BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").

Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CIM Commercial and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Investments in Real Estate—Real estate acquisitions are recorded at cost as of the acquisition date. Costs related to the acquisition of properties were expensed as incurred for acquisitions that occurred prior to October 1, 2017. For any acquisition occurring on or after October 1, 2017, we have conducted and will conduct an analysis to determine if the acquisition constitutes a business combination or an asset purchase. If the acquisition constitutes a business combination, then the transaction costs will be expensed as incurred, and if the acquisition constitutes an asset purchase, then the transaction costs will be capitalized. Investments in real estate are stated at depreciated cost. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows:



Buildings and improvements	15 - 40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	3 - 5 years
Tenant improvements	Shorter of the useful lives or the terms of the related leases

We capitalize project costs, including pre-construction costs, interest expense, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, or construction of a project, while activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use are expensed as incurred.

Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of the asset. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Investments in real estate are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the future net cash flows, undiscounted and without interest, expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. The estimated fair value of the asset group identified for step two of the impairment testing under GAAP is based on either the income approach with market discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and rental rate assumptions being most critical to such analysis, or on the sales comparison approach to similar properties. Assets held for sale are reported at the lower of the asset's carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. We recognized impairment of long-lived assets of $69,000,000, $0 and $13,100,000 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively (Note 3).

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include short-term liquid investments with initial maturities of three months or less.

Restricted Cash—Our mortgage loan and hotel management agreements provide for depositing cash into restricted accounts reserved for capital expenditures, free rent, tenant improvement and leasing commission obligations. Restricted cash also includes cash required to be segregated in connection with certain of our loans receivable.

Loans Receivable—Our loans receivable are carried at their unamortized principal balance less unamortized acquisition discounts and premiums, retained loan discounts and loan loss reserves. For loans originated under the Small Business Administration's ("SBA") 7(a) Guaranteed Loan Program ("SBA 7(a) Program"), we sell the portion of the loan that is guaranteed by the SBA. Upon sale of the SBA guaranteed portion of the loans, which are accounted for as sales, the unguaranteed portion of the loan retained by us is valued on a fair value basis and a discount (the "Retained Loan Discount") is recorded as a reduction in basis of the retained portion of the loan. Unamortized retained loan discounts were $7,631,000 and $7,234,000 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively

At the Acquisition Date, the carrying value of our loans was adjusted to estimated fair market value and acquisition discounts of $33,907,000 were recorded, which are being accreted to interest and other income using the effective interest method. We sold substantially all of our commercial mortgage loans with unamortized acquisition discounts of $15,951,000 to an unrelated third-party in December 2015. Acquisition discounts of $624,000 and $884,000 remained as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

A loan receivable is generally classified as non-accrual (a "Non-Accrual Loan") if (i) it is past due as to payment of principal or interest for a period of 60 days or more, (ii) any portion of the loan is classified as doubtful or is charged-off or (iii) the repayment in full of the principal and or interest is in doubt. Generally, loans are charged-off when management determines that we will be unable to collect any remaining amounts due under the loan agreement, either through liquidation of collateral or other means. Interest income, included in interest and other income or discontinued operations, on a Non-Accrual Loan is recognized on either the cash basis or the cost recovery basis.

On a quarterly basis, and more frequently if indicators exist, we evaluate the collectability of our loans receivable. Our evaluation of collectability involves significant judgment, estimates, and a review of the ability of the borrower to make principal and interest payments, the underlying collateral and the borrowers' business models and future operations in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 450-20, Contingencies—Loss Contingencies, and ASC 310-10, Receivables. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $66,000, $147,000 and $97,000 of impairment on our loans receivable, respectively. There were no material loans receivable subject to credit risk which were considered to be impaired at December 31, 2019 or 2018. We also establish a general loan loss reserve when available information indicates that it is probable a loss has occurred based on the carrying value of the portfolio and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in determining the general loan loss reserve, including estimates of the likelihood of default and the estimated fair value of the collateral. The general loan loss reserve includes those loans, which may have negative characteristics which have not yet become known to us. In addition to the reserves established on loans not considered impaired that have been evaluated under a specific evaluation, we establish the general loan loss reserve using a consistent methodology to determine a loss percentage to be applied to loan balances. These loss percentages are based on many factors, primarily cumulative and recent loss history and general economic conditions.

