from construction loans	93,206	165,170
Payments of deferred loan costs	(15,266)	(6,437)	(10,234)
Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt	(302,428)	(24,383)	(84,193)
Principal repayments on construction loans	(138,404)
Principal repayments on notes payable to AIR	(534,127)
Purchase of interest rate options	(5,620)	(5,905)	(12,245)
Proceeds from interest rate option	16,818
Payments on finance leases	(26,213)	(10,855)
Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net			420,929
Payments of prepayment premiums	(25,801)		(4,269)
Common stock repurchased	(23,492)
Dividend paid on common stock	(3,043)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(1,362)	(1,158)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(9,365)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	10,616	212	20,106
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests	122,571	29,440
Redemption of OP Units	(225)
Redemption of noncontrolling interests	(7,088)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests	(5,094)
Other financing activities	(197)	(1,171)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(98,294)	204,671	370,094
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH	(14,816)	(54,153)	288,615
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD	244,582	298,735	10,120
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD	229,766	244,582	298,735
Mezzanine Investment [Member]
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	179,239	(30,436)	(27,576)
Mezzanine Investment [Member] | Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	179,239	(30,436)	(27,576)
Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member]
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	158,967	84,712	77,965
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	(579)	(973)	(808)
Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships [Member] | Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Mezzanine / Unconsolidated partnerships investment income (loss), net	$ (579)	$ (973)	$ (808)

XML

Organization

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization

Note 1 — Organization

Apartment Investment and Management Company (“Aimco”), a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Aimco, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, is the general partner and directly is the special limited partner of Aimco OP L.P. ("Aimco Operating Partnership").

Except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively.

The Separation

On December 15, 2020, we completed the separation of our businesses (the “Separation”), creating two, separate and distinct, publicly traded companies, Aimco and Apartment Income REIT Corp. (“AIR”) (Aimco and AIR together, as they existed prior to the Separation, “Aimco Predecessor”). Events noted in this filing as occurring before December 15, 2020, were those entered into by Aimco Predecessor.

Prior to the Separation, the consolidated financial statements were prepared on a carve-out basis and reflect significant assumptions and allocations. The consolidated financial statements reflect our historical consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The historical financial statements of Aimco do not represent the financial position and results of operations of one legal entity, but rather a combination of entities under common control that have been “carved out” from Aimco Predecessor’s financial statements. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

All Separation-related transactions between Aimco and Aimco Predecessor have been considered effectively settled through partners’ capital in our consolidated financial statements, other than the Notes Payable to AIR as discussed in Note 7. The settlement of these transactions has been reflected as Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net in our Consolidated Statements of Equity and Partners’ Capital and Change in Aimco Predecessor investment, net in financing activity in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Business

As of December 31, 2022, Aimco owned 92.6% of the legal interest in the common partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership and 94.9% of the economic interest in Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 7.4% legal interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management.

We own or lease a portfolio of real estate investments focused primarily on the U.S. multifamily sector. These real estate investments include a portfolio of 26 operating apartment communities (22 consolidated properties with 5,640 apartment homes and four unconsolidated properties), diversified by both geography and price point; one commercial office building that is part of a land assemblage; three residential apartment communities, with 1,185 planned apartment homes, a single family rental community, with 16 planned homes plus eight accessory dwelling units, and one hotel, with 106 planned rooms, we are actively developing or redeveloping; land parcels held for development. Our Other real estate portfolio also includes two unconsolidated investments in land held for development. In addition, we hold other alternative investments, including our Mezzanine investment (see Note 2 for further information); our IQHQ investment (see Note 3 for further information); and our investment in real estate technology funds.

Any reference to the number of apartment communities and homes, square footage, or occupancy percentage in these notes to our consolidated financial statements are unaudited.

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on the Company’s previously reported results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation

We consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”), in which we are considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 6 for further information.

Allocations

The 2020 Consolidated Statement of Operations includes allocations of general and administrative expenses from Aimco Predecessor, as discussed in Note 5. We consider the basis on which expenses have been allocated to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by us during the periods presented. However, the allocations may not include all of the actual expenses that we would have incurred and may not reflect our consolidated results of operations, financial position, and cash flows had it been a stand-alone company during the periods presented. Actual costs that might have been incurred had we been a stand-alone company would depend on a number of factors, including the chosen organizational structure, what functions we might have performed ourselves or outsourced, and strategic decisions we might have made in areas such as information technology and infrastructure. Following the Separation, AIR, through its subsidiaries, provides us with certain property management and other services, and we perform certain functions using our own resources or purchase services from third parties.

Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership

Individuals and entities that hold an interest in Aimco Operating Partnership other than Aimco are reflected in our accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of OP Units, other than Aimco, based on the weighted-average number of OP Units (including Aimco) outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the holders of OP Units had a weighted-average economic ownership interest in Aimco Operating Partnership of approximately 5.1%, 5.0%, and 5.0%, respectively. Please refer to Note 10 for further information regarding the items comprising common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Aimco are held by Aimco Operating Partnership.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships

Redeemable noncontrolling interests consist of equity interests held by a limited partner in a consolidated real estate partnership that has a finite life. We generally attribute to noncontrolling interests their share of income or loss of consolidated partnerships based on their proportionate interest in the results of operations of the partnerships, including their share of losses even if such attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance within our equity accounts.

If a consolidated real estate partnership includes redemption rights that are not within our control, the noncontrolling interest is included as temporary equity. If the redemption right is not currently redeemable, but probable of being redeemable in the future, changes in redemption value are recognized each quarter with the change in value being reflected in additional paid-in-capital.

The assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships must first be used to settle the liabilities of the consolidated real estate partnerships. The consolidated real estate partnership’s creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership.

In December 2022, we were admitted to Strathmore Joint Venture 1 as sole limited partner. In addition, in the same period $12.9 million of loans were funded to the Strathmore Joint Venture 1 and $6.4 million in funds were remitted to our co-GP as a partial return of their capital contributions to the joint venture. This remittance reduced their ownership percentage in the joint venture and increased our combined GP and LP ownership percentage. As a result of these transactions, we consolidated Strathmore Joint Venture 1 in the fourth quarter of 2022 and recognized $7.3 million of redeemable noncontrolling interests.

In July 2022, we closed a $102.0 million preferred equity financing with an institutional investor, providing for a fixed 8% annual rate of return payable monthly. We recognized this financing as a capital contribution to redeemable noncontrolling interests.

In February 2022, we acquired all of the outstanding redeemable non-controlling interests in an entity reported as a consolidated VIE as of December 31, 2021. At the time of redemption, the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interests was $4.9 million.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships as of December 31, 2022 consist of the $102.0 million preferred equity noted above, our partner's equity interest in the Upton Joint Venture, which provides for an accruing 9.7% rate of return on their investment and the $7.3 million net interest held by the other general partner of Strathmore Joint Venture 1. These investment interests are presented as Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022.

The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2022 , and 2021 (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	33,794		$	4,263
Capital contributions		138,479			29,440
Distributions		(9,365	)		—
Redemptions		(4,911	)		—
Net income		8,829			91
Balance at December 31,	$	166,826		$	33,794

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Accordingly, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains or losses recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The excess of our cost of the acquired partnership interests over our share of the partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost ascribed to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships.

We assess the recoverability of our equity method investments if there are indicators of potential impairment. We did not recognize any such impairments of our equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Mezzanine Investment

In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments” located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. Ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan was retained by AIR following the Separation.

The Separation Agreement provides for AIR to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan, a related equity option to acquire a 30% interest in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and the interest rate option, or swaption, that provides partial protection against future refinancing risk to us through 2024 once required third-party consents are received. At the time of the Separation and as of the date of this filing, legal title of these subsidiaries had not yet transferred to us. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments received on such loan to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment and have recognized an asset related to our right to receive the Mezzanine Investment from AIR.

On a periodic basis, we evaluate our Mezzanine Investment for impairment. We assess whether there are any indicators that imply the value of our investment may be impaired. These include assessments of both the underlying property performance and general market conditions in place. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Cash flow projections for the investments consider property

level factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. We consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include the loan’s maturity date, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, and the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity.

The loan is subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, changes in the macroeconomic environment that can lead to increases in capitalization rates and discount rates, and factors that can have negative effects on occupancy and market rental rates such as lower demand for urban living in San Francisco resulting from the post pandemic virtual working environment adopted by big tech, and an increase in virtual participation as compared to pre-pandemic in class learning at local colleges. These trends have impacted the demand at the Parkmerced Apartments, resulting in a sustained decrease in rents and a negative impact on the resulting occupancy rates. Further, recent transactions in the market and a supporting appraisal, indicate that that the collateral from the note has declined in value.

This decline was deemed to be other-than-temporary and the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $212.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The non-cash impairment is reflected in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, and as a reduction in the carrying value of the Mezzanine investment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022. No impairment losses were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Prior to recording the impairment charge, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the mezzanine loan by AIR on its equity investment that are due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in AIR’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represents the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying mezzanine loan.

Real Estate

Acquisitions

Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of real estate or interests in partnerships that own real estate at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.

We allocate the cost of real estate acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures, and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs, and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar real estate.

The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, for which the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; (c) the value associated with in-place leases during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had the leased space been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels; and (d) tax abatement contract related intangibles, to the extent the property has them in place. The above and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.

Capital Additions

We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities,

at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $30.6 million, $21.3 million, and $1.0 million of interest costs, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $16.9 million, $20.9 million, and $2.7 million of indirect costs, respectively.

Gain or Loss on Dispositions

Gain or loss on dispositions are recognized when we no longer hold a controlling financial interest in the real estate and sufficient consideration has been received. Upon disposition, the related assets and liabilities are derecognized, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized as the difference between the carrying amount of those assets and liabilities and the value of consideration received. Total Gains on dispositions of real estate of $175.9 million were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no dispositions in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Impairment

Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the community.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a sublease of office space within our corporate offices to AIR at then-current market rents. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the sublease arrangement, we evaluated the recoverability of the assets associated with the subleased space, including, the right-of-use asset, tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment and concluded the subleased assets were impaired. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.0 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a software license agreement with AIR to provide for the use of certain internally developed software at then-current market rates. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the carrying value of the internally developed software, we concluded the assets were impaired. Additionally, following an evaluation of the future service potential of certain other internal software that was under development, we ceased development and impaired the associated carrying value. We recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $4.9 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

Cash Equivalents

We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions.

Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	45,171		$	43,800		$	22,152
Cash paid for income taxes		22,930			2,941			9,216
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions:
Buildings and improvements		11,109			—			—
Intangible assets, net		13,377			—			—
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan		363			—			—
Right-of-use lease assets		15,036			—			—
Other assets, net		5,629			—			—
Accrued liabilities and other		(1,854	)		(310	)		—
Lease liabilities		(15,151	)		—			—
Contributions to noncontrolling interests		(13,756	)		—			—
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor		—			—			955
Contribution from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships		—			3,159			11,667
Other non-cash transactions:
Operating leases		2,336			143			5,559
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period)		41,435			25,686			1,040
Issuance of notes payable to AIR in connection with Separation		—			—			534,127
Contribution from Aimco Predecessor, net		—			—			131,447

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, capital replacement reserves, insurance reserves, and cash restricted as required by our debt agreements.

Other Assets

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, other assets were comprised of the following amounts (in thousands):

	2022		2021
Other investments	$	63,982	$	45,386
Deferred costs, deposits, and other		20,460		22,136
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes		17,363		20,516
Intangible assets, net		14,160		3,269
Corporate fixed assets		8,371		9,855
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,206 and $1,285 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively		4,079		2,469
Deferred tax assets		2,321		6,388
Due from affiliates		1,943		4,840
Total other assets, net	$	132,679	$	114,859

Other investments

Other investments consist of passive equity investments in IQHQ Inc. (IQHQ), a privately held life sciences real estate development company, and property technology funds. See Note 13 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these investments.

Intangibles

Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands).

	2022			2021
Intangible assets (1)	$	29,902		$	16,744
Less: accumulated amortization		(15,742	)		(13,475	)
Intangible assets, net	$	14,160		$	3,269
Below-market leases	$	4,175		$	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,971	)		(3,093	)
Intangible liabilities, net	$	204		$	1,082

(1) Amount includes $13.4 million of intangible tax abatement.

Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands).

	Intangible assets		Intangible liabilities
2023	$	657	$	174
2024		735		30
2025		892		—
2026		892		—
2027		892		—
Thereafter		10,092		—
Total future amortization	$	14,160	$	204

Accounts Receivable, net and Straight-line rent

We present our accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. The allowance is determined based on an assessment of whether substantially all of the amounts due from the resident or tenant is probable of collection. This includes a specific tenant analysis and aging analysis.

Deferred Leasing Costs

In accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 842, we defer leasing costs incremental to a lease that we would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs over the lease term on the same basis as lease income, is included in Depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue from Leases

We are a lessor for residential and commercial leases. Our operating leases with residents may provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. Our operating leases with commercial tenants may provide that the tenant reimburse us for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs incurred by the commercial property. Residential and commercial reimbursements represent revenue attributable to non-lease components for which the timing and pattern of recognition is the same as the revenue for the lease components. Reimbursements and the related expenses are presented on a gross basis in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, with the reimbursements included in Rental and other property revenues in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. We recognize rental revenue attributed to lease components, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Debt Issuance Costs

We defer, as debt issuance costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issuance costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issuance costs associated with non-recourse property debt are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facilities and construction loans that have not been drawn we record the costs in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortize the costs to Interest expense, on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with construction loans are reclassified as a direct deduction to the construction loan liability in proportion to any draws on the loans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized to Interest expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the arrangement in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issuance costs are written off. Any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with an extinguishment are recognized as expense. Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs and other extinguishment costs are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition, and other physical characteristics of the asset. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are generally depreciated over five years.

We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15, or 30 years. We also capitalize payroll and other indirect costs incurred in connection with preparing an asset for its intended use. These costs include corporate-level costs that clearly relate to the capital addition activities, which we allocate to the applicable assets. All capitalized payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions.

Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease.

Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in one of our apartment communities and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive.

Our income tax benefit (expense) calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, compared to net loss subject to tax of $31.4 million for the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized income tax expense of $17.3 million, compared to income tax benefit of $13.6 million for the same period in 2021. The year-to-year change is due primarily to the GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022.

Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and Aimco intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco's current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a TRS and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income.

Earnings per Share and per Unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock or OP Units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Aimco Operating Partnership considers both OP Units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. Please refer to Note 11 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year

During the first quarter of 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-05 establishing Topic 842, Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments in conjunction with our ongoing operations. ASU 2021-05 requires a lessor to classify a lease with variable payments that do not depend on an index or rate as an operating lease if either a sales-type lease or direct financing lease classification would trigger a day-one loss, which was effective for us on January 1, 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the

discontinuation of the LIBOR or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance was effective beginning March 12, 2020 and can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2024. In January 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope” (“ASU 2021-01”), which clarified the scope and application of the original guidance. In December 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"), which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The UK Financial Conduct Authority has an intended cessation date of the overnight 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month tenors of USD LIBOR of June 30, 2023. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06 when LIBOR is discontinued. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance, but do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

XML

Significant Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Significant Transactions [Abstract]

Significant Transactions

Note 3 — Significant Transactions

Acquisitions and Investments

•In January 2022, our Fort Lauderdale consolidated joint venture closed on the acquisition of three undeveloped land parcels located in downtown Fort Lauderdale, Florida for $49.0 million ($25.0 million at our 51% share), funded primarily by a $40.0 million loan ($20.4 million at our share). The cost was allocated among the parcels based on third-party appraisals. In the fourth quarter of 2022, this loan was paid down to $22.9 million ($11.7 million at our 51% share) with disposition proceeds from one of the three undeveloped land parcels.

At the time of acquisition, one land parcel was subject to a sales agreement, which closed in December 2022, for a gross sales price of $18.3 million. This land parcel was classified as a held for sale asset prior to the sale. See below Dispositions section for further details.

•In February 2022, we entered into a short-term cancellable lease of and a purchase agreement to acquire, for $100.0 million, a nine-acre development site in the Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The site has the potential for the development of approximately three million square feet of mixed-use property, which could contain up to 1,500 residential units at full build-out. During the third quarter of 2022, we completed the $100.0 million purchase and capitalized an additional $5.9 million of costs to Land in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

•In December 2022, we closed on the acquisition of an undeveloped land parcel located in Aurora, Colorado for $1.8 million. This land is intended for the development of a multifamily property on the Anschutz Medical Campus. Capitalized costs of $0.2 million were recorded as of December 31, 2022.

•During 2022, we made an additional $14.2 million payment for our passive equity investment in IQHQ, which completed our total capital commitment of $50.0 million. Based on certain facts and circumstances related to the investment, IQHQ was initially reported at cost. In June 2022, 22% of our original investment with a cost basis of $10.8 million was redeemed for $16.5 million and we recognized a $5.7 million gain. Concurrently, our remaining investment in IQHQ with a cost basis of $39.2 million was valued at an estimated fair market value of $59.7 million, and a $20.5 million unrealized gain was recognized.

Joint Venture Transactions

•In March 2022, we formed a joint venture for the construction of approximately one million square feet of mixed-use development in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida. We hold a 20% share of the joint venture (the “Edgewater joint venture"), which includes our initial contribution of an eighth of an acre of land that we purchased for $1.7 million in January 2022 and a cash contribution of $0.3 million. Our total capital commitment for this venture is $8.0 million. We will serve as the development manager for this venture.

•In May 2022, we formed two joint ventures for a ground up project on the development of a phased multifamily community totaling 574 units at Strathmore Square in Bethesda, Maryland. We hold a 50% share of the general partner interest in these joint ventures. In December 2022, we were admitted as the sole limited partner in one of the two joint ventures ("Strathmore Joint Venture 1") and our funding commitments for both joint ventures increased to $35.6 million with remaining unfunded commitments of $21.2 million as of December 31, 2022. We serve as co-development manager for these ventures.

Dispositions

•In May 2022, we sold our Pathfinder Village property located in Fremont, California, for a gross sales price of $127.0 million and recognized a gain from the sale of $94.6 million. Pathfinder Village was a stabilized property previously reported within our Operating segment.

•In July and August 2022, we sold our Cedar Rim and 2900 on First properties located in Seattle, Washington, for a total gross sales price of $122.0 million and recognized a total gain from the sales of $75.6 million.

•In December 2022, we sold a land parcel in downtown Fort Lauderdale, for a gross sales price of $18.3 million and recognized a gain from the sale of $5.9 million. The land parcel was purchased in January 2022 and reported as a held for sale asset prior to the sale.

Lease Arrangements

•In September 2022, we as lessee, received final payment from AIR, pursuant to the lease termination agreement entered into in June 2022. The leases with respect to four properties were terminated, and we relinquished control of these properties. See Note 4 for further information.

•In December 2022, in conjunction with consolidation of the Strathmore Joint Venture 1, described in the Joint Venture Transactions section above, we recognized a 98-year ground lease for the land underlying the development site in Bethesda, Maryland. As a result, we recorded right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $15.0 million and $15.2 million, respectively. See Note 4 for further information.

