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Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company,” which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Company develops, redevelops, acquires, owns and operates multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado.

At December 31, 2023, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 299 operating apartment communities containing 90,669 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 18 communities were under development. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 30 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 10,801 apartment homes (unaudited).

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-K

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain joint venture partnerships, subsidiary partnerships structured as DownREITs and any variable interest entities that qualify for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company accounts for joint venture entities and subsidiary partnerships in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The Company determines first whether to follow the variable interest entity (“VIE”) or the voting interest entity (“VOE”) model for each joint venture entity. The Company then evaluates whether it should consolidate the venture. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an investment when it has control to direct the activities of the venture and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company's maximum exposure for its VIEs is limited to its investments in the respective VIEs. Under the VOE model, the Company consolidates an investment when (i) it controls the investment through ownership of a majority voting interest if the investment is not a limited partnership or (ii) it controls the investment through its ability to remove the other partners in the investment, at its discretion, when the investment is a limited partnership.

The Company generally uses the equity method of accounting for its investment in joint ventures, including when the Company holds a noncontrolling limited partner interest in a joint venture. Any investment in excess of the Company's cost basis at acquisition or formation of an equity method venture, will be recorded as a component of the Company's investment in the joint venture and recognized over the life of the underlying fixed assets of the venture as a reduction to its equity in income from the venture. Investments in which the Company has little or no influence are accounted for using the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction indicating a change in fair value.

Real Estate

Operating real estate assets are stated at cost and consist of land and improvements, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and other costs incurred during their development, redevelopment and acquisition. Significant expenditures which improve or extend the life of an existing asset and that will benefit the Company for periods greater than a year, are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

Project costs related to the development, construction and redevelopment of real estate projects (including interest and related loan fees, property taxes and other direct costs) are capitalized as a cost of the project. Indirect project costs that relate to several projects are capitalized and allocated to the projects to which they relate. Indirect costs not clearly related to development, construction and redevelopment activity are expensed as incurred. For development, capitalization (i) begins when the Company has determined that development of the future asset is probable, (ii) can be suspended if there is no current development activity underway, but future development is still probable and (iii) ends when the asset, or a portion of an asset, is ready for its intended use, or the Company's intended use changes such that capitalization is no longer appropriate.

For land parcels acquired for development improved with operating real estate, the Company generally manages the improvements until all tenant obligations have been satisfied or eliminated through negotiation, and construction of new apartment communities is ready to begin. Revenue from incidental operations received from the current improvements on land parcels in excess of any incremental costs are recorded as a reduction of total capitalized costs of the respective Development Right and not as part of net income. Incidental operating costs in excess of incidental operating income are expensed in the period incurred.

For redevelopment efforts, the Company capitalizes costs either (i) in advance of taking homes out of service when significant renovation of the common area has begun until the redevelopment is completed, or (ii) when an apartment home is taken out of service for redevelopment until the redevelopment is completed and the apartment home is available for a new resident. Rental income and operating costs incurred during the initial lease-up or post-redevelopment lease-up period are recognized in earnings.

The Company accounts for real estate acquisitions as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under either model, the Company identifies and determines the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. The Company generally views acquisitions of individual operating communities as asset acquisitions, which results in the capitalization of acquisition costs and the allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on the relative fair value of the respective assets and liabilities.

Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. The Company utilizes various sources to determine fair value, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. The purchase price allocation to tangible assets is reflected in real estate assets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Any purchase price allocation to intangible assets, other than in-place lease intangibles, is included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the term of the acquired intangible asset. The Company values land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement as well as the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach and consider the structures and amenities included for the communities and is reduced by estimated depreciation. The value for furniture, fixtures and equipment is also determined based on a replacement cost approach, considering costs for both items in the apartment homes as well as common areas and is adjusted for estimated depreciation. The fair value of buildings is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of structures acquired, adjusted for depreciation which considers industry standard information and estimated useful life of the acquired property. The value of the lease-related intangibles considers the estimated cost of leasing the apartment homes as if the acquired building(s) were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an average total lease-up time, the number of apartment homes and net revenues generated during the lease-up time. Net revenues use market rent considering actual leasing and industry rental rate data. The value of current leases relative to a market-rate lease is based on market comparables. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, debt, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporate significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed.

Depreciation is generally calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which for buildings and related improvements range from seven years to 30 years and for furniture, fixtures and equipment range from three years to seven years.

Income Taxes

The Company elected to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for its tax year ended December 31, 1994 and has not revoked such election. A REIT is a corporate entity which holds real estate interests and can deduct from its federally taxable income qualifying dividends it pays if it meets a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it distribute at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income to stockholders. Therefore, as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to corporate level federal income tax on its taxable income if it annually distributes 100% of its taxable income to its stockholders.

The states in which the Company operates have similar tax provisions which recognize the Company as a REIT for state income tax purposes. Management believes that all such conditions for the exemption from income taxes on ordinary income have been or will be met for the periods presented. Accordingly, no provision for federal and state income taxes has been made. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal corporate income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a corporate REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and to federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income and in certain other instances.