Accounts Receivable—Accounts receivable are carried net of the allowances for uncollectible amounts. Management's determination of the adequacy of these allowances is based primarily upon evaluation of historical loss experience, individual receivables, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. The allowances are increased or decreased through the provision for bad debts. The allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable was $45,000 and $160,000 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Deferred Rent Receivable and Charges—Deferred rent receivable and charges consist of deferred rent, deferred leasing costs, deferred offering costs (Note 10) and other deferred costs. Deferred rent receivable is $19,988,000 and $52,366,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deferred leasing costs, which represent lease commissions and other direct costs associated with the acquisition of tenants, are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Deferred leasing costs of $16,881,000 and $51,152,000 are presented net of accumulated amortization of $7,438,000 and $23,910,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deferred offering costs represent direct costs incurred in connection with our offerings of Series A Preferred Units (as defined in Note 10) and, after January 2020, Series A Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10) and Series D Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10), excluding costs specifically identifiable to a closing, such as commissions, dealer-manager fees, and other offering fees and expenses. Generally, for a specific issuance of securities, issuance-specific offering costs are recorded as a reduction of proceeds raised on the issuance date and offering costs incurred but not directly related to a specifically identifiable closing of a security are deferred. Deferred offering costs are first allocated to each issuance of a security on a pro-rata basis equal to the ratio of the number of units or securities issued in a given issuance to the maximum number of units or securities that are expected to be issued in the related offering. In the case of the Series A Preferred Units, which were issued prior to February 2020, the issuance-specific offering costs and the deferred offering costs allocated to such issuance are further allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10) and Series A Preferred Warrants (as defined in Note 10) issued in such issuance based on the relative fair value of the instruments on the date of issuance. The deferred offering costs allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Preferred Warrants are reductions to temporary equity and permanent equity, respectively. Deferred offering costs of $5,275,000 and $4,213,000 related to our offering of Series A Preferred Units are included in deferred rent receivable and charges at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other deferred costs are $151,000 and $409,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Noncontrolling Interests—Noncontrolling interests represent the interests in various properties owned by third parties.

Redeemable Preferred Stock—Beginning on the date of original issuance of any given shares of Series A Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10) or Series D Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10), the holder of such shares has the right to require the Company to redeem such shares at a redemption price of 100% of the Series A Preferred Stock Stated Value (as defined in Note 10) or Series D Preferred Stock Stated Value (as defined in Note 10), as applicable, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, subject to the payment of a redemption fee until the fifth anniversary of such issuance. From and after the fifth anniversary of the date of the original issuance, the holder will have the right to require the Company to redeem such shares at a redemption price of 100% of the Series A Preferred Stock Stated Value or Series D Preferred Stock Stated Value, as applicable, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, without a redemption fee, and the Company will have the right (but not the obligation) to redeem such shares at 100% of the Series A Preferred Stock Stated Value or Series D Preferred Stock Stated Value, as applicable, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. The applicable redemption price payable upon redemption of any Series A Preferred Stock is payable in cash or, on or after the first anniversary of the issuance of such shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be redeemed, in the Company's sole discretion, in cash or in equal value through the issuance of shares of Common Stock, based on the volume weighted average price of our Common Stock for the 20 trading days prior to the redemption. The applicable redemption price payable upon redemption of any Series D Preferred Stock is payable in cash or, in the Company's sole discretion, in equal value through the issuance of shares of Common Stock, based on the volume weighted average price of our Common Stock for the 20 trading days prior to the redemption. Since a holder of Series A Preferred Stock has the right to request redemption of such shares and redemptions prior to the first anniversary are to be paid in cash, we have recorded the activity related to our Series A Preferred Stock in temporary equity. We recorded the activity related to our Series A Preferred Warrants (Note 10) in permanent equity. We will record the activity related to our Series D Preferred Stock (Note 10) in permanent equity. On the first anniversary of the date of original issuance of a particular share of Series A Preferred Stock, we reclassify such share of Series A Preferred Stock from temporary equity to permanent equity because the feature giving rise to temporary equity classification, the requirement to satisfy redemption requests in cash, lapses on the first anniversary date.