XML

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Note 4 — Lease Arrangements

Aimco as Lessor

The majority of lease payments we receive from our residents and tenants are fixed. We receive variable payments from our residents and commercial tenants primarily for utility reimbursements and other services.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, our total lease income was comprised of the following amounts for all residential and commercial property leases (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed lease income	$	176,080	$	157,842	$	140,140
Variable lease income		13,654		11,487		11,192
Total lease income	$	189,734	$	169,329	$	151,332

In general, our commercial leases have options to extend for a certain period of time at the tenant's option. Future minimum annual rental payments we will receive under commercial leases, excluding such extension options, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$	13,031
2024		9,212
2025		5,728
2026		3,430
2027		1,546
Thereafter		800
Total	$	33,747

Generally, our residential leases do not provide extension options, so the average remaining term is less than one year. Our commercial leases, as of December 31, 2022, have an average remaining term of 3.2 years.

Aimco as Lessee

Lease Arrangements with AIR

We as lessee, and AIR, as lessor, have entered into leases on properties currently under construction or in lease-up. These lease arrangements are governed by separate Master Lease Agreements and the Master Leasing Agreement.

As of December 31, 2022, the Master Leasing Agreement governed one finance lease for a 15-acre plot of land in the San Francisco Bay Area. This lease commenced on June 1, 2021, has a term of 25 years, and is governed by both a separate Master Lease Arrangement and this Master Leasing Agreement. In June 2021, we commenced construction of 16 single family rental homes and 8 accessory dwelling units on this land.

In June 2022, we as lessee and AIR as lessor, entered into a lease termination agreement with respect to four leases entered into on January 1, 2021 that pertained to our North Tower of Flamingo Point, 707 Leahy, The Fremont, and Prism properties. This agreement terminated these four finance leases on September 1, 2022. Upon termination, both parties were released of any and all liabilities and obligations under each respective lease other than those liabilities and obligations, if any, that expressly survived termination. On September 1, 2022, we relinquished control of the leasehold improvements on these four properties as well as the underlying land. In exchange, AIR remitted a total of $200.0 million in consideration to us as termination payments.

Because the termination agreement modified the expiration date of each lease to September 1, 2022, we accelerated depreciation on the associated leasehold improvements using lease terms that ended September 1, 2022. We recorded $85.7 million of total depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, we recognized Lease modification income of $207.0 million, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Ground Leases

In December 2022, in conjunction with consolidating the Strathmore Joint Venture 1, which was described in the Note 3, we recognized a 98-year ground lease for the land underlying the development site, a ground up project on the development of a phased multifamily community totaling 220 units in Bethesda, Maryland, initially recording right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $15.0 million and $15.2 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we entered into two 99-year ground leases for the land underlying the development site at Upton Place, a mixed-use development project which will create 689 apartment homes and approximately 100,000 square feet of commercial space in upper-northwest Washington, D.C., initially recording right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $92.8 million and $86.3 million, respectively. Substantially all of the payments under our ground leases are fixed. We exclude options to extend the leases from our minimum lease terms unless the options are reasonably certain to be exercised.

Other Finance Lease Arrangements

In February 2022, we, as lessee, entered into certain finance lease arrangements concurrent with a purchase agreement to acquire a development site in the Flagler Village neighborhood of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. During the third quarter of 2022, we completed the $100.0 million purchase and recognized an additional $5.9 million of capitalized costs as Land in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 3 for further information.

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our finance leases had weighted-average remaining terms of 94.2 years and 38.5 years, respectively, and weighted-average discount rates of 6.1% and 5.4%, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, finance lease right-of-use assets and liabilities totaled $110.3 million and $114.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, finance right-of-use lease assets and liabilities totaled $429.8 million and $435.1 million, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, amortization related to finance leases was $6.7 million, net of amounts capitalized, compared to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we capitalized $8.5 million of lease costs associated with active development and redevelopment projects on certain of the underlying property and ground lease assets, compared to $22.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. No lease costs were capitalized on leased assets for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense net of amounts capitalized related to our finance leases was $7.5 million compared to $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Operating Lease Arrangements

We have operating leases primarily for corporate office space. Substantially all of the payments under our office leases are fixed. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our operating leases had weighted-average remaining terms of 5.6 years and 7.4 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our operating leases had weighted-average discount rates of 3.4% and 3.1%, respectively.

We record operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Total operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, operating lease right-of-use assets of $6.7 million and $5.1 million, respectively, are included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, operating lease liabilities of $12.8 million and $12.7 million, respectively, are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For finance and operating leases, when the rate implicit in the lease cannot be determined, we estimate the value of our lease liabilities using discount rates equivalent to the rates we would pay on a secured borrowing with terms similar to the leases. We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and have elected to not separate these components for all classes of underlying assets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases with initial terms greater than 12 months are recorded as operating or financing leases in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Office Space Sublease

We have a sublease arrangement to provide space within our corporate office for fixed rents, which commenced on January 1, 2021 and expires on May 31, 2029. We sublease office space within our corporate office to AIR which is reflected in the sublease income below. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized sublease income from AIR of $1.4 million, $1.4 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.

Annual Future Minimum Lease Payments

Combined minimum annual lease payments under operating and finance leases, and sublease income that offsets our operating lease rent, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Sublease Income and Lease Modification Income		Operating Lease Future Minimum Rent			Finance Leases Future Minimum Payments
2023	$	1,403	$	1,999		$	2,905
2024		1,413		2,298			3,921
2025		1,423		2,302			4,437
2026		1,433		2,341			4,954
2027		1,443		2,380			5,483
Thereafter		2,083		3,024			1,433,295
Total	$	9,198	$	14,344		$	1,454,995
Less: Discount				(1,502	)		(1,340,370	)
Total lease liabilities			$	12,842		$	114,625

XML

Agreements and Transactions With AIR

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Agreements and Transactions With AIR

Note 5 — Agreements and Transactions with AIR

In conjunction with the Separation, we entered into various separation and transition services agreements with AIR that have significant operational and financial impacts to us.

Master Services Agreement

Under the Master Services Agreement with AIR, AIR provides us with customary administrative and support services. We are obligated to pay AIR the fully burdened costs in performing the services. We may terminate any or all services on 60 days prior written notice, and AIR may terminate individual services, at any time after December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we incurred administrative and support fees of $2.1 million and $2.4 million, respectively. We did not incur any fees during the year ended December 31, 2020. These administrative support fees are included in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Property Management Agreements

Under the Property Management Agreements with AIR, AIR provides us with certain property management, property accounting and related services for the majority of our operating properties. We pay AIR a property management fee for these services equal to 3% of each respective property’s revenue collected and such other fees as may be mutually agreed for various other services. The initial term of each Property Management Agreement is one year, with automatic one-year renewal periods, unless either party elects to terminate at any time upon delivery of 60 days prior written notice to the other party before the end of the term. Neither party is obligated to pay to the other party a termination fee or other penalty upon such termination.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized property management and property accounting fees of $5.3 million and $5.2 million, respectively. From Separation to December 31, 2020, we recorded property management and

property accounting fees of $0.2 million. These property management and property accounting fees are included in Property operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Master Leasing Agreement

The Master Leasing Agreement, as amended on June 14, 2022, governs the current and any future leasing arrangements between us, as lessee, and AIR, as lessor. Under the amendments to the Master Leasing Agreement, AIR's purchase option to acquire completed development and redevelopment properties was replaced with a right of first offer on development and redevelopment assets that have achieved stabilization and that we choose to bring to market within one year thereafter. Each time the parties wish to execute a new lease for a particular property, they will execute a stand-alone lease.

Notes Payable to AIR

In July 2022, we completed the early repayment of the $534.1 million of Notes Payable to AIR, which was entered into in December 2020. As a result of the early repayment, we incurred $17.4 million of spread maintenance costs, which were included in Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized interest expense on the Notes Payable to AIR of $13.7 million and $27.8 million, respectively.

Other

In June 2022, for $7.2 million, we acquired from AIR the common noncontrolling interest in the entity that indirectly holds a portfolio of assets that previously secured the Notes Payable to AIR.

Due to and from AIR

As of December 31, 2022, we have amounts due to and from AIR of $7.2 million and $1.7 million, which are included in Other assets and Accrued liabilities and other, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had amounts due to and from AIR of $15.7 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The amounts due to AIR primarily consist of invoices paid on our behalf and other reimbursements owed to AIR. The amounts due from AIR primarily consist of net cash flows generated by our operating properties.

Terry Considine Service Agreement/AIR Reimbursement

As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Terry Considine, an Aimco board member and our former Chief Executive Officer, had specific responsibilities to us as a non-executive employee during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of our business, reporting directly to the Board. These responsibilities, separate from Mr. Considine's services as a board member, which have also come to an end, included (i) short and long-term strategic direction and advice; (ii) transition and executive support to officers; and (iii) advice and consultation with respect to strategic growth and acquisition activities. Mr. Considine's transition services to Aimco have been completed. The independent directors of the Board set Mr. Considine's 2022 target total compensation (including base compensation, short-term incentive, and long-term incentive) for these responsibilities at $1.8 million, to be paid in equity. Mr. Considine did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board in 2022.

Additionally, we are obligated for all base salary, short-term incentive amounts and long-term incentive amounts payable to Mr. Considine for the calendar year 2022 under the terms of his employment agreement with AIR that are in excess of $1.0 million, collectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $6.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of expense in the aggregate pursuant to these arrangements. This expense is included in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4.5 million and $4.6 million, respectively, is included in the amounts due to AIR.

These arrangements concluded as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, Mr. Considine resigned from serving as a member of the Board on February 13, 2023.

Expense Allocation

In preparing our consolidated financial statements for the periods prior to the Separation, certain expenses, including property operating expenses, depreciation and amortization, and general and administrative expenses, incurred at the corporate level that are attributable to us have been allocated on a carve-out basis. Expenses allocated for the years ended December 31, 2020 was $9.8 million. Depending on the nature of the expense, the allocation was based on our relative share of total gross potential revenue, and the relative gross asset value of our communities as compared to the total gross potential revenue and gross asset

value of all communities held by Aimco Predecessor, which we believe to be reasonable methodologies. These allocated expenses are centralized corporate costs for management and other services, including, but not limited to, executive oversight, treasury, finance, human resources, tax, accounting, financial reporting, information technology, and investor relations.

XML

Variable Interest Entities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Variable Interest Entities

Note 6 — Variable Interest Entities

We evaluate our investments in limited partnerships and similar entities in accordance with applicable consolidation guidance to determine whether each such entity is a VIE. The accounting standards for the consolidation of VIEs require qualitative assessments to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is based on power and economics. We conclude that we are the primary beneficiary and consolidate the VIE if we have both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Significant judgments and assumptions related to the determinations include, but are not limited to, estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

We consolidate Aimco Operating Partnership, a VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary. Through Aimco Operating Partnership, we consolidate all VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Substantially all of our assets and liabilities are those of Aimco Operating Partnership.

Aimco Operating Partnership is the primary beneficiary, and therefore consolidates its five VIEs that own interests in real estate. In addition, we have eight unconsolidated VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary because we are not their primary decision maker. The eight unconsolidated VIEs include four unconsolidated real estate partnerships that hold four apartment communities in San Diego, California, the Mezzanine Investment, our passive investment in IQHQ, our investment in the Edgewater joint venture, and our investments in one of the Strathmore joint ventures.

The details of our consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs, excluding those of Aimco Operating Partnership, are summarized in the table below as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except for VIE count).

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Consolidated		Unconsolidated		Consolidated		Unconsolidated
Count of VIEs	5		8		9		6
Assets
Real estate, net	$	258,529	$	—	$	564,909	$	—
Mezzanine investment		—		158,558		—		337,797
Right-of-use lease assets		110,269		—		429,768		—
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		—		15,789		—		13,005
Other assets, net		36,345		59,823		43,715		35,773
Liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities		—		—		124,747		—
Accrued liabilities and other		26,003		—		30,519		—
Non-recourse property debt, net		22,689		—		—		—
Construction loans, net		40,013		—		163,570		—
Lease liabilities		114,625		—		435,093		—

Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships

The changes in consolidated VIE assets and liabilities from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 in the table above are primarily due to the impact of:

(i) In December 2022, we were admitted as sole limited partner to Strathmore Joint Venture 1, and we remitted $6.4 million in funds to our co-GP as a partial return of their capital contributions to the joint venture. This remittance reduced their ownership percentage in the joint venture and increased our combined GP and LP ownership percentage to greater than 50%. As a result of this change in ownership, we became the primary beneficiary and consequently consolidated the joint venture. As of December 31, 2022, we had $51.4 million in assets and $28.5 million in liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. There was no gain or loss recognized upon consolidation.

(ii) In September 2022, we as lessee received final payment from AIR as lessor, pursuant to the lease termination agreement entered into in June 2022. The leases with respect to four properties were terminated, and we relinquished control of the associated leasehold improvements and underlying land of these four properties. Consequently, we derecognized real estate assets of $86.6 million and paid off a $138.4 million construction loan, which was derecognized as well. In

addition, we derecognized right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities of $326.1 million and $337.3 million, respectively, due to the lease terminations described here and in Note 4.

(iii) In February 2022, we acquired all of the outstanding redeemable non-controlling interests in an entity reported as a consolidated VIE as of December 31, 2021. Consequently, the entity became wholly owned by us and is no longer a VIE. As a result, $416.2 million of Real estate, net and $124.7 million of Deferred tax liability are no longer presented in the table above.

Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

We own an interest in four unconsolidated real estate partnerships that hold four apartment communities in San Diego, California. We also own investments in the Edgewater joint venture formed in March 2022 to develop a 2.8-acre site in Miami's Edgewater neighborhood, and a Strathmore joint venture formed in May 2022 to develop a ground-up phased multifamily community in Bethesda, Maryland.

Our investment balances of $15.8 million and $13.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, represent our maximum exposure to loss in these unconsolidated VIEs.

Mezzanine Investment

As discussed in Note 2, AIR holds a mezzanine loan payable by the partnership that owns Parkmerced Apartments, of which it is not the primary beneficiary. Under the terms of the Separation Agreement, AIR is obligated to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that hold this interest to us upon receipt of applicable third-party consents. Our investment balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were $158.6 million and $337.8 million. The net carrying values reflect our indirect interest in the mezzanine notes receivable through our agreement with AIR and our maximum exposure to loss in this VIE.

XML

Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Note 7 —Debt

Non-Recourse Property Debt

We finance apartment communities in our portfolio primarily using property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate debt. The following table summarizes non-recourse property debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate property debt	May 15, 2026 to June 1, 2033	1.00% to 4.68%	4.25%	$	774,293		$	429,883
Variable-rate property debt	January 10, 2024 to October 9, 2025	8.84% to 10.63%	9.73%		164,183			55,000
Total non-recourse property debt			5.21%	$	938,476		$	484,883
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					1,210			1,536
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(10,185	)		(3,282	)
Total non-recourse property debt, net				$	929,501		$	483,137

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 5.12%.

Principal and interest on our non-recourse property debt are generally payable monthly or in monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2022, our property debt was secured by 24 properties. These non-recourse property debt instruments contain financial covenants common to the type of borrowing, and as of December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with all such covenants.

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments for the non-recourse property debt were as follows (in thousands):

	Amortization		Maturities		Total
2023	$	3,078	$	—	$	3,078
2024		3,188		82,883		86,071
2025		3,303		81,300		84,603
2026		2,166		75,519		77,685
2027		1,596		—		1,596
Thereafter		6,215		679,228		685,443
Total	$	19,546	$	918,930	$	938,476

Construction Loans

Our construction loans, which are primarily non-recourse loans except for customary construction loan guarantees, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate construction loans	December 23, 2025 to December 23, 2052	3.25% to 13.00%	8.09%	$	12,900		$	—
Variable-rate construction loans	July 1, 2024 to June 23, 2025	7.32% to 8.76%	7.75%		113,417			168,376
Total construction loans			7.78%	$	126,317		$	168,376
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					(363	)		—
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(7,256	)		(4,806	)
Total construction loans, net				$	118,698		$	163,570

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 6.89%.

Interest-only payments on our construction loans are generally payable monthly with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2022, our construction debt was secured by 4 properties. These debt instruments contain financial covenants common to the type of borrowing, and as of December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with all such covenants.

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal maturity payments for the construction debt were as follows (in thousands):

	Principal Maturity Payments
2023	$	—
2024		79,815
2025		40,002
2026		—
2027		—
Thereafter		6,500
Total	$	126,317

Revolving Credit Facility

In December 2020, we entered into a credit agreement that provides for a $150.0 million secured credit facility, a $20.0 million swingline loan sub-facility and a $30.0 million letter of credit sub-facility. We can request incremental commitments under the credit agreement up to an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. The credit facility has a maturity date of December 2023, with two twelve-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The revolving loans (other than the swingline) will bear interest, at our option, at a per annum rate equal to (a) LIBOR plus a margin of 2.00% or (b) a base rate plus a margin of 1.00%. Swingline loans made under the revolving credit facility will bear interest at a per annum rate equal to the base rate plus a margin of 1.00%. The base rate is defined as a fluctuating per annum rate of interest equal to the highest of (x) the overnight bank funding rate as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 0.5%, (y) PNC Bank, National Association’s prime rate and (z) the daily LIBOR Rate plus 1.00%. If the LIBOR Rate determined under any referenced method

would be less than 0.25%, such rate shall be deemed 0.25%. We may terminate or, from time to time, reduce the aggregate amount of commitments. The revolving credit facility agreement contains language to facilitate a change to SOFR from LIBOR in 2023.

As of December 31, 2022, we had no outstanding balance on our secured revolving credit facility, the swingline sub-facility or the letter of credit sub-facility. Under our secured revolving credit facility, we have agreed to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25x, minimum adjusted tangible net worth of $625.0 million, and maximum leverage of 60.0% as defined in the credit agreement, among other customary covenants. We believe we are in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2022.

Notes Payable to AIR

In July 2022, we completed the prepayment of $534.1 million of Notes Payable to AIR, which was entered into on December 14, 2020. As a result, we incurred $17.4 million of spread maintenance costs, which are included in Income expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized interest expense of $13.7 million, $27.8 million, and $1.3 million, respectively, associated with the Notes Payable to AIR, which is included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

XML

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Note 8 — Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of our taxable entities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2022			2021
Deferred tax liabilities:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences	$	119,621		$	124,733
Lease Liability		385			79,827
Other		120			1,807
Deferred tax assets:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences		—			145
Lease Right of Use		439			80,497
Other		3,703			2,764
Net operating, capital, and other loss carryforwards		1,109			5,598
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(2,419	)		(1,342	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	117,294		$	118,705

Our policy is to include any interest and penalties related to income taxes within income tax benefit (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations.

Significant components of the income tax benefit (expense) including any interest and penalties related to income taxes are as follows and are classified within Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands):

	2022			2021			2020
Current:
Federal	$	12,499		$	905		$	857
State		5,840			(250	)		660
Total current		18,339			655			1,517
Deferred:
Federal		(934	)		(7,400	)		(10,470	)
State		(141	)		(6,825	)		(1,196	)
Total deferred		(1,075	)		(14,225	)		(11,666	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	17,264		$	(13,570	)	$	(10,149	)

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and income and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had consolidated net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 we had consolidated net loss subject to tax of $31.4 million, and $25.5 million, respectively.

