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Asset Quality
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Receivables [Abstract]  
Asset Quality 4. Asset Quality

We assess the credit quality of the loan portfolio by monitoring net credit losses, levels of nonperforming assets, delinquencies, and credit quality ratings as defined by management.

Credit Quality Indicators

The prevalent risk characteristic for both commercial and consumer loans is the risk of loss arising from an obligor’s inability or failure to meet contractual payment or performance terms. Evaluation of this risk is stratified and monitored by the loan risk rating grades assigned for the commercial loan portfolios and the refreshed FICO score assigned for the consumer loan portfolios. Additional information pertaining to loan grading and scoring is included in Note 5 (“Asset Quality”) on page 165 of our 2018 Form 10-K.

Commercial Credit Exposure Excluding PCI
Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category (a), (b) 
 
Commercial and industrial
RE — Commercial
RE — Construction
Commercial lease
Total
in millions
March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

RATING
2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

Pass
$
44,691

$
44,138

$
13,734

$
13,672

$
1,362

$
1,537

$
4,466

$
4,557

$
64,253

$
63,904

Criticized (Accruing)
1,555

1,402

355

354

55

125

32

41

1,997

1,922

Criticized (Nonaccruing)
170

152

83

81

2

2

9

8

264

243

Total
$
46,416

$
45,692

$
14,172

$
14,107

$
1,419

$
1,664

$
4,507

$
4,606

$
66,514

$
66,069

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Credit quality indicators are updated on an ongoing basis and reflect credit quality information as of the dates indicated.
(b)
The term criticized refers to those loans that are internally classified by Key as special mention or worse, which are asset quality categories defined by regulatory authorities. These assets have an elevated level of risk and may have a high probability of default or total loss. Pass rated refers to all loans not classified as criticized.

Consumer Credit Exposure Excluding PCI
Non-PCI Loans by Refreshed FICO Score (a) 
 
Residential — Prime
Consumer direct loans
Credit cards
Consumer indirect loans
Total
in millions
March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

FICO SCORE
2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

750 and above
$
9,818

$
9,794

$
548

$
549

$
477

$
521

$
1,679

$
1,647

$
12,522

$
12,511

660 to 749
4,690

4,906

683

700

485

507

1,354

1,320

7,212

7,433

Less than 660
1,394

1,411

217

224

124

116

556

565

2,291

2,316

No Score
242

213

714

333



132

102

1,088

648

Total
$
16,144

$
16,324

$
2,162

$
1,806

$
1,086

$
1,144

$
3,721

$
3,634

$
23,113

$
22,908

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Borrower FICO scores provide information about the credit quality of our consumer loan portfolio as they provide an indication as to the likelihood that a debtor will repay its debts. The scores are obtained from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency and are presented in the above table at the dates indicated.

Commercial Credit Exposure PCI
Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category (a), (b) 
 
Commercial and Industrial
RE — Commercial
RE — Construction
Commercial Lease
Total
in millions
March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

RATING
2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

Pass
$
36

$
37

$
125

$
125

$
1

$
2



$
162

$
164

Criticized
22

24

47

53





69

77

Total
$
58

$
61

$
172

$
178

$
1

$
2



$
231

$
241

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Credit quality indicators are updated on an ongoing basis and reflect credit quality information as of the dates indicated.
(b)
The term “criticized” refers to those loans that are internally classified by Key as special mention or worse, which are asset quality categories defined by regulatory authorities. These assets have an elevated level of risk and may have a high probability of default or total loss. Pass rated refers to all loans not classified as criticized.

Consumer Credit Exposure PCI
PCI Loans by Refreshed FICO Score (a) 
 
Residential — Prime
Consumer direct loans
Credit cards
Consumer indirect loans
Total
in millions
March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

March 31,

December 31,

FICO SCORE
2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

2019

2018

750 and above
$
126

$
137







$
126

$
137

660 to 749
95

95

$
1

$
1





96

96

Less than 660
90

97

2

2





92

99

No Score
6

2







6

2

Total
$
317

$
331

$
3

$
3





$
320

$
334

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Borrower FICO scores provide information about the credit quality of our consumer loan portfolio as they provide an indication as to the likelihood that a debtor will repay its debts. The scores are obtained from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency and are presented in the above table at the dates indicated.

Nonperforming and Past Due Loans

Our policies for determining past due loans, placing loans on nonaccrual, applying payments on nonaccrual loans, and resuming accrual of interest for our commercial and consumer loan portfolios are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Nonperforming Loans” beginning on page 100 of our 2018 Form 10-K.

