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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Inflation Reduction Act
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“Act”) was signed into U.S. law. Under the Act, there is a new 15% corporate minimum tax and a new 1% excise tax on stock repurchases that are effective after December 31, 2022. Further, the Act includes provisions related to climate change, energy, and health care. These provisions should not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), which provides economic relief in response to the coronavirus pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions to allow certain net operating losses to be carried-back up to five years, to increase interest deduction limitations, accelerates the refunds of alternative minimum tax credits, and makes technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified leasehold improvement property. The Company evaluated and properly accounted for the provisions of the CARES Act and there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Income tax expense/(benefit) for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was allocated as follows:
Year Ended September 30,
(in millions)202220212020
Income tax expense attributable to income from operations$70.1 $37.8 $37.1 
Taxes allocated to stockholders’ equity, related to pension liabilities(0.1)0.5 — 
Taxes allocated to stockholders’ equity, related to hedge accounting(17.0)— — 
Total income tax expense$53.0 $38.3 $37.1 
The components of income tax expense/(benefit) attributable to income from operations were as follows:
Year Ended September 30,
(in millions)202220212020
Current taxes:
U.S. federal$8.2 $6.7 $(0.6)
U.S. state and local3.6 (0.1)2.3 
Australia2.8 1.8 0.5 
Brazil12.6 8.0 6.5 
Germany8.9 6.0 3.4 
Singapore2.0 1.9 2.8 
United Kingdom29.2 6.6 13.9 
Other international3.1 3.7 4.2 
Total current taxes70.4 34.6 33.0 
Deferred taxes:
U.S. federal3.4 1.4 4.9 
U.S. state and local(0.1)2.7 0.6 
Australia(0.2)0.3 (0.1)
Brazil(0.8)(1.3)(1.3)
Singapore— 0.4 0.8 
United Kingdom(2.7)0.1 (0.3)
Other international0.1 (0.4)(0.5)
Total deferred taxes(0.3)3.2 4.1 
Income tax expense$70.1 $37.8 $37.1 
U.S. and international components of income from operations, before tax, was as follows:
Year Ended September 30,
(in millions)202220212020
U.S.$50.0 $37.3 $88.8 
Australia8.7 7.8 1.4 
Brazil25.3 13.7 7.6 
Germany27.8 17.2 10.4 
Singapore19.4 16.0 20.5 
United Kingdom104.8 41.4 58.5 
Other international41.2 20.7 19.5 
Income from operations, before tax$277.2 $154.1 $206.7 
Items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate and income tax expense were as follows:
Year Ended September 30,
202220212020
Federal statutory rate effect of:21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
U.S. State and local income taxes1.0 %1.8 %1.2 %
Foreign earnings and losses taxed at different rates1.1 %1.0 %0.9 %
Change in valuation allowance0.9 %1.9 %1.0 %
U.K. bank tax2.6 %0.4 %— %
U.S. permanent items0.2 %(1.2)%0.6 %
Non-deductible compensation0.7 %1.9 %0.6 %
Foreign permanent items(2.8)%(2.3)%0.3 %
U.S. bargain purchase gain— %(0.5)%(8.3)%
GILTI0.6 %0.6 %0.7 %
Effective rate25.3 %24.6 %18.0 %
The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
(in millions)September 30, 2022September 30, 2021
Deferred tax assets:
Share-based compensation$4.8 $1.7 
Deferred compensation5.1 4.7 
Net operating loss carryforwards18.7 17.7 
Intangible assets6.4 6.5 
Bad debt reserve7.8 7.3 
Hedging17.0 — 
Foreign tax credit carryforwards1.6 2.0 
Other compensation8.0 7.0 
Property and equipment— 6.3 
Pension2.1 1.2 
Right of use assets23.8 22.9 
Other2.0 1.8 
Total gross deferred tax assets97.3 79.1 
Less valuation allowance(15.8)(15.0)
Deferred tax assets81.5 64.1 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Unrealized gain on securities2.5 2.8 
Prepaid expenses3.8 4.2 
Property and equipment2.0 — 
Right of use liabilities20.8 21.6 
Other deferred liabilities0.4 0.4 
Deferred income tax liabilities29.5 29.0 
Deferred income taxes, net$52.0 $35.1 
Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered.
As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign income tax purposes of $5.2 million and $6.2 million, net of valuation allowances, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income in these jurisdictions. The state and local net operating loss carryforwards of $4.5 million, net of valuation allowance, begin to expire after September 2023.
The Company also has $0.6 million, net of valuation allowances, of federal net operating loss carryforwards, which consist of a portion that will expire in tax years ending 2031 through 2036. The remaining portion of the federal net operating loss carryforwards do not expire, but cannot be utilized until after 2037 and are limited by Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has $0.1 million, net of valuation allowance, of foreign net operating loss carryforwards primarily in Ireland, which have an unlimited carryforward period.
As a result of the CARES Act, the AMT credit carryforward was 50% refundable during the year ending September 30, 2019 and the remaining 50% was refundable in the year ended September 30, 2020, to the extent it was not used to offset regular income tax liability. The Company has no remaining foreign tax credit carryforwards, net of valuation allowance, as of September 30, 2022.
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2022 was $15.8 million. The net change in the total valuation allowance for the year ended September 30, 2022 was an increase of $0.8 million. The increase was related to the increase in foreign net operating loss carryforwards offset by decreases related to state net operating loss carryforwards. The valuation allowances as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 were primarily related to U.S. state and local and foreign net operating loss carryforwards that, in the judgment of management, are not more likely than not to be realized.
The Company does not intend to distribute earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in a taxable manner, and therefore intends to limit distributions to earnings previously taxed in the U.S., or earnings that would qualify for the 100 percent dividends received deduction, and earnings that would not result in any significant foreign taxes. The Company repatriated $29.7 million and $300.6 million during the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of earnings previously taxed in the U.S. resulting in no significant incremental taxes. Therefore, the Company has not recognized a deferred tax liability on its investment in foreign subsidiaries.
The Company had a de minimis balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020 that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.
Accrued interest and penalties are included in the related tax liability line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had no accrued interest and penalties included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.
The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. The Company had a de minimis amount of interest, net of federal benefit, and penalties recognized as a component of income tax expense during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns with the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various U.S. state and local and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has open tax years ranging from September 30, 2016 through September 30, 2022 with U.S. federal and state and local taxing authorities. In the U.K., the Company has open tax years ending September 30, 2020 to September 30, 2022. In Brazil, the Company has open tax years ranging from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2021. In Argentina, the Company has open tax years ranging from September 30, 2015 to September 30, 2022. In Singapore, the Company has open tax years ranging from September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2022.