Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes was as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture
United States	$	(263,499	)	$	(71,603	)	$	(39,160	)
Foreign	2,465			12,730			8,294
Total	$	(261,034	)	$	(58,873	)	$	(30,866	)

Total income tax benefit was as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Current taxes:
U.S. Federal	$	8,150		$	(47,916	)	$	(2,595	)
State	584			(12,226		)	679
Foreign	3,086			4,310			2,004
Total current tax expense (benefit)	11,820			(55,832		)	88
Deferred taxes:
U.S. Federal	$	(16,129	)	$	(25,017	)	$	(9,679	)
State	(780		)	3,009			(6,406		)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	(3,565		)	710			1,882
Foreign	(2,303		)	(1,896		)	(1,323		)
Total deferred tax benefit	(22,777		)	(23,194		)	(15,526		)
Total income tax benefit	$	(10,957	)	$	(79,026	)	$	(15,438	)

A reconciliation of income taxes based on the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is summarized as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
U.S federal statutory income tax rate	21.0	%	35.0	%	34.0	%
Change in valuation allowance	(0.9	)%	(1.2	)%	(6.1	)%
Foreign tax credits, exclusive of tax reform	—	%	(13.8	)%	8.2	%
State taxes, net of federal taxes, exclusive of tax reform	0.4	%	9.1	%	5.7	%
Non-U.S. earnings taxed at different rates	1.2	%	1.7	%	4.8	%
Non-deductible mergers and acquisitions costs	(0.2	)%	—	%	—	%
GILTI	(0.3	)%	—	%	—	%
Goodwill impairment	(15.5	)%	—	%	—	%
R&D Tax credit	0.3	%	0.3	%	0.9	%
Change in uncertain tax positions	0.3	%	(0.4	)%	3.2	%
Impact of Tax Reform
Toll Charge, net of foreign tax credit	0.6	%	(11.5	)%	—	%
Remeasurement of deferred taxes pursuant to tax reform	(0.9	)%	65.6	%	—	%
Tax Reform impact on divestiture of business segment	—	%	33.9	%	—	%
Section 199/Domestic Production Deduction	—	%	0.8	%	—	%
Divestiture of Business Segment, exclusive of tax reform	(0.9	)%	13.6	%	—	%
Return to provision	(0.8	)%	—	%	—	%
Prior period revisions	—	%	0.5	%	4.2	%
Foreign JV net income	—	%	—	%	(4.1	)%
Other adjustments, net	(0.1	)%	0.6	%	(0.8	)%
Effective tax rate	4.2	%	134.2	%	50.0	%

The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:



	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Tax in excess of book depreciation	$	37,425		$	34,143
Goodwill	—			58
Intangible assets	80,623			50,688
Other deferred tax liabilities	794			389
Total deferred income tax liabilities	118,842			85,278
Deferred income tax assets:
Interest expense limitation	9,968			—
Goodwill	1,441			2,067
Inventories	2,745			2,248
Pension/Personnel accruals	1,317			1,596
Net operating loss carry forwards	9,321			6,950
Foreign tax credits	5,345			—
Credit carry forwards	4,130			3,427
Accruals and reserves	1,531			2,015
Other deferred tax assets	4,022			3,019
Deferred income tax assets before Valuation Allowance	39,820			21,322
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets	(14,460		)	(7,608		)
Total deferred income tax assets	25,360			13,714
Net deferred income tax liabilities ⁽¹⁾	$	93,482		$	71,564

________________________


(1)	In accordance with the Tax Act, our ending domestic deferred balances have been remeasured to 21% for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The following table summarizes our total valuation allowances:

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	5,655		$	4,741		$	5,724
Additions for tax positions of prior years	304			1,404			179
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(1,350		)	(490		)	(1,162		)
Balance at end of year	$	4,609		$	5,655		$	4,741