The reconciliation of income tax attributable to operations computed at the United States statutory rate to income tax benefit recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is shown below (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Tax (benefit) expense at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax	$18,641	21.0%	$(6,591)	21.0%	$(5,361)	21.0%
US branch profits tax on earnings of foreign subsidiary	(1,965)	(2.2%)	(1,084)	3.5%	(4,195)	16.4%
State income tax, net of federal (benefit) expense	4,590	5.2%	(7,075)	22.5%	(536)	2.1%
Effects of permanent differences	209	0.2%	197	(0.6%)	1	0.0%
Uncertain tax positions	(4,945)	(5.6%)	—	0%	—	0.0%
Valuation allowance	1,109	1.2%	840	(2.7%)	—	0.0%
Other	(375)	(0.4%)	143	(0.5%)	(58)	0.2%
Total income tax benefit	$17,264	19.4%	$(13,570)	43.2%	$(10,149)	39.7%

Income taxes paid totaled approximately $22.9 million, $2.9 million, and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

For income tax purposes, dividends paid to holders of Common Stock primarily consist of ordinary income, capital gains, qualified dividends, unrecaptured Section 1250 gains, or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, tax attributes of dividends per share held for the entire year were estimated to be as follows (unaudited):

	2022					2021					2020
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Ordinary income	$	0.01		53.5	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	3.17		6.7	%
Capital gains		0.01		46.5	%		-		0.0	%		19.43		40.9	%
Qualified dividends		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		0.62		1.3	%
Unrecaptured § 1250 gain		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		8.80		18.5	%
Return of capital		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		15.48		32.6	%
Balance at December 31	$	0.02		100.0	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	47.50		100.0	%

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is presented below and is included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

Because the statute of limitations has not yet elapsed, our United States federal income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2019, and subsequent years and certain of our state income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2019, and subsequent years are currently subject to examination by the IRS or other taxing authorities. If recognized, the unrecognized tax benefits would affect our effective tax rate.

	2022			2021
Balance at January 1	$	7,038		$	7,076
Reductions based on tax positions in prior years		(4,903	)		(38	)
Balance at December 31	$	2,135		$	7,038

In accordance with the accounting requirements for stock-based compensation, we may recognize tax benefits in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees of our TRS entities and the vesting of restricted stock awards. We recognize the tax effects related to stock-based compensation through earnings in the period the compensation is recognized.

XML

Aimco Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Aimco Equity

Note 9 — Aimco Equity

Common Stock

Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 510,587,500 shares of Common Stock and we had 146,524,941 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

2022 Stock Repurchases

Our Board has, from time to time, authorized us to repurchase shares of our outstanding Common Stock. As of December 31, 2022, we were authorized to repurchase up to 12.3 million shares of our outstanding Common Stock, subject to certain customary limitations, which may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. This authorization has no expiration date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 3.5 million shares of our Common Stock at a weighted-average price of $7.21 per share.

There were no stock repurchases during the years ended December 31, 2021, or December 31, 2020.

2022 Cash Dividend

As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of shares of its Common Stock at least 90.0% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. Aimco's Board determines and declares Aimco's dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco's Board considers a variety of factors, including REIT distribution requirements, current market conditions, liquidity needs, and other uses of cash, such as deleveraging and accretive investment activities. On September 30, 2022, Aimco paid a special cash dividend of $0.02 per share to shareholders of record on September 14, 2022.

Separation from AIR

On December 15, 2020, we completed the Separation which was effected by way of a pro rata distribution, in which stockholders of Aimco received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. AIR Operating Partnership also completed a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common OP units of Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common OP units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance OP units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020.

Notwithstanding the legal form of the Separation, for accounting and financial reporting purposes, we are presented as being spun-off from AIR. Therefore, we are the accounting spinee and AIR is considered the divesting entity and treated as the accounting spinnor, or accounting predecessor. Since the assets, liabilities and operations of Aimco prior to the Separation were spread across multiple legal entities, a separate capital structure did not exist.

XML

Partners' Capital

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Partners' Capital [Abstract]

Partners' Capital

Note 10 — Partners’ Capital

Aimco Operating Partnership Partners’ Capital

Common Partnership Units

In Aimco Operating Partnership’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, the OP Units held by us are classified within Partners’ Capital as General Partner and Special Limited Partner capital and the OP Units held by entities other than us are classified within Limited Partners’ capital. In our Consolidated Balance Sheets, the OP Units held by entities other than us are classified within permanent equity as Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership.

OP Units held by us are not redeemable whereas OP Units held by interests in Aimco Operating Partnership other than Aimco are redeemable at the holders’ option, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of one OP Unit for either one share of Common Stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of Common Stock at the time of redemption. We have the option to deliver shares of Common Stock in exchange for all or any portion of such OP Units tendered for redemption. When a limited partner redeems an OP Unit for Common Stock, Limited Partners’ capital is reduced, and the General Partner and Special Limited Partners’ capital is increased.

Entities other than us that hold OP Units receive distributions in an amount equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of Common Stock.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 108,000 OP Units, which were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock, and approximately 33,000 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for cash at an aggregate weighted average price per unit of $7.07.

Separation from AIR

On December 15, 2020, Aimco Operating Partnership completed the Separation, which was effected, in part, through a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common limited partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common limited partnership units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance partnership units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. In addition, our stockholders received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on the record date and received cash in lieu of fractional shares of Class A common stock of AIR.

XML

Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit

Note 11 — Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate basic earnings per share of common stock and basic earnings per common unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding. We calculate diluted earnings per share of Common Stock and diluted earnings per unit taking into consideration dilutive shares of Common Stock and common partnership unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period.

The shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding at the Separation date are reflected as outstanding for all periods prior to the Separation for purposes of determining earnings per share and per unit. Each of our executives and AIR’s executives received one unvested share of our stock and one unvested share of AIR stock at the Separation date for each unvested share they held at that date. We include AIR’s executives’ rights to receive Aimco shares upon vesting in our dilutive calculations.

Aimco's Common Stock and common partnership unit equivalents include options to purchase shares of Common Stock, which, if exercised, would result in our issuance of additional shares of Common Stock and Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance to us of additional common partnership units equal to the number of shares of Common Stock purchased under the options. These equivalents also include unvested performance-based restricted stock awards that do not meet the definition of participating securities, which would result in an increase in the number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units outstanding equal to the number of the shares that vest. Common partnership unit equivalents also include unvested long-term incentive partnership units. We include in the denominator securities with dilutive effect in calculating diluted earnings per share and per unit during these periods.

Aimco's time-based restricted stock awards receive non-forfeitable dividends similar to shares of common stock and common partnership units prior to vesting, and our Performance-Based LTIP I units and Performance-Based LTIP II units receive non-forfeitable distributions based on specified percentages of the distributions paid to common partnership units prior to vesting and conversion. The unvested restricted shares and units related to these awards are participating securities. We include the effect of participating securities in basic and diluted earnings per share and unit computations using the two-class method of allocating distributed and undistributed earnings when the two-class method is more dilutive than the treasury stock method. Participating securities are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share and unit for the year ended December 31, 2022, because the effect of their inclusion is dilutive. Participating securities are excluded from our computation of diluted loss per share and unit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Reconciliations of the numerator and denominator in the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share and per unit for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands, except per share and per unit data):

	Years ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
Earnings per share
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco	$	75,726		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco participating securities		(1,087	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders	$	74,639		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Denominator - shares:
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding		149,395			149,480			148,569
Diluted share equivalents outstanding		1,439			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding		150,834			149,480			148,569
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings per unit
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership	$	79,657		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco Operating Partnership participating securities		(1,131	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership's common unit holders	$	78,526		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Denominator - units
Basic weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		157,317			157,701			156,500
Diluted partnership unit equivalents outstanding		1,457			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		158,774			157,701			156,500
Earnings (loss) per unit - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per unit - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)

XML

Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Note 12 — Share-Based Compensation

We have a stock award and incentive program to attract and retain employees and independent directors. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 21.4 million shares were available for issuance under the Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The total number of shares available for issuance under this plan may increase due to any forfeiture, cancellation, exchange, surrender, termination or expiration of an award outstanding under the 2015 Plan. Awards under the 2015 Plan may be in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, or other types of awards as authorized under the 2015 Plan. Our plans are administered by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into an agreement to modify all outstanding awards granted to the holders of such awards. Each outstanding time or performance based Aimco award was converted into one share of our Common Stock and one share of AIR common stock. Generally, all such Aimco equity awards retain the same terms and vesting conditions as the original Aimco equity awards immediately before the Separation.

Following the Separation, compensation expense related to these modified awards for the employees retained by us is incurred by Aimco. The compensation expense related to these modified awards for employees of AIR is incurred by AIR.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, total compensation cost recognized for share-based awards was (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
Share-based compensation expense (1)	$	6,441	$	3,377	$	1,070
Capitalized share-based compensation (2)		1,016		340		138
Total share-based compensation (3)	$	7,457	$	3,717	$	1,208

(1)Amounts are recorded in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2)Amounts are recorded in Buildings and improvements in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3)Amounts are recorded in Additional paid-in capital and Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and in General Partner and Special Limited Partner and Limited Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of December 31, 2022, our share of total unvested compensation cost not yet recognized was 13.5 million. We expect to recognize this compensation cost over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.

We grant stock options and restricted stock awards that are subject to time-based vesting and require continuous employment, typically over a period of four to five years from the grant date, and we refer to these awards as Time-Based Stock Options and Time-Based Restricted Stock, respectively. We also grant stock options, restricted stock awards, and two forms of long-term incentive partnership units (“LTIP units”), that vest conditioned on our total shareholder return (“TSR”), relative to identified indices over a forward-looking performance period of three years. We refer to these awards as TSR Stock Options, TSR Restricted Stock, TSR LTIP I units, and TSR LTIP II units. Vested LTIP II units may be converted at the holders’ option to LTIP Units for a conversion price over a term of 10 years. Earned TSR-based awards, if any, will generally vest 100% on the third anniversary of the grant date, based on continued employment. Our Time-Based Stock Options and TSR Stock Options expire generally 10 years from the date of grant.

We recognize compensation cost associated with time-based awards ratably over the requisite service periods, which are typically three to four years. We recognize compensation cost related to the TSR-based awards, over the requisite service period, commencing on the grant date. The value of the TSR-based awards takes into consideration the probability that the market condition will be achieved; therefore, previously recorded compensation cost is not adjusted in the event that the market condition is not achieved, and awards do not vest.

We had Time-Based Stock Options, Time-Based Restricted Stock, TSR Stock Options, TSR Restricted Stock, TSR LTIP I units and TSR LTIP II units outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The following two tables summarize activity for equity compensation for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	TSR Stock Options				Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards						TSR Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of year		317,200	$	6.66		1,941,125		$	6.84			283,503		$	10.14
Granted		212,767		6.96		328,941			7.16			183,320			7.25
Exercised		—		—	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A
Vested	N/A		N/A			(30,618	)		14.61	(1)		(3,198	)		47.44	(1)
Forfeited		—		—		(85,310	)		6.90			(2,880	)		55.50	(1)
Outstanding at end of year		529,967	$	6.78		2,154,138		$	6.78			460,745		$	8.45

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

	LTIP I Units						TSR LTIP II Units				Time LTIP II Units
	Number of Units			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		12,441		$	53.69	(1)		563,890	$	4.64		—	$	—
Granted		—			—			341,550		6.96		563,334		6.96
Exercised	N/A			N/A				—		—		—		—
Vested		(2,557	)		53.17	(1)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Forfeited		(2,698	)		55.17	(1)		—		—		—		—
Outstanding at end of year		7,186		$	53.33			905,440	$	5.52		563,334	$	6.96

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

The following table summarizes the unvested or outstanding shares issued to our employees and employees of AIR and are potentially dilutive to us and Aimco Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2022.

	Unvested Shares
Awards	Aimco		AIR		Unvested Compensation Not Yet Recognized (1)
Time-Based Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		—		786,413	$	—
TSR Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		529,967		25,563		874
Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards		2,154,138		18,000		9,143
TSR Restricted Stock Awards		460,745		47,516		2,007
LTIP I units		7,186		—		62
TSR LTIP II units (Outstanding shares)		1,468,774		1,089,691		1,415
Total awards		4,620,810		1,967,183	$	13,501

(1)Unvested compensation not yet recognized represents our compensation cost for our employees. Compensation costs related to shares issued to AIR employees are recognized by AIR.

Determination of Grant-Date Fair Value Awards

We estimated the fair value of TSR-based awards granted in 2022 and 2021 using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation method. Under this method, the prices of the indices and shares of our Common Stock were simulated through the end of the performance period. The correlation matrix between shares of our Common Stock and the indices, as well as the corresponding return volatilities, were developed based upon an analysis of historical data.

The following table includes the assumptions used for the valuation of TSR-based awards that were granted in 2022 and 2021.

TSR-based Award Assumptions	2022	2021
Grant date market value of a common share	$6.96	$6.66-$7.10
Risk-free interest rate	0.19%-1.38%	0.02%-1.22%
Dividend yield	0%	0%
Expected volatility	32.09%-33.04%	30.4%-32.29%
Derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock	3.0	3.0
Weighted average expected term of TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units	4.9	5.4

XML

Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

From time to time, we purchase interest rate swaps, caps, and other instruments to provide protection against increases in interest rates on our variable rate debt. As of December 31, 2022, we held interest rate swaps and caps with $2.0 billion notional value. These instruments were acquired for $17.7 million, and the fair value of these instruments is noted in the table below.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we monetized an interest rate swap and an interest rate cap for $16.8 million and recognized gains of $11.1 million, net of transaction costs, which are included in Realized and unrealized gain (losses) on interest rate options.

On a recurring basis, we measure at fair value our interest rate options, which are presented in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our interest rate options are classified within Level 2 of the GAAP fair value hierarchy, and we estimate their fair value using pricing models that rely on observable market information, including contractual terms, market prices, and interest rate yield curves. The fair value adjustment is included in earnings in Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value are reflected as a non-cash transaction in adjustments to arrive at cash flows from operations, and any upfront premium is reflected in Purchase of interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had investments of $4.3 million and $9.6 million, respectively, in property technology funds consisting of entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry. These investments are measured at net asset

value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient. See Note 14 for further information regarding unfunded commitments related to these investments.

The following table summarizes the fair value of our interest rate options and our investments in real estate technology funds as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Interest rate options	$62,259	$—	$62,259	$—	$25,449	$—	$25,449	$—
Investments in real estate technology funds (1)	$4,296	$—	$—	$—	$9,613	$—	$—	$—

(1)Investments measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

As of December 31, 2022, we tested the Mezzanine Investment for impairment given triggering events occurring in the fourth quarter of 2022 and we recorded a non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million. Our estimate of the Mezzanine Investment's fair value was derived using internally developed models to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral, with significant weighting given to a third-party appraisal of the Parkmerced Apartments collateral. This appraisal incorporates various estimates and assumptions, the most significant being the capitalization rate and discount rate of 3.75% and 11.5%, respectively, market rental rates and operating expenses. These assumptions are based on Level 3 inputs. See Note 2 for further details.

Immediately following the Separation, we tested our right of use assets, tenant improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and our internally developed software for impairment. We concluded that the estimated fair value of the related assets no longer exceeded their carrying values and recorded an aggregate impairment of $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value determination included assumptions based on Level 3 inputs. See Note 2 for further information. There were no such impairments in 2022 or 2021.

Fair Value Disclosures

We believe that the carrying value of the consolidated amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivables and payables approximated their fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, due to their relatively short-term nature and high probability of realization. We estimate the fair value of our debt using an income and market approach, including comparison of the contractual terms to observable and unobservable inputs such as market interest rate risk spreads, contractual interest rates, remaining periods to maturity, debt service coverage ratios, and loan to value ratios. We classify the fair value of our non-recourse property debt and construction loans within Level 2 of the GAAP valuation hierarchy based on the significance of certain of the unobservable inputs used to estimate their fair value. The carrying amount of the Notes Payable to AIR, which were fully repaid in the third quarter of 2022, approximated their fair value at December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes carrying value and fair value of our non-recourse property debt, construction loans, and Notes Payable to AIR as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Non-recourse property debt	$	938,476	$	878,804	$	484,883	$	498,960
Construction loans		126,317		125,954		168,376		168,376
Notes Payable to AIR		-		-		534,127		534,127
Total	$	1,064,793	$	1,004,758	$	1,187,386	$	1,201,463

XML

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

In connection with our development, redevelopment and other capital additions activities, we have entered into various construction-related contracts, and have made commitments to complete development and redevelopment of certain real estate, pursuant to financing or other arrangements. We have entered into contracts for $155.8 million, with $304.6 million undrawn on our construction loans as of December 31, 2022.

We have total remaining commitments to unconsolidated joint ventures of $10.3 million, which we expect to fund over the next twelve months.

As of December 31, 2022, we have remaining commitments of $2.4 million related to our investments in property technology funds invested in entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry. The timing of the remaining funding of these commitments is uncertain.

We also enter into certain commitments for future purchases of goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures.

Legal Matters

From time to time, we may be a party to certain legal proceedings, incidental to the normal course of business. While the outcome of the legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe there are no legal proceedings pending that would have a material effect upon on our financial condition or results of operations.

XML

Business Segments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Business Segments

Note 15 — Business Segments

We have three segments: (i) Development and Redevelopment, (ii) Operating, and (iii) Other.

Our Development and Redevelopment segment consists of properties that are under construction or have not achieved stabilization, as well as land held for development. Our Operating segment includes 21 residential apartment communities that have achieved stabilized level of operations as of January 1, 2021 and maintained it throughout the current year and comparable period. We aggregate all our apartment communities that have reached stabilization into our Operating segment. Our Other segment consists of properties that are not included in our Development and Redevelopment or Operating segments. During 2022, we disposed of two Seattle, Washington area properties and one stabilized property located in Fremont, CA that was previously reported within our Operating segment. In addition, we terminated the leases for four residential apartment communities that were previously reported within our Development and Redevelopment segment. Prior period segment information has been recast based upon our current segment population, and is consistent with how our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") evaluates the business. The recast conforms with our reportable segment composition as of December 31, 2022.

Our CODM uses cash flow, construction timeline to completion, and actual versus budgeted results to evaluate our properties in our Development and Redevelopment segment. Our CODM uses proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our Operating segment. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenues, excluding reimbursements, less direct property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements, for consolidated communities. In our Consolidated Statements of Operations, utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP.

As of December 31, 2022, our Development and Redevelopment segment consists of 12 properties; three residential apartment communities with 1,185 planned apartment homes, a single family rental community with 16 planned homes plus eight accessory dwelling units, and one hotel, with 106 planned rooms, we are actively developing or redeveloping; and land parcels held for development. Our Operating segment includes 21 consolidated apartment communities with 5,582 apartment homes. Our Other segment includes our Eldridge Townhomes apartment community, stabilized but not owned for the comparable reporting period, and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive, our only office building.

The following tables present the results of operations of consolidated properties, with our segments reported on a proportionate basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands): Prior period carve out amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reconcile the difference between non-recurring carve out accounting and current results as it relates to insurance

expense, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This adjustment ensures comparability of post-Separation results to pre-Separation segment results. Absent the adjustment, 2021 NOI would have increased 6.9%.