From and after the fifth anniversary of the date of original issuance of the Series L Preferred Stock, each holder will have the right to require the Company to redeem, and the Company will also have the option to redeem (subject to certain conditions), such shares of Series L Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to the Series L Preferred Stock Stated Value (as defined in Note 10), plus, provided certain conditions are met, all accrued and unpaid distributions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a holder of shares of our Series L Preferred Stock may require us to redeem such shares at any time prior to the fifth anniversary of the date of original issuance of the Series L Preferred Stock if (1) we do not declare and pay in full the distributions on the Series L Preferred Stock for any annual period prior to such fifth anniversary or (2) we do not declare and pay all accrued and unpaid distributions on the Series L Preferred Stock for all past dividend periods prior to the applicable holder redemption date. The applicable redemption price payable upon redemption of any Series L Preferred Stock will be made, in the Company's sole discretion, in the form of (A) cash in Israeli New Shekels ("ILS") at the then-current currency exchange rate determined in accordance with the Articles Supplementary defining the terms of the Series L Preferred Stock, (B) in equal value through the issuance of shares of Common Stock, with the value of such Common Stock to be deemed the lower of (i) our net asset value ("NAV") per share of our Common Stock as most recently published by the Company as of the effective date of redemption and (ii) the volume-weighted average price of our Common Stock, determined in accordance with the Articles Supplementary defining the terms of the Series L Preferred Stock, or (C) in a combination of cash in ILS and our Common Stock, based on the conversion mechanisms set forth in (A) and (B), respectively. We recorded the activity related to our Series L Preferred Stock in permanent equity.

Purchase Accounting for Acquisition of Investments in Real Estate—We apply the acquisition method to all acquired real estate assets. The purchase consideration of the real estate, which for real estate acquired on or after October 1, 2017 includes the transaction costs incurred in connection with such acquisitions, is recorded at fair value to the acquired tangible assets, consisting primarily of land, land improvements, building and improvements, tenant improvements, and furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of acquired above-market and below-market leases, in-place leases and ground leases, if any, based in each case on their respective fair values. Loan premiums, in the case of above-market rate loans, or loan discounts, in the case of below-market rate loans, are recorded based on the fair value of any loans assumed in connection with acquiring the real estate.

The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the "as-if-vacant" value is then allocated to land (or acquired ground lease if the land is subject to a ground lease), land improvements, building and improvements, and tenant improvements based on management's determination of the relative fair values of these assets. Management determines the as-if-vacant fair value of a property using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers. Factors considered by management in performing these analyses include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases, including leasing commissions, legal, and other related costs.

In allocating the purchase consideration of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market, below-market, and in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management's estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease, and for below-market leases, over a period equal to the initial term plus any below-market fixed-rate renewal periods. Acquired above-market and below-market leases are amortized and recorded to rental and other property income over the initial terms of the respective leases.

The aggregate value of other acquired intangible assets, consisting of in-place leases and tenant relationships, is measured by the estimated cost of operations during a theoretical lease-up period to replace in-place leases, including lost revenues and any unreimbursed operating expenses, plus an estimate of deferred leasing commissions for in-place leases. The value of in-place leases is amortized to expense over the remaining non-cancelable periods of the respective leases. If a lease is terminated prior to its stated expiration, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease are written-off.

