10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________________ to _______________________

Commission file number: 001-37544

AMPLIPHI BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	91-1549568 I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
3579 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 San Diego, California	92130 (Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 829-0829

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes   x      No     ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes    x     No     ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer   ¨	Accelerated filer   ¨
Non-accelerated filer ¨ (Do not check if a small reporting company)	Smaller reporting company   x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨     No x

The number of shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding at May 6, 2016 was 8,242,528.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	20
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	20
PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION		21
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	21
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	21
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36
Item 5.	Other Information	37
Item 6.	Exhibits	37
SIGNATURES		38

2

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,173,000		$	9,370,000
Accounts receivable		14,000			125,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		566,000			521,000
Total current assets		6,753,000			10,016,000
Property and equipment, net		1,170,000			1,131,000
In process research and development		12,446,000			12,446,000
Acquired patents, net		330,000			338,000
Goodwill		7,562,000			7,562,000
Total assets	$	28,261,000		$	31,493,000
Liabilities, Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other	$	2,003,000		$	1,464,000
Deferred revenue		142,000			245,000
Accrued severance		138,000			308,000
Dividends payable		368,000			368,000
Total current liabilities		2,651,000			2,385,000
Series B preferred stock derivative liability		91,000			1,493,000
Warrant liability		2,000			6,000
Deferred tax liability		3,005,000			3,005,000
Total liabilities		5,749,000			6,889,000
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock
$0.01 par value, 9,357,935 shares authorized at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, 7,527,853 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (liquidation preference of $13,706,000 and $13,383,000 at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively)		13,615,000			11,890,000
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 670,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, 5,883,503 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015		59,000			59,000
Additional paid-in capital		374,472,000			375,177,000
Accumulated deficit		(365,634,000	)		(362,522,000	)
Total stockholders’ equity		8,897,000			12,714,000
Total liabilities, Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity	$	28,261,000		$	31,493,000

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Operations

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
	(Unaudited)			(Unaudited)
Revenue	$	106,000		$	102,000
Operating expenses
Research and development		1,980,000			972,000
General and administrative		2,644,000			1,397,000
Total operating expenses		4,624,000			2,369,000
Loss from operations		(4,518,000	)		(2,267,000	)
Other income (expense)
Change in fair value of warrant liability		4,000			(4,690,000	)
Change in fair value of Series B preferred stock derivative liability		1,402,000			(7,105,000	)
Other expense		-			(431,000	)
Total other income (expense)		1,406,000			(12,226,000	)
Net loss		(3,112,000	)		(14,493,000	)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		(1,725,000	)		(338,000	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(4,837,000	)	$	(14,831,000	)
Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock - basic	$	(0.82	)	$	(3.49	)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - basic		5,883,503			4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$	(0.82	)	$	(3.49	)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - diluted		5,883,503			4,245,816

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

	Redeemable Convertible
	Preferred Stock						Stockholders' Equity
	Series B						Common Stock
											Additional						Total
											Paid-			Accumulated			Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount			Shares		Amount		in Capital			Deficit			Equity
Balances, December 31, 2014		8,671,040		$	1,990,000			3,983,182	$	40,000	$	365,403,000		$	(362,006,000	)	$	3,437,000
Net loss		-			-			-		-		-			(516,000	)		(516,000	)
Accretion of dividends on Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		-			1,307,000			-		-		(1,307,000	)		-			(1,307,000	)
Accretion to redemption value of Series B redeemable convertible stock		-			8,971,000			-		-		(8,971,000	)		-			(8,971,000	)
Conversion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock		(1,143,187	)		(378,000	)		228,637		2,000		1,504,000			-			1,506,000
Common stock issued in March 2015 financing, net of offering costs		-			-			1,575,758		16,000		8,250,000			-			8,266,000
Warrants exercised		-			-			56,645		1,000		1,072,000			-			1,073,000
Warrants reclassified from liabilities to equity due to amendment of warrants		-			-			-		-		5,462,000			-			5,462,000
Warrants reclassified from liabilities to equity due to increase in authorized shares		-			-			-		-		3,281,000			-			3,281,000
Exercise of common stock options and other		-			-			39,281		-		-			-			-
Stock-based compensation		-			-			-		-		479,000			-			479,000
Stock-based compensation - severance		-			-			-		-		4,000			-			4,000
Balances, December 31, 2015		7,527,853			11,890,000			5,883,503		59,000		375,177,000			(362,522,000	)		12,714,000
Net loss		-			-			-		-		-			(3,112,000	)		(3,112,000	)
Accretion of dividends on Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		-			323,000			-		-		(323,000	)		-			(323,000	)
Accretion to redemption value of Series B redeemable convertible stock		-			1,402,000			-		-		(1,402,000	)		-			(1,402,000	)
Warrants issued for Novolytics assets		-			-			-		-		204,000			-			204,000
Stock-based compensation		-			-			-		-		816,000			-			816,000
Balances, March 31, 2016 (Unaudited)		7,527,853		$	13,615,000			5,883,503	$	59,000	$	374,472,000		$	(365,634,000	)	$	8,897,000

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
	(Unaudited)			(Unaudited)
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(3,112,000	)	$	(14,493,000	)
Adjustments required to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(4,000	)		4,690,000
Change in fair value of Series B preferred stock derivative liability		(1,402,000	)		7,105,000
Warrants issued		204,000			213,000
Amortization of patents		8,000			8,000
Depreciation		73,000			58,000
Stock-based compensation		816,000			52,000
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		111,000			100,000
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and other		436,000			158,000
Accrued severance		(170,000	)		(122,000	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(45,000	)		(74,000	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,085,000	)		(2,305,000	)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(112,000	)		(35,000	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(112,000	)		(35,000	)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net		-			12,384,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		-			12,384,000
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(3,197,000	)		10,044,000
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		9,370,000			6,581,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	6,173,000		$	16,625,000
Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities:
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	$	1,725,000		$	338,000
Fair value of warrant liability upon issuance		-			4,211,000

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, 2016
(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Description of the Business

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Washington in 1989 under the name Targeted Genetics Corporation. In February 2011, Targeted Genetics Corporation changed its name to AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation. The Company is dedicated to developing novel antibacterial therapies called bacteriophage (phage). Phages are naturally occurring viruses that preferentially target and kill their bacterial targets.

2. Liquidity

The Company has prepared these consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the normal course of business. However, the Company has incurred net losses since its inception, has negative operating cash flows and has an accumulated deficit of $365.6 million as of March 31, 2016, $50.1 million of which has been accumulated since January of 2011, when the Company began its focus on bacteriophage development. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the outcome of the uncertainty concerning the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $6.2 million. Management believes that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations into the third quarter of 2016.

The Company’s ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the status of its product development activities and other business operations, as well as factors related to financial, economic, and market conditions, many of which are beyond its control. The Company cannot be certain that sufficient funds will be available to it when required or on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to significantly reduce or refocus its operations or to obtain funds through additional arrangements that may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its products, technologies or potential markets, any of which could delay or require that it curtail or eliminate some or all of its development programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations.

3. Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Since the date of those financial statements, there have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies. The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries Biocontrol Limited, Ampliphi d.o.o., and AmpliPhi Australia Pty Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial statements and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2016 and the results of its operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or any future period.

Reverse Stock Split

On August 3, 2015, the Company filed Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Washington that effected a 1-for-50 (1:50) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, effective August 7, 2015. On August 3, 2015, the Company increased its authorized common stock, from 445,000,000 to 670,000,000 shares. The par value of its common stock was unchanged at $0.01 per share, post-split. All warrant, stock option, and per share information in the consolidated financial statements gives retroactive effect to the 1-for-50 reverse stock split that was effected on August 7, 2015.

7

Use of Estimates

Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. This process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the financial statements if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. In preparing these financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards, the fair value of liability-classified preferred stock derivatives, the fair value of liability-classified warrants, the valuation of long-lived assets, including in-process research and development (IPR&D), patents and goodwill, accrued expenses and the recoverability of the Company's net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Warrant and Preferred Shares Conversion Feature Liability

The Company accounts for both warrants with anti-dilution adjustment provisions and other features and preferred share features with anti-dilution adjustment provisions under the applicable accounting guidance which requires the warrant and the preferred share features to be recorded as liabilities and adjusted to fair value at each reporting period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU creates a single source of revenue guidance for companies in all industries. The new standard provides guidance for all revenue arising from contracts with customers and affects all entities that enter into contracts to provide goods or services to their customers, unless the contracts are within the scope of other accounting standards. It also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain nonfinancial assets. This guidance, as amended, must be adopted using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented or a modified retrospective approach and will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The ASU is part of a simplification initiative aimed at reducing complexity in accounting standards. Current GAAP requires the deferred taxes for each jurisdiction (or tax-paying component of a jurisdiction) to be presented as a net current asset or liability and net noncurrent asset or liability. To simplify presentation, the new guidance requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The standard is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or liquidity.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and creates Topic 842, "Leases." The new topic supersedes Topic 840, "Leases," and increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosures of key information about leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which defines management's responsibility to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

8

4. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities — Derivative Instruments

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820), establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes among the following:

· Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

· Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

· Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Items measured at fair value on a recurring basis include common stock warrants and embedded derivatives related to the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock. During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values liabilities that are measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company's financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Quoted Prices in
	Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable Inputs		Unobservable
	Items (Level 1)		(Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)		Total
March 31, 2016
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	91,000	$	91,000
Warrant liability		-		-		2,000		2,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	93,000	$	93,000
December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	1,493,000	$	1,493,000
Warrant liability		-		-		6,000		6,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	1,499,000	$	1,499,000

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2015.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Company's Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock derivative and warrant liability, which represents a recurring measurement that is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, wherein fair value is estimated using significant unobservable inputs:

				Series B Preferred
	Warrant			Stock Derivative
	Liability			Liability
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	6,000		$	1,493,000
Changes in estimated fair value		(4,000	)		(1,402,000	)
Balance, March 31, 2016	$	2,000		$	91,000

9

The fair value of the warrants on the date of issuance and on each re-measurement date for warrants classified as liabilities is estimated using the Monte Carlo valuation model. For this liability, the Company develops its own assumptions that do not have observable inputs or available market data to support the fair value. This method of valuation involves using inputs such as the fair value of the Company’s common stock, stock price volatility, the contractual term of the warrants, risk–free interest rates and dividend yields. Due to the nature of these inputs, the valuation of the warrants is considered a Level 3 measurement. The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
	Series (1)			Series (1)
	2011			2011
Volatility		108.00	%		112.05	%
Expected term (years)		0.73			0.98
Risk-free interest rate		0.48	%		0.64	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	23.00		$	23.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

(1) See Note 7 – Warrants below for further description of the respective series of warrants.

The warrant liability is recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is marked-to-market at each reporting period, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of change in fair value of warrant liability on the Company’s statements of operations.

The fair value of the Series B preferred stock derivative liability on each measurement date is estimated using the Monte Carlo valuation model. For this liability, the Company develops its own assumptions that do not have observable inputs or available market data to support the fair value. This method of valuation involves using inputs such as the fair value of the Company’s common stock, stock price volatility, the expected term of the Series B preferred stock, risk–free interest rates and dividend yields. Due to the nature of these inputs, the valuation of the Series B preferred conversion liability is considered a Level 3 measurement. The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Volatility		108	%		108 to 117	%
Expected term (years), weighted average		0.04 to 0.75			0.50 to 2.50
Risk-free interest rate		0.18 to 0.49	%		0.49 to 1.19	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	7.00		$	7.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

The Series B preferred stock derivative liability is recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and is marked-to-market each reporting period, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of change in fair value of Series B preferred stock derivative liability on the Company’s statements of operations.

5. Net Loss per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2016			2015
Basic and diluted net loss per common share calculation:
Net loss	$	(3,112,000	)	$	(14,493,000	)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		(1,725,000	)		(338,000	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(4,837,000	)	$	(14,831,000	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		5,883,503			4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock  - basic	$	(0.82	)	$	(3.49	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		5,883,503			4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$	(0.82	)	$	(3.49	)

10

The following outstanding securities at March 31, 2016 and 2015 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, as they would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,		March 31,
	2016		2015
Options		872,977		440,695
Warrants		1,379,649		1,266,293
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		7,527,853		8,671,040
Total		9,780,479		10,378,028

6. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

On June 13, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a resolution designating 9,357,935 shares of Preferred Stock as Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (Series B) with an initial stated value of $1.40 and par value of $0.01. As of March 31, 2016, each Series B share was convertible into 0.20 shares of common stock and was entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which such Series B share could be converted. The Series B shares were convertible into common stock by the holder of the shares at any time. The Series B shares were subject to automatic conversion into common stock upon the election of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series B shares. In addition, pursuant to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Series B shares were automatically convertible into common stock upon the occurrence of an underwritten initial public offering by the Company that satisfied certain conditions.

Holders of the Series B shares were entitled to receive cumulative, cash dividends at the rate of 10% of the Series B stated value. Such dividends accrue from day-to-day commencing on the original issue date, whether or not earned or declared by the Board of Directors, and were compounded annually. No dividends had been declared or paid on the Series B shares through March 31, 2016.

The Series B shares were redeemable by the Company at any time on or after June 26, 2018, upon the election of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series B shares for an amount equal to the original issue price per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends.

Holders of the Series B shares were entitled to a liquidation preference in an amount equal to the Series B stated value of $1.40 per share plus all accrued and unpaid dividends in the event of a liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company, or in the event of a merger or acquisition of the Company.

In connection with the private placement of Series B shares, the Company recorded a liability for an embedded derivative that required bifurcation under the applicable accounting guidance. The embedded derivative includes a redemption feature, multiple dividend features, as well as multiple conversion features with specified anti-dilution adjustments for certain financing transactions involving the issuance of securities at a price below a minimum non-diluting issuance price of $7.00 per share.

The Company re-measured the fair value of the derivative feature and recorded a gain of $1,402,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 to adjust the liability associated with the conversion feature to its estimated fair value of $91,000 as of March 31, 2016. For the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded a loss of $7,105,000 to adjust the liability associated with the conversion feature to its estimated fair value of $19,425,000 as of March 31, 2015.

At March 31, 2016, the Company accreted $1,402,000 from additional paid-in capital to Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock to adjust the redemption value of the Series B to actual at that date.

The March 31, 2016 balance sheet reflects dividends payable of $368,000 to former holders of preferred stock, which are classified as current liabilities.

On April 8, 2016, the Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock was automatically converted into common stock pursuant to the election of the holders of over two-thirds of the then-outstanding Series B shares. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.

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7. Warrants

On January 4, 2016, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Novolytics Limited (the “Purchase Agreement”), to purchase certain preclinical materials and intangible assets, including patent rights, from Novolytics, an unrelated third party. In consideration for the assets acquired, the Company paid cash consideration of approximately $205,000 and issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 170,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $12.00 per share and contain certain registration rights. The fair value of the warrants issued was $204,000, based on a Monte Carlo valuation model and are classified as equity within the consolidated balance sheet. The Company expensed the total value provided for the acquired assets of $409,000 as in-process research and development as of the acquisition date given there was no alternative future use of the acquired assets due to the early stage nature of the technology and pre-clinical materials.

The following table provides a summary of warrants outstanding, issued or exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Also included is the average exercise price per share and the aggregate proceeds to the Company if exercised as of March 31, 2016.

	Series
									June 2013 and July 2013
	Novolytics				March 2015				Series B Warrants				December 2013				2013 Convertible Notes				2011				Totals
																											Weighted
																											Average
			Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise
	Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price
Balance, December 31, 2015		-	$	-		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,209,649	$	8.96
Issuances		170,000		12.00		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		170,000		12.00
Exercises		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		170,000	$	12.00		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,379,649	$	9.34
Aggregate proceeds if exercised	$	2,040,000			$	5,251,203			$	3,269,322			$	712,866			$	984,256			$	623,369			$	12,881,016

8. Stockholders’ Equity

On March 16, 2015, the Company issued and sold 1,575,758 shares of common stock in a private placement at a price of $8.25 per share, for aggregate proceeds of $13.0 million. In conjunction with this private placement, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 393,939 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.75 per share to the purchasers of the common stock. The Company paid $833,000 in fees to its placement agents, along with the issuance of warrants to purchase an aggregate of 94,545 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.75 per share. The Company valued these warrants as liability instruments and recorded a liability of $4,210,000 as of March 16, 2015. In the first quarter of 2015, the Company recorded $213,000 of other expenses representing the portion of the initial warrant value of the placement agent warrants related to the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the purchasers of the common stock. The remainder of the initial fair value of the warrants of $3,996,000 was treated as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital. In addition, $218,000 of the fees paid to its placement agent were expensed as other expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2015 as they also represented issuance costs related to the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the purchasers of the common stock.

9. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (Stock Incentive Plan) provides for the issuance of incentive awards in the form of non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock grants and restricted stock units. The awards may be granted by the Company’s Board of Directors to its employees, directors and officers and to consultants, agents, advisors and independent contractors who provide services to the Company or to a subsidiary of the Company. The exercise price for stock options must not be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. Stock options expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and generally vest and typically become exercisable over a four-year period following the date of grant. Upon the exercise of stock options, the Company issues the resulting shares from shares reserved for issuance under the Stock Incentive Plan.

The Company accounts for stock options and restricted stock units related to its stock incentive plans under the provisions of ASC 718, which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. The fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions in implementing ASC 718, including expected dividend, expected life, expected volatility and forfeiture rate of each award, as well as the prevailing risk-free interest rate and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award, and the Company has elected to use the straight-line method of amortization. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model for the three months ended March 31, 2016 are set forth below.

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· Expected Dividend: The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock.

· Expected Life: The expected life represents the period that the Company expects its stock-based awards to be outstanding. The Company’s expected life assumption was based on the simplified method set forth in the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The Company’s estimation of the expected life for stock options granted to parties other than employees or directors is the contractual term of the option award.

· Expected Volatility: Expected volatility is the measure by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of an option. The Company’s expected volatility represents the weighted average historical volatility of the shares of its common stock.

· Risk-Free Interest Rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate used on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term. Where the expected term of its stock-based awards does not correspond with the terms for which interest rates are quoted, the Company performs a straight-line interpolation to determine the rate from the available term maturities.

· Forfeiture Rate: The Company applies an estimated forfeiture rate that is derived from historical forfeited shares. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from our estimates, the Company may record additional adjustments to compensation expense in future periods.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the stock option grants were as follows:

	March 31,
	2016
Risk-free interest rate		1.58 to 1.63	%
Expected volatility		113.0	%
Expected term (in years)		6.0
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%

Stock-based compensation expense is reduced by an estimated forfeiture rate derived from historical employee termination behavior. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from the Company’s estimates, the Company may record adjustments to increase or decrease compensation expense in future periods.

The estimated grant-date fair value of the Company’s stock-based awards is amortized ratably over the awards’ service periods. Stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Research and development	$	26,000	$	29,000
General and administrative		790,000		23,000
Total stock-based compensation	$	816,000	$	52,000

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

				Options Outstanding
									Average
							Weighted		Remaining
	Shares						Average		Contractual
	Available						Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	For Grant			Shares			Price		(Years)		Value
Balance, December 31, 2015		723,431			669,769		$	8.68		9.29	$	-
Granted		(207,208	)		207,208			2.83		-		-
Exercised		-			-			-		-		-
Forfeited		-			-			-		-		-
Expired		-			(4,000	)		10.00		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		516,223			872,977		$	7.29		9.26	$	229,076
Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016					704,778		$	7.63		9.18	$	141,846
Exercisable at March 31, 2016					99,394		$	9.19		7.69	$	-

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The intrinsic value of options exercisable as of March 31, 2016 was $0.0, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $3.94 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $9.19 per share.

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company issued 207,208 common stock options to its employees and an executive with an average exercise price $2.83 per share. Included in this amount were 99,919 stock options, with an exercise price of $2.85, to its Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to his employment agreement dated January 18, 2016. There were no grants of stock options to employees or directors during the three months ended March 31, 2015.

As of March 31, 2016, there was $2.8 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which the Company expects to recognize over the weighted average remaining period of 2.72 years.

Shares Reserved For Further Issuance

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had reserved shares of its common stock for future issuance as follows:

	Shares Reserved
Stock options outstanding		872,977
Available for future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan		516,223
Warrants		1,379,649
Total shares reserved		2,768,849

10. Collaborative and Other Agreements

In June 2013, the Company entered into a Collaborative Research and Development Agreement with the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The Collaborative Research and Development Agreement is focused on developing and commercializing bacteriophage therapeutics to treat S. aureus infections. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded no payments to Walter Reed Army Institute of Research under the Collaborative Research and Development Agreement.

In March 2013, the Company entered into an Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement with Intrexon Corporation (the ECC Agreement”). This agreement allows the Company to utilize Intrexon’s synthetic biology platform for the identification, development and production of bacteriophage-containing human therapeutics. The Company paid a one-time technology access fee in 2013 to Intrexon of $3,000,000 in common stock. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company is required to pay Intrexon, in cash or stock, milestone fees of $2,500,000 for the initiation and commencement of the first Phase 2 trial and $5,000,000 upon the first regulatory approval of any product in any major market country. With regard to each product sold by the Company, the Company is required to pay, in cash, tiered royalties on a quarterly basis based on net sales of AmpliPhi Products, calculated on a product-by-product basis. No milestones have been met and no milestone payments have been paid to Intrexon through March 31, 2016. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded $54,000 in expenses under the Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement, with cash payments totaling $56,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded $22,000 in expenses under the Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement, with cash payments totaling $3,000. On April 13, 2016, the Company provided written notice to Intrexon of its election to voluntarily terminate the ECC Agreement. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $54,000 recorded for amounts due to Intrexon. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.

In April 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with the University of Leicester to develop a phage therapy that targets and kills all toxin types of C. difficile. In August 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with both the University of Leicester and the University of Glasgow to carry out certain animal model development work. Under these agreements, which are referred to collectively as the Leicester Development Agreements, the Company provides payments to the University of Leicester to carry out in vitro and to the University of Glasgow to carry out animal model development work on the University of Leicester’s development of a bacteriophage therapeutic to resolve C. difficile infections. The Company licensed related patents, materials and know-how from the University of Leicester. Under the Leicester Development Agreements, the University of Leicester will provide the bacteriophage and act as overall project coordinator for the development work. All rights, title and interest to any intellectual property developed under the Leicester Development Agreements belong to the Company. Under the Leicester License Agreement, the Company has exclusive rights to certain background intellectual property of the University of Leicester, for which it will pay the University of Leicester royalties based on product sales and make certain milestone payments based on product development. In November 2015, the Company renewed this collaboration, effective as of November 12, 2015. This agreement expires November 12, 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded $43,000 in expenses to the University of Leicester under the Leicester Development Agreements, with cash payments totaling $46,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded $35,000 in expenses to the University of Leicester under the Leicester Development Agreements, with cash payments totaling $50,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized no expense and made no payments to the University of Glasgow under the Leicester Development Agreements. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company paid $61,000 and expensed amounts to the University of Glasgow under the Leicester Development Agreements of $13,000.

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In September 2015, the Company entered into a non-exclusive patent license agreement with Takara Bio Inc. (the Takara Agreement). Under this agreement Takara licensed certain patents from the Company related to AAV1 Vector gene delivery systems, for which the Company is an exclusive licensor with the University of Pennsylvania. The Company received a $40,000 non-refundable, up-front licensing payment and is entitled to receive royalties from Takara of 12.0% of net license product sales and 6.0% of service revenues associated with the licensed products. The agreement calls for minimum annual royalties of $15,000 commencing on February 28, 2016. In addition, the Takara Agreement provides milestone fees to the Company of $30,000 of the first $1,000,000 of licensed product revenues by Takara and an additional $40,000 when cumulative net sales of the licensed product by Takara exceed $2,000,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized revenue of $4,000 under the Takara Agreement.

11. Severance Charge

In September of 2014 and 2015 two executives separated from the Company. The Company recorded severance expenses in the respective periods and accrued severance related to the cash portion due over time.

The severance accrual as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 is as follows:

Accrued severance, December 31, 2015	$	308,000
Cash payments in 2016		(170,000	)
Accrued severance, March 31, 2016	$	138,000

12. Legal Proceedings

The Company determines whether it should accrue an estimated loss for a contingency in a particular legal proceeding by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and whether the amount can be reasonably estimated. Claim estimates that are probable and can be reasonably estimated are reflected as liabilities. Legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and the matters in which the Company may be involved often will present complex legal and factual issues. Because of the uncertainties related to the Company’s pending litigation, investigations, inquiries or claims, management is currently unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim, determine whether a liability has been incurred, or make an estimate regarding the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. It is reasonably possible that some of the matters which may be asserted could be decided unfavorably to the Company. An adverse ruling or outcome in any lawsuit involving the Company could materially affect its business, liquidity, consolidated financial position or results of operations. In view of the unpredictable nature of such matters, the Company cannot provide any assurances regarding the outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim to which it is a party of the impact on the Company of an adverse ruling on such matters.

On April 14, 2016, a complaint was filed against the Company and certain of its board members. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.

13. Subsequent Events

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion

On April 8, 2016, certain holders (the “Holders”) of over two-thirds of the Company’s then-outstanding shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (“Series B Preferred”) elected to automatically convert all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred into shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 4.4.4(b)(ii) of the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Conversion”). As a result of the Conversion, the 7,527,853 shares of Series B Preferred outstanding as of immediately prior to the Conversion have been converted into an aggregate of 1,505,560 shares of Common Stock.

On April 8, 2016, the Company entered into a Common Stock Issuance Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Holders pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue the Holders an aggregate of 853,465 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company and the Holders also agreed to amend the Common Stock warrants issued to the Holders pursuant to that certain Subscription Agreement, dated June 25, 2013, in order to reduce the exercise price of such warrants from $7.00 per share to $4.05 per share and extend the expiration date thereof from June 26, 2018 to March 31, 2021 (the “Warrant Amendments”). As consideration for the Shares and the Warrant Amendments, the Holders waived their right to receive approximately $2.2 million in aggregate cash payments to which they were entitled upon the Conversion in respect of accrued dividends on their former shares of Series B Preferred. The Holders also waived their registration rights with respect to certain future registration statements that may be filed, and certain future public offerings that may be conducted, by the Company.

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Pursuant to the Agreement, if in the future the Company conducts one or more bona fide equity financings in which it sells shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock at a price less than $4.05 per share (each, a “dilutive financing”), the Company will be required to issue to the Holders additional shares of Common Stock based on a specified formula. The obligation to issue additional shares in the event of any such dilutive financing (i) only applies to the lowest priced financing conducted after the date of the Agreement, (ii) is subject to limitations under applicable NYSE MKT rules relating to the issuance of additional shares in a private placement at a price less than the greater of book or market value and (iii) will expire at such time the Company has raised $10.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of Common Stock and/or Preferred Stock in a bona fide financing or financings or June 30, 2018, whichever occurs first. The Company has agreed to seek shareholder approval of the issuance of up to 1,037,053 shares of Common Stock to the Holders in the future as required by the Agreement in connection with one or more dilutive financings. To the extent the Company is not permitted by applicable NYSE MKT rules to issue any additional shares of Common Stock that would otherwise be required to be issued pursuant to the terms of the Agreement as a result of a dilutive financing, the Company has agreed to pay the Holders a cash payment equal to the difference between the price per share in such dilutive financing and $4.05 for each share issued to the Holders pursuant to the Conversion.

Litigation

On April 14, 2016, NRM VII Holdings I, LLC (“NRM”), an affiliate of Third Security, LLC (“Third Security”), filed a complaint against the Company and certain members of the Company’s Board in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego. Third Security is one of the principal shareholders of the Company. The complaint alleges that the Company breached the implied covenant of good faith by entering into a scheme to force NRM to convert its Series B Shares into Common Shares. The complaint further alleges that the members of the Board who were named as defendants breached their fiduciary duty of good faith owed to NRM, as one of the Company’s shareholders, by participating in this transaction. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. The Company plans to vigorously defend against the claims advanced.

Collaboration Agreement

On April 13, 2016, the Company provided written notice to Intrexon Corporation of its election to voluntarily terminate its ECC Agreement dated March 29, 2013 (see Note 10). The effective date of the termination will be 90 days following delivery of the termination notice. The Company will not incur any early termination penalties as a result of the termination of the ECC Agreement.

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC.

Statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning product development plans, the use of bacteriophages to kill bacterial pathogens, having resources sufficient to fund our operations into the third quarter of 2016, future revenue sources, selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, clinical trial and other research and development expenses, capital resources, capital expenditures, tax credits and carry-forwards, and additional financings and litigation-related matters. Words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, though not all forward-looking statements necessarily contain these identifying words.  These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of novel phage therapeutics. Phage therapeutics use bacteriophages, a family of viruses, to kill pathogenic bacteria. Phages have powerful and highly selective mechanisms of action that permit them to target and kill specific bacteria. We believe that phages represent a promising means to treat bacterial infections, especially those that have developed resistance to current therapies including the so-called multi-drug-resistant or “superbug” strains of bacteria.

Our goal is to be the leading developer of phage therapeutics. We are combining our expertise in the manufacture of drug-quality bacteriophages and our proprietary approach and expertise in identifying, characterizing and developing naturally occurring bacteriophages with that of our collaboration partners in bacteriophage biology, synthetic biology and manufacturing, to develop second-generation bacteriophage products.

Our lead product candidate is AB-SA01 for the treatment of S. aureus infections, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, or MRSA. We also have AB-PA01 for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections in development, and AB-CD01 for the treatment of C. difficile infections in preclinical development.

We have generally incurred net losses since our inception and our operations to date have been primarily limited to research and development and raising capital. We have raised approximately $43.6 million in capital to support our operations since the shift in our focus to novel phage therapeutics in February 2011.

To date, we have not generated any product revenue and have primarily financed our operations through the sale and issuance of our equity securities and convertible notes. As of March 31, 2016, we had a cumulative deficit of $365.6 million. We anticipate that a substantial portion of our capital resources and efforts in the foreseeable future will be focused on completing the development and obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates. 

We currently expect to use our existing cash and cash equivalents for the continued research and development of our product candidates and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue development of our product candidates. We also expect to incur additional expenses associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses at least for the next several years. We do not expect to generate product revenue unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain marketing approval for at least one of our product candidates.

We may also use a portion of our existing cash and cash equivalents for the potential acquisition of, or investment in, product candidates, technologies, formulations or companies that complement our business, although we have no current understandings, commitments or agreements to do so. Our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to enable us to complete all necessary development of any potential product candidates. Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding through one or more other public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaboration or licensing arrangements or other sources. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs.

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Recent Events

Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion

On April 8, 2016, certain holders (the “Holders”) of over two-thirds of our then-outstanding shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (“Series B Preferred”) elected to automatically convert all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred into shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 4.4.4(b)(ii) of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Conversion”). As a result of the Conversion, the 7,527,853 shares of Series B Preferred outstanding as of immediately prior to the Conversion have been converted into an aggregate of 1,505,560 shares of Common Stock.

On April 8, 2016, we entered into a Common Stock Issuance Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Holders pursuant to which we agreed to issue the Holders an aggregate of 853,465 shares of our Common Stock (the “Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company and the Holders also agreed to amend the Common Stock warrants issued to the Holders pursuant to that certain Subscription Agreement, dated June 25, 2013, in order to reduce the exercise price of such warrants from $7.00 per share to $4.05 per share and extend the expiration date thereof from June 26, 2018 to March 31, 2021 (the “Warrant Amendments”). As consideration for the Shares and the Warrant Amendments, the Holders waived their right to receive approximately $2.2 million in aggregate cash payments to which they were entitled upon the Conversion in respect of accrued dividends on their former shares of Series B Preferred. The Holders also waived their registration rights with respect to certain future registration statements that may be filed, and certain future public offerings that may be conducted, by us.

Pursuant to the Agreement, if in the future we conduct one or more bona fide equity financings in which it sell shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock at a price less than $4.05 per share (each, a “dilutive financing”), we will be required to issue to the Holders additional shares of Common Stock based on a specified formula. The obligation to issue additional shares in the event of any such dilutive financing (i) only applies to the lowest priced financing conducted after the date of the Agreement, (ii) is subject to limitations under applicable NYSE MKT rules relating to the issuance of additional shares in a private placement at a price less than the greater of book or market value and (iii) will expire at such time we have raised $10.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of Common Stock and/or Preferred stock in a bona fide financing or financings or June 30, 2018, whichever occurs first. We have agreed to seek shareholder approval of the issuance of up to 1,037,053 shares of Common Stock to the Holders in the future as required by the Agreement in connection with one or more dilutive financings. To the extent we are not permitted by applicable NYSE MKT rules to issue any additional shares of Common Stock that would otherwise be required to be issued pursuant to the terms of the Agreement as a result of a dilutive financing, we have agreed to pay the Holders a cash payment equal to the difference between the price per share in such dilutive financing and $4.05 for each share issued to the Holders pursuant to the Conversion.

Collaboration Agreement

On April 13, 2016, we provided written notice to Intrexon Corporation (“Intrexon”) of our election to voluntarily terminate that certain Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between us and Intrexon (the “ECC Agreement”). The effective date of termination (the “Termination Date”) will be 90 days following delivery of the termination notice. We will not incur any early termination penalties as a result of the termination of the ECC Agreement.