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Rental and other property revenues	$	919		$	135,224	$	18,030	$	6,097	$	30,074		$	190,344
Property operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		17,116			71,792
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—			—		—		—		198,640			198,640
Total operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		215,756			270,432
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		(1,279	)		94,383		12,470		20		(185,682	)		(80,088	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—			—		—		—		189,510			189,510
Income (loss) before income tax	$	(1,279	)	$	94,383	$	12,470	$	20	$	3,828		$	109,422

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Rental and other property revenues	$	2,036	$	122,303	$	14,559	$	5,256	$	25,682		$	169,836
Property operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		16,938			67,613
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		117,863			117,863
Total operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		134,801			185,476
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		590		82,678		10,154		57		(109,119	)		(15,640	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(2,910	)		(2,910	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	590	$	82,678	$	10,154	$	57	$	(112,029	)	$	(18,550	)

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Rental and other property revenues	$	1,515	$	116,888	$	13,079	$	5,577	$	14,392		$	151,451
Property operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		13,614			61,514
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		104,294			104,294
Total operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		117,908			165,808
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		534		78,971		8,962		692		(103,516	)		(14,357	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(1,563	)		(1,563	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	534	$	78,971	$	8,962	$	692	$	(105,079	)	$	(15,920	)

(1)Represents adjustments for the redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnership’s share of the results of consolidated communities in our segments, which are included in the related consolidated amounts, but excluded from proportionate property net operating income for our segment evaluation. Also, includes the reclassification of utility reimbursements from revenues to property operating expenses for the purpose of evaluating segment results. Utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Operations prepared in accordance with GAAP.

(2)Includes the operating results of apartment communities sold during the periods shown or classified as Held for Sale at the end of the period. Also includes property management expenses and casualty gains and losses, which are included in consolidated property operating expenses and are not part of segment performance.

(3)Other operating expenses not allocated to segments consists of depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, and miscellaneous other expenses.

(4)Other items included in income before income tax benefit (expense) consists primarily of interest expense, gain on our interest rate options, gain on sale of Real Estate, lease modification income and mezzanine investment income (loss), net.

Net real estate and non-recourse property debt, net, of our segments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)		Total
As of December 31, 2022:
Buildings and improvements	$	449,316		$	674,419		$	198,646		$	—	$	1,322,381
Land		228,568			259,033			153,501			—		641,102
Total real estate		677,884			933,452			352,147			—		1,963,483
Accumulated depreciation		(2,378	)		(468,054	)		(60,290	)		—		(530,722	)
Net real estate	$	675,506		$	465,398		$	291,857		$	—	$	1,432,761
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	200,135		$	823,692		$	24,372		$	—	$	1,048,199

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)			Total
As of December 31, 2021:
Buildings and improvements	$	202,367		$	675,269		$	196,853		$	182,725		$	1,257,214
Land		82,325			259,033			153,501			39,426			534,285
Total real estate		284,692			934,302			350,354			222,151			1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation		(1,426	)		(444,324	)		(41,841	)		(73,524	)		(561,115	)
Net real estate	$	283,266		$	489,978		$	308,513		$	148,627		$	1,230,384
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	36,218		$	428,308		$	—		$	182,181		$	646,707

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2022, certain properties were sold or reclassified as Held for Sale, and therefore are not included in our segment balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. We added a Corporate segment to the tables above for presentation purposes to display these assets and the associated debt as of December 31, 2021.

In addition to the amounts disclosed in the tables above, as of December 31, 2022, the Development and Redevelopment segment right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities aggregated to $110.3 million and $114.6 million, respectively, and as of December 31, 2021, aggregated to $96.3 million and $95.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities primarily related to our investments in Upton Place, Strathmore and Oak Shore. As described in Note 4, we entered into termination agreements that cancelled our leases on North Tower of Flamingo Point, 707 Leahy, The Fremont, and Prism properties on September 1, 2022. Consequently, during 2022, we wrote off $326.1 million and $337.3 million of right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively.

XML

Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Note 16 — Subsequent Events

On February 20, 2023, we entered into an agreement to sell our Parkmerced mezzanine loan for $167.5 million. The closing of the sale is subject to a reasonable due diligence period and the satisfaction of certain conditions to closing including various approvals, and as such closing is not guaranteed.

XML

Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2022

(In Thousands Except Apartment Home Data)

								(2)	As of December 31, 2022
		(1)				Initial Cost		Cost Capitalized				(4)
Apartment Community	Apartment	Date		Year	Apartment		Buildings and	Subsequent to		Buildings and	(3)	Accumulated	Total Cost	(5)
Name	Type	Acquired	Location	Built	Homes	Land	Improvements	Acquisition	Land	Improvements	Total	Depreciation (AD)	Net of AD	Encumbrances
Operating:
118-122 West 23rd Street	High Rise	Jun 2012	New York, NY	1987	42	$14,985	$23,459	$6,186	$14,985	$29,645	$44,630	$(12,453)	$32,177	$16,472
173 E. 90th Street	High Rise	May 2004	New York, NY	1910	72	12,066	4,535	9,044	12,066	13,579	25,645	(7,080)	18,565	12,138
237-239 Ninth Avenue	High Rise	Mar 2005	New York, NY	1900	36	8,495	1,866	2,777	8,495	4,643	13,138	(3,338)	9,800	6,148
1045 on the Park Apartments Homes	Mid Rise	Jul 2013	Atlanta, GA	2012	30	2,793	6,662	1,185	2,793	7,847	10,640	(2,711)	7,929	6,007
2200 Grace	High Rise	Aug 2018	Lombard, IL	1971	72	642	7,788	242	642	8,030	8,672	(5,583)	3,089	11,193
Bank Lofts	High Rise	Apr 2001	Denver, CO	1920	125	3,525	9,045	5,716	3,525	14,761	18,286	(9,341)	8,945	18,540
Bluffs at Pacifica, The	Garden	Oct 2006	Pacifica, CA	1963	64	8,108	4,132	17,749	8,108	21,881	29,989	(14,208)	15,781	—
Elm Creek	Mid Rise	Dec 1997	Elmhurst, IL	1987	400	5,910	30,830	31,618	5,910	62,448	68,358	(41,367)	26,991	78,095
Evanston Place	High Rise	Dec 1997	Evanston, IL	1990	190	3,232	25,546	18,557	3,232	44,103	47,335	(25,532)	21,803	46,670
Hillmeade	Garden	Nov 1994	Nashville, TN	1986	288	2,872	16,070	22,362	2,872	38,432	41,304	(27,915)	13,389	46,026
Hyde Park Tower	High Rise	Oct 2004	Chicago, IL	1990	155	4,731	14,927	16,560	4,731	31,487	36,218	(17,199)	19,019	29,484
Plantation Gardens	Garden	Oct 1999	Plantation, FL	1971	372	3,773	19,443	23,203	3,773	42,646	46,419	(31,196)	15,223	60,133
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Warwick, RI	1972	492	22,433	24,095	6,029	22,433	30,124	52,557	(24,639)	27,918	—
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Nashua, NH	1970	902	68,230	45,562	18,108	68,230	63,670	131,900	(53,853)	78,047	173,435
Royal Crest Estates	Garden	Aug 2002	Marlborough, MA	1970	473	25,178	28,786	14,289	25,178	43,075	68,253	(34,792)	33,461	71,295
St. George Villas	Garden	Jan 2006	St. George, SC	1984	40	108	1,024	452	108	1,476	1,584	(1,419)	165	237
Waterford Village	Garden	Aug 2002	Bridgewater, MA	1971	588	29,110	28,101	12,390	29,110	40,491	69,601	(34,473)	35,128	—
Wexford Village	Garden	Aug 2002	Worcester, MA	1974	264	6,349	17,939	6,199	6,349	24,138	30,487	(17,627)	12,860	—
Willow Bend	Garden	May 1998	Rolling Meadows, IL	1969	328	2,717	15,437	19,897	2,717	35,334	38,051	(28,997)	9,054	43,501
Yacht Club at Brickell	High Rise	Dec 2003	Miami, FL	1998	357	31,362	32,214	21,404	31,362	53,618	84,980	(29,866)	55,114	163,880
Yorktown Apartments	High Rise	Dec 1999	Lombard, IL	1971	292	2,414	10,374	52,617	2,414	62,991	65,405	(44,465)	20,940	46,857
Total Operating					5,582	259,033	367,835	306,584	259,033	674,419	933,452	(468,054)	465,398	830,111
Development and redevelopment:
Benson Hotel & faculty Club, The	—	Jan 2021	Denver, CO	—	—	1,815	4,414	62,529	1,815	66,943	68,758	—	68,758	—
One Edgewater	Garden	Jul 2021	Miami, FL	1948	—	20,045	—	2,638	20,045	2,638	22,683	—	22,683	—
Hamilton House	—	Jan 1900	Miami, FL	—	—	11,467	—	4,606	11,467	4,606	16,073	—	16,073	—
Flying Horse	—	Jul 2021	Colorado Springs, CO	—	—	4,257	—	3,164	4,257	3,164	7,421	—	7,421	—
Hamilton, The	High Rise	Aug 2020	Miami, FL	1985	276	45,239	34,891	108,564	45,239	143,455	188,694	(2,378)	186,316	79,815
Oak Shore	—	Jun 2021	Corte Madera, CA	—	24	—	—	23,309	—	23,309	23,309	—	23,309	1
Upton Place	—	Dec 2020	Washington, DC	—	—	—	21,280	151,224	—	172,504	172,504	—	172,504	33,601
Mondo Market	—	Sep 2022	Aurora, CO	—	—	—	—	2,282	—	2,282	2,282	—	2,282	—
Strathmore Phase 1 Con	—	Feb 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	—	—	13,681	—	13,681	13,681	—	13,681	12,537
300 W. Broward Blvd.	—	Jan 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	21,355	—	9,260	21,355	9,260	30,615	—	30,615	12,796
200 W. Broward Blvd.	—	Jan 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	16,750	—	2,215	16,750	2,215	18,965	—	18,965	10,087
Fitzsimons Phase Four	—	Dec 2022	Aurora, CO	—	—	2,016	—	71	2,016	71	2,087	—	2,087	—
Sears Parcel 1	—	Jun 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	68,485	—	3,497	68,485	3,497	71,982	—	71,982	38,400
Sears Parcel 2	—	Jul 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	20,737	—	978	20,737	978	21,715	—	21,715	12,000
Sears Parcel 3	—	Jun 2022	Ft. Lauderdale, FL	—	—	16,402	—	713	16,402	713	17,115	—	17,115	9,600
Total Development and redevelopment					300	228,568	60,585	388,731	228,568	449,316	677,884	(2,378)	675,506	208,837
Other:
1001 Brickell Bay Drive	High Rise	Jul 2019	Miami, FL	1985	—	150,018	152,791	8,321	150,018	162,924	312,942	(58,497)	254,445	—
Eldridge	Townhome	Aug 2021	Elmhurst, IL	2018	58	3,483	35,706	16	3,483	35,722	39,205	(1,793)	37,412	26,691
Total Portfolio					5,940	$641,102	$616,917	$703,652	$641,102	$1,322,381	$1,963,483	$(530,722)	$1,432,761	$1,065,639

(1)Date we acquired the apartment community or first acquired the partnership that owns the community.

(2)Includes costs capitalized since acquisition or date of initial acquisition of the community.

(3)The aggregate cost of land and depreciable property for federal income tax purposes was approximately $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2022.

(4)Depreciable life for buildings and improvements ranges from five to 30 years and is calculated on a straight-line basis.

(5)Encumbrances are presented before reduction for debt issuance costs.

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY

AIMCO OP L.P.

SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

(In Thousands)

	2022			2021		2020
Total real estate balance at beginning of year	$	1,791,499		$	1,500,269	$	1,385,412
Additions during the year:
Acquisitions		146,236			69,178		112,820
Capital additions		273,380			222,052		24,334
Dispositions		(233,308	)		—		(22,297	)
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other		(14,324	)		—		—
Total real estate balance at end of year	$	1,963,483		$	1,791,499	$	1,500,269
Accumulated depreciation balance at beginning of year	$	561,115		$	495,010	$	449,444
Depreciation		143,983			66,105		67,919
Dispositions		(160,052	)		—		—
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other		(14,324	)		—		(22,353	)
Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year	$	530,722		$	561,115	$	495,010

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on the Company’s previously reported results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

We consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”), in which we are considered the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 6 for further information.

Allocations

Allocations

The 2020 Consolidated Statement of Operations includes allocations of general and administrative expenses from Aimco Predecessor, as discussed in Note 5. We consider the basis on which expenses have been allocated to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by us during the periods presented. However, the allocations may not include all of the actual expenses that we would have incurred and may not reflect our consolidated results of operations, financial position, and cash flows had it been a stand-alone company during the periods presented. Actual costs that might have been incurred had we been a stand-alone company would depend on a number of factors, including the chosen organizational structure, what functions we might have performed ourselves or outsourced, and strategic decisions we might have made in areas such as information technology and infrastructure. Following the Separation, AIR, through its subsidiaries, provides us with certain property management and other services, and we perform certain functions using our own resources or purchase services from third parties.

Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership

Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership

Individuals and entities that hold an interest in Aimco Operating Partnership other than Aimco are reflected in our accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as Common Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of OP Units, other than Aimco, based on the weighted-average number of OP Units (including Aimco) outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the holders of OP Units had a weighted-average economic ownership interest in Aimco Operating Partnership of approximately 5.1%, 5.0%, and 5.0%, respectively. Please refer to Note 10 for further information regarding the items comprising common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Aimco are held by Aimco Operating Partnership.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships

Redeemable noncontrolling interests consist of equity interests held by a limited partner in a consolidated real estate partnership that has a finite life. We generally attribute to noncontrolling interests their share of income or loss of consolidated partnerships based on their proportionate interest in the results of operations of the partnerships, including their share of losses even if such attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance within our equity accounts.

If a consolidated real estate partnership includes redemption rights that are not within our control, the noncontrolling interest is included as temporary equity. If the redemption right is not currently redeemable, but probable of being redeemable in the future, changes in redemption value are recognized each quarter with the change in value being reflected in additional paid-in-capital.

The assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships must first be used to settle the liabilities of the consolidated real estate partnerships. The consolidated real estate partnership’s creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership.

In December 2022, we were admitted to Strathmore Joint Venture 1 as sole limited partner. In addition, in the same period $12.9 million of loans were funded to the Strathmore Joint Venture 1 and $6.4 million in funds were remitted to our co-GP as a partial return of their capital contributions to the joint venture. This remittance reduced their ownership percentage in the joint venture and increased our combined GP and LP ownership percentage. As a result of these transactions, we consolidated Strathmore Joint Venture 1 in the fourth quarter of 2022 and recognized $7.3 million of redeemable noncontrolling interests.

In July 2022, we closed a $102.0 million preferred equity financing with an institutional investor, providing for a fixed 8% annual rate of return payable monthly. We recognized this financing as a capital contribution to redeemable noncontrolling interests.

In February 2022, we acquired all of the outstanding redeemable non-controlling interests in an entity reported as a consolidated VIE as of December 31, 2021. At the time of redemption, the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interests was $4.9 million.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships as of December 31, 2022 consist of the $102.0 million preferred equity noted above, our partner's equity interest in the Upton Joint Venture, which provides for an accruing 9.7% rate of return on their investment and the $7.3 million net interest held by the other general partner of Strathmore Joint Venture 1. These investment interests are presented as Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022.

The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2022 , and 2021 (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	33,794		$	4,263
Capital contributions		138,479			29,440
Distributions		(9,365	)		—
Redemptions		(4,911	)		—
Net income		8,829			91
Balance at December 31,	$	166,826		$	33,794

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships

We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Accordingly, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains or losses recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within Income from unconsolidated real estate partnerships in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The excess of our cost of the acquired partnership interests over our share of the partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost ascribed to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships.

We assess the recoverability of our equity method investments if there are indicators of potential impairment. We did not recognize any such impairments of our equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Mezzanine Investment

In November 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments” located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. Ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan was retained by AIR following the Separation.

The Separation Agreement provides for AIR to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan, a related equity option to acquire a 30% interest in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and the interest rate option, or swaption, that provides partial protection against future refinancing risk to us through 2024 once required third-party consents are received. At the time of the Separation and as of the date of this filing, legal title of these subsidiaries had not yet transferred to us. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments received on such loan to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment and have recognized an asset related to our right to receive the Mezzanine Investment from AIR.

On a periodic basis, we evaluate our Mezzanine Investment for impairment. We assess whether there are any indicators that imply the value of our investment may be impaired. These include assessments of both the underlying property performance and general market conditions in place. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Cash flow projections for the investments consider property

level factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. We consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include the loan’s maturity date, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, and the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity.

The loan is subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, changes in the macroeconomic environment that can lead to increases in capitalization rates and discount rates, and factors that can have negative effects on occupancy and market rental rates such as lower demand for urban living in San Francisco resulting from the post pandemic virtual working environment adopted by big tech, and an increase in virtual participation as compared to pre-pandemic in class learning at local colleges. These trends have impacted the demand at the Parkmerced Apartments, resulting in a sustained decrease in rents and a negative impact on the resulting occupancy rates. Further, recent transactions in the market and a supporting appraisal, indicate that that the collateral from the note has declined in value.

This decline was deemed to be other-than-temporary and the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $212.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the Mezzanine Investment to $158.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The non-cash impairment is reflected in Mezzanine investment income (loss), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, and as a reduction in the carrying value of the Mezzanine investment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022. No impairment losses were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Prior to recording the impairment charge, we recognized as income the net amounts earned on the mezzanine loan by AIR on its equity investment that are due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income was supported by the change in AIR’s claim to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represents the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying mezzanine loan.

Real Estate

Real Estate

Acquisitions

Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of real estate or interests in partnerships that own real estate at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.

We allocate the cost of real estate acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures, and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs, and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar real estate.

The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, for which the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; (c) the value associated with in-place leases during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had the leased space been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels; and (d) tax abatement contract related intangibles, to the extent the property has them in place. The above and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.

Capital Additions

We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities,

at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $30.6 million, $21.3 million, and $1.0 million of interest costs, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $16.9 million, $20.9 million, and $2.7 million of indirect costs, respectively.

Gain or Loss on Dispositions

Gain or loss on dispositions are recognized when we no longer hold a controlling financial interest in the real estate and sufficient consideration has been received. Upon disposition, the related assets and liabilities are derecognized, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized as the difference between the carrying amount of those assets and liabilities and the value of consideration received. Total Gains on dispositions of real estate of $175.9 million were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no dispositions in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Impairment

Impairment

Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the community.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a sublease of office space within our corporate offices to AIR at then-current market rents. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the sublease arrangement, we evaluated the recoverability of the assets associated with the subleased space, including, the right-of-use asset, tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment and concluded the subleased assets were impaired. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.0 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

In connection with the Separation, we entered into a software license agreement with AIR to provide for the use of certain internally developed software at then-current market rates. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the carrying value of the internally developed software, we concluded the assets were impaired. Additionally, following an evaluation of the future service potential of certain other internal software that was under development, we ceased development and impaired the associated carrying value. We recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $4.9 million in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents

We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions.

Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	45,171		$	43,800		$	22,152
Cash paid for income taxes		22,930			2,941			9,216
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions:
Buildings and improvements		11,109			—			—
Intangible assets, net		13,377			—			—
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan		363			—			—
Right-of-use lease assets		15,036			—			—
Other assets, net		5,629			—			—
Accrued liabilities and other		(1,854	)		(310	)		—
Lease liabilities		(15,151	)		—			—
Contributions to noncontrolling interests		(13,756	)		—			—
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor		—			—			955
Contribution from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships		—			3,159			11,667
Other non-cash transactions:
Operating leases		2,336			143			5,559
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period)		41,435			25,686			1,040
Issuance of notes payable to AIR in connection with Separation		—			—			534,127
Contribution from Aimco Predecessor, net		—			—			131,447

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, capital replacement reserves, insurance reserves, and cash restricted as required by our debt agreements.