A tax abatement intangible asset was recorded for a property acquired in 2011 and sold in 2017, based on an approval for a property tax abatement, due to the location of the property. The tax abatement intangible asset was amortized over eight years and was written off in connection with the disposition.

Revenue Recognition—We use a five-step model to recognize revenue for contracts with customers. The five-step model requires that we (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation.

Revenue from leasing activities

We operate as a lessor of real estate assets, primarily in Class A and creative office assets. In determining whether our contracts with our tenants constitute leases, we determined that our contracts explicitly identify the premises and that any substitution rights to relocate the tenant to other premises within the same building stated in the contract are not substantive. Additionally, so long as payments are made timely under these contracts, our tenants have the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from the use of this identified asset and can direct how and for what purpose the premises are used to conduct their operations. Therefore, our contracts with our tenants constitute leases.

All leases are classified as operating leases and minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases when collectability is reasonably assured and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is recorded as deferred rent. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is considered the owner of the improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded is treated as an incentive. Lease incentives paid to tenants are included in other assets and amortized as a reduction to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Lease incentives of $3,976,000 and $12,958,000 are presented net of accumulated amortization of $2,029,000 and $6,188,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Reimbursements from tenants, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, and other recoverable costs, are recognized as revenue in the period the expenses are incurred. Tenant reimbursements are recognized and presented on a gross basis when we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service and control that specified good or service before it is transferred to the tenant. We have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components as the pattern of revenue recognition does not differ for the two components, and the non-lease component is not the primary component in our leases.

In addition to minimum rents, certain leases provide for additional rents based upon varying percentages of tenants' sales in excess of annual minimums. Percentage rent is recognized once lessees' specified sales targets have been met. Included in rental and other property income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is $40,000, $65,000 and $304,000, respectively, of percentage rent.

We derive parking revenues from leases with third-party operators. Our parking leases provide for additional rents based upon varying percentages of tenants' sales in excess of annual minimums. Parking percentage rent is recognized once lessees' specific sales targets have been met. Included in rental and other property income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is $160,000, $1,509,000 and $1,881,000, respectively, of parking percentage rent. Included in hotel income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is $0, $0, and $733,000, respectively, of parking percentage rent.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized rental income as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Rental and other property income
Fixed lease payments (1)	$	80,205	$	136,145	$	162,479
Variable lease payments (2)	8,126		10,950		13,055
Rental and other property income	$	88,331	$	147,095	$	175,534


(1)	Fixed lease payments include contractual rents under lease agreements with tenants recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including amortization of acquired above-market leases, below-market leases and lease incentives.


(2)	Variable lease payments include expense reimbursements billed to tenants and percentage rent, net of bad debt expense from our operating leases.

Revenue from lending activities

Interest income included in interest and other income is comprised of interest earned on loans and our short-term investments and the accretion of net loan origination fees and discounts. Interest income on loans is accrued as earned with the accrual of interest suspended when the related loan becomes a Non-Accrual Loan.

Revenue from hotel activities

Hotel revenue is recognized upon establishment of a contract with a customer. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, the Company considers all of the goods or services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or implied by customary business practices. Various performance obligations of hotel revenues can be categorized as follows:

• cancellable and noncancelable room revenues from reservations and

• ancillary services including facility usage and food or beverage.

Cancellable reservations represent a single performance obligation of providing lodging services at the hotel. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these reservations over time as services are rendered to the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with noncancelable reservations at the earlier of (i) the date on which the customer cancels the reservation or (ii) over time as services are rendered to the customer.

Ancillary services include facilities usage and providing food and beverage. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services at a point in time as the good or service is delivered to the customer.

At inception of these contracts with customers for hotel revenues, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate.

