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Investments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Investments
3.

Investments

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed maturities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

 

December 31, 2018           Gross      Gross        
($ in thousands)    Amortized
Cost
     Unrealized
Gains
     Unrealized
Losses
    Fair Value  

Fixed maturities, available for sale

          

U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies

   $ 305,336      $ 5,423      $ (8,833   $ 301,926  

Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions

     747,872        21,407        (6,814     762,465  

Foreign government

     22,476        8        (2,507     19,977  

All other corporate securities

     5,830,098        22,671        (328,363     5,524,406  

ABS

     404,935        422        (13,312     392,045  

CMBS

     307,430        1,494        (7,957     300,967  

RMBS

     83,965        4,289        (566     87,688  

Redeemable preferred stock

     14,800        —          —         14,800  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total fixed maturities, available for sale

   $ 7,716,912      $ 55,714      $ (368,352   $ 7,404,274  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
December 31, 2017           Gross      Gross        
($ in thousands)    Amortized
Cost
     Unrealized
Gains
     Unrealized
Losses
    Fair Value  

Fixed maturities, available for sale

          

U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies

   $ 416,639      $ 5,322      $ (12,366   $ 409,595  

Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions

     741,343        37,908        (2,720     776,531  

Foreign government

     24,242        234        (1,685     22,791  

All other corporate securities

     6,169,204        258,440        (37,898     6,389,746  

ABS

     478,329        5,289        (3,395     480,223  

CMBS

     189,596        1,377        (3,148     187,825  

RMBS

     127,439        6,520        (509     133,450  

Redeemable preferred stock

     14,800        —          —         14,800  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total fixed maturities, available for sale

   $ 8,161,592      $ 315,090      $ (61,721   $ 8,414,961  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

Scheduled Maturities

The scheduled maturities for fixed maturities, available for sale, were as follows as of December 31, 2018:

 

($ in thousands)    Amortized
Cost
     Fair Value  

Due in one year or less

   $ 198,865      $ 198,415  

Due after one year through five years

     782,318        783,443  

Due after five years through ten years

     801,362        783,970  

Due after ten years

     4,927,645        4,651,395  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total before asset and mortgage-backed securities

   $ 6,710,190      $ 6,417,223  

Asset and mortgage-backed securities

     1,006,722        987,051  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total fixed maturities

   $ 7,716,912      $ 7,404,274  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates.

 

Commercial Mortgage Loans

The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region to reduce concentration risk. The Company’s commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region was as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

 

($ in thousands)    December 31, 2018      December 31, 2017  

Alabama

   $ 815      $ 1,056  

Arizona

     36,110        20,009  

California

     145,023        173,101  

Colorado

     61,191        57,293  

Florida

     54,630        103,869  

Georgia

     20,144        63,526  

Hawaii

     3,895        5,020  

Illinois

     86,832        87,957  

Iowa

     538        791  

Kansas

     9,200        9,200  

Kentucky

     —          6,538  

Maryland

     —          19,851  

Massachusetts

     29,836        53,605  

Minnesota

     23,612        116,923  

Nevada

     80,396        80,768  

New Jersey

     20,773        34,101  

New York

     48,375        50,691  

North Carolina

     33,447        34,022  

Ohio

     12,322        12,526  

Pennsylvania

     50,351        1,007  

South Carolina

     24,766        1,310  

Texas

     109,735        100,066  

Utah

     —          7,823  

Virginia

     248        975  

Washington

     —          77  

Wisconsin

     834        1,082  

General allowance for loan loss

     —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total commercial mortgage loans

   $ 853,073      $ 1,043,187  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

Credit Quality of Commercial Mortgage Loans

The credit quality of commercial mortgage loans held-for-investment was as follows at December 31, 2018 and 2017:

 

December 31, 2018    Recorded Investment               
     Debt Service Coverage Ratios                             
($ in thousands)    > 1.20x      1.00x - 1.20x      < 1.00x      Total      % of Total     Estimated Fair
Value
     % of Total  

Loan-to-value ratios:

                   

Less than 65%

   $ 628,279      $ 88,404      $ 37,446      $ 754,129        88.4   $ 752,667        88.3

65% to 75%

     50,000        48,944        —          98,944        11.6     99,367        11.7

76% to 80%

     —          —          —          —          0.0     —          0.0

Greater than 80%

     —          —          —          —          0.0     —          0.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 678,279      $ 137,348      $ 37,446      $ 853,073        100.0   $ 852,034        100.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 
December 31, 2017    Recorded Investment               
     Debt Service Coverage Ratios                             
($ in thousands)    > 1.20x      1.00x - 1.20x      < 1.00x      Total      % of Total     Estimated Fair
Value
     % of Total  

Loan-to-value ratios:

                   

Less than 65%

   $ 731,577      $ 48,895      $ —        $ 780,472        74.8   $ 782,640        74.9

65% to 75%

     222,771        39,944        —          262,715        25.2     261,891        25.1

76% to 80%

     —          —          —          —          0.0     —          0.0

Greater than 80%

     —          —          —          —          0.0     —          0.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 954,348      $ 88,839      $ —        $ 1,043,187        100.0   $ 1,044,531        100.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2018, $853.1 million of commercial mortgage and other loans were in current status with no commercial mortgage or other loans classified as past due. As of December 31, 2017, $1,043.2 million of commercial mortgage loans were in current status with no commercial mortgage or other loans classified as past due. The Company defines current in its aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans as less than 30 days past due.

Impaired loans include those loans for which it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. During 2018 and 2017, the Company did not record any impairments related to commercial mortgage loans.