Other Assets

Other Assets

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, other assets were comprised of the following amounts (in thousands):

	2022		2021
Other investments	$	63,982	$	45,386
Deferred costs, deposits, and other		20,460		22,136
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes		17,363		20,516
Intangible assets, net		14,160		3,269
Corporate fixed assets		8,371		9,855
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,206 and $1,285 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively		4,079		2,469
Deferred tax assets		2,321		6,388
Due from affiliates		1,943		4,840
Total other assets, net	$	132,679	$	114,859

Other Investments

Other investments

Other investments consist of passive equity investments in IQHQ Inc. (IQHQ), a privately held life sciences real estate development company, and property technology funds. See Note 13 for discussion of our fair value measurements for these investments.

Intangibles

Intangibles

Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands).

	2022			2021
Intangible assets (1)	$	29,902		$	16,744
Less: accumulated amortization		(15,742	)		(13,475	)
Intangible assets, net	$	14,160		$	3,269
Below-market leases	$	4,175		$	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,971	)		(3,093	)
Intangible liabilities, net	$	204		$	1,082

(1) Amount includes $13.4 million of intangible tax abatement.

Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands).

	Intangible assets		Intangible liabilities
2023	$	657	$	174
2024		735		30
2025		892		—
2026		892		—
2027		892		—
Thereafter		10,092		—
Total future amortization	$	14,160	$	204

Accounts Receivable, net and Straight-line rent

Accounts Receivable, net and Straight-line rent

We present our accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. The allowance is determined based on an assessment of whether substantially all of the amounts due from the resident or tenant is probable of collection. This includes a specific tenant analysis and aging analysis.

Deferred Leasing Costs

Deferred Leasing Costs

In accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 842, we defer leasing costs incremental to a lease that we would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs over the lease term on the same basis as lease income, is included in Depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue from Leases

Revenue from Leases

We are a lessor for residential and commercial leases. Our operating leases with residents may provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. Our operating leases with commercial tenants may provide that the tenant reimburse us for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs incurred by the commercial property. Residential and commercial reimbursements represent revenue attributable to non-lease components for which the timing and pattern of recognition is the same as the revenue for the lease components. Reimbursements and the related expenses are presented on a gross basis in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, with the reimbursements included in Rental and other property revenues in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. We recognize rental revenue attributed to lease components, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt Issuance Costs

We defer, as debt issuance costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issuance costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issuance costs associated with non-recourse property debt are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facilities and construction loans that have not been drawn we record the costs in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortize the costs to Interest expense, on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with construction loans are reclassified as a direct deduction to the construction loan liability in proportion to any draws on the loans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized to Interest expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the arrangement in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issuance costs are written off. Any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with an extinguishment are recognized as expense. Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs and other extinguishment costs are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition, and other physical characteristics of the asset. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are generally depreciated over five years.

We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15, or 30 years. We also capitalize payroll and other indirect costs incurred in connection with preparing an asset for its intended use. These costs include corporate-level costs that clearly relate to the capital addition activities, which we allocate to the applicable assets. All capitalized payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions.

Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease.

Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Certain aspects of our operations, including our development and redevelopment activities, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in one of our apartment communities and 1001 Brickell Bay Drive.

Our income tax benefit (expense) calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income subject to tax of $88.8 million, compared to net loss subject to tax of $31.4 million for the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized income tax expense of $17.3 million, compared to income tax benefit of $13.6 million for the same period in 2021. The year-to-year change is due primarily to the GAAP income taxes associated with the net lease modification income recognized in 2022.

Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and Aimco intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco's current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a TRS and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income.

Earnings per Share and per Unit

Earnings per Share and per Unit

Aimco and Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock or OP Units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Aimco Operating Partnership considers both OP Units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. Please refer to Note 11 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year

During the first quarter of 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-05 establishing Topic 842, Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments in conjunction with our ongoing operations. ASU 2021-05 requires a lessor to classify a lease with variable payments that do not depend on an index or rate as an operating lease if either a sales-type lease or direct financing lease classification would trigger a day-one loss, which was effective for us on January 1, 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the

discontinuation of the LIBOR or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance was effective beginning March 12, 2020 and can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2024. In January 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope” (“ASU 2021-01”), which clarified the scope and application of the original guidance. In December 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"), which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The UK Financial Conduct Authority has an intended cessation date of the overnight 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month tenors of USD LIBOR of June 30, 2023. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06 when LIBOR is discontinued. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance, but do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

On a recurring basis, we measure at fair value our interest rate options, which are presented in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our interest rate options are classified within Level 2 of the GAAP fair value hierarchy, and we estimate their fair value using pricing models that rely on observable market information, including contractual terms, market prices, and interest rate yield curves. The fair value adjustment is included in earnings in Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value are reflected as a non-cash transaction in adjustments to arrive at cash flows from operations, and any upfront premium is reflected in Purchase of interest rate options in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Summary of Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Real Estate Partnership

The following table shows changes in our redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2022 , and 2021 (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	33,794		$	4,263
Capital contributions		138,479			29,440
Distributions		(9,365	)		—
Redemptions		(4,911	)		—
Net income		8,829			91
Balance at December 31,	$	166,826		$	33,794

Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	45,171		$	43,800		$	22,152
Cash paid for income taxes		22,930			2,941			9,216
Non-cash transactions associated with acquisitions:
Buildings and improvements		11,109			—			—
Intangible assets, net		13,377			—			—
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan		363			—			—
Right-of-use lease assets		15,036			—			—
Other assets, net		5,629			—			—
Accrued liabilities and other		(1,854	)		(310	)		—
Lease liabilities		(15,151	)		—			—
Contributions to noncontrolling interests		(13,756	)		—			—
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor		—			—			955
Contribution from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships		—			3,159			11,667
Other non-cash transactions:
Operating leases		2,336			143			5,559
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period)		41,435			25,686			1,040
Issuance of notes payable to AIR in connection with Separation		—			—			534,127
Contribution from Aimco Predecessor, net		—			—			131,447

Summary of Other Assets

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, other assets were comprised of the following amounts (in thousands):

	2022		2021
Other investments	$	63,982	$	45,386
Deferred costs, deposits, and other		20,460		22,136
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes		17,363		20,516
Intangible assets, net		14,160		3,269
Corporate fixed assets		8,371		9,855
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,206 and $1,285 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively		4,079		2,469
Deferred tax assets		2,321		6,388
Due from affiliates		1,943		4,840
Total other assets, net	$	132,679	$	114,859

Summary of Intangible Assets and Liabilities Net of Accumulated Amortization

Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net and intangible liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table details intangible assets and liabilities, net of accumulated amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands).

	2022			2021
Intangible assets (1)	$	29,902		$	16,744
Less: accumulated amortization		(15,742	)		(13,475	)
Intangible assets, net	$	14,160		$	3,269
Below-market leases	$	4,175		$	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,971	)		(3,093	)
Intangible liabilities, net	$	204		$	1,082

(1) Amount includes $13.4 million of intangible tax abatement.

Schedule of Estimated Aggregate Annual Amortization Expense

Based on the balance of intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022, the net aggregate amortization for the next five years and thereafter is expected to be as follows (in thousands).

	Intangible assets		Intangible liabilities
2023	$	657	$	174
2024		735		30
2025		892		—
2026		892		—
2027		892		—
Thereafter		10,092		—
Total future amortization	$	14,160	$	204

XML

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Lease Income for Operating Leases

our total lease income was comprised of the following amounts for all residential and commercial property leases (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed lease income	$	176,080	$	157,842	$	140,140
Variable lease income		13,654		11,487		11,192
Total lease income	$	189,734	$	169,329	$	151,332

Future Minimum Annual Rental Payments Receivable Under Residential and Commercial Leases

Future minimum annual rental payments we will receive under commercial leases, excluding such extension options, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$	13,031
2024		9,212
2025		5,728
2026		3,430
2027		1,546
Thereafter		800
Total	$	33,747

Minimum Annual Rental Payments Under Operating , Financing Leases and Sublease Income

Combined minimum annual lease payments under operating and finance leases, and sublease income that offsets our operating lease rent, are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Sublease Income and Lease Modification Income		Operating Lease Future Minimum Rent			Finance Leases Future Minimum Payments
2023	$	1,403	$	1,999		$	2,905
2024		1,413		2,298			3,921
2025		1,423		2,302			4,437
2026		1,433		2,341			4,954
2027		1,443		2,380			5,483
Thereafter		2,083		3,024			1,433,295
Total	$	9,198	$	14,344		$	1,454,995
Less: Discount				(1,502	)		(1,340,370	)
Total lease liabilities			$	12,842		$	114,625

XML

Variable Interest Entities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Variable Interest Entities

The details of our consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs, excluding those of Aimco Operating Partnership, are summarized in the table below as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except for VIE count).

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Consolidated		Unconsolidated		Consolidated		Unconsolidated
Count of VIEs	5		8		9		6
Assets
Real estate, net	$	258,529	$	—	$	564,909	$	—
Mezzanine investment		—		158,558		—		337,797
Right-of-use lease assets		110,269		—		429,768		—
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		—		15,789		—		13,005
Other assets, net		36,345		59,823		43,715		35,773
Liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities		—		—		124,747		—
Accrued liabilities and other		26,003		—		30,519		—
Non-recourse property debt, net		22,689		—		—		—
Construction loans, net		40,013		—		163,570		—
Lease liabilities		114,625		—		435,093		—

XML

Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Non-Recourse Property Debt and Construction Loans

The following table summarizes non-recourse property debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate property debt	May 15, 2026 to June 1, 2033	1.00% to 4.68%	4.25%	$	774,293		$	429,883
Variable-rate property debt	January 10, 2024 to October 9, 2025	8.84% to 10.63%	9.73%		164,183			55,000
Total non-recourse property debt			5.21%	$	938,476		$	484,883
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					1,210			1,536
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(10,185	)		(3,282	)
Total non-recourse property debt, net				$	929,501		$	483,137

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 5.12%.

Our construction loans, which are primarily non-recourse loans except for customary construction loan guarantees, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

				December 31,
	Maturity Date	Contractual Interest Rate Range	Weighted-Average Interest Rate (1)	2022			2021
Fixed-rate construction loans	December 23, 2025 to December 23, 2052	3.25% to 13.00%	8.09%	$	12,900		$	—
Variable-rate construction loans	July 1, 2024 to June 23, 2025	7.32% to 8.76%	7.75%		113,417			168,376
Total construction loans			7.78%	$	126,317		$	168,376
Assumed debt fair value adjustment,    net of accumulated amortization					(363	)		—
Debt issuance costs, net of    accumulated amortization					(7,256	)		(4,806	)
Total construction loans, net				$	118,698		$	163,570

(1) As of December 31, 2022, and after application of interest rate caps, the weighted average interest rate is 6.89%.

Scheduled Principal Amortization and Maturity Payments for Non-Recourse Property Debt and Construction Loans

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments for the non-recourse property debt were as follows (in thousands):

	Amortization		Maturities		Total
2023	$	3,078	$	—	$	3,078
2024		3,188		82,883		86,071
2025		3,303		81,300		84,603
2026		2,166		75,519		77,685
2027		1,596		—		1,596
Thereafter		6,215		679,228		685,443
Total	$	19,546	$	918,930	$	938,476

As of December 31, 2022, the scheduled principal maturity payments for the construction debt were as follows (in thousands):

	Principal Maturity Payments
2023	$	—
2024		79,815
2025		40,002
2026		—
2027		—
Thereafter		6,500
Total	$	126,317

XML

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Deferred tax Liabilities and Assets

Significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2022			2021
Deferred tax liabilities:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences	$	119,621		$	124,733
Lease Liability		385			79,827
Other		120			1,807
Deferred tax assets:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences		—			145
Lease Right of Use		439			80,497
Other		3,703			2,764
Net operating, capital, and other loss carryforwards		1,109			5,598
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(2,419	)		(1,342	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	117,294		$	118,705

Components of Income Tax Benefit or Expense

Significant components of the income tax benefit (expense) including any interest and penalties related to income taxes are as follows and are classified within Income tax benefit (expense) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands):

	2022			2021			2020
Current:
Federal	$	12,499		$	905		$	857
State		5,840			(250	)		660
Total current		18,339			655			1,517
Deferred:
Federal		(934	)		(7,400	)		(10,470	)
State		(141	)		(6,825	)		(1,196	)
Total deferred		(1,075	)		(14,225	)		(11,666	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	17,264		$	(13,570	)	$	(10,149	)

Reconciliation of Income Tax Attributable to Operations

The reconciliation of income tax attributable to operations computed at the United States statutory rate to income tax benefit recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is shown below (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Tax (benefit) expense at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax	$18,641	21.0%	$(6,591)	21.0%	$(5,361)	21.0%
US branch profits tax on earnings of foreign subsidiary	(1,965)	(2.2%)	(1,084)	3.5%	(4,195)	16.4%
State income tax, net of federal (benefit) expense	4,590	5.2%	(7,075)	22.5%	(536)	2.1%
Effects of permanent differences	209	0.2%	197	(0.6%)	1	0.0%
Uncertain tax positions	(4,945)	(5.6%)	—	0%	—	0.0%
Valuation allowance	1,109	1.2%	840	(2.7%)	—	0.0%
Other	(375)	(0.4%)	143	(0.5%)	(58)	0.2%
Total income tax benefit	$17,264	19.4%	$(13,570)	43.2%	$(10,149)	39.7%

Schedule of Dividends Per Share Held

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, tax attributes of dividends per share held for the entire year were estimated to be as follows (unaudited):

	2022					2021					2020
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Ordinary income	$	0.01		53.5	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	3.17		6.7	%
Capital gains		0.01		46.5	%		-		0.0	%		19.43		40.9	%
Qualified dividends		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		0.62		1.3	%
Unrecaptured § 1250 gain		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		8.80		18.5	%
Return of capital		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%		15.48		32.6	%
Balance at December 31	$	0.02		100.0	%	$	-		0.0	%	$	47.50		100.0	%

Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is presented below and is included in Accrued liabilities and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Balance at January 1	$	7,038		$	7,076
Reductions based on tax positions in prior years		(4,903	)		(38	)
Balance at December 31	$	2,135		$	7,038

XML

Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Reconciliations of Numerator and Denominator in Calculations of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share and per Unit

Reconciliations of the numerator and denominator in the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share and per unit for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands, except per share and per unit data):

	Years ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
Earnings per share
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco	$	75,726		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco participating securities		(1,087	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders	$	74,639		$	(5,910	)	$	(5,041	)
Denominator - shares:
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding		149,395			149,480			148,569
Diluted share equivalents outstanding		1,439			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding		150,834			149,480			148,569
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings per unit
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership	$	79,657		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco Operating Partnership participating securities		(1,131	)		—			—
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Operating Partnership's common unit holders	$	78,526		$	(6,207	)	$	(5,310	)
Denominator - units
Basic weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		157,317			157,701			156,500
Diluted partnership unit equivalents outstanding		1,457			—			—
Diluted weighted-average common partnership units outstanding		158,774			157,701			156,500
Earnings (loss) per unit - basic	$	0.50		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)
Earnings (loss) per unit - diluted	$	0.49		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.03	)

XML

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Total Compensation Cost Recognized for Share-Based Awards

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, total compensation cost recognized for share-based awards was (in thousands):

	2022		2021		2020
Share-based compensation expense (1)	$	6,441	$	3,377	$	1,070
Capitalized share-based compensation (2)		1,016		340		138
Total share-based compensation (3)	$	7,457	$	3,717	$	1,208

(1)Amounts are recorded in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2)Amounts are recorded in Buildings and improvements in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3)Amounts are recorded in Additional paid-in capital and Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and in General Partner and Special Limited Partner and Limited Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Summary Activity for Equity Compensation

The following two tables summarize activity for equity compensation for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	TSR Stock Options				Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards						TSR Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of year		317,200	$	6.66		1,941,125		$	6.84			283,503		$	10.14
Granted		212,767		6.96		328,941			7.16			183,320			7.25
Exercised		—		—	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A
Vested	N/A		N/A			(30,618	)		14.61	(1)		(3,198	)		47.44	(1)
Forfeited		—		—		(85,310	)		6.90			(2,880	)		55.50	(1)
Outstanding at end of year		529,967	$	6.78		2,154,138		$	6.78			460,745		$	8.45

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

	LTIP I Units						TSR LTIP II Units				Time LTIP II Units
	Number of Units			Weighted-Average Fair Value			Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Number of Units		Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		12,441		$	53.69	(1)		563,890	$	4.64		—	$	—
Granted		—			—			341,550		6.96		563,334		6.96
Exercised	N/A			N/A				—		—		—		—
Vested		(2,557	)		53.17	(1)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Forfeited		(2,698	)		55.17	(1)		—		—		—		—
Outstanding at end of year		7,186		$	53.33			905,440	$	5.52		563,334	$	6.96

(1) Weighted-average grant date fair value is based off pre-Separation values when the awards were granted.

Summary of Compensation Cost Not Yet Recognized for Share-Based Awards

The following table summarizes the unvested or outstanding shares issued to our employees and employees of AIR and are potentially dilutive to us and Aimco Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2022.

	Unvested Shares
Awards	Aimco		AIR		Unvested Compensation Not Yet Recognized (1)
Time-Based Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		—		786,413	$	—
TSR Stock Options (Outstanding shares)		529,967		25,563		874
Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards		2,154,138		18,000		9,143
TSR Restricted Stock Awards		460,745		47,516		2,007
LTIP I units		7,186		—		62
TSR LTIP II units (Outstanding shares)		1,468,774		1,089,691		1,415
Total awards		4,620,810		1,967,183	$	13,501

(1)Unvested compensation not yet recognized represents our compensation cost for our employees. Compensation costs related to shares issued to AIR employees are recognized by AIR.

Summary of Assumptions Used for Valuation of TSR-Based Awards Granted

The following table includes the assumptions used for the valuation of TSR-based awards that were granted in 2022 and 2021.

TSR-based Award Assumptions	2022	2021
Grant date market value of a common share	$6.96	$6.66-$7.10
Risk-free interest rate	0.19%-1.38%	0.02%-1.22%
Dividend yield	0%	0%
Expected volatility	32.09%-33.04%	30.4%-32.29%
Derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock	3.0	3.0
Weighted average expected term of TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units	4.9	5.4

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Fair Value for Interest Rate Options and Investment in Real Estate Technology Funds

The following table summarizes the fair value of our interest rate options and our investments in real estate technology funds as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Interest rate options	$62,259	$—	$62,259	$—	$25,449	$—	$25,449	$—
Investments in real estate technology funds (1)	$4,296	$—	$—	$—	$9,613	$—	$—	$—

(1)Investments measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Summary of Carrying Value and Fair Value of Non-recourse Property Debt

The following table summarizes carrying value and fair value of our non-recourse property debt, construction loans, and Notes Payable to AIR as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Non-recourse property debt	$	938,476	$	878,804	$	484,883	$	498,960
Construction loans		126,317		125,954		168,376		168,376
Notes Payable to AIR		-		-		534,127		534,127
Total	$	1,064,793	$	1,004,758	$	1,187,386	$	1,201,463

XML

Business Segments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Information for Reportable Segments

The following tables present the results of operations of consolidated properties, with our segments reported on a proportionate basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in thousands): Prior period carve out amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reconcile the difference between non-recurring carve out accounting and current results as it relates to insurance

expense, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This adjustment ensures comparability of post-Separation results to pre-Separation segment results. Absent the adjustment, 2021 NOI would have increased 6.9%.