The ECC Agreement is directed towards the research, development and commercialization of new bacteriophage-based therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by P. aeruginosa and C. difficile. A summary of the material terms of the ECC Agreement is contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 30, 2016, under Item 1. Business—Exclusive Channel Collaboration with Intrexon, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Results of Operations

Comparison of three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015

Revenue

For each of the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, we recognized $0.1 million in revenue primarily related to sublicensing agreements from our former gene therapy program.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 totaled $2.0 million compared to $1.0 million incurred in the same period of 2015. This increase of $1.0 million was primarily related to higher compensation costs of $0.2 million, $0.1 million of professional recruiting fees, and $0.4 million for the expense recorded related to the assets acquired from Novolytics.

We anticipate that research and development spending in future periods will continue to increase as we initiate non-clinical research studies, hire additional research and development staff, advance our clinical trials, and continue our discovery efforts.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 were $2.6 million compared to $1.4 million for the same period of 2015. The $1.2 million increase was primarily attributable to $0.9 million of compensation, including $0.8 million of non-cash stock-based compensation, related to two new executives, and $0.3 million for professional fees for legal, accounting and recruitment.

Other Income (Expense)

We recorded a gain of $4,000 for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 related to the change in fair value of our warrant liability, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in the value of our common stock price during the period.

We recorded a gain of $1.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 related to the change in fair value of our Series B preferred stock derivative liability. This gain was primarily attributable to a decrease in the estimated term of the derivative liability associated with the Series B preferred stock at March 31, 2016.

We will continue to adjust the liability related to our outstanding Series 2011 warrants to fair value until the earlier of exercise or expiration of the warrants or until terms of the warrants no longer require them to be accounted for as liability instruments. We continued to adjust the liability related to our Series B preferred stock derivative feature until the conversion of our Series B preferred stock into common stock in April 2016.

We also recorded expenses of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 consisting of placement agent costs from our March 2015 private placement of common stock, which related to placement agent fees and the initial fair value of warrants issued to the placement agents. We had no comparable costs during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses since inception through March 31, 2016 of $365.6 million, of which $315.5 million was incurred as a result of our prior focus on gene therapy in fiscal years 2010 and earlier. We have not generated any product revenues and do not expect to generate revenue from product candidates in the near term.

We had cash and cash equivalents of $6.2 million and $9.4 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $3.1 million, as compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015. Net loss recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $3.1 million, inclusive of a $1.4 million non-cash gain on derivative liability. Net loss recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2015 was $14.5 million, inclusive of a $11.8 million non-cash loss on derivative liability. The net increase in cash used in operating activities of $0.8 million, in addition to the effect of the non-cash derivative liability effects noted above, are primarily related to an increase in research and development efforts, payroll and non-cash stock based compensation, as well as an increase in professional services.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.1 million and $0.0 million for three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was primarily attributable to purchases of property and equipment.

Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2015 was comprised of the gross proceeds of $13.0 million from the March 2015 private placement of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock, less commissions and other cash expenses related to the issuance of approximately $0.6 million. There were no financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

We will need to raise additional capital or incur indebtedness to continue to fund our future operations. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

· the costs and timing of our research and development activities;

· the progress and cost of our clinical trials and other research and development activities;

· the cost and timing of securing manufacturing capabilities for our clinical product candidates and commercial products, if any;

· the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing, acquisition or other arrangements that we may establish;

· the costs and timing of seeking regulatory approvals;

· the costs of filing, prosecuting and enforcing any patent applications, claims, patents and other intellectual property rights; and

· the costs of lawsuits involving us or our product candidates.

We may seek to raise capital through a variety of sources, including:

· the public equity market;

· private equity financings;

· collaborative arrangements;

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· licensing arrangements; and/or

· public or private debt.

We believe our existing resources are sufficient to fund our planned operations into the third quarter of 2016. This estimate is based on our current product development calendar, projected staffing expenses, working capital requirements, and capital expenditure plans.

Our ability to raise additional funds will depend on our clinical and regulatory events, our ability to identify promising in-licensing opportunities and factors related to financial, economic and market conditions, many of which are beyond our control. We cannot be certain that sufficient funds will be available to us when required or on satisfactory terms. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to significantly reduce or refocus our operations or to obtain funds through arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our products, technologies or potential markets, any of which could delay or require that we curtail our development programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities would result in ownership dilution to our existing stockholders.

If we are unable to secure additional financing on a timely basis or on terms favorable to us, we may be required to significantly reduce or refocus our operations or to obtain funds through additional arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our products, technologies or potential markets, any of which could delay or require that we curtail or eliminate some or all of our development programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. This uncertainty around our ability to secure additional financing creates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of March 31, 2016, there have been no material changes, outside of the ordinary course of business, in our outstanding contractual obligations from those disclosed within “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, as contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2016, we did not have off-balance sheet arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 3 of the Condensed Consolidated Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective disclosure controls system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level during the period covered by this report.  

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

An evaluation was also performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter and that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. That evaluation did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our latest fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, other than the following:

· the appointment of an experienced Chief Financial Officer in January 2016 with significant experience in public company reporting and complex transactions; and

· the engagement of consultants with experience in the review of unique and complex accounting topics, who consulted with management on complex transactions and reporting.

Remediation of Material Weakness

We continue to review, document and test our internal control over financial reporting. We also continue to take steps to remediate certain identified deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 in the area of complex and non-routine transactions. Although efforts remain in process, steps taken during the last fiscal quarter that resulted in improvements to our internal control over financial reporting included the following: 

· commenced designing additional training programs for relevant personnel and development of specific review procedures regarding the review of complex and non-routine transactions; and

· implemented standardized financial control and reporting processes.

The remediation actions will be monitored by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On April 14, 2016, NRM VII Holdings I, LLC (“NRM”), an affiliate of Third Security, LLC (“Third Security”), filed a complaint against us and certain members of our Board in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego. Third Security is one of our principal shareholders. The complaint alleges that we breached the implied covenant of good faith by entering into a scheme to force NRM to convert its shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of our common stock. The complaint further alleges that the members of the Board who were named as defendants breached their fiduciary duty of good faith owed to NRM, as one of our shareholders, by participating in this transaction. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. We plan to vigorously defend against the claims advanced.

Claim estimates that are probable and can be reasonably estimated are reflected as liabilities. Because of the uncertainties related to our pending litigation, investigations, inquiries or claims, management is currently unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim, determine whether a liability has been incurred, or make an estimate regarding the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. It is reasonably possible that some of the matters, which are pending or may be asserted, could be decided unfavorably to us. Although we maintain liability insurance coverage to protect our assets from losses arising out of or involving activities associated with ongoing and normal business operations, our insurance may not cover, or may not adequately cover, any liabilities that we incur. An adverse ruling or outcome in any lawsuit involving us could materially affect our business, liquidity, consolidated financial position or results of operations. In view of the unpredictable nature of such matters, we cannot provide any assurances regarding the outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim to which we are a party or the impact on us of an adverse ruling of such matters.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should consider carefully the following information about the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Quarterly Report and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. The risk factors set forth below that are marked with an asterisk (*) did not appear as separate risk factors in, or contain changes to the similarly titled risk factors included in, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock would likely decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and our future profitability is uncertain.*

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception in 1992. Prior to our merger with Biocontrol in January 2011, our accumulated deficit was $315.5 million. Since January 2011 through March 31, 2016, we have incurred a cumulative deficit of $50.1 million, and we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We have devoted, and will continue to devote for the foreseeable future, substantially all of our resources to research and development of our product candidates. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 we had an operating loss of $3.1 million. Additional information regarding our results of operations may be found in our consolidated financial statements and in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this report.

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Clinical trials and activities associated with discovery research are costly. We do not expect to generate any revenue from the commercial sales of our product candidates in the near term, and we expect to continue to have significant losses for the foreseeable future.

To attain ongoing profitability, we will need to develop products successfully and market and sell them effectively, or rely on other parties to do so. We cannot predict when we will achieve ongoing profitability, if at all. We have never generated revenue from the commercial sales of our product candidates, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so in the future. If we fail to become profitable, or if we are unable to fund our continuing losses, we would be unable to continue our research and development programs.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to generate meaningful revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, and the ability of any third party with which we may partner, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to, commercialize our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from product sales for the foreseeable future, if ever. If any of our product candidates fail in clinical trials or if any of our product candidates do not gain regulatory approval, or if any of our product candidates, if approved, fail to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales depends heavily on our success in:

· completing research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates;

· seeking and obtaining regulatory and marketing approvals for product candidates for which we complete clinical trials;

· developing a sustainable, scalable, reproducible, and transferable manufacturing process for our product candidates;

· launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain regulatory and marketing approval, either by establishing a sales force, marketing and distribution infrastructure, or by collaborating with a partner;

· obtaining market acceptance of any approved products;

· addressing any competing technological and market developments;

· implementing additional internal systems and infrastructure, as needed;

· identifying and validating new product candidates;

· negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter;

· maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how; and

· attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

Even if one or more of the product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, the EMA, or other foreign regulatory authorities to perform clinical trials and other studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

We will need to raise additional capital to continue operations.*

Our consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 were prepared under the assumption that we would continue our operations as a going concern. However, we have had recurring losses from operations, negative operating cash flow and an accumulated deficit.

We do not generate any cash from operations and must raise additional funds in order to continue operating our business. We expect to continue to fund our operations primarily through equity and debt financings in the future. If additional capital is not available to us when needed or on acceptable terms, we may not be able to continue to operate our business pursuant to our business plan or we may have to discontinue our operations entirely. As of March 31, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6.2 million. We believe that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations into the third quarter of 2016.

Developing drugs and conducting clinical trials is expensive. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

· the costs and timing of our research and development activities;

· the progress and cost of our clinical trials and other research and development activities;

· the cost and timing of securing manufacturing capabilities for our clinical product candidates and commercial products, if any;

· the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing, acquisition or other arrangements that we may establish;

· the costs and timing of seeking regulatory approvals;

· the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent applications, claims, patents and other intellectual property rights; and

· the costs of lawsuits involving us or our product candidates.

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We will need to raise additional capital to support our product development activities in 2016 and beyond. We may seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights to the products candidates that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently. We cannot be certain that we will be able to enter into any such arrangements on reasonable terms, if at all.

We may seek to raise capital through a variety of sources, including:

· the public equity market;

· private equity financings;

· collaborative arrangements;

· licensing arrangements; and/or

· public or private debt.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the status of our product development activities and other business operations, as well as factors related to financial, economic, and market conditions, many of which are beyond our control. We cannot be certain that sufficient funds will be available to us when required or on acceptable terms, if at all. Raising additional capital through the sale of securities could cause significant dilution to our stockholders. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to significantly reduce or refocus our operations or to obtain funds through additional arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our products, technologies or potential markets, any of which could delay or require that we curtail or eliminate some or all of our development programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some of our research and development, which could delay the time to market for any of our product candidates, if adequate funds are not available.

If we are unable to secure additional financing on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to cease or reduce certain research and development projects, to sell some or all of our technology or assets or to merge all or a portion of our business with another entity. Insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale back, or eliminate some or all of our activities, and if we are unable to obtain additional funding, there is uncertainty regarding our continued existence.

A complaint has been filed against us and the members of our Board of Directors by one of our principal shareholders.*

On April 8, 2016, certain holders (the “Holders”) of over two-thirds of our then-outstanding shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (“Series B Preferred”) elected to automatically convert all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred into shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 4.4.4(b)(ii) of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (the “Conversion”). As a result of the Conversion, the 7,527,853 shares of Series B Preferred outstanding as of immediately prior to the Conversion were automatically converted into an aggregate of 1,505,560 shares of our common stock. On April 8, 2016, we entered into a Common Stock Issuance Agreement (the “CSIA”) with the Holders pursuant to which we issued to the Holders an aggregate of 853,465 shares of our Common Stock (the “Shares”) and amended the common stock warrants issued to the Holders pursuant to that certain Subscription Agreement, dated June 25, 2013, in order to reduce the exercise price of such warrants from $7.00 per share to $4.05 per share and extend the expiration date thereof from June 26, 2018 to March 31, 2021 (the “Warrant Amendments”). As consideration for the Shares and the Warrant Amendments, the Holders waived their right to receive approximately $2.2 million in aggregate cash payments to which they were entitled upon the Conversion in respect of accrued dividends on their former shares of Series B Preferred.

On April 14, 2016, NRM VII Holdings I, LLC (“NRM”), who was not a party to the CSIA, filed a complaint against us and each of the current members of our board of directors in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego. Prior to the Conversion, NRM held approximately 28.5% of our outstanding shares of Series B Preferred. The complaint alleges that we breached the implied covenant of good faith by entering into a scheme to force NRM to convert its Series B Preferred into common stock. The complaint further alleges that the current members of our board of directors breached their fiduciary duty of good faith owed to NRM, as one of our shareholders, by participating in this transaction. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. We plan to vigorously defend against the claims advanced.

Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in the matter described above or other matters that may arise from time to time could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any litigation to which we are subject may be costly and, further, could require significant involvement of our senior management and may divert management’s attention from our business and operations. In addition, our share price may be negatively impacted due to the negative publicity, expenses incurred in connection with our defense, management distraction, and/or other factors related to this litigation. In addition, litigation of this nature may negatively impact our ability to attract and retain strategic partners, as well as qualified board members and management personnel.

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There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may affect our ability to obtain future financing and may require us to curtail our operations.*

Our financial statements as of March 31, 2016 were prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. At March 31, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6.2 million. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to raise substantial additional funds through public or private equity offerings, collaborative or licensing arrangements and/or debt financing.

Taxing authorities could reallocate our taxable income among our subsidiaries, which could increase our overall tax liability.

We are organized in the United States, and we currently have subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Australia and Slovenia. If we succeed in growing our business, we expect to conduct increased operations through our subsidiaries in various tax jurisdictions pursuant to transfer pricing arrangements between us and our subsidiaries. If two or more affiliated companies are located in different countries, the tax laws or regulations of each country generally will require that transfer prices be the same as those between unrelated companies dealing at arms’ length and that appropriate documentation is maintained to support the transfer prices. While we believe that we operate in compliance with applicable transfer pricing laws and intend to continue to do so, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on applicable tax authorities.

If tax authorities in any of these countries were to successfully challenge our transfer prices as not reflecting arms’ length transactions, they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices, which could result in a higher tax liability to us. In addition, if the country from which the income is reallocated does not agree with the reallocation, both countries could tax the same income, resulting in double taxation. If tax authorities were to allocate income to a higher tax jurisdiction, subject our income to double taxation or assess interest and penalties, it would increase our consolidated tax liability, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to use our net operating tax loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.*

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). These limitations apply if an “ownership change,” as defined by Section 382 of the Code, occurs. If we have experienced an “ownership change” at any time since our formation, we may already be subject to limitations on our ability to utilize our existing net operating losses and other tax attributes to offset taxable income. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership (including in connection with future private or public offerings, as well as changes that may be outside of our control), may trigger an “ownership change” and, consequently, limitations under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. We have not completed a study to assess whether an “ownership change” has occurred or whether there have been multiple “ownership changes” since our formation, due to the complexity and cost associated with such a study, and the fact that there may be additional ownership changes in the future.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired and our public reporting may be unreliable.*

We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting adequate to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In connection with the restatement of our consolidated financial statements for the second quarter of 2015 and for the quarterly and annual periods of 2014, we determined that we had a material weakness as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015, namely that our internal control over financial reporting, including control over the evaluation and review of complex and non-routine transactions, were not effective. A material weakness means a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the registrant’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We do not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. As a result, we cannot assure you that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future.

We are taking steps to remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, including designing additional training programs for relevant personnel and developing specific review procedures regarding the review of complex and non-routine transactions. However, we cannot assure you that these efforts will remediate our material weakness in a timely manner, or at all. If we are unable to successfully remediate our material weakness, or identify any future material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports and we may experience a loss of public confidence, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and the market price of our common stock and other securities.

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We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and the NYSE MKT to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, imposes significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. Recent legislation permits emerging growth companies to implement many of these requirements over a longer period and up to five years following their initial public offering. We intend to take advantage of this new legislation but cannot guarantee that we will not be required to implement these requirements sooner than expected and thereby incur unexpected expenses.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to result in us continuing to incur substantial legal and financial compliance costs. These costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are seeking to develop antibacterial agents using bacteriophage technology, a novel approach, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of development. No bacteriophage products have been approved in the United States or elsewhere.