We recognized hotel income of $35,633,000, $35,672,000 and $35,576,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Below is a reconciliation of the hotel revenue from contracts with customers to the total hotel segment revenue disclosed in Note 19:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Hotel properties
Hotel income	$	35,633	$	35,672	$	35,576
Rental and other property income	2,947		2,922		2,877
Interest and other income	168		195		132
Hotel revenues	$	38,748	$	38,789	$	38,585

Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements

Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements are related to construction projects in which our tenants have agreed to fully reimburse us for all costs related to construction. These services include architectural, permit expediter and construction services. At inception of the contract with the customer, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate. While these individual services are distinct, in the context of the arrangement with the customer, all of these services are bundled together and represent a single package of construction services requested by the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services over time as the construction is completed. Amounts recognized for tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements were $205,000, $399,000 and $6,822,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which are included in interest and other income on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2019, there were no remaining performance obligations associated with tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements.

Premiums and Discounts on Debt— Premiums and discounts on debt are accreted or amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the respective term of the loan, which approximates the effective interest method.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans—We have issued and continue to issue restricted shares under stock-based compensation plans described more fully in Note 8. We use fair value recognition provisions to account for all awards granted, modified or settled.

Earnings per Share ("EPS")—Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period. Net income attributable to common stockholders includes a deduction for dividends due to preferred stockholders. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect, if any, of securities such as stock-based compensation awards, warrants, including the Series A Preferred Warrants (Note 11) and preferred stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock (Note 10), Series D Preferred Stock (Note 10) and Series L Preferred Stock (Note 10), whose redemption is payable in shares of Common Stock or cash, at the discretion of the Company. The dilutive effect of stock-based compensation awards and warrants, including the Series A Preferred Warrants, is reflected in the weighted average diluted shares calculation by application of the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of preferred stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock and Series L Preferred Stock, whose redemption is payable in shares of Common Stock or cash, at the discretion of the Company, is reflected in the weighted average diluted shares calculation by application of the if-converted method.

Distributions—Distributions on our Series A Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10), Series D Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10), Series L Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10) and Common Stock are recorded when they are authorized by our Board of Directors and declared by the Company.

Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations—In the ordinary course of business, we may periodically enter into agreements to dispose of our assets. Some of these agreements are non-binding because either they do not obligate either party to pursue any transactions until the execution of a definitive agreement or they provide the potential buyer with the ability to terminate without penalty or forfeiture of any material deposit, subject to certain specified contingencies, such as completion of due diligence at the discretion of such buyer. We do not classify assets that are subject to such non-binding agreements as held for sale.

We classify assets as held for sale, if material, when they meet the necessary criteria, which include: a) management commits to and actively embarks upon a plan to sell the assets, b) the assets to be sold are available for immediate sale in their present condition, c) the sale is expected to be completed within one year under terms usual and customary for such sales and d) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. We generally believe that we meet these criteria when the plan for sale has been approved by our management, having the authority to approve the sale, there are no known significant contingencies related to the sale and management believes it is probable that the sale will be completed within one year.

Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less cost to sell. In addition, if we were to determine that the asset disposal associated with assets held for sale or disposed of represents a strategic shift, the revenues, expenses and net gain (loss) on dispositions would be recorded in discontinued operations for all periods presented through the date of the applicable disposition.

We sold all of our multifamily properties during the year ended December 31, 2017. We assessed the sale of these properties (Note 3) in accordance with ASC 205-20, Discontinued Operations. In our assessment, we considered, among other factors, the materiality of the revenue, net operating income, and total assets of our multifamily segment. Based on our qualitative and quantitative assessment, we concluded the disposals did not represent a strategic shift that would have a major effect on our operations and financial results and therefore should not be classified as discontinued operations on our consolidated financial statements.

Derivative Financial Instruments—As part of risk management and operational strategies, from time to time, we may enter into derivative contracts with various counterparties. All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their estimated fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative as a fair value hedge, a cash flow hedge, a foreign currency fair value or cash flow hedge, a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, or a trading or non-hedging instrument.