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Rental and other property revenues	$	919		$	135,224	$	18,030	$	6,097	$	30,074		$	190,344
Property operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		17,116			71,792
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—			—		—		—		198,640			198,640
Total operating expenses		2,198			40,841		5,560		6,077		215,756			270,432
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		(1,279	)		94,383		12,470		20		(185,682	)		(80,088	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—			—		—		—		189,510			189,510
Income (loss) before income tax	$	(1,279	)	$	94,383	$	12,470	$	20	$	3,828		$	109,422

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Rental and other property revenues	$	2,036	$	122,303	$	14,559	$	5,256	$	25,682		$	169,836
Property operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		16,938			67,613
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		117,863			117,863
Total operating expenses		1,446		39,625		4,405		5,199		134,801			185,476
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		590		82,678		10,154		57		(109,119	)		(15,640	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(2,910	)		(2,910	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	590	$	82,678	$	10,154	$	57	$	(112,029	)	$	(18,550	)

	Development and Redevelopment		Operating		Other		Proportionate and Other Adjustments(1)		Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments (2)			Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Rental and other property revenues	$	1,515	$	116,888	$	13,079	$	5,577	$	14,392		$	151,451
Property operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		13,614			61,514
Other operating expenses not allocated    to segments (3)		—		—		—		—		104,294			104,294
Total operating expenses		981		37,917		4,117		4,885		117,908			165,808
Proportionate property net operating    income (loss)		534		78,971		8,962		692		(103,516	)		(14,357	)
Other items included in income before    income tax (4)		—		—		—		—		(1,563	)		(1,563	)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	534	$	78,971	$	8,962	$	692	$	(105,079	)	$	(15,920	)

(1)Represents adjustments for the redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnership’s share of the results of consolidated communities in our segments, which are included in the related consolidated amounts, but excluded from proportionate property net operating income for our segment evaluation. Also, includes the reclassification of utility reimbursements from revenues to property operating expenses for the purpose of evaluating segment results. Utility reimbursements are included in Rental and other property revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Operations prepared in accordance with GAAP.

(2)Includes the operating results of apartment communities sold during the periods shown or classified as Held for Sale at the end of the period. Also includes property management expenses and casualty gains and losses, which are included in consolidated property operating expenses and are not part of segment performance.

(3)Other operating expenses not allocated to segments consists of depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, and miscellaneous other expenses.

(4)Other items included in income before income tax benefit (expense) consists primarily of interest expense, gain on our interest rate options, gain on sale of Real Estate, lease modification income and mezzanine investment income (loss), net.

Schedule of Net Real Estate and Non-Recourse Property Debt, Net, by Segment

Net real estate and non-recourse property debt, net, of our segments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)		Total
As of December 31, 2022:
Buildings and improvements	$	449,316		$	674,419		$	198,646		$	—	$	1,322,381
Land		228,568			259,033			153,501			—		641,102
Total real estate		677,884			933,452			352,147			—		1,963,483
Accumulated depreciation		(2,378	)		(468,054	)		(60,290	)		—		(530,722	)
Net real estate	$	675,506		$	465,398		$	291,857		$	—	$	1,432,761
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	200,135		$	823,692		$	24,372		$	—	$	1,048,199

	Development and Redevelopment			Operating			Other			Corporate(1)			Total
As of December 31, 2021:
Buildings and improvements	$	202,367		$	675,269		$	196,853		$	182,725		$	1,257,214
Land		82,325			259,033			153,501			39,426			534,285
Total real estate		284,692			934,302			350,354			222,151			1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation		(1,426	)		(444,324	)		(41,841	)		(73,524	)		(561,115	)
Net real estate	$	283,266		$	489,978		$	308,513		$	148,627		$	1,230,384
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$	36,218		$	428,308		$	—		$	182,181		$	646,707

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2022, certain properties were sold or reclassified as Held for Sale, and therefore are not included in our segment balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. We added a Corporate segment to the tables above for presentation purposes to display these assets and the associated debt as of December 31, 2021.

XML

Organization (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 ApartmentHome OfficeBuilding Room Dwelling Property Home Community Hotel
Organization [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	5,582
Continuing Operations [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Property	26
Number of units in real estate property	5,940
Continuing Operations [Member] | Commercial Office Building [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | OfficeBuilding	1
Continuing Operations [Member] | Residential Apartment Communities in Redevelopment [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Community	3
Continuing Operations [Member] | Hotel [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Hotel	1
Continuing Operations [Member] | Planned Apartment Homes [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	1,185
Continuing Operations [Member] | Planned Rooms [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property | Room	106
Continuing Operations [Member] | Planned Homes [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Home	16
Continuing Operations [Member] | Accessory Dwelling Units [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property | Dwelling	8
Continuing Operations [Member] | Consolidated Properties
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Property	22
Number of units in real estate property	5,640
Continuing Operations [Member] | Unconsolidated Properties [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | OfficeBuilding	4
Aimco Operating Partnership [Member]
Organization [Line Items]
Percentage of the Aimco Operating Partnership common partnership units and equivalents owned by Aimco	92.60%
Percentage of economic interest in Aimco Operating Partnership owned by Aimco	94.90%
Percentage of Aimco Operating Partnership common partnership units and equivalents owned by other limited partners	7.40%

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Nov. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jul. 31, 2022	Feb. 28, 2022
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Weighted average ownership interest				5.10%	5.00%	5.00%
Loans funded to joint venture	$ 12,900,000
Funds remitted in return of joint venture capital contribution	6,400,000
Redeemable noncontrolling interests recognized			$ 7,300,000	$ 7,300,000
Preferred equity financing, investment amount	$ 102,000,000.0		$ 102,000,000.0	$ 102,000,000.0			$ 102,000,000.0
Preferred equity financing, accrued interest rate							8.00%
Carrying amount of acquired redeemable non-controlling interest								$ 4,900,000
Investment interest rate	9.70%		9.70%	9.70%
Interest costs capitalized				$ 30,600,000	$ 21,300,000	$ 1,000,000.0
Other direct and indirect costs capitalized				16,900,000	20,900,000	2,700,000
Non-cash impairment charge				212,600,000
Mezzanine investment	$ 158,558,000		$ 158,558,000	158,558,000	337,797,000
Gain (loss) on disposition of real estate				$ 175,900,000	0	0
Impairment						15,860,000
Estimated useful life				15 years
Consolidated income (loss) subject to tax				$ 88,800,000	(31,400,000)	(25,500,000)
Income tax expense (benefit)				$ 17,264,000	(13,570,000)	(10,149,000)
Percentage of income tax on income from non-arms length transactions	100.00%		100.00%	100.00%
ASU 2021-05 [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Change in Accounting Principle, Accounting Standards Update, Adopted [true false]	true		true	true
Change in Accounting Principle, Accounting Standards Update, Adoption Date	Jan. 01, 2022		Jan. 01, 2022	Jan. 01, 2022
Change in Accounting Principle, Accounting Standards Update, Immaterial Effect [true false]	true		true	true
Minimum [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life				5 years
Maximum [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life				30 years
Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life				5 years
Equipment [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life				5 years
Software License Agreement [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Impairment				$ 0	0	4,900,000
Sublease Office Space [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Impairment				$ 0	0	11,000,000.0
Parkmerced Investment [Member]
Basis Of Presentation And Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Equity method investment aggregate cost		$ 275,000,000.0
Equity method investment term		5 years
Equity method investment interest rate		10.00%
Option to acquire equity interest in partnership, percentage				30.00%
Impairment					$ 0	$ 0

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Real Estate Partnerships (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Balance at Begining of Period	$ 33,794
Balance at December 31,	166,826	$ 33,794
Real Estate Partnership [Member]
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Balance at Begining of Period	33,794	4,263
Capital contributions	138,479	29,440
Distributions	(9,365)
Redemptions	(4,911)
Net income	8,829	91
Balance at December 31,	$ 166,826	$ 33,794

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$ 45,171	$ 43,800	$ 22,152
Cash paid for income taxes	22,930	2,941	9,216
Non-cash transactions associated with the acquisitions
Buildings and improvements	11,109
Intangible assets, net	13,377
Mark to market adjustment on an assumed construction loan	363
Right-of-use lease assets	15,036
Other assets, net	5,629
Accrued liabilities and other	(1,854)	(310)
Lease liabilities	(15,151)
Contributions to noncontrolling interests	(13,756)
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor			955
Contribution from noncontrolling interest in consolidated real estate partnerships		3,159	11,667
Other non-cash transactions:
Operating leases	2,336	143	5,559
Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period)	$ 41,435	$ 25,686	1,040
Issuance of notes payable to AIR in connection with the Separation			534,127
Contributions from Aimco Predecessor, net			$ 131,447

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Other investments	$ 63,982	$ 45,386
Deferred costs, deposits, and other	20,460	22,136
Prepaid expenses and real estate taxes	17,363	20,516
Intangible assets, net	14,160	3,269
Corporate fixed assets	8,371	9,855
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,206 and $1,285 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively	4,079	2,469
Deferred tax assets	2,321	6,388
Due from affiliates	1,943	4,840
Total other assets, net	$ 132,679	$ 114,859

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Other Assets (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	$ 1,206	$ 1,285

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Intangible Assets and Liabilities, Net of Accumulated Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, Gross	$ 29,902	$ 16,744
Less: accumulated amortization	(15,742)	(13,475)
Intangible assets, net	14,160	3,269
Below-market leases	4,175	4,175
Less: accumulated amortization	(3,971)	(3,093)
Intangible liabilities, net	$ 204	$ 1,082

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Intangible Assets and Liabilities, Net of Accumulated Amortization (Parenthetical) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Intangible tax abatement	$ 13.4

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Net Aggregate Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, 2023	$ 657
Intangible assets, 2024	735
Intangible assets, 2025	892
Intangible assets, 2026	892
Intangible assets, 2027	892
Intangible assets, Thereafter	10,092
Intangible assets, Total future amortization	14,160
Intangible liabilities, 2023	174
Intangible liabilities, 2024	30
Intangible liabilities, net	$ 204	$ 1,082

XML

Significant Transactions (Details Textual) $ in Thousands, Number in Millions		1 Months Ended						2 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) a ApartmentHome Land	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) a ApartmentHome Land	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	May 31, 2022 USD ($) Home	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) Number	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($) ft² Land Unit	Jan. 31, 2022 USD ($) Land	Aug. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) a ApartmentHome Land	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) a ApartmentHome Land	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Area of real estate property | a	15	15							15		15
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	5,582	5,582							5,582		5,582
Loan paid from disposition proceeds											$ 138,404
Number of land parcels subject to disposition | Land	1	1							1		1
Additional payment for passive equity investment											$ 14,227	$ 23,273
Commitment purchase amount											50,000
Financing right-of-use lease assets	$ 110,269	$ 110,269							$ 110,269		110,269	429,768
Finance lease, liability	114,625	114,625							114,625		114,625	435,093
98 Year Ground Lease [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Financing right-of-use lease assets	15,000	15,000							15,000		15,000
Finance lease, liability	15,200	$ 15,200							$ 15,200		$ 15,200
Pathfinder Village Property [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of property				$ 127,000
Gain (loss) on sale of property held for sale				$ 94,600
Cedar Rim and 2900 on First Properties [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of property								$ 122,000
Gain (loss) on sale of property held for sale								$ 75,600
Edgewater Joint Venture [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Commitment purchase amount					$ 8,000
Strathmore Joint Ventures [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Commitment purchase amount	35,600
Remaining unfunded commitments	$ 21,200
Percentage of share in joint venture				50.00%
Number of residential units | Home				574
Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Number of acre development site | Land						9
Number of land parcels acquired | Land							3
Percentage ownership in joint venture	51.00%	51.00%					51.00%		51.00%		51.00%
Purchase price										$ 100,000
Additional capitalized costs										$ 5,900
Proceeds from sale of property		$ 18,300
Gain (loss) on sale of property held for sale		5,900
Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member] | Residential Units [Member] | Flagler Village [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property | Unit						1,500
Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member] | Mixed-Use Property [Member] | Flagler Village [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Area of real estate property | ft²						3,000,000
IQHQ [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Additional payment for passive equity investment											$ 14,200
Equity method investment cost basis			$ 39,200
Equity method investments fair value			$ 59,700
Unrealized gain on investment											20,500
IQHQ [Member] | Class A-1 Units [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Percentage ownership in joint venture			22.00%
Equity method investment redemption with step-up value to be paid in cash			$ 16,500
Gain from redemption of equity investment			5,700
Equity method investment cost basis			$ 10,800
Undeveloped Land Parcels Acquisition [Member] | Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Loan paid from disposition proceeds									$ 22,900
Asset acquisition, price of acquisition, expected							$ 49,000
Land purchase							40,000
Undeveloped Land Parcels Acquisition [Member] | Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member] | Flagler Village [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Asset acquisition, price of acquisition, expected						$ 100,000
Undeveloped Land Parcels Acquisition [Member] | Anschutz Medical Campus [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Additional capitalized costs	$ 200	200							200		200
Asset acquisition, price of acquisition, expected		1,800
Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Loan paid from disposition proceeds											138,404
Additional payment for passive equity investment											14,227	23,273
Financing right-of-use lease assets	110,269	110,269							110,269		110,269	429,768
Finance lease, liability	$ 114,625	$ 114,625							114,625		$ 114,625	$ 435,093
Aimco OP L.P. [Member] | Edgewater Joint Venture [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Total contribution							1,700
Number of square feet of mixed-use development | Number					1
Percentage of share in joint venture					20.00%
Cash contribution					$ 300
Aimco OP L.P. [Member] | Undeveloped Land Parcels Acquisition [Member] | Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member]
Income Statement Balance Sheet And Additional Disclosures By Disposal Groups Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Loan paid from disposition proceeds									$ 11,700
Asset acquisition, price of acquisition, expected							25,000
Land purchase							$ 20,400

XML

Leases - Lease Income for Operating Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Leases [Abstract]
Fixed lease income	$ 176,080	$ 157,842	$ 140,140
Variable lease income	13,654	11,487	11,192
Total lease income	$ 189,734	$ 169,329	$ 151,332
Operating Lease, Lease Income, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Revenues	Revenues	Revenues

XML

Leases - Future Minimum Annual Payments Receivable Under Residential and Commercial Leases (Details) - Commercial Real Estate [Member] $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
2023	$ 13,031
2024	9,212
2025	5,728
2026	3,430
2027	1,546
Thereafter	800
Total	$ 33,747

XML

Leases (Details Textual)		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 01, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) a Unit ApartmentHome Property	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft² ApartmentHome	Sep. 01, 2022 USD ($) Lease	Dec. 15, 2020 Lease
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Weighted average remaining term			5 years 7 months 6 days	7 years 4 months 24 days
Lease modification income			$ 206,963,000
Lease term	25 years
Lease commencement date	Jun. 01, 2021
Area of real estate property | a			15
Operating lease expenses			$ 1,100,000	$ 1,000,000.0	$ 1,300,000
Operating right-of-use lease assets			$ 6,700,000	$ 5,100,000
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]			Other assets, net	Other assets, net
Operating lease liability			$ 12,842,000	$ 12,700,000
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]			us-gaap:OtherLiabilities	us-gaap:OtherLiabilities
Financing right-of-use lease assets			$ 110,269,000	$ 429,768,000
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]			Financing right-of-use lease assets	Financing right-of-use lease assets
Sub lease commencement date			Jan. 01, 2021
Sublease expiration date			May 31, 2029
Sublease income			$ 1,400,000	$ 1,400,000	100,000
Finance lease, amortization			6,700,000	8,300,000	0.0
Finance lease, interest expense			$ 7,500,000	$ 9,200,000	$ 0.0
Financing leases weighted average remaining term			94 years 2 months 12 days	38 years 6 months
Operating leases, weighted average discount rate, percent			3.40%	3.10%
Financing leases, weighted average discount rate, percent			6.10%	5.40%
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome			5,582
Lease liabilities - finance leases			$ 114,625,000	$ 435,093,000
Finance Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]			Lease liabilities - finance leases	Lease liabilities - finance leases
99 Year Ground Lease [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Area of real estate property | ft²					100,000
Financing right-of-use lease assets					$ 92,800,000
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome					689
Lease liabilities - finance leases					$ 86,300,000
98 Year Ground Lease [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Unit			220
Financing right-of-use lease assets			$ 15,000,000.0
Lease liabilities - finance leases			15,200,000
AIR [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Number of master lease agreements | Lease							4
Number of finance leases to be terminated | Lease						4
Consideration as termination payments						$ 200,000,000.0
Depreciation			85,700,000
Lease modification income			$ 207,000,000.0
Fort Lauderdale Florida Joint Venture [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Purchase price		$ 100,000,000.0
Asset Acquisition Acquisition Costs Capitalized		$ 5,900,000
single family rental homes [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Property			16
Accessory dwelling [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Property			8
Commercial lease [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Weighted average remaining term			3 years 2 months 12 days
Residential Lease [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Weighted average remaining term			1 year
Lease, option to extend			Generally, our residential leases do not provide extension options,
Ground Lease [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Lease cost capitalized			$ 8,500,000	$ 22,700,000	$ 0

XML

Leases - Minimum Annual Rental Payments Under Operating and Financing Leases and Sublease Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Sublease Lease, Liability, Payment, Due [Abstract]
2023	$ 1,403
2024	1,413
2025	1,423
2026	1,433
2027	1,443
Thereafter	2,083
Total	9,198
Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Payment, Due [Abstract]
2023	1,999
2024	2,298
2025	2,302
2026	2,341
2027	2,380
Thereafter	3,024
Total	14,344
Less: Discount	(1,502)
Total lease liabilities	$ 12,842	$ 12,700
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:OtherLiabilities	us-gaap:OtherLiabilities
Finance Lease, Liability, Payment, Due [Abstract]
2023	$ 2,905
2024	3,921
2025	4,437
2026	4,954
2027	5,483
Thereafter	1,433,295
Total	1,454,995
Less: Discount	(1,340,370)
Total lease liabilities	$ 114,625	$ 435,093
Finance Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Total lease liabilities	Total lease liabilities

XML

Agreements and Transactions With AIR (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2022
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due from affiliates		$ 1,943	$ 4,840
Target compensation expense		1,800
Associated Service Fees		$ 6,500	6,200
Expenses from transactions with related party				$ 9,800
AIR [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Property management/Property accounting agreements		Property Management Agreements with AIR, AIR provides us with certain property management, property accounting and related services for the majority of our operating properties. We pay AIR a property management fee for these services equal to 3% of each respective property’s revenue collected and such other fees as may be mutually agreed for various other services. The initial term of each Property Management Agreement is one year, with automatic one-year renewal periods, unless either party elects to terminate at any time upon delivery of 60 days prior written notice to the other party before the end of the term. Neither party is obligated to pay to the other party a termination fee or other penalty upon such termination.
Property management/ Property accounting fee, percent		3.00%
Property management fee expenses		$ 5,300	5,200	200
Prepayments of notes payable	$ 534,100
Spread maintenance cost		17,400
Interest expense related party		13,700	27,800	1,300
Due to affiliates		7,200	15,700
Due from affiliates		1,700	4,800
Accounts Payable		1,000
Amount due to affiliates for reimbursement of compensation		4,500	4,600
Common noncontrolling interests					$ 7,200
AIR [Member] | General and Administrative Expense [Member] | Master Services Agreement [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Administrative and support fees		$ 2,100	$ 2,400	$ 0