We are developing our product candidates with bacteriophage technology. We have not, nor to our knowledge has any other company, received regulatory approval from the FDA or equivalent foreign agencies for a pharmaceutical drug based on this approach. While in vitro studies have characterized the behavior of bacteriophages in cell cultures and there exists a body of literature regarding the use of phage therapy in humans, the safety and efficacy of phage therapy in humans has not been extensively studied in well-controlled modern clinical trials. Most of the prior research on phage-based therapy was conducted in the former Soviet Union prior to and immediately after World War II and lacked appropriate control group design or lacked control groups at all. Furthermore, the standard of care has changed substantially during the ensuing decades since those studies were performed, diminishing the relevance of prior claims of improved cure rates. We cannot be certain that our approach will lead to the development of approvable or marketable drugs.

Developing phage-based therapies on a commercial scale will also require developing new manufacturing processes and techniques. We and our third-party collaborators may experience delays in developing manufacturing capabilities for our product candidates, and may not be able to do so at the scale required to efficiently conduct the clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, or to manufacture commercial quantities of our products, if approved.

In addition, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may lack experience in evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs based on these approaches, which could lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates.

Delays in our clinical trials could result in us not achieving anticipated developmental milestones when expected, increased costs and delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our product candidates.

Delays in our ability to commence or enroll patients for our clinical trials could result in us not meeting anticipated clinical milestones and could materially impact our product development costs and delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. Planned clinical trials may not be commenced or completed on schedule, or at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including:

· delays in the development of manufacturing capabilities for our product candidates to enable their consistent production at clinical trial scale;

· failures in our internal manufacturing operations that result in our inability to consistently and timely produce bacteriophages in sufficient quantities to support our clinical trials;

· the availability of financial resources to commence and complete our planned clinical trials;

· delays in reaching a consensus with clinical investigators on study design;

· delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on trial design or in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;

· delays in obtaining clinical materials;

· slower than expected patient recruitment for participation in clinical trials;

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· failure by clinical trial sites, other third parties, or us to adhere to clinical trial agreements;

· delays in reaching agreement on acceptable clinical trial agreement terms with prospective sites or obtaining institutional review board approval; and

· adverse safety events experienced during our clinical trials.

If we do not successfully commence or complete our clinical trials on schedule, the price of our common stock may decline.

Completion of clinical trials depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients, which is a function of many factors, including:

· the therapeutic endpoints chosen for evaluation;

· the eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;

· the perceived benefit of the product candidate under study;

· the size of the patient population required for analysis of the clinical trial’s therapeutic endpoints;

· our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators and sites with the appropriate competencies and experience;

· our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents; and

· competition for patients from clinical trials for other treatments.

We may experience difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials, which could increase the costs or affect the timing or outcome of these clinical trials. This is particularly true with respect to diseases with relatively small patient populations.

We have not completed formulation development of any of our product candidates.

The development of our bacteriophage product candidates requires that we isolate, select and combine a number of bacteriophages that target the desired bacteria for that product candidate. The selection of bacteriophages for any of our product candidates is based on a variety of factors, including without limitation the ability of the selected phages, in combination, to successfully kill the targeted bacteria, the degree of cross-reactivity of the individual phages with the same part of the bacterial targets, the ability of the combined phages to satisfy regulatory requirements, our ability to manufacture sufficient quantities of the phages, intellectual property rights of third parties, and other factors. While we have selected an initial formulation of AB-SA01 for the treatment of S. aureus infections, there can be no assurance that this will be the final formulation of AB-SA01 for commercialization. In addition, we have initiated final phage selection for AB-PA01, our P. aeruginosa product. AB-CD01, which is our C. difficile product, is at an earlier stage. If we are unable to complete formulation development of our product candidates in the time frame that we have anticipated, then our product development timelines, and the regulatory approval of our product candidates, could be delayed.

Our product candidates must undergo rigorous clinical testing, such clinical testing may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy and any of our product candidates could cause undesirable side effects, which would substantially delay or prevent regulatory approval or commercialization.

Before we can obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we must undertake extensive clinical testing in humans to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory agencies. Clinical trials of new drug candidates sufficient to obtain regulatory marketing approval are expensive and take years to complete.

We cannot be certain of successfully completing clinical testing within the time frame we have planned, or at all. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent us from receiving regulatory approval or commercializing our product candidates, including the following:

· our clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical and/or preclinical testing or to abandon programs;

· the results obtained in earlier stage clinical testing may not be indicative of results in future clinical trials;

· clinical trial results may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or other regulatory agencies;

· we, or regulators, may suspend or terminate our clinical trials if the participating patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; and

· our product candidates may have unintended or undesirable effects on patients that may delay or preclude regulatory approval of our product candidates or limit their commercial use, if approved.

Results from preclinical studies and Phase 1 or 2 clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later stage human clinical trials.

Preclinical studies, including studies of our product candidates in animal disease models, may not accurately predict the result of human clinical trials of those product candidates. In particular, promising animal studies suggesting the efficacy of prototype phage products in the treatment of bacterial infections, such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, may not predict the ability of these products to treat similar infections in humans. Our phage technology may be found not to be efficacious in treating bacterial infections alone or in combination with other agents, when studied in human clinical trials.

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To satisfy FDA or foreign regulatory approval standards for the commercial sale of our product candidates, we must demonstrate in adequate and controlled clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective. Success in early clinical trials, including Phase 2 trials, does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. Our initial results from early stage clinical trials also may not be confirmed by later analysis or subsequent larger clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after obtaining promising results in earlier clinical trials and most product candidates that commence clinical trials are never approved for commercial sale.

We must continue to develop manufacturing processes for our product candidates and any delay in or our inability to do so would result in delays in our clinical trials.

We are developing novel manufacturing processes for our product candidates at our facility in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The manufacturing processes for our product candidates, and the scale up of such processes for clinical trials, is novel, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to complete this work in a timely manner, if at all. Any delay in the development or scale up of these manufacturing processes could delay the start of clinical trials and harm our business. Our facility in Slovenia must also undergo ongoing inspections by JAZMP, the Slovenian agency that regulates and supervises pharmaceutical products in Slovenia, for compliance with their and the European Medicines Agency’s, or EMA’s, current good manufacturing practice regulations, or cGMP regulations, before the respective product candidates can be approved for use in clinical trials or commercialization. In the event these facilities do not receive a satisfactory cGMP inspection for the manufacture of our product candidates, we may need to fund additional modifications to our manufacturing process, conduct additional validation studies, or find alternative manufacturing facilities, any of which would result in significant cost to us as well as a delay of up to several years in obtaining approval for such product candidate.

Our manufacturing facility will be subject to ongoing periodic inspection by the European regulatory authorities, including JAZMP, and the FDA for compliance with European and FDA cGMP regulations. Compliance with these regulations and standards is complex and costly, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed (including fines, injunctions and civil penalties), failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

We may conduct clinical trials for our products or product candidates outside the United States and the FDA may not accept data from such trials.

We are currently conducting an investigator-sponsored clinical trial of AB-SA01 at the University of Adelaide in Australia for chronic rhinosinusitis, and may seek to conduct one or more other clinical trials in the future outside the United States. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of such study data by the FDA is subject to certain conditions. For example, the study must be well designed and conducted and performed by qualified investigators in accordance with ethical principles. The study population must also adequately represent the U.S. population, and the data must be applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice in ways that the FDA deems clinically meaningful. Generally, the patient population for any clinical studies conducted outside of the United States must be representative of the population for whom we intend to label the product in the United States. In addition, such studies would be subject to the applicable local laws and FDA acceptance of the data would be dependent upon its determination that the studies also complied with all applicable U.S. laws and regulations. There can be no assurance the FDA will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States. If the FDA does not accept any such data, it would likely result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time consuming and delay aspects of our business plan.

We may need to license additional intellectual property rights.

The development and commercialization of phage-based antibacterial agents may require us to obtain rights to intellectual property from third parties. For example, pursuant to our Collaborative Research and Development Agreement with the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, we are currently focusing on developing bacteriophage therapeutics to treat S. aureus infections. To the extent the intellectual property is generated from the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command or Walter Reed Army Institute of Research that is used in a commercial product, we may be obligated to make payments such as royalties, licensing fees and milestone payments. We may also determine that it is necessary or advisable to license other intellectual property from third parties. There can be no assurance that such intellectual property rights would be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

We are conducting an investigator-sponsored clinical trial of AB-SA01 at the University of Adelaide. To the extent that intellectual property is generated as a result of the study that is used in a commercial product, we may be obligated to make payments, such as royalties, licensing fees, and milestone payments. There can be no assurance that such intellectual property rights would be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

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We are subject to significant regulatory approval requirements, which could delay, prevent or limit our ability to market our product candidates.

Our research and development activities, preclinical studies, clinical trials and the anticipated manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in Europe and elsewhere. There can be no assurance that our manufacturing facilities will satisfy the requirements of the FDA or comparable foreign authorities. We require the approval of the relevant regulatory authorities before we may commence commercial sales of our product candidates in a given market. The regulatory approval process is expensive and time-consuming, and the timing of receipt of regulatory approval is difficult to predict. Our product candidates could require a significantly longer time to gain regulatory approval than expected, or may never gain approval. We cannot be certain that, even after expending substantial time and financial resources, we will obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. A delay or denial of regulatory approval could delay or prevent our ability to generate product revenues and to achieve profitability.

Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period of any of our product candidates, changes in, or the enactment of, additional regulations or statutes, or changes in regulatory review practices for a submitted product application may cause a delay in obtaining approval or result in the rejection of an application for regulatory approval.

Regulatory approval, if obtained, may be made subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which we may market a product. These limitations could adversely affect our potential product revenues. Regulatory approval may also require costly post-marketing follow-up studies. In addition, the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record-keeping related to the product will be subject to extensive ongoing regulatory requirements. Furthermore, for any marketed product, its manufacturer and its manufacturing facilities will be subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may, among other things, result in fines, suspensions of regulatory approvals, product recalls, product seizures, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

A variety of risks associated with our international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

In addition to our U.S. operations, we have operations and subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Australia and Slovenia. We face risks associated with our international operations, including possible unfavorable regulatory, pricing and reimbursement, political, tax and labor conditions, which could harm our business. We are subject to numerous risks associated with international business activities, including:

· compliance with differing or unexpected regulatory requirements for the development, manufacture and, if approved, commercialization of our product candidates;

· difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

· foreign government taxes, regulations and permit requirements;

· U.S. and foreign government tariffs, trade restrictions, price and exchange controls and other regulatory requirements;

· anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA;

· economic weakness, including inflation, natural disasters, war, events of terrorism or political instability in particular foreign countries;

· fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations related to doing business in another country;

· compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws, regulations and restrictions for employees living or traveling abroad;

· workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

· production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;

· changes in diplomatic and trade relationships; and

· challenges in enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States.

These and other risks associated with our international operations may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not have a sales force and do not currently have plans to develop one.

The commercial success of any of our product candidates will depend upon the strength of sales and marketing efforts for them. We do not have a sales force and have no experience in sales, marketing or distribution. To successfully commercialize our product candidates, we will need to develop such a capability ourselves or seek assistance from a third party with a large distribution system and a large direct sales force. We may be unable to put such a plan in place. In addition, if we arrange for others to market and sell our products, our revenues will depend upon the efforts of those parties. Such arrangements may not succeed. Even if one or more of our product candidates is approved for marketing, if we fail to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, our business will be materially harmed.

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Our success depends in part on attracting, retaining and motivating our personnel.*

Our success depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and scientific personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading academic institutions, clinicians and scientists. As of May 6, 2016, we had 30 employees. Our success will depend on our ability to retain and motivate personnel and hire additional qualified personnel when required. Competition for qualified personnel in the biotechnology field is intense. We face competition for personnel from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, universities, public and private research institutions and other organizations. We also face competition from other more well-funded and well-established businesses and we may also be viewed as a riskier choice from a job stability perspective due to our relative newer status than longer existing biotech and pharmaceutical companies. We may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel on acceptable terms given the competition for such personnel. If we are unsuccessful in our retention, motivation and recruitment efforts, we may be unable to execute our business strategy.

We must manage a geographically dispersed organization.

While we are a small company, we currently have operations in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Slovenia. In the future, we may also locate facilities in other locations based on proximity to personnel with the expertise needed to research, develop and manufacture phage-based therapeutics, costs of operations or other factors. Managing our organization across multiple locations and multiple time zones may reduce our efficiency, increase our expenses and increase the risk of operational difficulties in the execution of our plans.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We rely on third parties for aspects of product development.

We rely on third parties such as the University of Leicester and the U.S. Army for certain aspects of product development. We are working with the University of Leicester for research and development of product candidates to treat C. difficile infections. We are working with the U.S. Army for research and development of product candidates to treat S. aureus infections. Because we rely on third parties to conduct these activities, we have less control over the success of these programs than we would if we were conducting them on our own. Factors beyond our control that could impact the success of these programs include the amount of resources devoted to the programs by the applicable third party, the staffing of those projects by third-party personnel, and the amount of time such personnel devote to our programs compared to other programs. Failure of our third-party collaborators to successfully complete the projects that we are working on with them could result in delays in product development and the need to expend additional resources, increasing our expenses beyond current expectations.

We will rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, and their failure to perform their obligations in a timely or competent manner may delay development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We expect to use third parties, such as clinical research organizations or the U.S. Army, to assist in conducting our clinical trials. However, we may face delays outside of our control if these parties do not perform their obligations in a timely or competent fashion or if we are forced to change service providers. This risk is heightened for clinical trials conducted outside of the United States, where it may be more difficult to ensure that clinical trials are conducted in compliance with FDA requirements. Any third party that we hire to conduct clinical trials may also provide services to our competitors, which could compromise the performance of their obligations to us. If we experience significant delays in the progress of our clinical trials and in our plans to submit Biologics License Applications, the commercial prospects for product candidates could be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue would be delayed or prevented.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We are dependent on patents and proprietary technology. If we fail to adequately protect this intellectual property or if we otherwise do not have exclusivity for the marketing of our products, our ability to commercialize products could suffer.

Our commercial success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection sufficient to prevent others from marketing our product candidates, as well as to defend and enforce these patents against infringement and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. Protection of our product candidates from unauthorized use by third parties will depend on having valid and enforceable patents cover our product candidates or their manufacture or use, or having effective trade secret protection. If our patent applications do not result in issued patents, or if our patents are found to be invalid, we will lose the ability to exclude others from making, using or selling the inventions claimed therein. We have a limited number of patents and pending patent applications.

The patent positions of biotechnology companies can be uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. This is due to inconsistent application of policy and changes in policy relating to examination and enforcement of biotechnology patents to date on a global scale. The laws of some countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of countries having well-established patent systems, and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for defending our intellectual property rights. Also, changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We are not able to guarantee that all of our patent applications will result in the issuance of patents and we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed in our patent applications or in the patent applications we may license from others.

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Central provisions of The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act went into effect on September 16, 2012 and on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These changes include provisions that affect the way patent applications are being filed, prosecuted and litigated. For example, the America Invents Act enacted proceedings involving post-issuance patent review procedures, such as inter partes review, or IPR, and post-grant review, that allow third parties to challenge the validity of an issued patent in front of the United States PTO Patent Trial and Appeal Board. Each proceeding has different eligibility criteria and different patentability challenges that can be raised. IPRs permit any person (except a party who has been litigating the patent for more than a year) to challenge the validity of the patent on the grounds that it was anticipated or made obvious by prior art. Patents covering pharmaceutical products have been subject to attack in IPRs from generic drug companies and from hedge funds. If it is within nine months of the issuance of the challenged patent, a third party can petition the United States PTO for post-grant review, which can be based on any invalidity grounds and is not limited to prior art patents or printed publications.

In post-issuance proceedings, United States PTO rules and regulations generally tend to favor patent challengers over patent owners. For example, unlike in district court litigation, claims challenged in post-issuance proceedings are given their broadest reasonable meaning, which increases the chance a claim might be invalidated by prior art or lack support in the patent specification. The United States Supreme Court is currently reviewing whether it is proper for the United States PTO to give claims their broadest reasonable meaning in post-issuance proceedings. As another example, unlike in district court litigation, there is no presumption of validity for an issued patent, and thus, a challenger’s burden to prove invalidity is by a preponderance of the evidence, as opposed to the heightened clear and convincing evidence standard. As a result of these rules and others, statistics released by the United States PTO show a high percentage of claims being invalidated in post-issuance proceedings. Moreover, with few exceptions, there is no standing requirement to petition the United States PTO for inter partes review or post-grant review. In other words, companies that have not been charged with infringement or that lack commercial interest in the patented subject matter can still petition the United States PTO for review of an issued patent. Thus, even where we have issued patents, our rights under those patents may be challenged and ultimately not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or processes.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

· we might not be the first to file patent applications for our inventions;

· others may independently develop similar or alternative product candidates to any of our product candidates that fall outside the scope of our patents;

· our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents;

· our issued patents may not provide a basis for commercially viable products or may not provide us with any competitive advantages or may be challenged by third parties;

· others may design around our patent claims to produce competitive products that fall outside the scope of our patents;

· we may not develop additional patentable proprietary technologies related to our product candidates; and

· we are dependent upon the diligence of our appointed agents in national jurisdictions, acting for and on our behalf, which control the prosecution of pending domestic and foreign patent applications and maintain granted domestic and foreign patents.

