11. Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations

Acquisitions

Pacific Crest Securities. On September 3, 2014, we acquired Pacific Crest Securities, a leading technology-focused investment bank and capital markets firm based in Portland, Oregon. This acquisition, which is being accounted for as a business combination, expands our corporate and investment banking business unit and adds technology to our other industry verticals. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded identifiable intangible assets of $13 million and goodwill of $78 million in Key Corporate Bank for this acquisition. The identifiable intangible assets and the goodwill related to this acquisition are non-deductible for tax purposes. Additional information regarding the identifiable intangible assets and the goodwill related to this acquisition is provided in Note 10 (“Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”) beginning on page 173 of our 2014 Form 10-K.

Discontinued operations

Education lending. In September 2009, we decided to exit the government-guaranteed education lending business. As a result, we have accounted for this business as a discontinued operation.

As of January 1, 2010, we consolidated our 10 outstanding education lending securitization trusts since we held the residual interests and are the master servicer with the power to direct the activities that most significantly influence the economic performance of the trusts.

On September 30, 2014, we sold the residual interests in all of our outstanding education lending securitization trusts to a third party for $57 million. In selling the residual interests, we no longer have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits related to the securitization trusts. Therefore, in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance, we deconsolidated the securitization trusts and removed trust assets of $1.7 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion from our balance sheet at September 30, 2014. As part of the sale and deconsolidation, we recognized an after-tax loss of $25 million, which is recorded in “income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” on our income statement. We continue to service the securitized loans in eight of the securitization trusts and receive servicing fees, whereby we are adequately compensated, as well as remain a counterparty to derivative contracts with three of the securitization trusts. We have retained interests in the securitization trusts through our ownership of an insignificant percentage of certificates in two of the securitization trusts and two interest-only strips in one of the securitization trusts. These retained interests were remeasured at fair value on September 30, 2014, and their fair value of $1 million was recorded in “discontinued assets” on our balance sheet. These assets were valued using a similar approach and inputs that have been used to value the education loan securitization trust loans and securities, which are further discussed later in this note.

“Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes” on the income statement includes (i) the changes in fair value of the assets and liabilities of the education loan securitization trusts and the loans at fair value in portfolio (discussed later in this note), and (ii) the interest income and expense from the loans and the securities of the trusts and the loans in portfolio at both amortized cost and fair value. These amounts are shown separately in the following table. Gains and losses attributable to changes in fair value are recorded as a component of “noninterest income” or “noninterest expense.” Interest income and expense related to the loans and securities are shown as a component of “net interest income.”

The components of “income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes” for the education lending business are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
in millions	2015		2014
Net interest income	$	10	$	23
Provision for credit losses		2		4

Net interest income after provision for credit losses		8		19
Noninterest income		4		(14	)
Noninterest expense		4		6

Income (loss) before income taxes		8		(1	)
Income taxes		3		—

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes ^(a)	$	5	$	(1	)

(a)	Includes after-tax charges of $6 million and $9 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2015, and March 31, 2014, respectively, determined by applying a matched funds transfer pricing methodology to the liabilities assumed necessary to support the discontinued operations.

The discontinued assets and liabilities of our education lending business included on the balance sheet are as follows:


in millions	March 31, 2015		December 31, 2014		March 31, 2014
Held-to-maturity securities	$	1	$	1		—
Trust loans at fair value		—		—	$	1,893
Portfolio loans at fair value		187		191		143
Loans, net of unearned income^(a)		2,032		2,104		2,318
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses		25		29		34

Net loans		2,194		2,266		4,320
Trust accrued income and other assets at fair value		—		—		19
Accrued income and other assets		36		38		41

Total assets	$	2,231	$	2,305	$	4,380

Trust accrued expense and other liabilities at fair value		—		—	$	20
Trust securities at fair value		—		—		1,796

Total liabilities		—		—	$	1,816

(a)	At March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014, unearned income was less than $1 million.