The following aging analysis of past due and current loans as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, provides further information regarding Key’s credit exposure.

Aging Analysis of Loan Portfolio (a) 
March 31, 2019
Current
30-59
Days Past
Due (b)
60-89
Days Past
Due (b)
90 and
Greater
Days Past
Due (b)
Non-performing
Loans
Total Past
Due and
Non-performing
Loans
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
Total
Loans (c), (d)
in millions
LOAN TYPE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
46,063

$
79

$
47

$
57

$
170

$
353

$
58

$
46,474

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
14,056

10

7

17

82

116

172

14,344

Construction
1,404

6


7

2

15

1

1,420

Total commercial real estate loans
15,460

16

7

24

84

131

173

15,764

Commercial lease financing
4,463

18

12

5

9

44


4,507

Total commercial loans
$
65,986

$
113

$
66

$
86

$
263

$
528

$
231

$
66,745

Real estate — residential mortgage
$
5,234

$
9

$
4

$
3

$
64

$
80

$
301

$
5,615

Home equity loans
10,583

31

12

9

195

247

16

10,846

Consumer direct loans
2,141

7

4

7

3

21

3

2,165

Credit cards
1,061

7

4

11

3

25


1,086

Consumer indirect loans
3,666

26

7

2

20

55


3,721

Total consumer loans
$
22,685

$
80

$
31

$
32

$
285

$
428

$
320

$
23,433

Total loans
$
88,671

$
193

$
97

$
118

$
548

$
956

$
551

$
90,178

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Amounts in table represent recorded investment and exclude loans held for sale. Recorded investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs.
(b)
Past due loan amounts exclude PCI, even if contractually past due (or if we do not expect to collect principal or interest in full based on the original contractual terms), as we are currently accreting income over the remaining term of the loans.
(c)
Net of unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums.
(d)
Future accretable yield related to PCI loans is not included in the analysis of the loan portfolio.
December 31, 2018
Current
30-59
Days Past
Due (b)
60-89
Days Past
Due (b)
90 and
Greater
Days Past
Due (b)
Non-performing
Loans
Total Past
Due and
Non-performing
Loans
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
Total
Loans (c), (d)
in millions
LOAN TYPE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
45,375

$
89

$
31

$
45

$
152

$
317

61

$
45,753

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
13,957

27

17

25

81

150

178

14,285

Construction
1,646


13

3

2

18

2

1,666

Total commercial real estate loans
15,603

27

30

28

83

168

180

15,951

Commercial lease financing
4,580

12

1

4

9

26


4,606

Total commercial loans
$
65,558

$
128

$
62

$
77

$
244

$
511

241

$
66,310

Real estate — residential mortgage
$
5,119

$
11

$
3

$
4

$
62

$
80

$
314

$
5,513

Home equity loans
10,862

31

12

10

210

263

17

11,142

Consumer direct loans
1,780

11

5

6

4

26

3

1,809

Credit cards
1,119

6

5

12

2

25


1,144

Consumer indirect loans
3,573

31

7

3

20

61


3,634

Total consumer loans
$
22,453

$
90

$
32

$
35

$
298

$
455

$
334

$
23,242

Total loans
$
88,011

$
218

$
94

$
112

$
542

$
966

$
575

$
89,552

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Amounts in table represent recorded investment and exclude loans held for sale. Recorded investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs.
(b)
Past due loan amounts exclude PCI, even if contractually past due (or if we do not expect to collect principal or interest in full based on the original contractual terms), as we are currently accreting income over the remaining term of the loans.
(c)
Net of unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums.
(d)
Future accretable yield related to purchased credit impaired loans is not included in the analysis of the loan portfolio.

At March 31, 2019, the approximate carrying amount of our commercial nonperforming loans outstanding represented 79% of their original contractual amount owed, total nonperforming loans outstanding represented 82% of their original contractual amount owed, and nonperforming assets in total were carried at 86% of their original contractual amount owed.