XML

Variable Interest Entities (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Entity	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) Entity
Real estate, net	$ 1,432,761		$ 1,230,384
Mezzanine investment	158,558		337,797
Right-of-use lease assets	6,700		5,100
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships	15,789		13,025
Deferred tax liabilities	117,294		118,705
Accrued liabilities and other	106,600		97,400
Non-recourse property debt, net	929,501		483,137
Construction loans, net	118,698		163,570
Total lease liabilities	$ 114,625		$ 435,093
Consolidated Entities [Member]
Count of VIEs | Entity	5		9
Real estate, net	$ 258,529	$ 416,200	$ 564,909
Mezzanine investment	0		0
Right-of-use lease assets	110,269		429,768
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships	0		0
Other assets, net	36,345		43,715
Deferred tax liabilities	0		124,747
Accrued liabilities and other	26,003		30,519
Non-recourse property debt, net	22,689		0
Construction loans, net	40,013		163,570
Total lease liabilities	$ 114,625		$ 435,093
Unconsolidated Entities [Member]
Count of VIEs | Entity	8		6
Real estate, net	$ 0		$ 0
Mezzanine investment	158,558		337,797
Right-of-use lease assets	0		0
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships	15,789		13,005
Other assets, net	59,823		35,773
Deferred tax liabilities	0		0
Accrued liabilities and other	0		0
Non-recourse property debt, net	0		0
Construction loans, net	0		0
Total lease liabilities	$ 0		$ 0

XML

Variable Interest Entities (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Entity ApartmentHome Property	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) Property	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Entity ApartmentHome Property	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Entity ApartmentHome Property	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) Entity
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Mezzanine investment	$ 158,558		$ 158,558	$ 158,558		$ 337,797
Construction loan paid off and derecognized				138,404
Funds remitted in return of joint venture capital contribution	6,400
Assets	2,181,223		2,181,223	2,181,223		2,434,101
Liabilities	1,389,039		1,389,039	1,389,039		1,838,074
Real estate, net	1,432,761		1,432,761	1,432,761		1,230,384
Deferred tax liabilities	119,615		119,615	$ 119,615		$ 124,747
Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of property	$ 18,300
Fort Lauderdale Consolidated Joint Venture [Member] | Undeveloped Land Parcels Acquisition [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Construction loan paid off and derecognized			$ 22,900
Consolidated Entities [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Count of VIEs | Entity	5		5	5		9
Mezzanine investment	$ 0		$ 0	$ 0		$ 0
Derecognizing of ROU lease assets		$ 326,100
Derecognizing of lease liabilities		337,300
Derecognized real estate assets		86,600
Construction loan paid off and derecognized		$ 138,400
Number of properties terminated | Property		4
Funds remitted in return of joint venture capital contribution	6,400
Assets	51,400		51,400	51,400
Liabilities	28,500		28,500	28,500
Real estate, net	$ 258,529		$ 258,529	$ 258,529	$ 416,200	$ 564,909
Deferred tax liabilities					$ 124,700
Unconsolidated Entities [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Count of VIEs | Entity	8		8	8		6
Mezzanine investment	$ 158,558		$ 158,558	$ 158,558		$ 337,797
Real estate, net	$ 0		$ 0	$ 0		0
San Diego Communities [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Number of apartment communities | ApartmentHome	4		4	4
Number of real estate properties | ApartmentHome	4		4	4
Mezzanine investment	$ 15,800		$ 15,800	$ 15,800		$ 13,000
San Diego Communities [Member] | Unconsolidated Entities [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | Property	4		4	4
Starthmore Joint Venture [Member]
Schedule Of Investment Income Reported Amounts By Category [Line Items]
Ownership percentage in joint venture	50.00%		50.00%	50.00%

XML

Debt (Details Textual)	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Property	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument deemed rate		0.25%
AIR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayments of Notes Payable	$ 534,100,000
Spread Maintenance Costs			$ 17,400,000
Interest expense related party			$ 13,700,000	$ 27,800,000	$ 1,300,000
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Spread on variable interest rate		0.25%
Base Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Spread on variable interest rate		0.50%
Description of variable rate basis			The base rate is defined as a fluctuating per annum rate of interest equal to the highest of (x) the overnight bank funding rate as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 0.5%, (y) PNC Bank, National Association’s prime rate and (z) the daily LIBOR Rate plus 1.00%. If the LIBOR Rate determined under any referenced method would be less than 0.25%, such rate shall be deemed 0.25%
Additional spread on variable interest rate		1.00
Swingline Loan Sub-Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit, outstanding amount			$ 0
Non Recourse Property Debt [Member] | Fixed Rate Property Debt | Pledged as Collateral
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties securing non-recourse debt | Property			24
Construction Loans [Member] | Fixed Rate Property Debt | Pledged as Collateral
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties securing non-recourse debt | Property			4
Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit, outstanding amount			$ 0
Fixed charge coverage ratio			1.25
Minimum tangible net worth			$ 625,000,000.0
Leverage maximum			60.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Loans Payable [Member] | Swingline Loan Sub-Facility [Member] | PNC Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Swingline loan sub-facility		$ 20,000,000.0			20,000,000.0
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Loans Payable [Member] | Swingline Loan Sub-Facility [Member] | PNC Bank [Member] | Base Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Spread on variable interest rate		1.00%
Description of variable rate basis			base rate plus a margin of 1.00%.
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Secured Debt [Member] | PNC Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity		$ 300,000,000.0			300,000,000.0
Secured credit facility		$ 150,000,000.0			150,000,000.0
Line of credit facility, option to extend expiration period, description			The credit facility has a maturity date of December 2023, with two twelve-month extension options, subject to certain conditions.
Line of credit facility, interest rate description			(a) LIBOR plus a margin of 2.00% or (b) a base rate plus a margin of 1.00%.
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Secured Debt [Member] | PNC Bank [Member] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Spread on variable interest rate		2.00%
Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | Secured Debt [Member] | PNC Bank [Member] | Base Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Spread on variable interest rate		1.00%
Letter of Credit [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit, outstanding amount			$ 0
Letter of Credit [Member] | PNC Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 30,000,000.0			$ 30,000,000.0

XML

Debt - Summary of Non-Recourse Property Debt and Construction Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 929,501	$ 483,137
Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	929,501	483,137
Total non-recourse property debt and construction loans	938,476	484,883
Assumed debt fair value adjustment, net of accumulated amortization	1,210	1,536
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization	$ (10,185)	(3,282)
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	5.21%
Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 118,698	163,570
Total non-recourse property debt and construction loans	126,317	168,376
Assumed debt fair value adjustment, net of accumulated amortization	(363)
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization	$ (7,256)	(4,806)
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	7.78%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 774,293	429,883
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	4.25%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 12,900
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	8.09%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	May 15, 2026
Contractual Interest Rate Range	1.00%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Dec. 23, 2025
Contractual Interest Rate Range	3.25%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Jun. 01, 2033
Contractual Interest Rate Range	4.68%
Fixed-rate [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Dec. 23, 2052
Contractual Interest Rate Range	13.00%
Variable rate [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 164,183	55,000
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	9.73%
Variable rate [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 113,417	$ 168,376
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	7.75%
Variable rate [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Jan. 10, 2024
Contractual Interest Rate Range	8.84%
Variable rate [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Jul. 01, 2024
Contractual Interest Rate Range	7.32%
Variable rate [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Oct. 09, 2025
Contractual Interest Rate Range	10.63%
Variable rate [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument maturity date	Jun. 23, 2025
Contractual Interest Rate Range	8.76%

XML

Debt - Summary of Non-Recourse Property Debt and Construction Loans (Parenthetical) (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022
Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	5.21%
Non Recourse Property Debt [Member] | Interest Rate Cap [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	5.12%
Construction Loans [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	7.78%
Construction Loans [Member] | Interest Rate Cap [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Interest Rate	6.89%

XML

Debt - Scheduled Principal Amortization and Maturity Payments for Non-Recourse Property Debt and Construction Loans (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Non Recourse Property Debt [Member]
Amortization
2023	$ 3,078
2024	3,188
2025	3,303
2026	2,166
2027	1,596
Thereafter	6,215
Total	19,546
Maturities
2024	82,883
2025	81,300
2026	75,519
Thereafter	679,228
Total	918,930
Long Term Debt Amortization and Maturities
2023	3,078
2024	86,071
2025	84,603
2026	77,685
2027	1,596
Thereafter	685,443
Total	938,476
Construction Loans [Member]
Maturities
2024	79,815
2025	40,002
Thereafter	6,500
Total	$ 126,317

XML

Income Taxes - Components of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax liabilities:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences	$ 119,621	$ 124,733
Lease Liability	385	79,827
Other	120	1,807
Deferred tax assets:
Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences		145
Lease Right of Use	439	80,497
Other	3,703	2,764
Net operating, capital, and other loss carryforwards	1,109	5,598
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	(2,419)	(1,342)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$ 117,294	$ 118,705

XML

Income Taxes - Components of Income Tax Benefit or Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current:
Federal	$ 12,499	$ 905	$ 857
State	5,840	(250)	660
Total current	18,339	655	1,517
Deferred:
Federal	(934)	(7,400)	(10,470)
State	(141)	(6,825)	(1,196)
Total deferred	(1,075)	(14,225)	(11,666)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$ 17,264	$ (13,570)	$ (10,149)

XML

Income Taxes (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Consolidated income (loss) subject to tax	$ 88,800	$ (31,400)	$ (25,500)
Cash paid for income taxes	$ 22,930	$ 2,941	$ 9,216

XML

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Income Tax Attributable to Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Amount
Tax (benefit) expense at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax	$ 18,641	$ (6,591)	$ (5,361)
US branch profits tax on earnings of foreign subsidiary	(1,965)	(1,084)	(4,195)
State income tax, net of federal (benefit) expense	4,590	(7,075)	(536)
Effects of permanent differences	209	197	1
Uncertain tax positions	(4,945)
Valuation allowance	1,109	840	0
Other	(375)	143	(58)
Total income tax benefit	$ 17,264	$ (13,570)	$ (10,149)
Percent
Tax (benefit) expense at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
US branch profits tax on earnings of foreign subsidiary	(2.20%)	3.50%	16.40%
State income tax, net of federal (benefit) expense	5.20%	22.50%	2.10%
Effects of permanent differences	0.20%	(0.60%)	0.00%
Uncertain tax positions	(5.60%)	0.00%	0.00%
Valuation allowance	1.20%	(2.70%)	0.00%
Other	(0.40%)	(0.50%)	0.20%
Total income tax benefit	19.40%	43.20%	39.70%

XML

Income Taxes - Schedule of Dividends Per Share Held (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Dividends, Common Stock [Abstract]
Ordinary income	$ 0.01		$ 3.17
Capital gains	0.01		19.43
Qualified dividends			0.62
Unrecaptured § 1250 gain			8.80
Return of capital			15.48
Total	$ 0.02		$ 47.50
Dividends Common Stock Percentage [Abstract]
Ordinary income	53.50%	0.00%	6.70%
Capital gains	46.50%	0.00%	40.90%
Qualified dividends	0.00%	0.00%	1.30%
Unrecaptured § 1250 gain	0.00%	0.00%	18.50%
Return of capital	0.00%	0.00%	32.60%
Total	100.00%	0.00%	100.00%

XML

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Balance at January 1	$ 7,038	$ 7,076
Reductions based on tax positions in prior years	(4,903)	(38)
Balance at December 31	$ 2,135	$ 7,038

XML

Aimco Equity (Details Textual) - $ / shares		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, shares authorized (in shares)		510,587,500	510,587,500
Common Stock, shares outstanding (in shares)		146,524,941	149,818,021
Percentage of real estate investment trust taxable income		90.00%
Cash dividend paid per share	$ 0.02
Dividend payable date of record	Sep. 14, 2022
Limited Liability Company or Limited Partnership, Equity Activities and Description		On December 15, 2020, we completed the Separation which was effected by way of a pro rata distribution, in which stockholders of Aimco received one share of Class A common stock of AIR for every one share of Class A common stock of Aimco held as of the close of business on December 5, 2020. AIR Operating Partnership also completed a pro rata distribution of all of the outstanding common OP units of Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of AIR Operating Partnership common OP units and AIR Operating Partnership Class I High Performance OP units as of the close of business on December 5, 2020.
2022 Stock Repurchases [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchased during period, shares		3,500,000	0	0
Share repurchase weighted average price		$ 7.21
Maximum [Member] | 2022 Stock Repurchases [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Authorzed to repurchase of shares		12,300,000

XML

Partners' Capital - Narrative (Details) - AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. [Member] - $ / shares		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 15, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Allotment Through Pro Rata Distribution	1
Redemption of OP units in exchange for shares		108,000
Redemption of OP units in exchange for cash		33,000
Redemption of OP units, weighted average price per unit		$ 7.07

XML

Earnings and Dividends per Share and per Unit - Reconciliations of Numerator and Denominator in Calculations of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share and per Unit (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Schedule Of Earnings Per Share And Dividends Per Share [Line Items]
Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco	$ 75,726	$ (5,910)	$ (5,041)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco participating securities	(1,087)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders	$ 74,639	$ (5,910)	$ (5,041)
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding	149,395	149,480	148,569
Diluted share equivalents outstanding	1,439
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding	150,834	149,480	148,569
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$ 0.50	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$ 0.49	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Aimco OP L.P. [Member]
Schedule Of Earnings Per Share And Dividends Per Share [Line Items]
Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco	$ 79,657	$ (6,207)	$ (5,310)
Net income (loss) allocated to Aimco participating securities	(1,131)
Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders	$ 78,526	$ (6,207)	$ (5,310)
Basic weighted-average common stock outstanding	157,317	157,701	156,500
Diluted share equivalents outstanding	1,457
Diluted weighted-average common stock outstanding	158,774	157,701	156,500
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$ 0.50	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$ 0.49	$ (0.04)	$ (0.03)

XML

Share-Based Compensation (Details Textual) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unvested compensation cost not yet recognized for options and restricted stock awards | $	$ 13.5
Weighted average period over which unvested compensation cost expected to be recognized	1 year 9 months 18 days
Restricted Stock [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vest period	4 years
Restricted Stock [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vest period	5 years
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Term of stock options	10 years
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vest period	4 years
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vest period	5 years
TSR Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
TSR restricted shares performance measurement period	3 years
Term of stock options	10 years
2020 Plan [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares available to be granted under plan (in shares) | shares	21.4

XML

Share-Based Compensation - Total Compensation Cost Recognized for Share-based Awards (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 6,441	$ 3,377	$ 1,070
Capitalized share-based compensation	1,016	340	138
Total share-based compensation	$ 7,457	$ 3,717	$ 1,208

XML

Share-Based Compensation - Summary Activity for Equity Compensation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	$ 6.96
TSR Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at beginning of year | shares	317,200
Number of Options, Shares and Units Granted | shares	212,767
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	529,967
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at beginning of year	$ 6.66
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	6.96
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 6.78
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at beginning of year | shares	1,941,125
Number of Options, Shares and Units Granted | shares	328,941
Number of Options, Shares and Units Vested | shares	(30,618)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Forfeited | shares	(85,310)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	2,154,138
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at beginning of year	$ 6.84
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	7.16
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Vested	14.61
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Forfeited	6.90
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 6.78
TSR Restricted Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at beginning of year | shares	283,503
Number of Options, Shares and Units Granted | shares	183,320
Number of Options, Shares and Units Vested | shares	(3,198)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Forfeited | shares	(2,880)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	460,745
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at beginning of year	$ 10.14
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	7.25
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Vested	47.44
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Forfeited	55.50
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 8.45
TSR LTIP I Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at beginning of year | shares	12,441
Number of Options, Shares and Units Vested | shares	(2,557)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Forfeited | shares	(2,698)
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	7,186
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at beginning of year	$ 53.69
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Vested	53.17
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Forfeited	55.17
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 53.33
TSR LTIP II Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at beginning of year | shares	563,890
Number of Options, Shares and Units Granted | shares	341,550
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	905,440
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at beginning of year	$ 4.64
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	6.96
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 5.52
Time LTIP II Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Shares and Units Granted | shares	563,334
Number of Options, Shares and Units Outstanding at end of year | shares	563,334
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Granted	$ 6.96
Weighted Average Exercise Price and Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding at end of year	$ 6.96

XML

Share-Based Compensation - Compensation Cost Not Yet Recognized for Share-based Awards (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total awards unvested shares	4,620,810
Total awards unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 13,501
AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total awards unvested shares	1,967,183
Employee Stock Option [Member] | AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	786,413
TSR Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	529,967	317,200
Unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 874
TSR Stock Awards [Member] | AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	25,563
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	2,154,138	1,941,125
Unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 9,143
Restricted Stock [Member] | AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	18,000
TSR Restricted Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	460,745	283,503
Unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 2,007
TSR Restricted Stock Awards [Member] | AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	47,516
TSR LTIP I Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	7,186	12,441
Unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 62
TSR LTIP II Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	905,440	563,890
Unvested compensation not yet recognized	$ 1,415
TSR LTIP II Units [Member] | AIR [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	1,089,691
TSR LTIP II Units And Time LTIP II Units [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unvested shares	1,468,774

XML

Share-Based Compensation - Summary of Assumptions Used for Valuation of TSR-Based Awards Granted (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant date market value of a common share	$ 6.96
Risk-free interest rate, Minimum	0.19%	0.02%
Risk-free interest rate, Maximum	1.38%	1.22%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Expected volatility, Minimum	32.09%	30.40%
Expected volatility, Maximum	33.04%	32.29%
Minimum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant date market value of a common share		$ 6.66
Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant date market value of a common share		$ 7.10
TSR Restricted Stock Awards [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant date market value of a common share	$ 7.25
Derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock	3 years	3 years
TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units [member] | Weighted Average [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average expected term of TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units	4 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 4 months 24 days

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mezzanine investment	$ 158,558			$ 337,797
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Interest Rate Options
Impairment		$ 15,860
Capitalization rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investment, measurement input	3.75
Discount Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investment, measurement input	11.5
Fair Value, Recurring [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative instruments acquired	$ 17,700
Fair Value, Recurring [Member] | Property Technology Funds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investment	4,300			$ 9,600
Fair Value, Nonrecurring [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Impairment	15,900
Interest Rate Cap [Member] | Fair Value, Recurring [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative gain on swaption, net of transaction costs	11,100
Interest Rate Swaps and Caps [Member] | Fair Value, Recurring [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative, Notional Amount	2,000,000
Derivative instrument interest rate swap and cap	$ 16,800
IQHQ [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity method investment cost basis			$ 39,200
IQHQ [Member] | Class A-1 Units [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership of units			22.00%
Equity method investment cost basis			$ 10,800
Equity method investment redemption with step-up value to be paid in cash			$ 16,500

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Fair Value for Interest Rate Options and Investment in Real Estate Technology Funds (Details) - Fair Value, Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate options		$ 62,259	$ 25,449
Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate options		0	0
Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate options		62,259	25,449
Level 3 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate options		0	0
Real Estate Technology Funds [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments	[1]	4,296	9,613
Real Estate Technology Funds [Member] | Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments	[1]	0	0
Real Estate Technology Funds [Member] | Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments	[1]	0	0
Real Estate Technology Funds [Member] | Level 3 [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments	[1]	$ 0	$ 0