The discontinued education lending business consists of loans in portfolio (recorded at fair value) and loans in portfolio (recorded at carrying value with appropriate valuation reserves). The assets and liabilities in the securitization trusts (recorded at fair value) were removed with the deconsolidation of the securitization trusts on September 30, 2014.

At March 31, 2015, education loans include 1,604 TDRs with a recorded investment of approximately $18 million (pre-modification and post-modification). A specifically allocated allowance of $1 million was assigned to these loans as of March 31, 2015. There have been no significant payment defaults. There are no significant commitments outstanding to lend additional funds to these borrowers. Additional information regarding TDR classification and ALLL methodology is provided in Note 4 (“Asset Quality”).

In the past, as part of our education lending business model, we originated and securitized education loans. The process of securitization involved taking a pool of loans from our balance sheet and selling them to a bankruptcy-remote QSPE, or trust. This trust then issued securities to investors in the capital markets to raise funds to pay for the loans. The cash flows generated from the loans pays holders of the securities issued. As the transferor, we retained a portion of the risk in the form of a residual interest and also retained the right to service the securitized loans and receive servicing fees.

The trust assets can be used only to settle the obligations or securities the trusts issue; the assets cannot be sold and the liabilities cannot be transferred. The loans in the trusts consist of both private and government-guaranteed loans. The security holders or beneficial interest holders do not have recourse to Key. We no longer have economic interest or risk of loss associated with these education loan securitization trusts as of September 30, 2014, and therefore, the securitization trusts were deconsolidated. During the second quarter of 2014, additional market information became available. Based on this information and our related internal analysis, we adjusted certain assumptions related to valuing the loans in the securitization trusts. As a result, we recognized a net after-tax loss of $22 million during the second quarter of 2014 related to the fair value of the loans and securities in the securitization trusts. These losses resulted in a reduction in the value of our economic interest in these trusts. We record all income and expense (including fair value adjustments) through “income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax” on our income statement.

On June 27, 2014, we purchased the private loans from one of the education loan securitization trusts through the execution of a clean-up call option. The trust used the cash proceeds from the sale of these loans to retire the outstanding securities related to these private loans, and there are no future commitments or obligations to the holders of the securities. The trust no longer has any loans or securities and will remain in existence for one year from the time the clean-up call was exercised. The portfolio loans were valued using an internal discounted cash flow method, which was affected by assumptions for defaults, expected credit losses, discount rates, and prepayments. The portfolio loans are considered to be Level 3 assets since we rely on unobservable inputs when determining fair value.

At March 31, 2015, there were $186 million of loans that were previously purchased from three of the outstanding securitizations trusts pursuant to the legal terms of these particular trusts. These loans are held as portfolio loans and continue to be accounted for at fair value. These portfolio loans were valued using an internal discounted cash flow model, which was affected by assumptions for defaults, loss severity, discount rates, and prepayments. These portfolio loans are considered Level 3 assets since we rely on unobservable inputs when determining fair value. Our valuation process for these loans as well as the trust loans and securities is discussed in more detail below. Portfolio loans accounted for at fair value had a value of $187 million at March 31, 2015, $191 million at December 31, 2014, and $143 million at March 31, 2014.

When we first consolidated the education loan securitization trusts, we made an election to record them at fair value. Carrying the assets and liabilities of the trusts at fair value better depicted our economic interest. The fair value of the assets and liabilities of the trusts was determined by calculating the present value of the future expected cash flows. We relied on unobservable inputs (Level 3) when determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the trusts because observable market data was not available. Our valuation process is described in more detail below.

Corporate Treasury, within our Finance area, is responsible for the quarterly valuation process that determines the fair value of our student loans held in portfolio that are accounted for at fair value and previously for our loans and securities in our education loan securitization trusts. Corporate Treasury provides these fair values to a Working Group Committee (the “Working Group”) comprising representatives from the line of business, Credit and Market Risk Management, Accounting, Business Finance (part of our Finance area), and Corporate Treasury. The Working Group is a subcommittee of the Fair Value Committee that is discussed in more detail in Note 5 (“Fair Value Measurements”). The Working Group reviews all significant inputs and assumptions and approves the resulting fair values.