Nonperforming loans and loans held for sale reduced expected interest income by $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and $7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The following tables set forth a further breakdown of individually impaired loans as of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018: 

 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Recorded
Investment (a)
Unpaid Principal Balance (b)
Specific
Allowance
 
Recorded
Investment (a)
Unpaid Principal Balance (b)
Specific
Allowance
in millions
With no related allowance recorded:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
152

$
184


 
$
118

$
175


Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
59

70


 
64

70


Total commercial real estate loans
59

70


 
64

70


Total commercial loans
211

254


 
182

245


Real estate — residential mortgage
4

5


 
4

5


Home equity loans
47

54


 
49

56


Consumer direct loans

1


 
1

1


Consumer indirect loans
2

4


 
2

4


Total consumer loans
53

64


 
56

66


Total loans with no related allowance recorded
264

318


 
238

311


With an allowance recorded:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
17

30

$
2

 
44

47

$
5

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
2

3


 
2

3

1

Total commercial real estate loans
2

3


 
2

3

1

Total commercial loans
19

33

2

 
46

50

6

Real estate — residential mortgage
43

68

3

 
45

70

3

Home equity loans
81

87

8

 
78

85

8

Consumer direct loans
4

4


 
3

3


Credit cards
3

3


 
3

3


Consumer indirect loans
35

35

3

 
34

34

2

Total consumer loans
166

197

14

 
163

195

13

Total loans with an allowance recorded
185

230

16

 
209

245

19

Total
$
449

$
548

$
16

 
$
447

$
556

$
19

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(b)
The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer’s legal obligation to us.

The following table sets forth a further breakdown of the average individually impaired loans reported by Key:
Average Recorded Investment (a)
Three Months Ended March 31,
in millions
2019
2018
Commercial and industrial
$
165

$
153

Commercial real estate:
 
 
Commercial mortgage
64

12

Total commercial real estate loans
64

12

Total commercial loans
229

165

Real estate — residential mortgage
48

49

Home equity loans
128

120

Consumer direct loans
4

4

Credit cards
3

3

Consumer indirect loans
36

35

Total consumer loans
219

211

Total
$
448

$
376

 
 
 
(a)
The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, and March 31, 2018, interest income recognized on the outstanding balances of accruing impaired loans totaled $3 million and $2 million, respectively.

TDRs

We classify loan modifications as TDRs when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and we have granted a concession without commensurate financial, structural, or legal consideration. Additional information pertaining to TDRs is included in Note 5 (“Asset Quality”) on page 117 of our 2018 Form 10-K.

As TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment under the specific reserve methodology, subsequent defaults do not generally have a significant additional impact on the ALLL. Commitments outstanding to lend additional funds to
borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in TDRs were $4 million and $5 million at March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.

At March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the recorded investment of consumer residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure was approximately $96 million and $113 million, respectively. At March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, we had $40 million and $35 million, respectively, of OREO which included the carrying value of foreclosed residential real estate of approximately $39 million and $35 million, respectively.

The following table shows the post-modification outstanding recorded investment by concession type for our commercial and consumer accruing and nonaccruing TDRs that occurred during the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
in millions
2019
2018
Commercial loans:
 
 
Extension of Maturity Date

$
1

Total

$
1

Consumer loans:
 
 
Interest rate reduction
$
4

$
8

Other
9

12

Total
$
13

$
20

Total commercial and consumer TDRs
$
13

$
21



The following table summarizes the change in the post-modification outstanding recorded investment of our accruing and nonaccruing TDRs during the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
in millions
2019
2018
Balance at beginning of the period
$
399

$
317

Additions
14

21

Payments
(39
)
(19
)
Charge-offs
(9
)
(2
)
Balance at end of period
$
365

$
317

 
 
 


A further breakdown of TDRs included in nonperforming loans by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows:
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Number of
Loans
Pre-modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Post-modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
 
Number of
Loans
Pre-modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Post-modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
dollars in millions
LOAN TYPE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonperforming:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
27

$
89

$
57

 
35

$
121

$
85

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
7

66

58

 
6

66

62

Total commercial real estate loans
7

66

58

 
6

66

62

Total commercial loans
34

155

115

 
41

187

147

Real estate — residential mortgage
284

20

18

 
281

21

20

Home equity loans
884

52

49

 
1,142

66

63

Consumer direct loans
120

2

1

 
171

2

1

Credit cards
225

1

1

 
330

2

2

Consumer indirect loans
974

16

14

 
1,098

18

14

Total consumer loans
2,487

91

83

 
3,022

109

100

Total nonperforming TDRs
2,521

246

198

 
3,063

296

247

Prior-year accruing:(a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
9

38

31

 
11

37

32

Commercial real estate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage
1



 
2



Total commercial real estate loans
1



 
2



Total commercial loans
10

38

31

 
13

37

32

Real estate — residential mortgage
481

35

30

 
491

36

30

Home equity loans
1,648

96

79

 
1,403

82

64

Consumer direct loans
136

5

3

 
79

4

3

Credit cards
598

3

1

 
479

3

1

Consumer indirect loans
753

37

23

 
556

33

22

Total consumer loans
3,616

176

136

 
3,008

158

120

Total prior-year accruing TDRs
3,626

214

167

 
3,021

195

152

Total TDRs
6,147

$
460

$
365

 
6,084

$
491

$
399

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
All TDRs that were restructured prior to January 1, 2019, and January 1, 2018, and are fully accruing.

