Note 17: Share-Based Compensation

Compensation cost charged against income, primarily selling, general and administrative expense, and the income tax benefit recognized for our share-based compensation arrangements is included below:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2015		2014		2013
	(In thousands)
Total share-based compensation cost	$	17,745	$	18,858	$	14,854
Income tax benefit		6,867		7,334		5,777

We currently have outstanding stock appreciation rights (SARs), stock options, restricted stock units with service vesting conditions, restricted stock units with performance vesting conditions, and restricted stock units with market conditions. We grant SARs and stock options with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. Generally, SARs and stock options may be converted into shares of our common stock in equal amounts on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date and expire 10 years from the grant date. Certain awards provide for accelerated vesting in certain circumstances, including following a change in control of the Company. Restricted stock units with service conditions generally vest 3-5 years from the grant date. Restricted stock units issued based on the attainment of the performance conditions generally vest as follows: 1) 50% on the second anniversary of their grant date and 50% on the third anniversary, or 2) 100% on the third anniversary of their grant date. Restricted stock units issued based on the attainment of market conditions generally vest on the third anniversary of their grant date.

We recognize compensation cost for all awards based on their fair values. The fair values for SARs and stock options are estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula which incorporates the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility, and expected term is based on historical exercise patterns of option holders. The fair value of restricted stock units with service vesting conditions or performance vesting conditions is the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We estimate the fair value of certain restricted stock units with market conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model with the assistance of a third party valuation firm. Compensation costs for awards with service conditions are amortized to expense using the straight-line method. Compensation costs for awards with performance conditions and graded vesting are amortized to expense using the graded attribution method.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(In thousands, except weighted average fair value and assumptions)
Weighted-average fair value of SARs and options granted	$	31.22		$	35.46		$	24.63
Total intrinsic value of SARs converted and options exercised		14,697			24,023			47,058
Cash received for options exercised		30			48			14,030
Tax benefit related to share-based compensation		5,050			6,859			10,734
Weighted-average fair value of restricted stock shares and units granted		96.52			72.46			50.38
Total fair value of restricted stock shares and units vested		7,696			7,888			9,032
Expected volatility		35.66	%		52.63	%		53.94	%
Expected term (in years)		5.7			5.8			6.1
Risk-free rate		1.59	%		1.79	%		1.04	%
Dividend yield		0.22	%		0.28	%		0.40	%


	SARs and Stock Options										Restricted Shares and Units
	Number			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value			Number			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
	(In thousands, except exercise prices, fair values, and contractual terms)
Outstanding at January 1, 2015		1,305		$	44.60							493		$	54.76
Granted		236			88.79							183			96.52
Exercised or converted		(320	)		40.03							(178	)		43.11
Forfeited or expired		(32	)		73.60							(34	)		70.99

Outstanding at December 31, 2015		1,189		$	53.80		7.0	$	(7,280	)		464		$	74.50

Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2015		1,169		$	53.51		7.0	$	(6,811	)
Exercisable or convertible at December 31, 2015		730			41.06		6.0		4,831

At December 31, 2015, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to all nonvested awards was $22.6 million. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Historically, we have issued treasury shares, if available, to satisfy award conversions and exercises.