Taxable income from activities performed through taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”) is subject to federal, state and local income taxes. The Company recognized income tax expense, primarily due to dispositions at The Park Loggia, of $10,153,000, $14,646,000 and $5,733,000 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax positions. The Company does not believe that there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months. The Company is subject to examination by the respective taxing authorities for the tax years 2020 through 2022.

The following summarizes the tax components of the Company's common dividends declared for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited):


	2023		2022		2021
Ordinary income	83	%	82	%	55	%
20% capital gain	11	%	15	%	26	%
Unrecaptured §1250 gain	6	%	3	%	19	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred financing costs include expenditures necessary to obtain debt financing and are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over the shorter of the loan term or the related credit enhancement facility, if applicable. Unamortized financing costs are charged to earnings when debt is retired before the maturity date. Accumulated amortization of deferred financing costs for unsecured notes was $34,494,000 and $29,815,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and related to mortgage notes payable was $2,262,000 and $2,040,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Deferred financing costs, except for costs associated with line-of-credit arrangements, are presented as a direct deduction from the related debt liability. Accumulated amortization of deferred financing costs for the Company's Credit Facility was $14,490,000 and $11,222,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and deferred financing costs net of accumulated amortization was included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash in Escrow

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Restricted cash includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing, amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity and resident security deposits. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held at major commercial banks.

Interest Rate Contracts

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income, as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, is defined as all changes in equity during each period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to shareholders. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Equity, reflects the effective portion of the cumulative changes in the fair value of derivatives in qualifying cash flow hedge relationships.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per common share. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per common share on a diluted basis. Diluted earnings per common share was computed using the treasury stock method for performance awards, options and participating securities. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares—basic	141,307,186		139,634,294		139,389,433
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding	3,503		7,500		7,500
Effect of dilutive securities	333,099		333,293		320,466
Weighted average common shares—diluted	141,643,788		139,975,087		139,717,399

Calculation of Earnings per Common Share—basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	928,825	$	1,136,775	$	1,004,299
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares	(1,663)		(2,091)		(2,100)
Net income attributable to common stockholders—basic	$	927,162	$	1,134,684	$	1,002,199

Weighted average common shares—basic	141,307,186		139,634,294		139,389,433

Earnings per common share—basic	$	6.56	$	8.13	$	7.19

Calculation of Earnings per Common Share—diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	928,825	$	1,136,775	$	1,004,299
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships, including discontinued operations	25		48		48
Net income attributable to common stockholders—diluted	$	928,850	$	1,136,823	$	1,004,347

Weighted average common shares—diluted	141,643,788		139,975,087		139,717,399

Earnings per common share—diluted	$	6.56	$	8.12	$	7.19

Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 303,784 and 291,881 were outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because such options were anti-dilutive for the period. All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2021 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share.

Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs, and Casualty and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs

The Company capitalizes costs associated with its development activities to the basis of land held when future development is probable (“Development Rights”), or if the Company has either not yet acquired the land or if the project is subject to a leasehold interest, the costs are capitalized as deferred development costs. Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the Company determines a Development Right is no longer probable, the Company recognizes any necessary expense to write down its basis in the Development Right. The Company expensed costs related to development pursuits not yet considered probable for development and the abandonment of Development Rights, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $33,479,000, $16,565,000 and $2,192,000 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The amount for 2023 includes write-offs of $27,455,000 related to seven Development Rights that the Company determined are no longer probable. The amount for 2022 includes write-offs of $10,073,000 related to three development opportunities that the Company determined are no longer probable. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

Casualty and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize any material impairment losses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a charge of $9,118,000 for the property and casualty damages across certain communities in its Northeast and California regions related to severe weather and other casualty events, reported as casualty loss on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a charge of $3,119,000 related to damage across several communities in our East Coast markets from severe storms and a fire at an operating community, reported as casualty loss on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both whether the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. The Company did not recognize any other than temporary impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations

The Company presents the assets and liabilities of any communities which have been sold, or otherwise qualify as held for sale, separately in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the results of operations for those assets that meet the definition of discontinued operations are presented as such in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Real estate assets held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less the cost to sell. Upon the classification of an asset as held for sale, no further depreciation is recorded. Disposals representing a strategic shift in operations (e.g., a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business or a major equity method investment) are presented as discontinued operations, and for those assets qualifying for classification as discontinued operations, the specific components of net income presented as discontinued operations include net operating income, depreciation expense and interest expense, net. For periods prior to the asset qualifying for discontinued operations, the Company reclassifies the results of operations to discontinued operations. In addition, the net gain or loss (including any impairment loss) on the eventual disposal of assets held for sale will be presented as discontinued operations when recognized. A change in presentation for held for sale or discontinued operations has no impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations. The Company combines the operating, investing and financing portions of cash flows attributable to discontinued operations with the respective cash flows from continuing operations on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company had no real estate assets that qualified as held for sale presentation at December 31, 2023.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, “Hedging Derivatives”) for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. Receipts or payments associated with the gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges are presented as a component of cash flows from financing activities in the period the hedges are terminated and the payments for the Company’s derivatives that are not qualifying for hedging relationships are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' financial statements and notes to the financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity, segment classification and classification of for-sale condominium inventory and activity.