The Working Group reviews actual performance trends of the loans on a quarterly basis and uses statistical analysis and qualitative measures to determine assumptions for future performance. Predictive models that incorporate delinquency and charge-off trends along with economic outlooks assist the Working Group to forecast future defaults. The Working Group uses this information to formulate the credit outlook related to the loans. Higher projected defaults, fewer expected recoveries, elevated prepayment speeds, and higher discount rates would be expected to result in a lower fair value of the portfolio loans at fair value. Default expectations and discount rate changes have the most significant impact on the fair values of the loans. Increased cash flow uncertainty, whether through higher defaults and prepayments or fewer recoveries, can result in higher discount rates for use in the fair value process for these loans. This process was previously used in the valuation of the education loan securitization trust loans.

The valuation process for the portfolio loans that are accounted for at fair value is based on a discounted cash flow analysis using a model purchased from a third party that is maintained by Corporate Treasury. The valuation process begins with loan-by-loan level data that is aggregated into pools based on underlying loan structural characteristics (i.e., current unpaid principal balance, contractual term, interest rate). Cash flows for these loan pools are developed using a financial model that reflects certain assumptions for defaults, recoveries, status changes, and prepayments. A net earnings stream, taking into account cost of funding, is calculated and discounted back to the measurement date using an appropriate discount rate. This resulting amount is used to determine the present value of the loans, which represents their fair value to a market participant.

The unobservable inputs set forth in the following table are reviewed and approved by the Working Group on a quarterly basis. The Working Group determines these assumptions based on available data, discussions with appropriate individuals within and outside of Key, and the knowledge and experience of the Working Group members.

A similar discounted cash flow approach to that described above was used on a quarterly basis by Corporate Treasury to determine the fair value of the trust securities. In valuing these securities, the discount rates used were provided by a third-party valuation consultant. These discount rates were based primarily on secondary market spread indices for similar student loans and asset-backed securities and were developed by the consultant using market-based data. On a quarterly basis, the Working Group reviewed the discount rate inputs used in the valuation process for reasonableness.

A quarterly variance analysis reconciles valuation changes in the model used to calculate the fair value of the trust loans and securities and the portfolio loans at fair value. This quarterly analysis considers loan and securities run-off, yields, future default and recovery changes, and the timing of cash releases to us from the trusts. We also perform back-testing to compare expected defaults to actual experience; the impact of future defaults can significantly affect the fair value of these loans and securities over time. In addition, our internal model validation group periodically performs a review to ensure the accuracy and validity of the model for determining the fair value of these loans and securities.

The following table shows the significant unobservable inputs used to measure the fair value of the education loan securitization trust loans and securities and the portfolio loans accounted for at fair value as of March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014:

March 31, 2015

dollars in millions

Fair Value of Level 3
Assets and Liabilities

Valuation
Technique

Significant
Unobservable Input

Range
(Weighted-Average)

Portfolio loans accounted for at fair value

187

Discounted cash flow

Prepayment speed

5.40 - 10.20% (7.04%)

Loss severity

2.00 - 77.00% (27.66%)

Discount rate

3.70 - 3.80% (3.71%)

Default rate

1.40 - 1.70% (1.60%)

December 31, 2014

dollars in millions

Fair Value of Level 3
Assets and Liabilities

Valuation
Technique

Significant
Unobservable Input

Range
(Weighted-Average)

Portfolio loans accounted for at fair value

191

Discounted cash flow

Prepayment speed

5.40 - 5.60% (5.50%)

Loss severity

2.00 - 77.00% (25.66%)

Discount rate

3.90 - 4.00% (3.92%)

Default rate

.86 - 1.70% (1.12%)

