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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Components of Provision for Income Taxes
The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following:
Years ended December 31 (dollars in millions)
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Current:
   
     
     
 
Federal
  $
66.4
    $
60.1
    $
148.0
 
State
   
14.8
     
15.6
     
9.4
 
International
   
19.9
     
38.6
     
43.8
 
Deferred:
   
     
     
 
Federal
   
0.4
     
(1.7
)    
23.5
 
State
   
1.8
     
1.5
     
5.8
 
International
   
(1.2
)    
(0.5
)    
(6.2
)
                         
  $
102.1
    $
113.6
    $
224.3
 
                         
Difference Between Provision for Income Taxes and U.S. Federal Statutory Rate
The provision for income taxes differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate due to the following items:
Years ended December 31
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
Provision at U.S. federal statutory rate
   
21.0
%    
21.0
%    
35.0
%
State taxes, net of federal benefit
   
2.8
     
2.4
     
1.9
 
International income tax rate differential—China
   
(1.3
)    
(2.3
)    
(6.5
)
International income tax rate differential—other
   
0.4
     
1.1
     
0.1
 
U.S. manufacturing credit
   
—  
     
—  
     
(1.4
)
Research tax credits
   
(0.4
)    
(0.5
)    
(0.3
)
Excess tax benefit on stock compensation
   
(0.5
)    
(0.4
)    
(2.2
)
Other
   
(0.4
)    
(0.9
)    
0.8
 
                         
   
21.6
%    
20.4
%    
27.4
%
U.S. Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (U.S. Tax Reform)
   
—  
     
—  
     
15.7
 
                         
   
21.6
%    
20.4
%    
43.1
%
Components of Earnings Before Income Taxes
Components of earnings before income taxes were as follows:
Years ended December 31 (dollars in millions)
 
2019
   
2018
   
2017
 
U.S.
  $
400.3
    $
376.0
    $
329.9
 
International
   
71.8
     
181.8
     
190.9
 
                         
  $
472.1
    $
557.8
    $
520.8
 
                         
Tax Effects of Temporary Differences of Assets and Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences of assets and liabilities between income tax and financial reporting are as follows:
December 31 (dollars in millions)
 
   
   
   
 
 
2019
   
2018
 
 
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
 
Employee benefits
  $
27.3
    $
—  
    $
32.5
    $
—  
 
Product liability and warranties
   
39.7
     
—  
     
42.5
     
—  
 
Inventories
   
—  
     
0.3
     
—  
     
0.6
 
Accounts receivable
   
16.3
     
—  
     
18.3
     
—  
 
Property, plant and equipment
   
—  
     
34.9
     
—  
     
36.3
 
Intangibles
   
—  
     
61.3
     
—  
     
57.3
 
Environmental liabilities
   
1.9
     
—  
     
2.1
     
—  
 
Undistributed foreign earnings
   
—  
     
20.8
     
—  
     
28.9
 
Tax loss and credit carryovers
   
15.2
     
—  
     
17.5
     
—  
 
All other
   
7.7
     
—  
     
4.0
     
—  
 
Valuation allowance
   
(11.9
)    
—  
     
(13.1
)    
—  
 
                                 
  $
96.2
    $
117.3
    $
103.8
    $
123.1
 
                                 
Net liability
   
    $
21.1
     
    $
19.3
 
                                 
Reconciliation of Tax Loss Carryovers, Credit Carryovers and Valuation Allowances
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of tax loss carryovers, credit carryovers and valuation allowances is as follows:
December 31 (dollars in millions)
 
   
   
   
 
 
Net Operating Losses and Tax Credits
   
Valuation Allowances
 
 
2019
   
2018
   
2019
   
2018
 
Beginning balance
  $
17.5
    $
19.8
    $
13.1
    $
15.0
 
Reductions
   
(2.3
)    
(2.3
)    
(1.2
)    
(1.9
)
                                 
Ending balance
  $
15.2
    $
17.5
    $
11.9
    $
13.1
 
                                 
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized benefits is as follows:
(Dollars in millions)
 
2019
   
2018
 
Balance at January 1
  $
8.3
    $
6.2
 
Additions for tax positions of prior years
   
1.4
     
2.1
 
                 
Balance at December 31
  $
9.7
    $
8.3