An issued patent does not guarantee us the right to practice the patented technology or commercialize the patented product. Third parties may have blocking patents that could be used to prevent us from commercializing our patented products and practicing our patented technology. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to prevent competitors from marketing the same or related product candidates or could limit the length of the term of patent protection of our product candidates. Moreover, because of the extensive time required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of the patent. Patent term extensions may not be available for these patents.

We rely on trade secrets and other forms of non-patent intellectual property protection. If we are unable to protect our trade secrets, other companies may be able to compete more effectively against us.

We rely on trade secrets to protect certain aspects of our technology, including our proprietary processes for manufacturing and purifying bacteriophages. Trade secrets are difficult to protect, especially in the pharmaceutical industry, where much of the information about a product must be made public during the regulatory approval process. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secret information is expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to or may not protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.

If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties or if we are forced to engage in an interference proceeding, it will be costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation or interference would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our ability to commercialize our product candidates depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous United States and foreign patents and patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the general field of anti-infective products or in fields that otherwise may relate to our product candidates. If we are shown to infringe, we could be enjoined from use or sale of the claimed invention if we are unable to prove that the patent is invalid. In addition, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe, or which may trigger an interference proceeding regarding one of our owned or licensed patents or applications. There could also be existing patents of which we are not aware that our product candidates may inadvertently infringe or which may become involved in an interference proceeding.

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The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent litigation based on allegations of patent infringement. For so long as our product candidates are in clinical trials, we believe our clinical activities fall within the scope of the exemptions provided by 35 U.S.C. Section 271(e) in the United States, which exempts from patent infringement liability activities reasonably related to the development and submission of information to the FDA. As our clinical investigational drug product candidates progress toward commercialization, the possibility of a patent infringement claim against us increases. While we attempt to ensure that our active clinical investigational drugs and the methods we employ to manufacture them, as well as the methods for their use we intend to promote, do not infringe other parties’ patents and other proprietary rights, we cannot be certain they do not, and competitors or other parties may assert that we infringe their proprietary rights in any event.

We may be exposed to future litigation based on claims that our product candidates, or the methods we employ to manufacture them, or the uses for which we intend to promote them, infringe the intellectual property rights of others. Our ability to manufacture and commercialize our product candidates may depend on our ability to demonstrate that the manufacturing processes we employ and the use of our product candidates do not infringe third-party patents. If third-party patents were found to cover our product candidates or their use or manufacture, we could be required to pay damages or be enjoined and therefore unable to commercialize our product candidates, unless we obtained a license. A license may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

Risks Related to Our Industry

If our competitors are able to develop and market products that are more effective, safer or more affordable than ours, or obtain marketing approval before we do, our commercial opportunities may be limited.

Competition in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries is intense and continues to increase. Some companies that are larger and have significantly more resources than we do are aggressively pursuing antibacterial development programs, including traditional therapies and therapies with novel mechanisms of action. In addition, other companies are developing phage-based products for non-therapeutic uses, and may elect to use their expertise in phage development and manufacturing to try to develop products that would compete with ours.

We also face potential competition from academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions engaged in the discovery and development of drugs and therapies. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, manufacturing, sales and marketing than we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established pharmaceutical companies.

Our competitors may succeed in developing products that are more effective, have fewer side effects and are safer or more affordable than our product candidates, which would render our product candidates less competitive or noncompetitive. These competitors also compete with us to recruit and retain qualified scientific and management personnel, establish clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as to acquire technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business. Moreover, competitors that are able to achieve patent protection, obtain regulatory approvals and commence commercial sales of their products before we do, and competitors that have already done so, may enjoy a significant competitive advantage.

The Generating Antibiotics Incentives Now Act, or the GAIN Act, is intended to provide incentives for the development of new, qualified infectious disease products. These incentives may result in more competition in the market for new antibiotics, and may cause pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with more resources than we have to shift their efforts towards the development of products that could be competitive with our product candidates.

There is a substantial risk of product liability claims in our business. If we do not obtain sufficient liability insurance, a product liability claim could result in substantial liabilities.

Our business exposes us to significant potential product liability risks that are inherent in the development, manufacturing and marketing of human therapeutic products. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

· delay or failure to complete our clinical trials;

· withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

· decreased demand for our product candidates;

· injury to our reputation;

· litigation costs;

· substantial monetary awards against us; and

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· diversion of management or other resources from key aspects of our operations.

If we succeed in marketing products, product liability claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety or efficacy of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities or our marketing programs. An FDA investigation could also potentially lead to a recall of our products or more serious enforcement actions, or limitations on the indications, for which they may be used, or suspension or withdrawal of approval.

We have product liability insurance that covers our clinical trials up to a $10.0 million annual per claim and aggregate limit. We intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products if marketing approval is obtained for our product candidates or any other compound that we may develop. However, insurance coverage is expensive and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or at all, and the insurance coverage that we obtain may not be adequate to cover potential claims or losses.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market our product candidates, the market may not be receptive to our product candidates upon their commercial introduction, which would negatively affect our ability to achieve profitability.

Our product candidates may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of any approved products will depend on a number of factors, including:

· the effectiveness of the product;

· the prevalence and severity of any side effects;

· potential advantages or disadvantages over alternative treatments;

· relative convenience and ease of administration;

· the strength of marketing and distribution support;

· the price of the product, both in absolute terms and relative to alternative treatments; and

· sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement.

If our product candidates receive regulatory approval but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, healthcare payors and patients, we may not generate product revenues sufficient to attain profitability.

Foreign governments tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our future profitability.

In some foreign countries, particularly in the European Union, prescription drug pricing is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our profitability will be negatively affected.

We may incur significant costs complying with environmental laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.

Our research and development activities use biological and hazardous materials that are dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes resulting from these materials. We are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, state and federal environmental protection agencies and to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act. OSHA, state governments or federal Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, may adopt regulations that may affect our research and development programs. We are unable to predict whether any agency will adopt any regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our operations. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of our business in complying with these laws and regulations.

Although we believe our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from the use, storage, handling or disposal of hazardous materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could significantly exceed our insurance coverage.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile.

The stock markets in general, the markets for biotechnology stocks and, in particular, the stock price of our common stock, have experienced extreme volatility. The market for our common stock is characterized by significant price volatility when compared to the shares of larger, more established companies that trade on a national securities exchange and have large public floats, and we expect that our share price will continue to be more volatile than the shares of such larger, more established companies for the indefinite future. The volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. Our common shares are, compared to the shares of such larger, more established companies, sporadically and thinly traded. As a consequence of this limited liquidity, the trading of relatively small quantities of shares by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of those shares in either direction. The price for our shares could, for example, decline precipitously in the event that a large number of shares of our common stock are sold on the market without commensurate demand. We are also a speculative or “risky” investment due to the early stage of our drug development programs and our lack of profits to date, and uncertainty of future market acceptance for our potential products. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a larger, more established company that has a large public float and broader stockholder base. Many of these factors are beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common shares will be at any time, including as to whether our common stock will sustain their current market prices, or as to what effect that the sale of shares or the availability of common stock for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Price declines in our common stock could also result from general market and economic conditions and a variety of other factors, including:

· adverse results or delays in our clinical trials;

· adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our product candidates, clinical trials or the manufacturing processes of our product candidates;

· announcements of technological innovations, patents or new products by our competitors;

· regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

· any lawsuit involving us or our product candidates;

· announcements concerning our competitors, or the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industries in general;

· developments concerning any strategic alliances or acquisitions we may enter into;

· actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;

· changes in recommendations by securities analysts or lack of analyst coverage;

· deviations in our operating results from the estimates of analysts;

· sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders or sales of substantial amounts of common stock; and

· loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, litigation has often been brought against that company. Any such lawsuit could consume resources and management time and attention, which could adversely affect our business.

We may be required to issue a significant number of additional shares of common stock for no additional consideration and/or make cash make-whole payments to certain of our stockholders.*

We may be required to issue a significant number of additional shares of common stock for no additional consideration and/or make cash make-whole payments to the Holders. Pursuant to the CSIA, we agreed that if in the future we conduct one or more bona fide equity financings in which we sell shares of our common stock or preferred stock at a price of less than $4.05 per share (each, a “Dilutive Financing”), we will issue to the Holders, for no additional consideration, a number of additional shares of common stock (“Additional Shares”) based on a specified formula (such rights of the Holders to receive Additional Shares, the “Additional Issuance Rights”). Specifically, in the event we conduct a Dilutive Financing, the Holders will be entitled to receive (absent consideration of any applicable restrictions on the number of shares that can be issued in a non-public offering under NYSE MKT rules and interpretations without shareholder approval) in the aggregate a number of Additional Shares equal to (A) the product of (x) 1,037,053 multiplied by (y) a fraction, the numerator of which is $4.05 and the denominator of which is the lowest price per share paid by investors in such Dilutive Financing (the “Effective Price”) less (B) 1,037,053 and all Additional Shares issued previously to the Holders pursuant to the Additional Issuance Rights. The CSIA includes a provision intended to limit our obligation to issue Additional Shares to the extent such Additional Shares would exceed the 20% limit on the number of shares that can be issued without shareholder approval pursuant to Section 713(a) of the NYSE MKT Company Guide.

Pursuant to Section 713(a) of the NYSE MKT Company Guide, shareholder approval is generally required prior to the issuance of common stock or common stock equivalents in connection with a transaction other than a public offering involving the sale, issuance, or potential issuance by the issuer of common stock or common stock equivalents equal to 20% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock as of immediately prior to the transaction for less than the greater of book or market value of the stock (the “NYSE 20% Cap”).

Any Additional Shares that we issue pursuant to the Additional Issuance Rights would be aggregated with the 853,465 shares of common stock issued to the Holders on April 8, 2016 pursuant to the CSIA for purposes of determining whether the total number of Additional Shares to be issued would equal or exceed the NSYE 20% Cap. Accordingly, absent shareholder approval, the maximum number of Additional Shares that we can issue pursuant to Section 713(a) of the NYSE MKT Company Guide without shareholder approval is 323,235 shares. We agreed to seek shareholder approval at our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “annual meeting”) of the issuance by us to the Holders of up to an aggregate of 1,037,053 shares of common stock as and to the extent required pursuant to the CSIA (the “Proposal”). If the shareholders do not approve the Proposal at the annual meeting, then in lieu of issuing any Additional Shares that would have been required to be issued to a Holder pursuant to the operation of the Additional Issuance Rights but for the limitations imposed by NYSE 20% Cap (the “Excess Shares”), we will, to the extent legally permitted, pay to such Holder a cash amount per Excess Share equal to the difference between the lowest price per share paid by investors in such Dilutive Financing and $4.05, less any cash payment per share previously made to such Holder pursuant to the CSIA (the “Cash Make-Whole”).

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Shareholders will incur dilution of their percentage ownership interest in our common stock to the extent we issue Additional Shares to the Holders pursuant to the Additional Issuance Rights. Shareholders will incur greater ownership interest dilution to the extent the Proposal is approved and we become required to issue some or all of the 1,037,053 Additional Shares. In addition, because the Additional Shares will be issued for no additional consideration, any such issuance would reduce our net tangible book value per share. However, to the extent Additional Shares are not issued when otherwise required by the CSIA due to the NYSE 20% Cap, any payments by us in satisfaction of the Cash Make-Whole would also reduce our net tangible book value per share of as well as our overall net tangible book value.

If the Cash Make-Whole would be triggered by a proposed Dilutive Financing, the potential payment obligations could make such Dilutive Financing less feasible and financially viable for us, particularly if the proceeds to be received by us in such financing would not significantly exceed the Cash Make-Whole payments, and thereby jeopardize our ability to raise capital in a Dilutive Financing that could otherwise provide us with needed cash resources. Even if we are able to complete a Dilutive Financing, any Cash Make-Whole payments would deplete our cash resources at a time when our cash resources are limited.

There can be no assurance of whether the Proposal will be approved at the annual meeting. Any issuance or potential issuance of Additional Shares and/or payment or potential payment of Cash Make-Whole payments could adversely affect our stock price, make it more difficult for us to raise capital, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A significant number of shares of our common stock are subject to issuance upon exercise or conversion of outstanding warrants, options and convertible securities, which upon such exercise or conversion may result in dilution to our security holders.*

As of March 31, 2016, we had outstanding warrants to purchase 1,379,649 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $9.34 per share, and outstanding options to purchase 872,977 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $7.29 per share. The exercise price and/or the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances, including certain issuances of securities at a price equal to or less than the then current exercise price, subdivisions and stock splits, stock dividends, combinations, reorganizations, reclassifications, consolidations, mergers or sales of properties and assets and upon the issuance of certain assets or securities to holders of our common stock, as applicable. Although we cannot determine when these warrants or options will ultimately be exercised, it is reasonable to assume that such warrants and options will be exercised only if the exercise price is below the market price of our common stock. To the extent any of our outstanding warrants or options are exercised, additional shares of our common stock will be issued that will generally be eligible for resale in the public market (subject to limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act with respect to shares held by our affiliates), which will result in dilution to our security holders. The issuance of additional securities could also have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Our principal stockholders and management beneficially own a majority of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval. *

As of March 31, 2016, our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates beneficially owned a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders, acting together, may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Provisions of Washington law and our current articles of incorporation and bylaws may discourage another company from acquiring us and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.*

Provisions of Washington law and our current articles of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors. These provisions include:

· authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;

· providing for a classified board of directors with staggered terms;

· requiring supermajority stockholder voting to effect certain amendments to our articles of incorporation and bylaws; and

· establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

34

In addition, because we are incorporated in Washington, we are governed by the provisions of Chapter 23B.19 of the Washington Business Corporation Act, which, among other things, restricts the ability of stockholders owning 10% or more of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition attempts and could reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than it would without these provisions.

Although we believe these provisions collectively provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.*

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Maintaining and improving our financial controls and the requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the NYSE MKT. The requirements of these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and place strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently.

We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we may need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing accounting systems, and take a significant period of time to complete. Such changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud.

In accordance with NYSE MKT rules, we are required to maintain a majority independent board of directors. The various rules and regulations applicable to public companies make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage. If we are unable to maintain adequate directors’ and officers’ insurance, our ability to recruit and retain qualified officers and directors will be significantly curtailed.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We currently have three securities analysts and may never obtain additional research coverage by other securities and industry analysts. If no additional securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be negatively impacted. If we obtain additional securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined under the JOBS Act. For so long as we are an “emerging growth company,” we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

35

We could be an “emerging growth company” for up to five years, although we may lose such status earlier, depending on the occurrence of certain events. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering conducted after we became a reporting company under the Exchange Act pursuant to our registration statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which means that the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30^th of the prior year, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive or our company less comparable to certain other public companies because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, “emerging growth companies” can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.”

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market by our existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.*

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

Certain holders of our common stock are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by our affiliates as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

In Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by Third Security on April 15, 2016, Third Security and its affiliates, including NRM and Intrexon Corporation, declared their intention to liquidate their holdings in our equity securities. The timing and actual liquidation of securities by such persons is subject to compliance with applicable law. Furthermore, such declaration is not binding upon Third Security and its affiliates and thus such liquidation may never occur.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock by us, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to decline.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including conducting clinical trials, commercialization efforts, expanded research and development activities and costs associated with operating as a public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity or convertible securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

36

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

See the Exhibit Index following the signature page of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.