March 31, 2014

dollars in millions

Fair Value of Level 3
Assets and Liabilities

Valuation
Technique

Significant
Unobservable Input

Range
(Weighted-Average)

Trust loans and portfolio loans accounted for at fair value

2,036

Discounted cash flow

Prepayment speed

4.00 - 13.50% (6.62%)

Loss severity

2.00 - 79.50% (53.89%)

Discount rate

2.40 - 10.50% (3.51%)

Default rate

8.05 - 23.87% (18.65%)

Trust securities

1,796

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

1.60 - 3.50% (2.55%)

The following table shows the principal and fair value amounts for our trust loans at fair value, portfolio loans at fair value, and portfolio loans at carrying value at March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014. Our policies for determining past due loans, placing loans on nonaccrual, applying payments on nonaccrual loans, and resuming accrual of interest are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Nonperforming Loans” beginning on page 116 of our 2014 Form 10-K.


	March 31, 2015				December 31, 2014				March 31, 2014
in millions	Principal		Fair Value		Principal		Fair Value		Principal		Fair Value
Trust loans at fair value
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more		—		—		—		—	$	25	$	25
Loans placed on nonaccrual status		—		—		—		—		10		10
Portfolio loans at fair value
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more	$	5	$	5	$	5	$	5	$	7	$	7
Loans placed on nonaccrual status		—		—		—		—		—		—
Portfolio loans at carrying value
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more	$	27		N/A	$	29		N/A	$	32		N/A
Loans placed on nonaccrual status		8		N/A		11		N/A		8		N/A

The following table shows the consolidated trusts’ assets and liabilities at fair value and the portfolio loans at fair value and their related contractual values as of March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014.


	March 31, 2015				December 31, 2014				March 31, 2014
in millions	Contractual Amount		Fair Value		Contractual Amount		Fair Value		Contractual Amount		Fair Value
ASSETS
Portfolio loans	$	186	$	187	$	192	$	191	$	136	$	143
Trust loans		—		—		—		—		1,889		1,893
Trust other assets		—		—		—		—		19		19
LIABILITIES
Trust securities		—		—		—		—	$	1,904	$	1,796
Trust other liabilities		—		—		—		—		20		20

The following tables present the assets and liabilities of the consolidated education loan securitization trusts measured at fair value as well as the portfolio loans that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014.


March 31, 2015 in millions	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
ASSETS MEASURED ON A RECURRING BASIS
Portfolio loans		—		—	$	187	$	187

Total assets on a recurring basis at fair value		—		—	$	187	$	187


December 31, 2014 in millions	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
ASSETS MEASURED ON A RECURRING BASIS
Portfolio loans		—		—	$	191	$	191

Total assets on a recurring basis at fair value		—		—	$	191	$	191


March 31, 2014 in millions	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
ASSETS MEASURED ON A RECURRING BASIS
Portfolio loans		—		—	$	143	$	143
Trust loans		—		—		1,893		1,893
Trust other assets		—		—		19		19

Total assets on a recurring basis at fair value		—		—	$	2,055	$	2,055

LIABILITIES MEASURED ON A RECURRING BASIS
Trust securities		—		—	$	1,796	$	1,796
Trust other liabilities		—		—		20		20

Total liabilities on a recurring basis at fair value		—		—	$	1,816	$	1,816

The following table shows the change in the fair values of the Level 3 consolidated education loan securitization trusts and portfolio loans for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2015, and March 31, 2014.


in millions	Portfolio Student Loans			Trust Student Loans			Trust Other Assets			Trust Securities			Trust Other Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	191			—			—			—			—
Gains (losses) recognized in earnings ^(a)		3			—			—			—			—
Purchases		—			—			—			—			—
Sales		—			—			—			—			—
Settlements		(7	)		—			—			—			—

Balance at March 31, 2015^(b)	$	187			—			—			—			—

Balance at December 31, 2013	$	147		$	1,960		$	20		$	1,834		$	20
Gains (losses) recognized in earnings ^(a)		—			2			—			16			—
Purchases		—			—			—			—			—
Sales		—			—			—			—			—
Settlements		(4	)		(69	)		(1	)		(54	)		—

Balance at March 31, 2014^(b)	$	143		$	1,893		$	19		$	1,796		$	20

(a)	Gains (losses) were driven primarily by fair value adjustments.