Commercial loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are 90 days past due. Consumer loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are more than 60 days past due. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, there were no commercial loan TDRs and 74 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $2 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, there were no commercial loan TDRs and 41 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $1 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2017.

ALLL and Liability for Credit Losses on Unfunded Lending-Related Commitments

We determine the appropriate level of the ALLL on at least a quarterly basis. The methodology is described in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” beginning on page 101 of our 2018 Form 10-K.

The ALLL on the acquired non-impaired loan portfolio is estimated using the same methodology as the originated portfolio, however, the estimated ALLL is compared to the remaining accretable yield to determine if an ALLL must be recorded. For PCI loans, Key estimates cash flows expected to be collected quarterly. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment through a provision for loan and lease losses and an increase in the ALLL.

The ALLL at March 31, 2019, represents our best estimate of the incurred credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at that date. The changes in the ALLL by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2019:
in millions
December 31, 2018
Provision
 
Charge-offs
Recoveries
March 31, 2019
Commercial and Industrial
$
532

$
24

 
$
(36
)
$
10

$
530

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate — commercial mortgage
142

6

 
(5
)
1

144

Real estate — construction
33

(1
)
 
(4
)

28

Total commercial real estate loans
175

5

 
(9
)
1

172

Commercial lease financing
36

6

 
(8
)
1

35

Total commercial loans
743

35

 
(53
)
12

737

Real estate — residential mortgage
7

1

 
(1
)
1

8

Home equity loans
35

3

 
(4
)
2

36

Consumer direct loans
30

12

 
(10
)
1

33

Credit cards
48

8

 
(11
)
2

47

Consumer indirect loans
20

5

 
(8
)
5

22

Total consumer loans
140

29

 
(34
)
11

146

Total ALLL — continuing operations
883

64

(a) 
(87
)
23

883

Discontinued operations
14

2

 
(4
)
1

13

Total ALLL — including discontinued operations
$
897

$
66

 
$
(91
)
$
24

$
896

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Excludes a credit for losses on lending-related commitments of $2 million.

Three months ended March 31, 2018:
in millions
December 31, 2017
Provision
 
Charge-offs
Recoveries
March 31, 2018
Commercial and Industrial
$
529

$
35

 
$
(37
)
$
6

$
533

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate — commercial mortgage
133

4

 
(1
)

136

Real estate — construction
30

2

 

1

33

Total commercial real estate loans
163

6

 
(1
)
1

169

Commercial lease financing
43

(3
)
 
(1
)
1

40

Total commercial loans
735

38

 
(39
)
8

742

Real estate — residential mortgage
7

3

 
(1
)

9

Home equity loans
43

(4
)
 
(4
)
3

38

Consumer direct loans
28

5

 
(8
)
2

27

Credit cards
44

12

 
(12
)
1

45

Consumer indirect loans
20

4

 
(8
)
4

20

Total consumer loans
142

20

 
(33
)
10

139

Total ALLL — continuing operations
877

58

(a) 
(72
)
18

881

Discontinued operations
16

2

 
(4
)
2

16

Total ALLL — including discontinued operations
$
893

$
60

 
$
(76
)
$
20

$
897

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

(a)
Excludes a provision for losses on lending-related commitments of $3 million.