37

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	AMPLIPHI BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION
Date: May 12, 2016		By	/s/ Michael Scott Salka
			Name: Michael Scott Salka
			Title: Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)
		By	/s/ Steve R. Martin
			Name: Steve R. Martin
			Title: Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

38

EXHIBIT INDEX

Number	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 16, 2015).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 16, 2015).
4.1	Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2.
4.2	Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), filed December 16, 2013, as amended).
4.3	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock issued to purchasers in June 2013, July 2013 and December 2013 in connection with private placements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), filed December 16, 2013, as amended).
4.4	Subscription Agreement to Purchase Series B Preferred Stock and Common Stock Warrants, dated June 26, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), filed December 16, 2013, as amended).
4.5	Registration Rights Agreement, dated December 16, 2013, by and among the Registrant and certain purchasers of the Registrant’s Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), filed December 16, 2013, as amended).
4.6	Subscription Agreement to Purchase Common Stock and Warrants, dated December 16, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 000-23930), filed December 16, 2013, as amended).
4.7	Subscription Agreement to Purchase Common Stock and Warrants, dated March 10, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 19, 2015).
4.8	Form of Common Stock Warrant issued to purchasers in March 2015 private placement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 19, 2015).
4.9	Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 10, 2015, by and among the Registrant and certain purchasers of the Registrant’s Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 19, 2015).
4.10	Form of Amendment to Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock issued to purchasers in June 2013, July 2013 and December 2013 in connection with private placements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 15, 2015).
4.11	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Registrant’s acquisition of Biocontrol Ltd in December 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 30, 2016).
4.12	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the issuance of convertible notes of the Registrant in February 2013, March 2013, April 2013 and May 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 30, 2016).
4.13	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Registrant’s acquisition of certain assets of Novolytics Limited in February 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 30, 2016).
4.14	Common Stock Issuance Agreement, dated April 8, 2016, by and among the Registrant and the persons and entities listed on Exhibit A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 8, 2016).
10.1	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 4, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Novolytics Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 30, 2016).
10.2+	Offer Letter, dated as of January 18, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Steve R. Martin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 19, 2016).
31.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
32.2	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

39

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

40

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Michael Scott Salka, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 12, 2016

/s/ Michael Scott Salka

Michael Scott Salka

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Steve R. Martin, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 12, 2016

/s/ Steve R. Martin

Steve R. Martin

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Michael Scott Salka, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify as of the date hereof, solely for purposes of Title 18, Chapter 63, Section 1350 of the United States Code, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

This Certification has not been, and shall not be deemed, “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Date: May 12, 2016

/s/ Michael Scott Salka

Michael Scott Salka

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Steve R. Martin, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify as of the date hereof, solely for purposes of Title 18, Chapter 63, Section 1350 of the United States Code, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

This Certification has not been, and shall not be deemed, “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Date: May 12, 2016

/s/ Steve R. Martin

Steve R. Martin

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Document And Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	May. 06, 2016
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2016
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2016
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Registrant Name	AmpliPhi Biosciences Corp
Entity Central Index Key	0000921114
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Smaller Reporting Company
Trading Symbol	APHB
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		8,242,528

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 6,173,000	$ 9,370,000
Accounts receivable	14,000	125,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	566,000	521,000
Total current assets	6,753,000	10,016,000
Property and equipment, net	1,170,000	1,131,000
In process research and development	12,446,000	12,446,000
Acquired patents, net	330,000	338,000
Goodwill	7,562,000	7,562,000
Total assets	28,261,000	31,493,000
Current liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other	2,003,000	1,464,000
Deferred revenue	142,000	245,000
Accrued severance	138,000	308,000
Dividends payable	368,000	368,000
Total current liabilities	2,651,000	2,385,000
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	91,000	1,493,000
Warrant liability	2,000	6,000
Deferred tax liability	3,005,000	3,005,000
Total liabilities	5,749,000	6,889,000
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock
$0.01 par value, 9,357,935 shares authorized at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, 7,527,853 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (liquidation preference of $13,706,000 and $13,383,000 at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively)	13,615,000	11,890,000
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 670,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, 5,883,503 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015	59,000	59,000
Additional paid-in capital	374,472,000	375,177,000
Accumulated deficit	(365,634,000)	(362,522,000)
Total stockholders' equity (deficit)	8,897,000	12,714,000
Total liabilities, Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity	$ 28,261,000	$ 31,493,000

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, shares authorized	9,357,935	9,357,935
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, shares issued	7,527,853	7,527,853
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, shares outstanding	7,527,853	7,527,853
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock liquidation preference	$ 13,706,000	$ 13,383,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	670,000,000	670,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	5,883,503	5,883,503
Common stock, shares outstanding	5,883,503	5,883,503

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Consolidated Statement of Operations [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 106,000	$ 102,000
Operating expenses
Research and development	1,980,000	972,000
General and administrative	2,644,000	1,397,000
Total operating expenses	4,624,000	2,369,000
Loss from operations	(4,518,000)	(2,267,000)
Other income (expense)
Change in fair value of warrant liability	4,000	(4,690,000)
Change in fair value of Preferred B stock derivative liability	1,402,000	(7,105,000)
Other expense		(431,000)
Total other income (expense)	1,406,000	(12,226,000)
Net loss	(3,112,000)	(14,493,000)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	(1,725,000)	(338,000)
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$ (4,837,000)	$ (14,831,000)
Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock - basic	$ (0.82)	$ (3.49)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - basic	5,883,503	4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$ (0.82)	$ (3.49)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - diluted	5,883,503	4,245,816

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Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) - USD ($)	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Series B [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Total
Balances at Dec. 31, 2014	$ 1,990,000	$ 40,000	$ 365,403,000	$ (362,006,000)	$ 3,437,000
Balances (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014	8,671,040	3,983,182
Net loss				(516,000)	(516,000)
Accretion of dividends on Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	$ 1,307,000		(1,307,000)		(1,307,000)
Accretion to redemption value of Series B redeemable convertible stock	8,971,000		(8,971,000)		(8,971,000)
Conversion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock, value	$ (378,000)	$ 2,000	1,504,000		1,506,000
Conversion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock, shares	(1,143,187)	228,637
Common stock issued in March 2015 financing, net of offering costs (value)		$ 16,000	8,250,000		8,266,000
Common stock issued in March 2015 financing, net of offering costs (shares)		1,575,758
Warrants exercised		$ 1,000	1,072,000		1,073,000
Warrants exercised (in shares)		56,645
Warrants reclassified from liabilities to equity due to amendment of warrants			5,462,000		5,462,000
Warrants reclassified from liabilities to equity due to increase in authorized shares			3,281,000		3,281,000
Exercise of common stock options and other (in shares)		39,281
Stock-based compensation			479,000		479,000
Stock-based compensation - severance			4,000		4,000
Balances at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 11,890,000	$ 59,000	375,177,000	(362,522,000)	12,714,000
Balances (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015	7,527,853	5,883,503
Net loss				(3,112,000)	(3,112,000)
Accretion of dividends on Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	$ 323,000		(323,000)		(323,000)
Accretion to redemption value of Series B redeemable convertible stock	1,402,000		(1,402,000)		(1,402,000)
Warrants issued (value)			204,000		$ 204,000
Exercise of common stock options and other (in shares)
Stock-based compensation			816,000		$ 816,000
Balances at Mar. 31, 2016	$ 13,615,000	$ 59,000	$ 374,472,000	$ (365,634,000)	$ 8,897,000
Balances (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2016	7,527,853	5,883,503

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (3,112,000)	$ (14,493,000)
Adjustments required to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(4,000)	4,690,000
Change in fair value of Series B preferred stock derivative liability	(1,402,000)	7,105,000
Warrants issued	204,000	213,000
Amortization of patents	8,000	8,000
Depreciation	73,000	58,000
Stock-based compensation	816,000	52,000
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: [Abstract]
Accounts receivable	111,000	100,000
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and other	436,000	158,000
Accrued severance	(170,000)	(122,000)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(45,000)	(74,000)
Net cash used in operating activities	(3,085,000)	(2,305,000)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(112,000)	(35,000)
Net cash used in investing activities	(112,000)	(35,000)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net		12,384,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		12,384,000
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(3,197,000)	10,044,000
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	9,370,000	6,581,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	6,173,000	16,625,000
Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities:
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	$ 1,725,000	338,000
Fair value of warrant liability upon issuance		$ 4,211,000

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Organization and Description of the Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Organization and Description of the Business [Abstract]

Organization and Description of the Business

1. Organization and Description of the Business

AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Washington in 1989 under the name Targeted Genetics Corporation. In February 2011, Targeted Genetics Corporation changed its name to AmpliPhi Biosciences Corporation. The Company is dedicated to developing novel antibacterial therapies called bacteriophage (phage). Phages are naturally occurring viruses that preferentially target and kill their bacterial targets.

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Liquidity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Liquidity [Abstract]

Liquidity

2. Liquidity

The Company has prepared these consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the normal course of business. However, the Company has incurred net losses since its inception, has negative operating cash flows and has an accumulated deficit of $365.6million as of March 31, 2016,  $50.1 million of which has been accumulated since January of 2011, when the Company began its focus on bacteriophage development. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the outcome of the uncertainty concerning the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $6.2 million. Management believes that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations into the third quarter of 2016.

The Company’s ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the status of its product development activities and other business operations, as well as factors related to financial, economic, and market conditions, many of which are beyond its control. The Company cannot be certain that sufficient funds will be available to it when required or on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to significantly reduce or refocus its operations or to obtain funds through additional arrangements that may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its products, technologies or potential markets, any of which could delay or require that it curtail or eliminate some or all of its development programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

3. Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Since the date of those financial statements, there have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies. The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries Biocontrol Limited, Ampliphi d.o.o., and AmpliPhi Australia Pty Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial statements and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2016 and the results of its operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or any future period.

Reverse Stock Split

On August 3, 2015, the Company filed Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Washington that effected a 1-for-50 (1:50) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, effective August 7, 2015. On August 3, 2015, the Company increased its authorized common stock, from 445,000,000 to 670,000,000 shares. The par value of its common stock was unchanged at $0.01 per share, post-split. All warrant, stock option, and per share information in the consolidated financial statements gives retroactive effect to the 1-for-50 reverse stock split that was effected on August 7, 2015.

Use of Estimates

Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. This process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the financial statements if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. In preparing these financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards, the fair value of liability-classified preferred stock derivatives, the fair value of liability-classified warrants, the valuation of long-lived assets, including in-process research and development (IPR&D), patents and goodwill, accrued expenses and the recoverability of the Company's net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Warrant and Preferred Shares Conversion Feature Liability

The Company accounts for both warrants with anti-dilution adjustment provisions and other features and preferred share features with anti-dilution adjustment provisions under the applicable accounting guidance which requires the warrant and the preferred share features to be recorded as liabilities and adjusted to fair value at each reporting period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU creates a single source of revenue guidance for companies in all industries. The new standard provides guidance for all revenue arising from contracts with customers and affects all entities that enter into contracts to provide goods or services to their customers, unless the contracts are within the scope of other accounting standards. It also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain nonfinancial assets. This guidance, as amended, must be adopted using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented or a modified retrospective approach and will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The ASU is part of a simplification initiative aimed at reducing complexity in accounting standards. Current GAAP requires the deferred taxes for each jurisdiction (or tax-paying component of a jurisdiction) to be presented as a net current asset or liability and net noncurrent asset or liability. To simplify presentation, the new guidance requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The standard is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or liquidity.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and creates Topic 842, "Leases." The new topic supersedes Topic 840, "Leases," and increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosures of key information about leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which defines management's responsibility to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments

4. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities — Derivative Instruments

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820), establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes among the following:

	Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.
	Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
	Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Items measured at fair value on a recurring basis include common stock warrants and embedded derivatives related to the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock. During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values liabilities that are measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company's financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Quoted Prices in
	Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable Inputs		Unobservable
	Items (Level 1)		(Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)		Total
March 31, 2016
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	91,000	$	91,000
Warrant liability		-		-		2,000		2,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	93,000	$	93,000
December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	1,493,000	$	1,493,000
Warrant liability		-		-		6,000		6,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	1,499,000	$	1,499,000

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2015.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Company's Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock derivative and warrant liability, which represents a recurring measurement that is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, wherein fair value is estimated using significant unobservable inputs:

			Series B Preferred
	Warrant		Stock Derivative
	Liability		Liability
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	6,000	$	1,493,000
Changes in estimated fair value		(4,000)		(1,402,000)
Balance, March 31, 2016	$	2,000	$	91,000

The fair value of the warrants on the date of issuance and on each re-measurement date for warrants classified as liabilities is estimated using the Monte Carlo valuation model. For this liability, the Company develops its own assumptions that do not have observable inputs or available market data to support the fair value. This method of valuation involves using inputs such as the fair value of the Company’s common stock, stock price volatility, the contractual term of the warrants, risk–free interest rates and dividend yields. Due to the nature of these inputs, the valuation of the warrants is considered a Level 3 measurement. The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
	Series (1)			Series (1)
	2011			2011
Volatility		108.00	%		112.05	%
Expected term (years)		0.73			0.98
Risk-free interest rate		0.48	%		0.64	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	23.00		$	23.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

(1) See Note 7 – Warrants below for further description of the respective series of warrants.

The warrant liability is recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is marked-to-market at each reporting period, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of change in fair value of warrant liability on the Company’s statements of operations.

The fair value of the Series B preferred stock derivative liability on each measurement date is estimated using the Monte Carlo valuation model. For this liability, the Company develops its own assumptions that do not have observable inputs or available market data to support the fair value. This method of valuation involves using inputs such as the fair value of the Company’s common stock, stock price volatility, the expected term of the Series B preferred stock, risk–free interest rates and dividend yields. Due to the nature of these inputs, the valuation of the Series B preferred conversion liability is considered a Level 3 measurement. The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Volatility		108	%		108 to 117	%
Expected term (years), weighted average		0.04 to 0.75			0.50 to 2.50
Risk-free interest rate		0.18 to 0.49	%		0.49 to 1.19	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	7.00		$	7.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

The Series B preferred stock derivative liability is recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and is marked-to-market each reporting period, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of change in fair value of Series B preferred stock derivative liability on the Company’s statements of operations.

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Net Loss per Common Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Net Loss per Common Share [Abstract]

Net (Loss) Income per Common Share

5. Net Loss per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2016		2015
Basic and diluted net loss per common share calculation:
Net loss	$	(3,112,000)	$	(14,493,000)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		(1,725,000)		(338,000)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(4,837,000)	$	(14,831,000)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		5,883,503		4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock  - basic	$	(0.82)	$	(3.49)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		5,883,503		4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$	(0.82)	$	(3.49)

The following outstanding securities at March 31, 2016 and 2015 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, as they would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,		March 31,
	2016		2015
Options		872,977	440,695
Warrants		1,379,649	1,266,293
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		7,527,853	8,671,040
Total		9,780,479	10,378,028

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock [Abstract]

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

6. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

On June 13, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a resolution designating 9,357,935 shares of Preferred Stock as Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (Series B) with an initial stated value of $1.40 and par value of $0.01. As of March 31, 2016, each Series B share was convertible into 0.20 shares of common stock and was entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which such Series B share could be converted. The Series B shares were convertible into common stock by the holder of the shares at any time. The Series B shares were subject to automatic conversion into common stock upon the election of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series B shares. In addition, pursuant to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Series B shares were automatically convertible into common stock upon the occurrence of an underwritten initial public offering by the Company that satisfied certain conditions.

Holders of the Series B shares were entitled to receive cumulative, cash dividends at the rate of 10% of the Series B stated value. Such dividends accrue from day-to-day commencing on the original issue date, whether or not earned or declared by the Board of Directors, and were compounded annually. No dividends had been declared or paid on the Series B shares through March 31, 2016.

The Series B shares were redeemable by the Company at any time on or after June 26, 2018, upon the election of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series B shares for an amount equal to the original issue price per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends.

Holders of the Series B shares were entitled to a liquidation preference in an amount equal to the Series B stated value of $1.40 per share plus all accrued and unpaid dividends in the event of a liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company, or in the event of a merger or acquisition of the Company.

In connection with the private placement of Series B shares, the Company recorded a liability for an embedded derivative that required bifurcation under the applicable accounting guidance. The embedded derivative includes a redemption feature, multiple dividend features, as well as multiple conversion features with specified anti-dilution adjustments for certain financing transactions involving the issuance of securities at a price below a minimum non-diluting issuance price of $7.00 per share.

The Company re-measured the fair value of the derivative feature and recorded a gain of $1,402,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 to adjust the liability associated with the conversion feature to its estimated fair value of $91,000 as of March 31, 2016. For the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded a loss of $7,105,000to adjust the liability associated with the conversion feature to its estimated fair value of $19,425,000 as of March 31, 2015.

At March 31, 2016, the Company accreted $1,402,000 from additional paid-in capital to Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock to adjust the redemption value of the Series B to actual at that date.

TheMarch 31, 2016 balance sheet reflects dividends payable of $368,000 to former holders of preferred stock, which are classified as current liabilities.

On April 8, 2016, the Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock was automatically converted into common stock pursuant to the election of the holders of over two-thirds of the then-outstanding Series B shares. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.

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Warrants

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Warrants [Abstract]

Warrants

7. Warrants

On January 4, 2016, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Novolytics Limited (the “Purchase Agreement”), to purchase certain preclinical materials and intangible assets, including patent rights, from Novolytics, an unrelated third party. In consideration for the assets acquired, the Company paid cash consideration of approximately $205,000 and issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 170,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $12.00 per share and contain certain registration rights. The fair value of the warrants issued was $204,000, based on a Monte Carlo valuation model and are classified as equity within the consolidated balance sheet. The Company expensed the total value provided for the acquired assets of $409,000 as in-process research and development as of the acquisition date given there was no alternative future use of the acquired assets due to the early stage nature of the technology and pre-clinical materials.