(b)	There were no issuances, transfers into Level 3, or transfers out of Level 3 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2015, and March 31, 2014.

Victory Capital Management and Victory Capital Advisors. On July 31, 2013, we completed the sale of Victory to a private equity fund. During March 2014, client consents were secured and assets under management were finalized and, as a result, we recorded an additional after-tax cash gain of $6 million as of March 31, 2014. Since February 21, 2013, when we agreed to sell Victory, we have accounted for this business as a discontinued operation.

The results of this discontinued business are included in “income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes” on the income statement. The components of “income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes” for Victory, which includes the additional gain recorded as of March 31, 2014, on the sale of this business, are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
in millions	2015		2014
Net interest income		—	$	1
Noninterest income		—		10
Noninterest expense		—		—

Income (loss) before income taxes		—		11
Income taxes		—		4

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes		—	$	7

The discontinued assets and liabilities of Victory included on the balance sheet are as follows:


in millions	March 31, 2015		December 31, 2014		March 31, 2014
Seller note ^(a)		—		—	$	28

Total assets		—		—	$	28

Accrued expense and other liabilities		—		—		—

Total liabilities		—		—		—

(a)	At March 31, 2014, the only remaining asset of Victory was the Seller note. The Seller note was paid off during the fourth quarter of 2014.

Austin Capital Management, Ltd. In April 2009, we decided to wind down the operations of Austin, a subsidiary that specialized in managing hedge fund investments for institutional customers. As a result, we have accounted for this business as a discontinued operation.


	Three months ended March 31,
in millions	2015		2014
Noninterest expense		—	$	4

Income (loss) before income taxes		—		(4	)
Income taxes		—		(2	)

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes		—	$	(2	)

The discontinued assets and liabilities of Austin included on the balance sheet are as follows:


in millions	March 31, 2015		December 31, 2014		March 31, 2014
Cash and due from banks	$	15	$	19	$	19

Total assets	$	15	$	19	$	19

Accrued expense and other liabilities		—	$	3	$	3

Total liabilities		—	$	3	$	3

Combined discontinued operations. The combined results of the discontinued operations are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
in millions	2015		2014
Net interest income	$	10	$	24
Provision for credit losses		2		4

Net interest income after provision for credit losses		8		20
Noninterest income		4		(4	)
Noninterest expense		4		10

Income (loss) before income taxes		8		6
Income taxes		3		2

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes ^(a)	$	5	$	4

(a)	Includes after-tax charges of $6 million and $9 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2015, and March 31, 2014, respectively, determined by applying a matched funds transfer pricing methodology to the liabilities assumed necessary to support the discontinued operations.

The combined assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations are as follows:


in millions	March 31, 2015		December 31, 2014		March 31, 2014
Cash and due from banks	$	15	$	19	$	19
Held-to-maturity securities		1		1		—
Seller note		—		—		28
Trust loans at fair value		—		—		1,893
Portfolio loans at fair value		187		191		143
Loans, net of unearned income^(a)		2,032		2,104		2,318
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses		25		29		34

Net loans		2,194		2,266		4,320
Trust accrued income and other assets at fair value		—		—		19
Accrued income and other assets		36		38		41

Total assets	$	2,246	$	2,324	$	4,427

Trust accrued expense and other liabilities at fair value		—		—	$	20
Accrued expense and other liabilities		—	$	3		3
Trust securities at fair value		—		—		1,796

Total liabilities		—	$	3	$	1,819

(a)	At March 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and March 31, 2014, unearned income was less than $1 million.