[1] Investments measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Carrying Value and Fair Value of Non-recourse Property debt Construction Loan and Notes Payable to AIR (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Carrying Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	$ 1,064,793	$ 1,187,386
Fair Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	1,004,758	1,201,463
Non-recourse Property Debt [Member] | Carrying Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	938,476	484,883
Non-recourse Property Debt [Member] | Fair Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	878,804	498,960
Constructions Loans [Member] | Carrying Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	126,317	168,376
Constructions Loans [Member] | Fair Value [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value	$ 125,954	168,376
Notes Payable [Member] | Carrying Value [Member] | AIR [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value		534,127
Notes Payable [Member] | Fair Value [Member] | AIR [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Debt, Fair Value		$ 534,127

XML

Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Construction related contracts, amount	$ 155.8
Undrawn construction loans	304.6
Commitments related to capital spending activities	50.0
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures [Member]
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Remaining commitments	10.3
Commitments related to development, redevelopment and capital improvement activities [Member] | RET Ventures [Member]
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Remaining commitments	$ 2.4
Commitments related to operations [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Time Period of Long-term Purchase Commitment	1 year

XML

Business Segments (Details Textual) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Property ApartmentHome Segment Home Room Dwelling Community	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2021 Property
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments | Segment	3
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	5,582
Percentage of NOI	6.90%
Write-off of right-of-use lease assets | $	$ 326.1
Write-off of lease liability | $	337.3
Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Right-of-use lease assets | $	110.3	$ 96.3
Lease liabilities | $	$ 114.6	$ 95.4
Operating Portfolio Segment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of properties disposed | Property	1
Continuing Operations [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Property	26
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	5,940
Continuing Operations [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	300
Planned Apartment Homes [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	1,185
Planned Homes [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Home	16
Accessory Dwelling Units [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | Dwelling	8
Planned Rooms [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | Room	106
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of lease real estate properties terminated | Property	4
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Operating Portfolio Segment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Property	21
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Residential Apartment Communities in Redevelopment [Member] | Operating Portfolio Segment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Property			21
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Residential Apartment Communities in Redevelopment [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Property	3
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Planned Apartment Homes [Member] | Operating Portfolio Segment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	5,582
Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Planned Rooms [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | Room	106
Real Estate Partnership [Member] | Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of real estate properties | Community	12
Real Estate Partnership [Member] | Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Planned Apartment Homes [Member] | Development and Redevelopment [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | ApartmentHome	1,185
Real Estate Partnership [Member] | Wholly And Partially Owned Consolidated Properties [Member] | Planned Homes [Member]
Business Segments (Textual) [Abstract]
Number of units in real estate property | Home	16

XML

Business Segments - Summary of Information for Reportable Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	$ 190,344	$ 169,836	$ 151,451
Property operating expenses	71,792	67,613	61,514
Other operating expenses not allocated to segments	198,640	117,863	104,294
Total operating expenses	270,432	185,476	165,808
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	(80,088)	(15,640)	(14,357)
Other items included in income (loss) before income tax	189,510	(2,910)	(1,563)
Income (loss) before income tax	109,422	(18,550)	(15,920)
Operating Segments [Member]
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	135,224	122,303	116,888
Property operating expenses	40,841	39,625	37,917
Total operating expenses	40,841	39,625	37,917
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	94,383	82,678	78,971
Income (loss) before income tax	94,383	82,678	78,971
Segment Reconciling Items [Member]
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	6,097	5,256	5,577
Property operating expenses	6,077	5,199	4,885
Total operating expenses	6,077	5,199	4,885
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	20	57	692
Income (loss) before income tax	20	57	692
Corporate Non-Segment [Member]
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	30,074	25,682	14,392
Property operating expenses	17,116	16,938	13,614
Other operating expenses not allocated to segments	198,640	117,863	104,294
Total operating expenses	215,756	134,801	117,908
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	(185,682)	(109,119)	(103,516)
Other items included in income (loss) before income tax	189,510	(2,910)	(1,563)
Income (loss) before income tax	3,828	(112,029)	(105,079)
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	919	2,036	1,515
Property operating expenses	2,198	1,446	981
Total operating expenses	2,198	1,446	981
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	(1,279)	590	534
Income (loss) before income tax	(1,279)	590	534
Other [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Summary information for the reportable segments
Rental and other property revenues	18,030	14,559	13,079
Property operating expenses	5,560	4,405	4,117
Total operating expenses	5,560	4,405	4,117
Proportionate property net operating income (loss)	12,470	10,154	8,962
Income (loss) before income tax	$ 12,470	$ 10,154	$ 8,962

XML

Business Segments - Schedule of Net Real Estate and Non-Recourse Property Debt, Net, by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements	$ 674,419
Land	641,102	$ 534,285
Total real estate	933,452
Accumulated depreciation	(468,054)
Net real estate	1,432,761	1,230,384
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	929,501	483,137
Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements	1,322,381	1,257,214
Land	641,102	534,285
Total real estate	1,963,483	1,791,499
Accumulated depreciation	(530,722)	(561,115)
Net real estate	1,432,761	1,230,384
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	1,048,199	646,707
Corporate Non-Segment [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements		182,725
Land		39,426
Total real estate		222,151
Accumulated depreciation		(73,524)
Net real estate		148,627
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net		182,181
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements	449,316	202,367
Land	228,568	82,325
Total real estate	677,884	284,692
Accumulated depreciation	(2,378)	(1,426)
Net real estate	675,506	283,266
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	200,135	36,218
Operating Portfolio Segment [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements	674,419	675,269
Land	259,033	259,033
Total real estate	933,452	934,302
Accumulated depreciation	(468,054)	(444,324)
Net real estate	465,398	489,978
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	823,692	428,308
Other [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Buildings and improvements	198,646	196,853
Land	153,501	153,501
Total real estate	352,147	350,354
Accumulated depreciation	(60,290)	(41,841)
Net real estate	291,857	$ 308,513
Non-recourse property debt and construction loans, net	$ 24,372

XML

Subsequent Events (Details Textual) $ in Millions	Feb. 20, 2023 USD ($)
Subsequent Events [Member] | Parkmerced Investment [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Agreement to sell mezzanine loan	$ 167.5

XML

Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation - Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) ApartmentHome
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	5,582
Initial Cost, Land	$ 259,033
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	367,835
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	306,584
Land	259,033
Buildings and improvements	674,419
Total real estate	933,452
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(468,054)
Net real estate	465,398
Encumbrances	$ 830,111
Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	5,940
Initial Cost, Land	$ 641,102
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	616,917
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	703,652
Land	641,102
Buildings and improvements	1,322,381
Total real estate	1,963,483
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(530,722)
Net real estate	1,432,761
Encumbrances	$ 1,065,639
Royal Crest Estates [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2002
Location	Marlborough, MA
Year Built	1970
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	473
Initial Cost, Land	$ 25,178
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	28,786
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	14,289
Land	25,178
Buildings and improvements	43,075
Total real estate	68,253
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(34,792)
Net real estate	33,461
Encumbrances	$ 71,295
Stabilized [Member] | Royal Crest Estates [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2002
Location	Warwick, RI
Year Built	1972
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	492
Initial Cost, Land	$ 22,433
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	24,095
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	6,029
Land	22,433
Buildings and improvements	30,124
Total real estate	52,557
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(24,639)
Net real estate	$ 27,918
Stabilized [Member] | St. George Villas [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Jan. 31, 2006
Location	St. George, SC
Year Built	1984
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	40
Initial Cost, Land	$ 108
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	1,024
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	452
Land	108
Buildings and improvements	1,476
Total real estate	1,584
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(1,419)
Net real estate	165
Encumbrances	$ 237
Stabilized [Member] | Waterford Village [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2002
Location	Bridgewater, MA
Year Built	1971
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	588
Initial Cost, Land	$ 29,110
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	28,101
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	12,390
Land	29,110
Buildings and improvements	40,491
Total real estate	69,601
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(34,473)
Net real estate	$ 35,128
Stabilized [Member] | Wexford Village [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2002
Location	Worcester, MA
Year Built	1974
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	264
Initial Cost, Land	$ 6,349
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	17,939
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	6,199
Land	6,349
Buildings and improvements	24,138
Total real estate	30,487
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(17,627)
Net real estate	$ 12,860
Stabilized [Member] | Yacht Club at Brickell [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 2003
Location	Miami, FL
Year Built	1998
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	357
Initial Cost, Land	$ 31,362
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	32,214
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	21,404
Land	31,362
Buildings and improvements	53,618
Total real estate	84,980
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(29,866)
Net real estate	55,114
Encumbrances	$ 163,880
Stabilized [Member] | Bluffs at Pacifica, The [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Oct. 31, 2006
Location	Pacifica, CA
Year Built	1963
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	64
Initial Cost, Land	$ 8,108
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	4,132
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	17,749
Land	8,108
Buildings and improvements	21,881
Total real estate	29,989
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(14,208)
Net real estate	$ 15,781
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Separate Portfolio [Member] | 118-122 West 23rd Street [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Jun. 30, 2012
Location	New York, NY
Year Built	1987
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	42
Initial Cost, Land	$ 14,985
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	23,459
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	6,186
Land	14,985
Buildings and improvements	29,645
Total real estate	44,630
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(12,453)
Net real estate	32,177
Encumbrances	$ 16,472
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Royal Crest Estates [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2002
Location	Nashua, NH
Year Built	1970
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	902
Initial Cost, Land	$ 68,230
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	45,562
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	18,108
Land	68,230
Buildings and improvements	63,670
Total real estate	131,900
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(53,853)
Net real estate	78,047
Encumbrances	$ 173,435
Separate Portfolio [Member] | 1045 on the Park Apartments Homes [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Mid Rise
Date Acquired	Jul. 31, 2013
Location	Atlanta, GA
Year Built	2012
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	30
Initial Cost, Land	$ 2,793
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	6,662
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	1,185
Land	2,793
Buildings and improvements	7,847
Total real estate	10,640
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(2,711)
Net real estate	7,929
Encumbrances	$ 6,007
Separate Portfolio [Member] | 2200 Grace [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2018
Location	Lombard, IL
Year Built	1971
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	72
Initial Cost, Land	$ 642
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	7,788
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	242
Land	642
Buildings and improvements	8,030
Total real estate	8,672
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(5,583)
Net real estate	3,089
Encumbrances	$ 11,193
Separate Portfolio [Member] | 173 E. 90th Street [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	May 31, 2004
Location	New York, NY
Year Built	1910
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	72
Initial Cost, Land	$ 12,066
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	4,535
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	9,044
Land	12,066
Buildings and improvements	13,579
Total real estate	25,645
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(7,080)
Net real estate	18,565
Encumbrances	$ 12,138
Separate Portfolio [Member] | 237-239 Ninth Avenue [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Mar. 31, 2005
Location	New York, NY
Year Built	1900
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	36
Initial Cost, Land	$ 8,495
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	1,866
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	2,777
Land	8,495
Buildings and improvements	4,643
Total real estate	13,138
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(3,338)
Net real estate	9,800
Encumbrances	$ 6,148
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Plantation Gardens [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Oct. 31, 1999
Location	Plantation, FL
Year Built	1971
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	372
Initial Cost, Land	$ 3,773
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	19,443
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	23,203
Land	3,773
Buildings and improvements	42,646
Total real estate	46,419
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(31,196)
Net real estate	15,223
Encumbrances	$ 60,133
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Willow Bend [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	May 31, 1998
Location	Rolling Meadows, IL
Year Built	1969
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	328
Initial Cost, Land	$ 2,717
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	15,437
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	19,897
Land	2,717
Buildings and improvements	35,334
Total real estate	38,051
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(28,997)
Net real estate	9,054
Encumbrances	$ 43,501
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Yorktown Apartments [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 1999
Location	Lombard, IL
Year Built	1971
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	292
Initial Cost, Land	$ 2,414
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	10,374
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	52,617
Land	2,414
Buildings and improvements	62,991
Total real estate	65,405
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(44,465)
Net real estate	20,940
Encumbrances	$ 46,857
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Bank Lofts [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Apr. 30, 2001
Location	Denver, CO
Year Built	1920
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	125
Initial Cost, Land	$ 3,525
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	9,045
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	5,716
Land	3,525
Buildings and improvements	14,761
Total real estate	18,286
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(9,341)
Net real estate	8,945
Encumbrances	$ 18,540
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Elm Creek [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Mid Rise
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 1997
Location	Elmhurst, IL
Year Built	1987
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	400
Initial Cost, Land	$ 5,910
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	30,830
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	31,618
Land	5,910
Buildings and improvements	62,448
Total real estate	68,358
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(41,367)
Net real estate	26,991
Encumbrances	$ 78,095
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Evanston Place [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 1997
Location	Evanston, IL
Year Built	1990
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	190
Initial Cost, Land	$ 3,232
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	25,546
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	18,557
Land	3,232
Buildings and improvements	44,103
Total real estate	47,335
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(25,532)
Net real estate	21,803
Encumbrances	$ 46,670
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Hillmeade [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Nov. 30, 1994
Location	Nashville, TN
Year Built	1986
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	288
Initial Cost, Land	$ 2,872
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	16,070
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	22,362
Land	2,872
Buildings and improvements	38,432
Total real estate	41,304
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(27,915)
Net real estate	13,389
Encumbrances	$ 46,026
Separate Portfolio [Member] | Hyde Park Tower [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Oct. 31, 2004
Location	Chicago, IL
Year Built	1990
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	155
Initial Cost, Land	$ 4,731
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	14,927
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	16,560
Land	4,731
Buildings and improvements	31,487
Total real estate	36,218
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(17,199)
Net real estate	19,019
Encumbrances	$ 29,484
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	300
Initial Cost, Land	$ 228,568
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	60,585
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	388,731
Land	228,568
Buildings and improvements	449,316
Total real estate	677,884
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(2,378)
Net real estate	675,506
Encumbrances	$ 208,837
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Benson Hotel & Faculty Club, The [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jan. 31, 2021
Location	Denver, CO
Initial Cost, Land	$ 1,815
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	4,414
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	62,529
Land	1,815
Buildings and improvements	66,943
Total real estate	68,758
Net real estate	$ 68,758
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | One Edgewater [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Garden
Date Acquired	Jul. 31, 2021
Location	Miami, FL
Year Built	1948
Initial Cost, Land	$ 20,045
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	2,638
Land	20,045
Buildings and improvements	2,638
Total real estate	22,683
Net real estate	$ 22,683
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Hamilton House [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jan. 31, 1900
Location	Miami, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 11,467
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	4,606
Land	11,467
Buildings and improvements	4,606
Total real estate	16,073
Net real estate	$ 16,073
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Flying Horse [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jul. 31, 2021
Location	Colorado Springs, CO
Initial Cost, Land	$ 4,257
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	3,164
Land	4,257
Buildings and improvements	3,164
Total real estate	7,421
Net real estate	$ 7,421
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Hamilton, The [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2020
Location	Miami, FL
Year Built	1985
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	276
Initial Cost, Land	$ 45,239
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	34,891
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	108,564
Land	45,239
Buildings and improvements	143,455
Total real estate	188,694
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(2,378)
Net real estate	186,316
Encumbrances	$ 79,815
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Oak Shore [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jun. 30, 2021
Location	Corte Madera, CA
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	24
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	$ 23,309
Buildings and improvements	23,309
Total real estate	23,309
Net real estate	23,309
Encumbrances	$ 1
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Upton Place [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 2020
Location	Washington, DC
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	$ 21,280
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	151,224
Buildings and improvements	172,504
Total real estate	172,504
Net real estate	172,504
Encumbrances	$ 33,601
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Mondo Market [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Sep. 30, 2022
Location	Aurora, CO
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	$ 2,282
Buildings and improvements	2,282
Total real estate	2,282
Net real estate	$ 2,282
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Strathmore Phase 1 Con [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Feb. 28, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	$ 13,681
Buildings and improvements	13,681
Total real estate	13,681
Net real estate	13,681
Encumbrances	$ 12,537
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | 300 W. Broward Blvd. [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jan. 31, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 21,355
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	9,260
Land	21,355
Buildings and improvements	9,260
Total real estate	30,615
Net real estate	30,615
Encumbrances	$ 12,796
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | 200 W. Broward Blvd. [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jan. 31, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 16,750
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	2,215
Land	16,750
Buildings and improvements	2,215
Total real estate	18,965
Net real estate	18,965
Encumbrances	$ 10,087
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Fitzsimons Phase Four [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Dec. 31, 2022
Location	Aurora, CO
Initial Cost, Land	$ 2,016
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	71
Land	2,016
Buildings and improvements	71
Total real estate	2,087
Net real estate	$ 2,087
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Sears Parcel 1 [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jun. 30, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 68,485
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	3,497
Land	68,485
Buildings and improvements	3,497
Total real estate	71,982
Net real estate	71,982
Encumbrances	$ 38,400
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Sears Parcel 2 [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jul. 31, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 20,737
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	978
Land	20,737
Buildings and improvements	978
Total real estate	21,715
Net real estate	21,715
Encumbrances	$ 12,000
Development and Redevelopment [Member] | Sears Parcel 3 [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Date Acquired	Jun. 30, 2022
Location	Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Initial Cost, Land	$ 16,402
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	713
Land	16,402
Buildings and improvements	713
Total real estate	17,115
Net real estate	17,115
Encumbrances	$ 9,600
Other [Member] | 1001 Brickell Bay Drive [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	High Rise
Date Acquired	Jul. 31, 2019
Location	Miami, FL
Year Built	1985
Initial Cost, Land	$ 150,018
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	152,791
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	8,321
Land	150,018
Buildings and improvements	162,924
Total real estate	312,942
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(58,497)
Net real estate	$ 254,445
Other [Member] | Eldridge [Member] | Continuing Operations [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Apartment Type	Townhome
Date Acquired	Aug. 31, 2021
Location	Elmhurst, IL
Year Built	2018
Number of apartment homes | ApartmentHome	58
Initial Cost, Land	$ 3,483
Initial Cost, Buildings and Improvements	35,706
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation	16
Land	3,483
Buildings and improvements	35,722
Total real estate	39,205
Accumulated Depreciation (AD)	(1,793)
Net real estate	37,412
Encumbrances	$ 26,691

XML

Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation - Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Parenthetical) (Details) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Aggregate cost of land and depreciable property for federal income tax purposes	$ 1.3
Minimum [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Depreciable life for buildings and improvements	5 years
Maximum [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
Depreciable life for buildings and improvements	30 years

XML

Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation - Summary Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Additions during the year:
Total real estate balance at end of year	$ 933,452
Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year	468,054
Aimco Real Estate
Total portfolio
Total real estate balance at beginning of year	1,791,499	$ 1,500,269	$ 1,385,412
Additions during the year:
Acquisitions	146,236	69,178	112,820
Capital additions	273,380	222,052	24,334
Dispositions	(233,308)		(22,297)
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other	(14,324)
Total real estate balance at end of year	1,963,483	1,791,499	1,500,269
Accumulated depreciation balance at beginning of year	561,115	495,010	449,444
Depreciation	143,983	66,105	67,919
Dispositions	(160,052)
Write-offs of fully depreciated assets and other	(14,324)		(22,353)
Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year	$ 530,722	$ 561,115	$ 495,010