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Nature of Banking Activities and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2012

Nature of Banking Activities and Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

The consolidated financial statements of Middleburg Financial Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Middleburg Bank, Middleburg Investment Group, Inc., Middleburg Trust Company and Middleburg Bank Service Corporation include the accounts of all companies. Also included in the consolidation are Southern Trust Mortgage LLC and MFC Capital Trust II. At December 31, 2012, the Company owned 62.4 percent of the issued and outstanding membership interest units of Southern Trust Mortgage, through its subsidiary, Middleburg Bank. The issued and outstanding interest of Southern Trust Mortgage not held by the Company is reported as Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated Subsidiary. Accounting Standards Codification Topic 810, Consolidation, requires that the Company no longer eliminate through consolidation the equity investment in MFC Capital Trust II, which approximated $155,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The subordinate debt of the trust preferred entity is reflected as a liability of the Company. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Securities

Investments in debt securities with readily determinable fair values are classified as either held to maturity, available for sale, or trading based on management's intent. Currently all debt securities are classified as available for sale. Equity investments in the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond are separately classified as restricted securities and are carried at cost. Available-for-sale securities are carried at estimated fair value with the corresponding unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities.

Impairment of securities occurs when the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost. For debt securities, impairment is considered other-than-temporary and recognized in its entirety in net income if either (i) the intent is to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that it will be necessary to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. If, however, management's intent is not to sell the security and it is not more than likely that management will be required to sell the security before recovery, management must determine what portion of the impairment is attributable to credit loss, which occurs when the amortized cost of the security exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security. If there is no credit loss, there is no other-than-temporary impairment. If there is a credit loss, other-than-temporary impairment exists and the credit loss must be recognized in net income and the remaining portion of impairment must be recognized in other comprehensive income.

For equity securities carried at cost as restricted securities, impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary based on our ability and intent to hold the investment until a recovery of fair value. Other-than-temporary impairment of an equity security results in a write-down that must be included in income. We regularly review each security for other-than-temporary impairment based on criteria that include the extent to which cost exceeds market price, the duration of that market decline, the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, our best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from debt securities, the intention with regards to holding the security to maturity and the likelihood that we would be required to sell the security before recovery.

Loans

The Company's subsidiary bank grants mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans to clients. The bank segments its loan portfolio into commercial loans, real estate loans, and consumer loans. Real estate loans are further divided into the following classes: construction; farmland; 1-4 family residential; and other real estate loans. Descriptions of the Company's loan classes are as follows:

Commercial Loans: Commercial loans are typically secured with non-real estate commercial property. The Company makes commercial loans primarily to middle market businesses located within our market area.

Real Estate Loans – Construction: The Company originates construction loans for the acquisition and development of land and construction of condominiums, townhomes, and one-to-four family residences. This class also includes acquisition, development and construction loans for retail and other commercial purposes, primarily in our market areas.

Real Estate Loans- Farmland: This class of loans includes loans secured by agricultural property and not included in Real Estate – Other loans.

Real Estate Loans – 1-4 Family: This class of loans includes loans secured by one to four family homes. The Company's general practice is to sell the majority of its newly originated fixed-rate residential real estate loans in the secondary mortgage market through its wholly owned subsidiary, Southern Trust Mortgage, and to hold in portfolio some adjustable rate residential real estate loans and loans in close proximity to its financial service centers.

Real Estate Loans – Other: This loan class consists primarily of loans secured by multi-unit residential property and owner and non-owner occupied commercial and industrial property. The class also includes loans secured by real estate which do not fall into other classifications.

Consumer Loans: Consumer loans include all loans made to individuals for consumer or personal purposes. They include new and used auto loans, unsecured loans and lines of credit and home equity loans and lines of credit.

A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by mortgage loans throughout Loudoun County and Fauquier County, Virginia. The ability of the debtors to honor their contracts is dependent upon the real estate and general economic conditions in this area.

For all classes of loans, the Company considers loans to be past due when a payment is not received by the payment due date according to the contractual terms of the loan. The Company monitors past due loans according to the following categories: less than 30 days past due, 30 – 59 days past due, 60 – 89 days past due, and 90 days or greater past due.

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for charge-offs, the allowance for loan losses, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination and commitment fees, net of certain direct loan origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the loan yield over the life of the related loan.