Lessee Considerations

The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments that are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Variable lease payments are generally not included in the lease liability, but recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred.

For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determined the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease-by-lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements. For leases that are 12 months or less, the Company elected the practical expedient to recognize the lease payments on a straight line basis.

Lessor Considerations

The Company's residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under “Leases”. The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for under ASC 842, Leases, include:

•Management fees - The Company has investment interests in real estate joint ventures, for which the Company may manage (i) the venture, (ii) the associated operating communities owned by the ventures and/or (iii) the construction, development or redevelopment of those communities. For these activities, the Company receives asset management, property management, development and/or redevelopment fee revenue. The performance obligation is the management of the venture, community or other defined task such as the development or redevelopment of the community. While the individual activities that comprise the performance obligation of the management fees can vary day to day, the nature of the overall performance obligation to provide management service is the same and considered by the Company to be a series of services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and the same method to measure progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company also provides various third party back-office, financial administrative support services. The Company recognizes revenue for fees as earned.

•Non-lease related revenue - The Company recognizes revenue for items not considered to be components of a lease as earned.

•Gains or losses on sales of real estate - The Company accounts for the sale of real estate and any related gain recognition in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions, other than commercial land sales. The Company recognizes the sale, and associated gain or loss from the disposition when the criteria for the sale of an asset have been met, which include when (i) a contract exists and (ii) the buyer obtained control of the nonfinancial asset that was sold.

The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at December 31, 2023 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and at December 31, 2022 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2023, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of December 31, 2023, as described in Note 6, “Real Estate Disposition Activities.” (dollars in thousands):


	Same Store		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the year ended December 31, 2023
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	7,722	$	7,722
Non-lease related revenue (2)	10,656		5,296		282		—		16,234
Total non-lease revenue (3)	10,656		5,296		282		7,722		23,956

Lease income (4)	2,531,978		129,508		61,270		—		2,722,756

Total revenue	$	2,542,634	$	134,804	$	61,552	$	7,722	$	2,746,712

For the year ended December 31, 2022
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,333	$	6,333
Non-lease related revenue (2)	11,048		2,990		165		—		14,203
Total non-lease revenue (3)	11,048		2,990		165		6,333		20,536

Lease income (4)	2,383,244		90,315		29,569		—		2,503,128

Total revenue	$	2,394,292	$	93,305	$	29,734	$	6,333	$	2,523,664

For the year ended December 31, 2021
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,084	$	3,084
Non-lease related revenue (2)	7,368		1,879		256		—		9,503
Total non-lease revenue (3)	7,368		1,879		256		3,084		12,587

Lease income (4)	1,988,348		119,780		42,629		—		2,150,757

Total revenue	$	1,995,716	$	121,659	$	42,885	$	3,084	$	2,163,344

__________________________________

(1)Represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2)Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, and revenue streams not related to leasing activities including, but not limited to, application fees, renters insurance fees and vendor revenue sharing.

(3)Represents revenue accounted for under ASC 606.

(4)Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, accounted for under ASC 842.

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2023.

Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves

The Company assesses the collectability of its lease revenue and receivables on an ongoing basis by (i) assessing the probability of receiving all lease amounts due on a lease-by-lease basis, (ii) reserving all amounts for those leases where collection of substantially all of the remaining lease payments is not probable and (iii) subsequently, will only recognize revenue to the extent cash is received. If the Company determines that collection of the remaining lease payments becomes probable at a future date, the Company will recognize the cumulative revenue that would have been recorded under the original lease agreement.

In addition to the specific reserves recognized under ASC 842, the Company also evaluates its lease receivables for collectability at a portfolio level under ASC 450, Contingencies – Loss Contingencies. The Company recognizes a reserve under ASC 450 when the uncollectible revenue is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company applies this reserve to the population of the Company’s revenue and receivables not specifically addressed as part of the specific ASC 842 reserve.

The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $57,906,000, $49,147,000 and $52,075,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under ASC 842 and ASC 450.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards and Change in Accounting Principle

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires reportable segments disclosures of significant segment expenses provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The standard does not change the definition of a segment, the method for determining segments, or the criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments. The new standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires (i) a tabular rate reconciliation of the reported income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations into specific categories, (ii) separate disclosure for any reconciling items within certain categories above a quantitative threshold, (iii) disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and material jurisdictions and (iv) disclosure of income tax expense from continuing operations disaggregated by federal and state. The new standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.