The Company’s commercial mortgages may occasionally be involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no commitments to fund to borrowers that have been involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no new troubled debt restructurings related to commercial mortgages and no payment defaults on commercial mortgages.

 

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets were as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

 

     December 31, 2018      December 31, 2017  

($ in thousands)

     

Low income housing tax credit properties

   $ —        $ 138  

Derivatives

     2,976        21,045  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $ 2,976      $ 21,183  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Investment Income

Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:

 

     2018      2017      2016  

($ in thousands)

        

Fixed maturities, available for sale

   $ 332,082      $ 345,299      $ 330,253  

Fixed maturties, trading

     5,963        3,424        —    

Fixed maturities, fair value option

     234        331        454  

Common stock

     314        224        —    

Commercial mortgage loans

     43,781        56,510        69,360  

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

     4,262        1,718        1,007  

Other investments

     8,703        8,421        8,845  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Gross investment income

   $ 395,339      $ 415,927      $ 409,919  

Investment expenses

     14,527        14,814        12,836  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net investment income

   $ 380,812      $ 401,113      $ 397,083  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Realized Investment Gains and Losses

Realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

 

     2018      2017      2016  

($ in thousands)

        

Realized investment gains, net

        

Fixed maturities, available for sale

   $ (45,240    $ 11,434      $ 66,560  

Fixed maturities, trading

     (1,864      1,081        —    

Fixed maturties, fair value option

     (247      405        (733

Commercial mortgage loans

     1,201        5,935        4,037  

Derivatives

     (7,136      19,360        3,856  

Other invested assets

     (9      (92      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net realized gains (losses)

   $ (53,295    $ 38,123      $ 73,720  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

There were $4.8 million in other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2018. These securities were impaired to fair value as of the impairment date and were considered credit impairments. There were $4.4 million in other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities and gross realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

 

     2018      2017      2016  

($ in thousands)

        

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale

        

Proceeds from sales

   $ 919,347      $ 1,496,242      $ 3,027,998  

Gross investment gains from sales

     4,682        29,271        109,282  

Gross investment losses from sales

     (42,996      (11,893      (35,136

Proceeds from sales excludes non-taxable exchanges of $5.4 million, $11.0 million, and $11.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses

The gross unrealized losses and fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

 

December 31, 2018    Less than 12 months     Greater than 12 months               
($ in thousands)    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 

U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies

   $ 40,085      $ (1,337   $ 139,944      $ (7,496   $ 180,029      $ (8,833

Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions

     113,634        (1,932     75,444        (4,882     189,078        (6,814

Foreign government

     8,894        (2     10,573        (2,505     19,467        (2,507

All other corporate securities

     3,626,045        (222,408     805,107        (105,955     4,431,152        (328,363

ABS

     237,153        (4,935     107,437        (8,377     344,590        (13,312

CMBS

     110,483        (2,936     86,765        (5,021     197,248        (7,957

RMBS

     10,028        (85     13,793        (481     23,821        (566
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total fixed maturities

   $ 4,146,322      $ (233,635   $ 1,239,063      $ (134,717   $ 5,385,385      $ (368,352
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 
December 31, 2017    Less than 12 months     Greater than 12 months               
($ in thousands)    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
    Fair
Value
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 

U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies

   $ 215,767      $ (3,499   $ 107,344      $ (8,867   $ 323,111      $ (12,366

Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions

     38,171        (825     45,877        (1,895     84,048        (2,720

Foreign government

     296        (4     11,098        (1,681     11,394        (1,685

All other corporate securities

     740,795        (6,841     489,367        (31,057     1,230,162        (37,898

ABS

     77,050        (689     99,327        (2,706     176,377        (3,395

CMBS

     72,725        (593     36,540        (2,555     109,265        (3,148

RMBS

     6,908        (118     21,835        (391     28,743        (509
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total fixed maturities

   $ 1,151,712      $ (12,569   $ 811,388      $ (49,152   $ 1,963,100      $ (61,721
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Portfolio Monitoring

The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed maturity security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired.

For each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed maturity security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company’s portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company’s evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment for these fixed maturity securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost.

 

Net Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses in AOCI

The changes in unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

 

($ in thousands)    Net Unrealized
Gain (Losses) on
Investments
    VOBA     Future Policy
Benefits and
Policyholders’
Account Balances
    Deferred
Income
Tax
(Liability)
Benefit
    Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Related to Net
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses)
 

Balance, December 31, 2015

   $ (327,781   $ 36,774     $ 52,906     $ 83,402     $ (154,699

Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period

     160,311       —         —         (56,111     104,200  

Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income

     (81,920     —         —         28,672       (53,248

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA

     —         (30,948     —         10,832       (20,116

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances

     —         —         (28,924     10,123       (18,801
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance, December 31, 2016

   $ (85,550   $ 5,826     $ 23,982     $ 19,574     $ (36,168

Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period

     332,918       —         —         (111,486     221,432  

Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income

     (6,001     —         —         2,100       (3,901

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA

     —         (21,843     —         7,645       (14,198

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances

     —         —         (157,156     55,005       (102,151
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance, December 31, 2017

   $ 253,369     $ (16,017   $ (133,174   $ (31,362   $ 72,816  

Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period

     (560,739     —         —         117,756       (442,983

Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income

     5,268       —         —         (1,106     4,162  

Establishement of valuation allowance related to deferred income tax assets

     —         —         —         (65,654     (65,654

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA

     —         45,560       —         (9,568     35,992  

Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances

     —         —         251,235       (52,760     198,475  

Implementation of accounting standard related to the reclassification of certain tax effects

     —         —         —         9,558       9,558  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance, December 31, 2018

   $ (312,638   $ 29,543     $ 118,061     $ (30,924   $ (195,958