Changes in the estimated fair value of a derivative (effective and ineffective components) that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge are initially recorded in other comprehensive income ("OCI"), and are subsequently reclassified into earnings as a component of interest expense when the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction affects earnings (e.g., when periodic settlements of a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). When an interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge no longer qualifies for hedge accounting, we recognize changes in the estimated fair value of the hedge previously deferred to accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"), along with any changes in estimated fair value occurring thereafter, through earnings. We classify cash flows from interest rate swap agreements as net cash provided by operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows as our accounting policy is to present the cash flows from the hedging instruments in the same category in the consolidated statements of cash flows as the category for the cash flows from the hedged items. See Note 12 for disclosures about our derivative financial instruments and hedging activities.

Income Taxes—We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the provisions of the Code. To the extent we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to a federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is distributed to our stockholders. We may, however, be subject to certain federal excise taxes and state and local taxes on our income and property. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and will not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. In order to remain qualified as a REIT under the Code, we must satisfy various requirements in each taxable year, including, among others, limitations on share ownership, asset diversification, sources of income, and the distribution of at least 90% of our taxable income within the specified time in accordance with the Code.

We have wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRS's") which are subject to federal income taxes. The income generated from the taxable REIT subsidiaries is taxed at normal corporate rates. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.

We have established a policy on classification of penalties and interest related to audits of our federal and state income tax returns. If incurred, our policy for recording interest and penalties associated with audits will be to record such items as a component of general and administrative expense. Penalties, if incurred, will be recorded in general and administrative expense and interest paid or received will be recorded in interest expense or interest income, respectively, in our consolidated statements of operations.

ASC 740, Income Taxes, provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing our tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are "more likely than not" of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current period. We have reviewed all open tax years and concluded that the application of ASC 740 resulted in no material effect to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Consolidation Considerations for Our Investments in Real Estate—ASC 810-10, Consolidation, addresses how a business enterprise should evaluate whether it has a controlling interest in an entity through means other than voting rights that would require the entity to be consolidated. We analyze our investments in real estate in accordance with this accounting standard to determine whether they are variable interest entities, and if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Our judgment with respect to our level of influence or control over an entity and whether we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity involves consideration of various factors, including the form of our ownership interest, our voting interest, the size of our investment (including loans), and our ability to participate in major policy-making decisions. Our ability to correctly assess our influence or control over an entity affects the presentation of these investments in real estate on our consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications—Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. With the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and the election of the lessor practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components, $9,039,000 and $9,264,000 of expense reimbursements were reclassified as rental and other property income on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $984,000 and $7,382,000 of non-lease component expense reimbursements recognized under the revenue recognition guidance were reclassified as interest and other income on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Under the new leasing guidance, bad debt expense associated with changes in the collectability assessment for operating leases shall be recorded as adjustments to rental and other property income rather than rental and other property operating expenses. The impact of this reclassification resulted in a $254,000 and $317,000 reclassification from rental and other property expenses to rental and other property income on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, to conform with the current period presentation, we reclassified $808,000 and $1,854,000 from interest expense to loss on early extinguishment of debt on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $6,361,000 from gain on sale of real estate to loss on early extinguishment of debt on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. In accordance with ASU 2016-15, we changed previously reported amounts within the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 to reclassify $6,361,000 of prepayment penalties and other payments for early extinguishment of debt from net cash provided by investing activities to net cash used in financing activities. To comply with the current year presentation, we reclassified $272,000, related to certain funds at our hotel property, from cash to other assets on the balance sheet as December 31, 2018. Such reclassification, as well as reclassification of $1,579,000 of funds at our hotel property from cash to other assets as of December 31, 2017, resulted in a $1,307,000 and $1,579,000 increase in cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Concentration of Credit Risk—Financial instruments that subject us to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and interest rate swap agreements. We have our cash and cash equivalents on deposit with what we believe to be high-quality financial institutions. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000. Management routinely assesses the financial strength of its tenants and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited.