The following table provides a summary of warrants outstanding, issued or exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Also included is the average exercise price per share and the aggregate proceeds to the Company if exercised as of March 31, 2016.

		Series
									June 2013 and July 2013
	Novolytics				March 2015				Series B Warrants				December 2013				2013 Convertible Notes				2011				Totals
																											Weighted
																											Average
			Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise
	Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price
Balance, December 31, 2015		-	$	-		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,209,649	$	8.96
Issuances		170,000		12.00		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		170,000		12.00
Exercises		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		170,000	$	12.00		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,379,649	$	9.34
Aggregate proceeds if exercised	$	2,040,000			$	5,251,203			$	3,269,322			$	712,866			$	984,256			$	623,369			$	12,881,016

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Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

8. Stockholders’ Equity

On March 16, 2015, the Company issued and sold 1,575,758 shares of common stock in a private placement at a price of $8.25 per share, for aggregate proceeds of $13.0 million. In conjunction with this private placement, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 393,939 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.75 per share to the purchasers of the common stock. The Company paid $833,000 in fees to its placement agents, along with the issuance of warrants to purchase an aggregate of 94,545 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $10.75 per share. The Company valued these warrants as liability instruments and recorded a liability of $4,210,000 as of March 16, 2015. In the first quarter of 2015, the Company recorded $213,000 of other expenses representing the portion of the initial warrant value of the placement agent warrants related to the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the purchasers of the common stock. The remainder of the initial fair value of the warrants of $3,996,000 was treated as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital. In addition, $218,000 of the fees paid to its placement agent were expensed as other expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2015 as they also represented issuance costs related to the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the purchasers of the common stock.

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

9. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (Stock Incentive Plan) provides for the issuance of incentive awards in the form of non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock grants and restricted stock units. The awards may be granted by the Company’s Board of Directors to its employees, directors and officers and to consultants, agents, advisors and independent contractors who provide services to the Company or to a subsidiary of the Company. The exercise price for stock options must not be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. Stock options expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and generally vest and typically become exercisable over a four-year period following the date of grant. Upon the exercise of stock options, the Company issues the resulting shares from shares reserved for issuance under the Stock Incentive Plan.

The Company accounts for stock options and restricted stock units related to its stock incentive plans under the provisions of ASC 718, which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. The fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions in implementing ASC 718, including expected dividend, expected life, expected volatility and forfeiture rate of each award, as well as the prevailing risk-free interest rate and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award, and the Company has elected to use the straight-line method of amortization. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model for the three months ended March 31, 2016 are set forth below.

	Expected Dividend: The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock.
	Expected Life: The expected life represents the period that the Company expects its stock-based awards to be outstanding. The Company’s expected life assumption was based on the simplified method set forth in the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110. The Company’s estimation of the expected life for stock options granted to parties other than employees or directors is the contractual term of the option award.
	Expected Volatility: Expected volatility is the measure by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of an option. The Company’s expected volatility represents the weighted average historical volatility of the shares of its common stock.
	Risk-Free Interest Rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate used on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term. Where the expected term of its stock-based awards does not correspond with the terms for which interest rates are quoted, the Company performs a straight-line interpolation to determine the rate from the available term maturities.
	Forfeiture Rate: The Company applies an estimated forfeiture rate that is derived from historical forfeited shares. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from our estimates, the Company may record additional adjustments to compensation expense in future periods.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the stock option grants were as follows:

	March 31,
	2016
Risk-free interest rate	1.58 to 1.63	%
Expected volatility	113.0	%
Expected term (in years)	6.0
Expected dividend yield	0.0	%

Stock-based compensation expense is reduced by an estimated forfeiture rate derived from historical employee termination behavior. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from the Company’s estimates, the Company may record adjustments to increase or decrease compensation expense in future periods.

The estimated grant-date fair value of the Company’s stock-based awards is amortized ratably over the awards’ service periods. Stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Research and development	$	26,000	$	29,000
General and administrative		790,000		23,000
Total stock-based compensation	$	816,000	$	52,000

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

			Options Outstanding
							Average
					Weighted		Remaining
	Shares				Average		Contractual
	Available				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	For Grant		Shares		Price		(Years)		Value
Balance, December 31, 2015		723,431		669,769	$	8.68		9.29	$	-
Granted		(207,208)		207,208		2.83		-		-
Exercised		-		-		-		-		-
Forfeited		-		-		-		-		-
Expired		-		(4,000)		10.00		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		516,223		872,977	$	7.29		9.26	$	229,076
Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016				704,778	$	7.63		9.18	$	141,846
Exercisable at March 31, 2016				99,394	$	9.19		7.69	$	-

The intrinsic value of options exercisable as of March 31, 2016 was $0.0, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $3.94 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $9.19 per share.

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company issued 207,208 common stock options to its employees and an executive with an average exercise price $2.83 per share. Included in this amount were 99,919 stock options, with an exercise price of $2.85, to its Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to his employment agreement dated January 18, 2016. There were no grants of stock options to employees or directors during the three months ended March 31, 2015.

As of March 31, 2016, there was $2.8 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which the Company expects to recognize over the weighted average remaining period of 2.72 years.

Shares Reserved For Further Issuance

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had reserved shares of its common stock for future issuance as follows:

	Shares Reserved
Stock options outstanding		872,977
Available for future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan		516,223
Warrants		1,379,649
Total shares reserved		2,768,849

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Collaborative and Other Agreements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Collaborative and Other Agreements [Abstract]

Collaborative and Other Agreements

10. Collaborative and Other Agreements

In June 2013, the Company entered into a Collaborative Research and Development Agreement with the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The Collaborative Research and Development Agreement is focused on developing and commercializing bacteriophage therapeutics to treat S. aureus infections. During the three months ended March 31, 2016and 2015,  the Company recorded no payments to Walter Reed Army Institute of Research under the Collaborative Research and Development Agreement.

In March 2013, the Company entered into an Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement with Intrexon Corporation (the
ECC Agreement”). This agreement allows the Company to utilize Intrexon’s synthetic biology platform for the identification, development and production of bacteriophage-containing human therapeutics. The Company paid a one-time technology access fee in 2013 to Intrexon of $3,000,000 in common stock. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company is required to pay Intrexon, in cash or stock, milestone fees of $2,500,000 for the initiation and commencement of the first Phase 2 trial and $5,000,000 upon the first regulatory approval of any product in any major market country. With regard to each product sold by the Company, the Company is required to pay, in cash, tiered royalties on a quarterly basis based on net sales of AmpliPhi Products, calculated on a product-by-product basis. No milestones have been met and no milestone payments have been paid to Intrexon through March 31, 2016. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded $54,000 in expenses under the Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement, with cash payments totaling $56,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded $22,000 in expenses under the Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement, with cash payments totaling $3,000. On April 13, 2016, the Company provided written notice to Intrexon of its election to voluntarily terminate the ECC Agreement. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $54,000 recorded for amounts due to Intrexon. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.

In April 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with the University of Leicester to develop a phage therapy that targets and kills all toxin types of C. difficile. In August 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with both the University of Leicester and the University of Glasgow to carry out certain animal model development work. Under these agreements, which are referred to collectively as the Leicester Development Agreements, the Company provides payments to the University of Leicester to carry out in vitro and to the University of Glasgow to carry out animal model development work on the University of Leicester’s development of a bacteriophage therapeutic to resolve C. difficile infections. The Company licensed related patents, materials and know-how from the University of Leicester. Under the Leicester Development Agreements, the University of Leicester will provide the bacteriophage and act as overall project coordinator for the development work. All rights, title and interest to any intellectual property developed under the Leicester Development Agreements belong to the Company. Under the Leicester License Agreement, the Company has exclusive rights to certain background intellectual property of the University of Leicester, for which it will pay the University of Leicester royalties based on product sales and make certain milestone payments based on product development. In November 2015, the Company renewed this collaboration, effective as of November 12, 2015. This agreement expires November 12, 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded $43,000 in expenses to the University of Leicester under the Leicester Development Agreements, with cash payments totaling $46,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company recorded $35,000 in expenses to the University of Leicester under the Leicester Development Agreements, with cash payments totaling $50,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized no expense and made no payments to the University of Glasgow under the Leicester Development Agreements. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company paid $61,000and expensed amounts to the University of Glasgow under the Leicester Development Agreements of $13,000.

In September 2015, the Company entered into a non-exclusive patent license agreement with Takara Bio Inc. (the Takara Agreement). Under this agreement Takara licensed certain patents from the Company related to AAV1 Vector gene delivery systems, for which the Company is an exclusive licensor with the University of Pennsylvania. The Company received a $40,000 non-refundable, up-front licensing payment and is entitled to receive royalties from Takara of 12.0% of net license product sales and 6.0% of service revenues associated with the licensed products. The agreement calls for minimum annual royalties of $15,000 commencing on February 28, 2016. In addition, the Takara Agreement provides milestone fees to the Company of $30,000 of the first $1,000,000 of licensed product revenues by Takara and an additional $40,000 when cumulative net sales of the licensed product by Takara exceed $2,000,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized revenue of $4,000 under the Takara Agreement.

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Severance Charge

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Severance Charge [Abstract]

Severance Charge

11. Severance Charge

In September of 2014 and 2015 two executives separated from the Company. The Company recorded severance expenses in the respective periods and accrued severance related to the cash portion due over time.

The severance accrual as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 is as follows:

Accrued severance, December 31, 2015	$	308,000
Cash payments in 2016		(170,000)
Accrued severance, March 31, 2016	$	138,000

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Legal Proceedings

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Legal Proceedings [Abstract]

Legal Proceedings

12. Legal Proceedings

The Company determines whether it should accrue an estimated loss for a contingency in a particular legal proceeding by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and whether the amount can be reasonably estimated. Claim estimates that are probable and can be reasonably estimated are reflected as liabilities. Legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and the matters in which the Company may be involved often will present complex legal and factual issues. Because of the uncertainties related to the Company’s pending litigation, investigations, inquiries or claims, management is currently unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim, determine whether a liability has been incurred, or make an estimate regarding the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. It is reasonably possible that some of the matters which may be asserted could be decided unfavorably to the Company. An adverse ruling or outcome in any lawsuit involving the Company could materially affect its business, liquidity, consolidated financial position or results of operations. In view of the unpredictable nature of such matters, the Company cannot provide any assurances regarding the outcome of any litigation, investigation, inquiry or claim to which it is a party of the impact on the Company of an adverse ruling on such matters.

On April 14, 2016, a complaint was filed against the Company and certain of its board members. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events.  

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

13. Subsequent Events

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion

On April 8, 2016, certain holders (the “Holders”) of over two-thirds of the Company’s then-outstanding shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (“Series B Preferred”) elected to automatically convert all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred into shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 4.4.4(b)(ii) of the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Conversion”). As a result of the Conversion, the 7,527,853 shares of Series B Preferred outstanding as of immediately prior to the Conversion have been converted into an aggregate of 1,505,560 shares of Common Stock.

On April 8, 2016, the Company entered into a Common Stock Issuance Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Holders pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue the Holders an aggregate of 853,465 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company and the Holders also agreed to amend the Common Stock warrants issued to the Holders pursuant to that certain Subscription Agreement, dated June 25, 2013, in order to reduce the exercise price of such warrants from $7.00 per share to $4.05 per share and extend the expiration date thereof from June 26, 2018 to March 31, 2021 (the “Warrant Amendments”). As consideration for the Shares and the Warrant Amendments, the Holders waived their right to receive approximately $2.2 million in aggregate cash payments to which they were entitled upon the Conversion in respect of accrued dividends on their former shares of Series B Preferred. The Holders also waived their registration rights with respect to certain future registration statements that may be filed, and certain future public offerings that may be conducted, by the Company.

Pursuant to the Agreement, if in the future the Company conducts one or more bona fide equity financings in which it sells shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock at a price less than $4.05 per share (each, a “dilutive financing”), the Company will be required to issue to the Holders additional shares of Common Stock based on a specified formula. The obligation to issue additional shares in the event of any such dilutive financing (i) only applies to the lowest priced financing conducted after the date of the Agreement, (ii) is subject to limitations under applicable NYSE MKT rules relating to the issuance of additional shares in a private placement at a price less than the greater of book or market value and (iii) will expire at such time the Company has raised $10.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of Common Stock and/or Preferred Stock in a bona fide financing or financings or June 30, 2018, whichever occurs first. The Company has agreed to seek shareholder approval of the issuance of up to 1,037,053 shares of Common Stock to the Holders in the future as required by the Agreement in connection with one or more dilutive financings. To the extent the Company is not permitted by applicable NYSE MKT rules to issue any additional shares of Common Stock that would otherwise be required to be issued pursuant to the terms of the Agreement as a result of a dilutive financing, the Company has agreed to pay the Holders a cash payment equal to the difference between the price per share in such dilutive financing and $4.05 for each share issued to the Holders pursuant to the Conversion.

Litigation

On April 14, 2016, NRM VII Holdings I, LLC (“NRM”), an affiliate of Third Security, LLC (“Third Security”), filed a complaint against the Company and certain members of the Company’s Board in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego. Third Security is one of the principal shareholders of the Company. The complaint alleges that the Company breached the implied covenant of good faith by entering into a scheme to force NRM to convert its Series B Shares into Common Shares. The complaint further alleges that the members of the Board who were named as defendants breached their fiduciary duty of good faith owed to NRM, as one of the Company’s shareholders, by participating in this transaction. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. The Company plans to vigorously defend against the claims advanced.

Collaboration Agreement

On April 13, 2016, the Company provided written notice to Intrexon Corporation of its election to voluntarily terminate its ECC Agreement dated March 29, 2013 (see Note 10). The effective date of the termination will be 90 days following delivery of the termination notice. The Company will not incur any early termination penalties as a result of the termination of the ECC Agreement.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial statements and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2016 and the results of its operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or any future period.

Reverse Stock Split Policy

Reverse Stock Split

On August 3, 2015, the Company filed Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Washington that effected a 1-for-50 (1:50) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, effective August 7, 2015. On August 3, 2015, the Company increased its authorized common stock, from 445,000,000 to 670,000,000 shares. The par value of its common stock was unchanged at $0.01 per share, post-split. All warrant, stock option, and per share information in the consolidated financial statements gives retroactive effect to the 1-for-50 reverse stock split that was effected on August 7, 2015.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. This process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the financial statements if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. In preparing these financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards, the fair value of liability-classified preferred stock derivatives, the fair value of liability-classified warrants, the valuation of long-lived assets, including in-process research and development (IPR&D), patents and goodwill, accrued expenses and the recoverability of the Company's net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Warrant and Preferred Shares Conversion Feature Liability

Warrant and Preferred Shares Conversion Feature Liability

The Company accounts for both warrants with anti-dilution adjustment provisions and other features and preferred share features with anti-dilution adjustment provisions under the applicable accounting guidance which requires the warrant and the preferred share features to be recorded as liabilities and adjusted to fair value at each reporting period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU creates a single source of revenue guidance for companies in all industries. The new standard provides guidance for all revenue arising from contracts with customers and affects all entities that enter into contracts to provide goods or services to their customers, unless the contracts are within the scope of other accounting standards. It also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain nonfinancial assets. This guidance, as amended, must be adopted using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented or a modified retrospective approach and will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The ASU is part of a simplification initiative aimed at reducing complexity in accounting standards. Current GAAP requires the deferred taxes for each jurisdiction (or tax-paying component of a jurisdiction) to be presented as a net current asset or liability and net noncurrent asset or liability. To simplify presentation, the new guidance requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The standard is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or liquidity.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and creates Topic 842, "Leases." The new topic supersedes Topic 840, "Leases," and increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosures of key information about leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which defines management's responsibility to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet evaluated the potential impact of adopting the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]

Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company's financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Quoted Prices in
	Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable Inputs		Unobservable
	Items (Level 1)		(Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)		Total
March 31, 2016
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	91,000	$	91,000
Warrant liability		-		-		2,000		2,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	93,000	$	93,000
December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$	-	$	-	$	1,493,000	$	1,493,000
Warrant liability		-		-		6,000		6,000
Total liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	1,499,000	$	1,499,000

Changes in Fair Value of Derivative and Warrant Liability

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Company's Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock derivative and warrant liability, which represents a recurring measurement that is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, wherein fair value is estimated using significant unobservable inputs:

			Series B Preferred
	Warrant		Stock Derivative
	Liability		Liability
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	6,000	$	1,493,000
Changes in estimated fair value		(4,000)		(1,402,000)
Balance, March 31, 2016	$	2,000	$	91,000

Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member]

Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]

Valuation Assumptions Used

The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Volatility		108	%		108 to 117	%
Expected term (years), weighted average		0.04 to 0.75			0.50 to 2.50
Risk-free interest rate		0.18 to 0.49	%		0.49 to 1.19	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	7.00		$	7.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

Warrants Through 2011 [Member]

Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]

Valuation Assumptions Used

The following assumptions were used at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
	Series (1)			Series (1)
	2011			2011
Volatility		108.00	%		112.05	%
Expected term (years)		0.73			0.98
Risk-free interest rate		0.48	%		0.64	%
Dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Exercise price	$	23.00		$	23.00
Common stock closing price	$	3.94		$	3.98

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Net Loss per Common Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Net Loss per Common Share [Abstract]

Computation of Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2016		2015
Basic and diluted net loss per common share calculation:
Net loss	$	(3,112,000)	$	(14,493,000)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		(1,725,000)		(338,000)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(4,837,000)	$	(14,831,000)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		5,883,503		4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock  - basic	$	(0.82)	$	(3.49)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		5,883,503		4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$	(0.82)	$	(3.49)

Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Diluted Weighted Shares Outstanding

The following outstanding securities at March 31, 2016 and 2015 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, as they would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,		March 31,
	2016		2015
Options		872,977	440,695
Warrants		1,379,649	1,266,293
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock		7,527,853	8,671,040
Total		9,780,479	10,378,028

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Warrants (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Warrants [Abstract]

Summary of Warrant Information

The following table provides a summary of warrants outstanding, issued or exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Also included is the average exercise price per share and the aggregate proceeds to the Company if exercised as of March 31, 2016.