The accrual of interest on all classes of loans is discontinued at the time the loans are 90 days delinquent unless they are well-secured and in the process of collection.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses reflects management's judgment of probable loan losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management uses a disciplined process and methodology to establish the allowance for losses each quarter. To determine the total allowance for loan losses, the Company estimates the reserves needed for each segment of the portfolio, including loans analyzed individually and loans analyzed on a pooled basis. The allowance for loan losses consists of amounts applicable to: (i) the commercial loan portfolio; (ii) the real estate portfolio; and (iii) the consumer loan portfolio.

To determine the balance of the allowance account, loans are pooled by portfolio segment and losses are modeled using historical experience, and quantitative and other mathematical techniques over the loss emergence period. Each class of loan requires exercising significant judgment to determine the estimation that fits the credit risk characteristics of its portfolio segment. The Company uses internally developed models in this process. Management must use judgment in establishing additional input metrics for the modeling processes. The models and assumptions used to determine the allowance are independently validated and reviewed to ensure that their theoretical foundation, assumptions, data integrity, computational processes, reporting practices, and end user controls are appropriate and properly documented.

The establishment of the allowance for loan losses relies on a consistent process that requires multiple layers of management review and judgment and responds to changes in economic conditions, customer behavior, and collateral value, among other influences. From time to time, events or economic factors may affect the loan portfolio, causing management to provide additional amounts to or release balances from the allowance for loan losses. Qualitative factors considered in the allowance for loan losses evaluation include the levels and trends in delinquencies and nonperforming loans, trends in volume and terms of loans, the effects of any changes in lending policies, the experience, ability, and depth of management, national and local economic trends and conditions, concentrations of credit, the quality of the Company's loan review system, and competition and regulatory requirements. The Company's allowance for loan losses is sensitive to risk ratings assigned to individually evaluated loans and economic assumptions and delinquency trends driving statistically modeled reserves. Individual loan risk ratings are evaluated based on each situation by experienced senior credit officers.

Management monitors differences between estimated and actual incurred loan losses. This monitoring process includes periodic assessments by senior management of loan portfolios and the models used to estimate incurred losses in those portfolios. Additions to the allowance for loan losses are made by charges to the provision for loan losses. Credit exposures deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses. Recoveries of previously charged off amounts are credited to the allowance for loans losses.

Loan Charge-off Policies

Commercial and consumer loans are generally charged off when:

• they are 90 days past due;

• the collateral is repossessed; or

• the borrower has filed bankruptcy.

All classes of real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value when the Company determines that the sole source of repayment is liquidation of the collateral.

Impaired Loans

For all classes of loans, a loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company's subsidiary bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower's prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

For all classes of loans, impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis by comparing the loan balance to either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. Any variance in values is charged off when determined.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower's financial condition, management may grant a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR"). Management strives to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify their loan to more affordable terms before their loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, payment forbearance and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. In cases where borrowers are granted new terms that provide for a reduction of either interest or principal, management measures any impairment on the restructuring as noted above for impaired loans. All identified TDRs are considered impaired loans by management.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using current secondary market prices for loans with similar coupons, maturities, and credit quality and fair value of loans committed at year-end.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed principally on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

	Years
Buildings and improvements	10-40
Furniture and equipment	3-15

Maintenance and repairs of property and equipment are charged to operations and major improvements are capitalized. Upon retirement, sale, or other disposition of property and equipment, the cost and accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and gain or loss is included in income.

Other Real Estate Owned

Real estate acquired by foreclosure is carried at fair market value less an allowance for estimated selling expenses on the future disposition of the property. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation are included in the net expenses from other real estate.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill is subject to an annual assessment for impairment by applying a fair value-based test. Additionally, acquired intangible assets (customer relationships) are separately recognized and amortized over their useful life of 15 years.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company owns insurance on the lives of a certain group of key employees. The policies were purchased to help offset the increase in the costs of various fringe benefit plans, including healthcare. The cash surrender value of these policies is included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheets, and any increase in cash surrender value is recorded as other income on the consolidated statements of operations. In the event of the death of an insured individual under these policies, the Company would receive a death benefit which would be recorded as other income.

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the tax effects of the temporary differences between the book and tax bases of the various balance sheet assets and liabilities and gives current recognition to changes in tax rates and laws.

When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits are classified as additional income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. No liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits have been recognized as of December 31, 2012.

Trust Company Assets

Securities and other properties held by Middleburg Trust Company in a fiduciary or agency capacity are not assets of the Company and are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share represents income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and warrants and non-vested restricted stock awards, and are determined using the treasury stock method.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold and purchased for one-day periods.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, goodwill and intangible assets, other real estate owned, other-than-temporary impairment of securities, pension plan assumptions, and the valuation of financial instruments.