The majority of our revenues are earned from properties located in California. We are subject to risks incidental to the ownership and operation of commercial real estate. These include, among others, the risks normally associated with changes in the general economic climate in the communities in which we operate, trends in the real estate industry, changes in tax laws, interest rate levels, availability of financing, and the potential liability under environmental and other laws.

Fair Value Measurements—The fair value of our financial assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 13.

We determine the estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities utilizing a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to a fair value measurement are considered to be observable or unobservable in a marketplace. The hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value is as follows:

Level 1 Inputs—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 Inputs—Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 3 Inputs—Unobservable inputs

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

We disclose the fair value of our debt. We determine the fair value of mortgage notes payable and junior subordinated notes by performing discounted cash flow analyses using an appropriate market discount rate. We calculate the market discount rate for our mortgage notes payable by obtaining period-end treasury or swap rates, as applicable, for maturities that correspond to the maturities of our debt and then adding an appropriate credit spread. These credit spreads take into account factors such as our credit standing, the maturity of the debt, whether the debt is secured or unsecured, and the loan-to-value ratios of the debt.

We disclose the fair value of our loans receivable. We determine the fair value of loans receivable by performing a present value analysis for the anticipated future cash flows using an appropriate market discount rate taking into consideration the credit risk and using an anticipated prepayment rate.

We estimated the fair value of our interest rate swaps by calculating the credit-adjusted present value of the expected future cash flows of each swap. The calculation incorporated the contractual terms of the derivatives, observable market interest rates, and credit risk adjustments, if any, to reflect the counterparty's as well as our own nonperformance risk.

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The carrying amounts of our secured borrowings—government guaranteed loans, SBA 7(a) loan-backed notes and revolving credit facility approximate their fair values, as the interest rates on these securities are variable and approximate current market interest rates.

Segment Information—Segment information is prepared on the same basis that our management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. Our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 consist of two types of commercial real estate properties, namely office and hotel, as well as a segment for our lending business. Our reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2017 consist of three types of commercial real estate properties, namely, office, hotel and multifamily, as well as a segment for our lending business. The products for our office segment primarily include rental of office space and other tenant services, including tenant reimbursements, parking, and storage space rental. The products for our multifamily segment include rental of apartments and other tenant services. The products for our hotel segment include revenues generated from the operations of hotel properties and rental income generated from a garage located directly across the street from one of the hotels. The income from our lending segment includes income from the yield and other related fee income earned on our loans receivable.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements—In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which was intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions. Under the new guidance, a lessee was required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with previous GAAP, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily depended on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, unlike previous GAAP, which required a lessee to recognize only capital leases on the balance sheet, the new ASU required a lessee to recognize both types of leases on the balance sheet. The lessor accounting remained largely unchanged from previous GAAP. However, the ASU contained some targeted improvements that were intended to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and with the updated revenue recognition guidance issued in 2014. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Leases (Topic 842), which contained targeted improvements to amend inconsistencies and clarified guidance that was brought about by stakeholders. Furthermore, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), which provided the following practical expedients to entities: (1) a transition method that allowed entities to apply the new standard at the adoption date and to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings effective at the adoption date; and (2) the option for lessors to not separate lease and non-lease components provided that certain criteria were met. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842), which provided lessors the option to elect to account for sales and other similar taxes in which the lessee directly pays third-parties to be excluded from the measurement of the contract consideration. In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842), which provided narrow amendments, including clarification on transition disclosures to certain aspects of ASU 2016-02. For public entities, these ASUs were effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018.

The guidance provided a package of transition practical expedients, which must be elected as a package and applied consistently by an entity to all of its leases (including those for which the entity is a lessee or a lessor) when applying this guidance to leases that commenced before the effective date of January 1, 2019: (1) An entity need not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; (2) an entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases (that is, all leases that were classified as operating leases prior to January 1, 2019 remain classified as operating leases); and (3) an entity need not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company elected all the aforementioned transition practical expedients, including the expedients provided under ASU 2018-11.

From a lessee's perspective, the Company determined that there is one office lease for our lending segment that is material to the consolidated balance sheet. Based on our assessment, the lease had been classified as an operating lease and the Company recorded approximately $362,000 as a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet on the effective date of January 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the right-of-use asset and lease liability balance were each approximately $106,000.

From a lessor's perspective, the Company did not record a cumulative effect adjustment on January 1, 2019 as the aforementioned package of practical expedients allowed us to continue accounting for our then-existing or expired leases under the previous accounting guidance, and we applied the new lease accounting guidance to leases that commenced or are modified after the effective date of January 1, 2019. Leases commenced or modified after the effective date have been, and we expect future commencements and modifications of leases in the future will continue to be, classified as operating leases and that we will qualify for the lessor practical expedient provided under ASU 2018-11 to not separate lease and non-lease components. Additionally, if following the effective date, our tenants have made or make payments for taxes or insurance directly to a third-party on behalf of the Company as the lessor, we have excluded and will exclude these amounts from the measurement of the contract consideration and consider these lessee costs. Otherwise, any recoveries of these costs are and will be recognized as lease revenue on a gross basis in our consolidated income statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which is intended to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity. The amendments in the ASU replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which clarified that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of the credit losses standards. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which clarified the following: (i) an entity’s estimate of expected credit losses should include expected recoveries of financial assets, including recoveries of amounts expected to be written off and those previously written off, and (ii) an entity should consider contractual extension or renewal options that it cannot unconditionally cancel when determining the contractual term over which expected credit losses are measured. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, which allows entities to irrevocably elect the fair value option for existing financial assets on an instrument-by-instrument basis upon adoption of ASU 2016-13. Except for existing held-to-maturity debt securities, the alternative is available for all instruments in the scope of ASC 326-20 that are eligible for the fair value option in ASC 825-10. If an entity elects the fair value option, it will recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment for the difference between the fair value of the instrument and its carrying value. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), which deferred the effective date of Topic 326 for certain entities, including smaller reporting companies, public entities that are not SEC filers, and entities that are not public business entities. For public entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2019. For smaller reporting companies, public entities that are not SEC filers, and entities that are not public business entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which made narrow-scope improvements to the credit losses standard, including, but not limited to, adjustments for transition relief for troubled debt restructurings and disclosures related to accrued interest receivables. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of this new accounting guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which simplified and expanded the eligible hedging strategies for financial and nonfinancial risks by more closely aligning hedge accounting with a company’s risk management activities, and also simplified the application of Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, through targeted improvements in key practice areas. In addition, the ASU prescribed how hedging results should be presented and required incremental disclosures. Further, the ASU provided partial relief on the timing of certain aspects of hedge documentation and eliminated the requirement to recognize hedge ineffectiveness separately in earnings in the current period. For public entities, the ASU was effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company has evaluated the guidance and determined that the effects of ASU 2017-12 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, but public entities will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. For public entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period after issuance of the ASU. The Company has evaluated the guidance and determined that the effects of ASU 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (the “SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes. The guidance permits the use of the OIS rate based on the SOFR as a U.S. benchmark rate for purposes of applying hedge accounting. The SOFR is a volume-weighted median interest rate that is calculated daily based on overnight transactions from the prior day’s activity in specified segments of the U.S. Treasury repo market. It has been selected as the preferred replacement for the U.S. dollar London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), which will be phased out by the end of 2021. For public entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period after issuance of the ASU. The Company has evaluated the guidance and determined that the effects of ASU 2018-16 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which removes certain exceptions for investments, intraperiod allocations and interim calculations, and adds guidance to reduce complexity in accounting for income taxes. For public entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period after the issuance of the ASU. The Company has evaluated the guidance and determined the effects of ASU 2019-12 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.