		Series
									June 2013 and July 2013
	Novolytics				March 2015				Series B Warrants				December 2013				2013 Convertible Notes				2011				Totals
																											Weighted
																											Average
			Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise				Exercise
	Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price		Shares		Price
Balance, December 31, 2015		-	$	-		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,209,649	$	8.96
Issuances		170,000		12.00		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		170,000		12.00
Exercises		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		170,000	$	12.00		488,484	$	10.75		467,046	$	7.00		86,408	$	8.25		140,608	$	7.00		27,103	$	23.00		1,379,649	$	9.34
Aggregate proceeds if exercised	$	2,040,000			$	5,251,203			$	3,269,322			$	712,866			$	984,256			$	623,369			$	12,881,016

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]

Weighted-Average Valuation Assumptions, Stock Option Grants

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the stock option grants were as follows:

	March 31,
	2016
Risk-free interest rate	1.58 to 1.63	%
Expected volatility	113.0	%
Expected term (in years)	6.0
Expected dividend yield	0.0	%

Allocation of Stock-Based Compensation Expenses

The estimated grant-date fair value of the Company’s stock-based awards is amortized ratably over the awards’ service periods. Stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Research and development	$	26,000	$	29,000
General and administrative		790,000		23,000
Total stock-based compensation	$	816,000	$	52,000

Summary of Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

			Options Outstanding
							Average
					Weighted		Remaining
	Shares				Average		Contractual
	Available				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	For Grant		Shares		Price		(Years)		Value
Balance, December 31, 2015		723,431		669,769	$	8.68		9.29	$	-
Granted		(207,208)		207,208		2.83		-		-
Exercised		-		-		-		-		-
Forfeited		-		-		-		-		-
Expired		-		(4,000)		10.00		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2016		516,223		872,977	$	7.29		9.26	$	229,076
Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016				704,778	$	7.63		9.18	$	141,846
Exercisable at March 31, 2016				99,394	$	9.19		7.69	$	-

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had reserved shares of its common stock for future issuance as follows:

	Shares Reserved
Stock options outstanding		872,977
Available for future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan		516,223
Warrants		1,379,649
Total shares reserved		2,768,849

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Severance Charge (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Severance Charge [Abstract]

Severance Charges

The severance accrual as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 is as follows:

Accrued severance, December 31, 2015	$	308,000
Cash payments in 2016		(170,000)
Accrued severance, March 31, 2016	$	138,000

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Liquidity (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	63 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Liquidity [Abstract]
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	$ (365,634,000)	$ (362,522,000)
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) during period	(50,100,000)
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 6,173,000	$ 9,370,000	$ 16,625,000	$ 6,581,000

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details)		3 Months Ended
	Aug. 03, 2015 $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 $ / shares shares	Aug. 02, 2015 shares
Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Reverse stock split, description		1-for-50 (1:50) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share
Conversion ratio of reverse stock split	50
Common stock, shares authorized | shares	670,000,000	670,000,000	670,000,000	445,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments (Fair Value of Financial Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Schedule Of Derivative Liabilities At Fair Value [Line Items]
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$ 91,000	$ 1,493,000
Warrant liability	2,000	6,000
Total liabilities	$ 93,000	$ 1,499,000
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Schedule Of Derivative Liabilities At Fair Value [Line Items]
Series B preferred stock derivative liability
Warrant liability
Total liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Schedule Of Derivative Liabilities At Fair Value [Line Items]
Series B preferred stock derivative liability
Warrant liability
Total liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Schedule Of Derivative Liabilities At Fair Value [Line Items]
Series B preferred stock derivative liability	$ 91,000	$ 1,493,000
Warrant liability	2,000	6,000
Total liabilities	$ 93,000	$ 1,499,000

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments (Change in Fair Value of Series B Convertible Stock) (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance, Warrant Liability	$ 6,000
Balance, Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock Liability	1,493,000
Balance, Warrant Liability	2,000
Balance, Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock Liability	91,000
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member]
Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance, Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock Liability	1,493,000
Changes in estimated fair value	(1,402,000)
Balance, Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock Liability	91,000
Warrant Liability [Member]
Derivatives And Fair Value [Line Items]
Balance, Warrant Liability	6,000
Changes in estimated fair value	(4,000)
Balance, Warrant Liability	$ 2,000

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments (Valuation Assumptions for Warrants) (Details) - $ / shares		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Fair Value Assumptions and Methodology for Assets and Liabilities [Line Items]
Common stock closing price		$ 3.94
Warrants Through 2011 [Member]
Fair Value Assumptions and Methodology for Assets and Liabilities [Line Items]
Volatility	[1]	108.00%	112.05%
Expected term (years)	[1]	8 months 23 days	11 months 23 days
Risk-free interest rate	[1]	0.48%	0.64%
Dividend yield	[1]	0.00%	0.00%
Exercise price	[1]	$ 23.00	$ 23.00
Common stock closing price	[1]	$ 3.94	$ 3.98

[1] See Note 7 - Warrants below for further description of the respective series of warrants.

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Instruments (Valuation Assumptions Used for Series B Convertible Stock) (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Common stock closing price	$ 3.94
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member]
Volatility	108.00%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Exercise price	$ 7.00	$ 7.00
Common stock closing price	$ 3.94	$ 3.98
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Volatility		108.00%
Expected term (years)	15 days	6 months
Risk-free interest rate	0.18%	0.49%
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Volatility		117.00%
Expected term (years)	9 months	2 years 6 months
Risk-free interest rate	0.49%	1.19%

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Net Loss per Common Share (Basic and Diluted Income (Loss) Per Share) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share calculation:
Net income (loss)	$ (3,112,000)	$ (14,493,000)	$ (516,000)
Accretion of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock	(1,725,000)	(338,000)
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$ (4,837,000)	$ (14,831,000)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - basic	5,883,503	4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - basic	$ (0.82)	$ (3.49)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - diluted	5,883,503	4,245,816
Net loss per share of common stock - diluted	$ (0.82)	$ (3.49)

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Net Loss per Common Share (Antidilutive Shares Excluded from Computation of Diluted Shares Outstanding) (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding	9,780,479	10,378,028
Stock Options [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding	872,977	440,695
Warrant Liability [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding	1,379,649	1,266,293
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted weighted shares outstanding	7,527,853	8,671,040

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Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (Details)		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended	34 Months Ended
	Aug. 03, 2015	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2013 $ / shares shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of conversion feature			$ 7,105,000
Fair value of Series B stock conversion liability			$ 19,425,000
Amount reclassified to Series B from APIC to adjust redemption value		$ (1,402,000)		$ (8,971,000)
Reverse stock split, description		1-for-50 (1:50) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share
Conversion ratio of reverse stock split	50
Dividends payable		$ 368,000			$ 368,000
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized | shares						9,357,935
Preferred Stock, initial stated value per share | $ / shares						$ 1.40
Preferred Stock, par value per share | $ / shares						$ 0.01
Number of shares of common stock for which each Series B share can be converted		0.20
Preferred Stock dividend rate		10.00%
Redeemable convertible preferred stock dividends declared					$ 0
Trigger price per share for redemption and conversion features of embedded derivative | $ / shares		$ 7.00
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of conversion feature		$ 1,402,000
Amount reclassified to Series B from APIC to adjust redemption value		$ 1,402,000

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Warrants (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Mar. 16, 2015
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 9.34	$ 8.96
Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of securities called by warrants				94,545
Exercise price of warrants				$ 10.75
Novolytics Ltd [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Cash consideration for assets acquired	$ 205,000
Number of securities called by warrants	170,000
Exercise price of warrants	$ 12.00
Value of warrants issued	$ 204,000
Novolytics Ltd [Member] | Research and development expense [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Fair value of assets acquired	$ 409,000

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Warrants (Number of Warrants, Exercise Price, Aggregate Proceeds of Warrants if Exercised) (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	1,209,649
Shares, Issuances | shares	170,000
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	1,379,649
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 12,881,016
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 8.96
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Issuances | $ / shares	12.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 9.34
Novolytics Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares
Shares, Issuances | shares	170,000
Shares, Exercises | shares
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	170,000
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 2,040,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Issuances | $ / shares	$ 12.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercises | $ / shares
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 12.00
Warrants Through March 2015 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	488,484
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	488,484
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 5,251,203
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 10.75
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 10.75
2013 Series B Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	467,046
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	467,046
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 3,269,322
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 7.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 7.00
Warrants Through December 2013 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	86,408
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	86,408
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 712,866
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 8.25
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 8.25
Convertible Promissory Notes [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	140,608
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	140,608
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 984,256
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 7.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 7.00
Warrants Through 2011 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015 | shares	27,103
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016 | shares	27,103
Aggregate proceeds if exercised | $	$ 623,369
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | $ / shares	$ 23.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016 | $ / shares	$ 23.00

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Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 16, 2015	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 9.34		$ 8.96
Warrant liability		$ 2,000		$ 6,000
Increase (decrease) to additional paid in capital resulting from warrants issued		$ 204,000
Decrease to additional paid-in capital resulting from warrants issued			$ (3,996,000)
Other expenses related to issuance of warrants			213,000
Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of securities called by warrants	94,545
Exercise price of warrants	$ 10.75
Fees paid to placement agent	$ 833,000
Other expenses related to issuance of warrants			$ 218,000
Private Placement [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of shares issued in transaction	1,575,758
Sale of stock, price per share	$ 8.25
Proceeds from issuance of private placement, gross	$ 13,000,000
Number of securities called by warrants	393,939
Exercise price of warrants	$ 10.75
Warrant liability	$ 4,210,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Intrinsic value of options exercisable	$ 0
Weighted average exercise price of options outstanding	$ 9.19
Common stock closing price	3.94
Weighted average exercise price, options exercisable	$ 9.19
Options granted in stock option grant	207,208
Exercise price of options granted	$ 2.83
Weighted-average remaining period for recognition of compensation costs related to unvested options	2 years 3 months 18 days
Employees and an Executive [Member]
Options granted in stock option grant	207,208	0
Exercise price of options granted	$ 2.83
Chief Financial Officer [Member]
Options granted in stock option grant	99,919
Exercise price of options granted	$ 2.85

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Stock-Based Compensation (Valuation Assumptions for Options) (Details) - Stock Options [Member]	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016
Volatility	113.00%
Expected term (years)	6 years
Dividend yield	0.00%
Minimum [Member]
Risk-free interest rate	1.58%
Maximum [Member]
Risk-free interest rate	1.63%

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Stock-Based Compensation (Allocation of Stock-Based Compensation Expense) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 816,000	$ 52,000
Research and development expense [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	26,000	29,000
General and administrative expense [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 790,000	$ 23,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Summary of Stock Option Activity) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares Available for Grant, Balance at December 31, 2015	723,431
Shares Available for Grant, Granted	(207,208)
Shares Available for Grant, Exercised
Shares Available for Grant, Forfeited
Shares Available for Grant, Expired
Shares Available for Grant, Balance at March 31, 2016	516,223	723,431
Shares, Balance at December 31, 2015	669,769
Shares, Granted	207,208
Shares, Exercises
Shares, Forfeited
Shares, Expired	(4,000)
Shares, Balance at March 31, 2016	872,977	669,769
Shares, Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016	704,778
Shares, Exercisable at March 31, 2016	99,394
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at December 31, 2015		$ 8.68
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted	$ 2.83
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired	$ 10.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at March 31, 2016	7.29
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016	7.63
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercisable at March 31, 2016	$ 9.19
Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Outstanding at December 31, 2015	9 years 3 months 4 days	9 years 3 months 15 days
Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Outstanding at March 31, 2016	9 years 3 months 4 days	9 years 3 months 15 days
Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016	9 years 2 months 5 days
Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Exercisable at March 31, 2016	7 years 8 months 9 days
Intrinsic Value, Outstanding at March 31, 2016	$ 229,076
Intrinsic Value, Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2016	141,846
Intrinsic Value, Exercisable at March 31, 2016	$ 0

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Stock-Based Compensation (Shares Reserved for Future Issuance) (Details) - shares	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Stock options outstanding	872,977	669,769
Available for future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan	516,223	723,431
Warrants	1,379,649	1,209,649
Total shares reserved	2,768,849

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Collaborative and Other Agreements (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2013
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Licensing Payments Received	$ 106,000		$ 102,000
Intrexon Corporation [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Fees Payable Upon Commencement Of The First Phase 2 Trial	2,500,000
Fees Payable Upon First Regulatory Approval	5,000,000
Expenses Incurred Under Channel Collaborative Agreement	54,000		22,000
Cash Paid For Channel Collaboration Agreement	56,000		3,000
Liability for amounts due to terminated channel collaboration partner	54,000
University Of Leicester [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Expenses Incurred Under Channel Collaborative Agreement	43,000		35,000
Cash Paid For Channel Collaboration Agreement	46,000		50,000
University Of Glasgow [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Payments For Services Under Collaborative Agreement			13,000
Expenses Incurred Under Channel Collaborative Agreement	0
Cash Paid For Channel Collaboration Agreement	0		61,000
Walter Reed Army Institute Of Research [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Payments For Services Under Collaborative Agreement	0		$ 0
Takara Bio Inc [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Licensing Payments Received		$ 40,000
Patent license agreement revenue	$ 4,000
Takara Bio Inc [Member] | Nonsoftware License Arrangement [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Percent of License Product Sales Receivable	12.00%
Percent of License Product Service Revenues Receivable	6.00%
Minimum Annual Royalty Payments Receivable	$ 15,000
Takara Bio Inc [Member] | Nonsoftware License Arrangement [Member] | Criteria One [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Contingent Licensing Receivable	30,000
Licensed Product Revenues Milestone Benchmark	1,000,000
Takara Bio Inc [Member] | Nonsoftware License Arrangement [Member] | Criteria Two [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Contingent Licensing Receivable	40,000
Licensed Product Net Sales Milestone Benchmark	$ 2,000,000
Common Stock [Member] | Intrexon Corporation [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Issued for Services				$ 3,000,000

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Severance Charge (Severance Accrual) (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Severance Charge [Abstract]
Accrued severance, December 31, 2015	$ 308,000
Cash payments in 2016	(170,000)
Accrued severance, March 31, 2016	$ 138,000

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Apr. 08, 2016	Apr. 07, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Common stock shares issued to Holders			5,883,503	5,883,503
Exercise price of warrants			$ 9.34	$ 8.96
Subsequent Event [Member] | Common Stock Issuance Agreement [Member]
Exercise price of warrants	$ 4.05	$ 7.00
Warrant Expiration Date	March 31, 2021	June 26, 2018
Cash payments in respect of accrued dividends	$ 2.2
Proceeds from sale of common or preferred stock	$ 10.0
Subsequent Event [Member] | Common Stock Issuance Agreement [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Shares issued, price per share	$ 4.05
Subsequent Event [Member] | Common Stock Issuance Agreement [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Number of shares issued for which shareholder approval must be sought	1,037,053
Subsequent Event [Member] | Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock [Member] | Holders Election Conversion [Member]
Preferred stock shares outstanding	7,527,853
Subsequent Event [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Common Stock Issuance Agreement [Member]
Shares issued	853,465
Subsequent Event [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Holders Election Conversion [Member]
Shares of common stock issued upon conversion of preferred stock	1,505,560