A breakdown of the individual and collective ALLL and the corresponding loan balances as of March 31, 2019, follows:
 
Allowance
 
Outstanding
March 31, 2019
Individually
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
 
Loans
 
Individually
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated  for
Impairment
 
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
in millions
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
2

$
527

$
1

 
$
46,474

  
$
169

$
46,247

  
$
58

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage

142

2

 
14,344

  
61

14,111

  
172

Construction

28


 
1,420

  

1,419

  
1

Total commercial real estate loans

170

2

 
15,764

  
61

15,530

  
173

Commercial lease financing

35


 
4,507

  

4,507

  

Total commercial loans 
2

732

3

 
66,745

  
230

66,284

  
231

Real estate — residential mortgage
3

4

1

 
5,615

  
47

5,267

  
301

Home equity loans
8

27

1

 
10,846

  
128

10,702

  
16

Consumer direct loans

33


 
2,165

  
4

2,158

  
3

Credit cards

47


 
1,086

  
3

1,083

  

Consumer indirect loans
3

19


 
3,721

  
37

3,684

  

Total consumer loans
14

130

2

 
23,433

  
219

22,894

  
320

Total ALLL — continuing operations
16

862

5

 
90,178

  
449

89,178

  
551

Discontinued operations
2

11


 
1,019

(a)  
23

996

(a)  

Total ALLL — including discontinued operations
$
18

$
873

$
5

 
$
91,197

  
$
472

$
90,174

  
$
551

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Amount includes $2 million of loans carried at fair value that are excluded from ALLL consideration.

A breakdown of the individual and collective ALLL and the corresponding loan balances as of December 31, 2018, follows:
 
Allowance
 
Outstanding
December 31, 2018
Individually
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
 
Loans
 
Individually
Evaluated  for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated  for
Impairment
 
Purchased
Credit
Impaired
in millions
 
 
Commercial and Industrial
$
5

$
526

$
1

 
$
45,753

  
$
162

$
45,530

  
$
61

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgage

139

3

 
14,285

  
66

14,041

  
178

Construction

33


 
1,666

  

1,664

  
2

Total commercial real estate loans

172

3

 
15,951

  
66

15,705

  
180

Commercial lease financing

36


 
4,606

  

4,606

  

Total commercial loans
5

734

4

 
66,310

  
228

65,841

  
241

Real estate — residential mortgage
3

4


 
5,513

  
49

5,150

  
314

Home equity loans
8

26

1

 
11,142

  
127

10,998

  
17

Consumer direct loans

30


 
1,809

  
4

1,802

  
3

Credit cards

48


 
1,144

  
3

1,141

  

Consumer indirect loans
3

17


 
3,634

  
36

3,598

  

Total consumer loans
14

125

1

 
23,242

  
219

22,689

  
334

Total ALLL — continuing operations
19

859

5

 
89,552

  
447

88,530

  
575

Discontinued operations
2

12


 
1,073

(a)  
23

1,050

(a) 

Total ALLL — including discontinued operations
$
21

$
871

$
5

 
$
90,625

  
$
470

$
89,580

  
$
575

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a)
Amount includes $2 million of loans carried at fair value that are excluded from ALLL consideration.

The liability for credit losses inherent in unfunded lending-related commitments, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, is included in “accrued expense and other liabilities” on the balance sheet. We establish the amount of this reserve by considering both historical trends and current market conditions quarterly, or more often if deemed necessary.

Changes in the liability for credit losses on unfunded lending-related commitments are summarized as follows:
 
Three months ended March 31,
in millions
2019
2018
Balance at beginning of period
$
64

$
57

Provision (credit) for losses on lending-related commitments
(2
)
3

Balance at end of period
$
62

$
60

 
 
 


PCI Loans

Purchased loans that have evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments will not be collected are deemed PCI. Our policies for determining, recording payments on, and derecognizing PCI loans are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Purchased Loans” beginning on page 105 of our 2018 Form 10-K.

We have PCI loans from two separate acquisitions, one in 2012 and one in 2016. The following tables present the roll-forward of the accretable yield and the beginning and ending outstanding unpaid principal balance and carrying amount of all PCI loans for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and the twelve months ended December 31, 2018.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2019
in millions
Accretable Yield
Carrying Amount
Outstanding Unpaid Principal Balance
Balance at beginning of period
$
117

$
571

$
607

Accretion
(10
)
 
 
Net reclassifications from nonaccretable to accretable
13

 
 
Payments received, net
(2
)
 
 
Balance at end of period
$
118

$
547

$
578

 
 
 
 
 
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
 
2018
in millions
Accretable Yield
Carrying Amount
Outstanding Unpaid Principal Balance
Balance at beginning of period
$
131

$
738

$
803

Accretion
(42
)
 
 
Net reclassifications from nonaccretable to accretable
50

 
 
Payments received, net
(21
)
 
 
Loans charged off
(1
)
 
 
Balance at end of period
$
117

$
571

$
607