Advertising Costs

The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps, and pension liability adjustments, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheets, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income (loss).

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are reflected at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction. The Company does not account for repurchase agreement transactions as sales. All repurchase agreement transactions entered into by the Company are accounted for as collateralized financings. The Company may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments as a part of its asset-liability management program to control exposure to interest rate swings and resulting fluctuations in market values and cash flows associated with certain financial instruments. The Company accounts for derivatives in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Under current guidance, derivative transactions are classified as either cash flow hedges or fair value hedges or they are not designated as hedging instruments. The Company designates each transaction at its inception.

The Company documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items.

As of December 31, 2012, the Company had both fair value hedges and cash flow hedges on its balance sheet as well as derivative financial instruments that have not been designated as hedging instruments. The derivatives are reported at their fair values as of each balance sheet date. For designated cash flow hedges, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income and are recognized in the income statement when the hedged item affects earnings. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings as are changes in market value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.

Information concerning each of the Company's categories of derivatives as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 is presented in Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period balances to conform to current year presentation.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Share-Based Employee Compensation Plan

At December 31, 2012, the Company had a share-based employee compensation plan which is described more fully in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. Compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions is recognized in the consolidated financial statements. That cost is measured based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued. The Company recognized $440,000, $471,000, and $158,000 in compensation expense during 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively, as a result of partially vested stock grants and vested stock options.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-03, "Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860) - Reconsideration of Effective Control for Repurchase Agreements." The amendments in this ASU remove from the assessment of effective control (1) the criterion requiring the transferor to have the ability to repurchase or redeem the financial assets on substantially the agreed terms, even in the event of default by the transferee and (2) the collateral maintenance implementation guidance related to that criterion. The amendments in this ASU were effective for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after December 15, 2011. The guidance should be applied prospectively to transactions or modifications of existing transactions that occur on or after the effective date. Early adoption is not permitted. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-04, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs." This ASU is the result of joint efforts by the FASB and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to develop a single, converged fair value framework on how (not when) to measure fair value and what disclosures to provide about fair value measurements. The ASU is largely consistent with existing fair value measurement principles in U.S. GAAP (Topic 820), with many of the amendments made to eliminate unnecessary wording differences between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The amendments were effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011 with prospective application. Early application is not permitted. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-05, "Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Presentation of Comprehensive Income. "The new guidance amends disclosure requirements for the presentation of comprehensive income. The amended guidance eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income ("OCI") as part of the statement of changes in shareholders' equity. All changes in OCI must be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive financial statements. The guidance does not change the items that must be reported in OCI. The Company adopted this guidance effective in 2012, and has elected to present two separate but consecutive financial statements.

In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-08, "Intangible - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Testing Goodwill for Impairment." The amendments in this ASU permit an entity to first assess qualitative factors related to goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill test described in Topic 350. The more-likely-than-not threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50 percent. Under the amendments in this ASU, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. The amendments in this ASU were effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-11, "Balance Sheet (Topic 210) - Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities." This ASU requires entities to disclose both gross information and net information about both instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the balance sheet and instruments and transactions subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. An entity is required to apply the amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods. An entity should provide the disclosures required by those amendments retrospectively for all comparative periods presented. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2011-11 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2012, the FASB issued ASU 2012-02, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment." The amendments in this ASU apply to all entities that have indefinite-lived intangible assets, other than goodwill, reported in their financial statements. The amendments in this ASU provide an entity with the option to make a qualitative assessment about the likelihood that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired to determine whether it should perform a quantitative impairment test. The amendments also enhance the consistency of impairment testing guidance among long-lived asset categories by permitting an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to calculate the asset's fair value when testing an indefinite-lived intangible asset for impairment. The amendments are effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2012-02 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, "Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities." The amendments in this ASU clarify the scope for derivatives accounted for in accordance with Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset or subject to netting arrangements. An entity is required to apply the amendments for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2013. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2013-01 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, "Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." The amendments in this ASU require an entity to present (either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes) the effects on the line items of net income of significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. In addition, the amendments require a cross-reference to other disclosures currently required for other reclassification items to be reclassified directly to net income in their entirety in the same reporting period. Companies should apply these amendments for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after December 15, 2012. The Company is currently assessing the impact that ASU 2011-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements.