10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C.  20549

FORM 10-Q

☒  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from            to           .

Commission File Number:  0-22140

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	42-1406262
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

5501 South Broadband Lane, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108

(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

(877) 497-7497

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value	CASH	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company See the definitions of "large accelerated filer." "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated
filer ☒ Accelerated
filer ☐ Non-accelerated
filer ☐ Smaller reporting
company ☐ Emerging growth
company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class:	Outstanding at August 2, 2023:
Common Stock, $.01 par value	26,225,563	Shares
Nonvoting Common Stock, $.01 par value	0	Nonvoting shares

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.

FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents

Description		Page
PART I - Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	49
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	51
PART II - Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	53
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	53
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	55
Item 5.	Other Information	55
Item 6.	Exhibits	56
SIGNATURES		57

i

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Financial Statements.

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
ASSETS	(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	515,271	$	388,038
Securities available for sale, at fair value	1,914,271		1,882,869
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $33,670 and $38,171, respectively)	37,725		41,682
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank Stock, at cost	30,890		28,812
Loans held for sale	87,351		21,071
Loans and leases	4,072,899		3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)		(45,947)
Accrued interest receivable	22,332		17,979
Premises, furniture, and equipment, net	38,601		41,710
Rental equipment, net	224,212		204,371
Goodwill and intangible assets	331,335		335,196
Other assets	265,654		295,324
Total assets	$	7,458,625	$	6,747,410
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Deposits	$	6,306,976	$	5,866,037
Short-term borrowings	230,000		—
Long-term borrowings	34,178		36,028
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	209,750		200,205
Total liabilities	6,780,904		6,102,270
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 26,688,951 and 28,878,177 shares issued, 26,539,272 and 28,788,124 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	266		288
Common stock, Nonvoting, $0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	625,825		617,403
Retained earnings	267,100		245,394
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(207,896)		(213,080)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149,679 and 90,053 common shares at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	(6,943)		(4,835)
Total equity attributable to parent	678,352		645,170
Noncontrolling interest	(631)		(30)
Total stockholders’ equity	677,721		645,140
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,458,625	$	6,747,410

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest and dividend income:
Loans and leases, including fees	$	81,242	$	62,541	$	233,517	$	203,115
Mortgage-backed securities	10,234		7,381		30,972		16,690
Other investments	7,870		3,984		24,604		12,169
	99,346		73,906		289,093		231,974
Interest expense:
Deposits	164		94		2,402		400
FHLB advances and other borrowings	1,717		1,661		3,764		4,010
	1,881		1,755		6,166		4,410
Net interest income	97,465		72,151		282,927		227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	1,773		(1,302)		48,312		31,186
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	95,692		73,453		234,615		196,378
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	8,262		10,289		39,144		38,674
Refund advance fee income	(927)		(20)		37,685		40,513
Card and deposit fees	39,708		24,935		119,513		76,825
Rental income	13,980		12,082		39,628		34,534
Gain on sale of securities	9		198		91		595
Gain on sale of trademarks	—		—		10,000		50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other	812		1,239		566		(1,601)
Other income	5,889		5,271		13,921		10,811
Total noninterest income	67,733		53,994		260,548		250,351
Noninterest expense:
Compensation and benefits	47,402		45,091		137,966		128,364
Refund transfer product expense	1,727		2,457		9,695		8,855
Refund advance expense	239		(29)		1,869		2,156
Card processing	26,342		8,438		75,949		23,067
Occupancy and equipment expense	8,595		8,996		25,417		25,845
Operating lease equipment depreciation	10,517		9,145		34,864		26,331
Legal and consulting	5,089		11,724		19,469		27,279
Intangible amortization	1,168		1,532		3,861		5,188
Impairment expense	2,749		670		3,273		670
Other expense	10,750		8,626		34,410		34,491
Total noninterest expense	114,578		96,650		346,773		282,246
Income before income tax expense	48,847		30,797		148,390		164,483
Income tax expense	3,243		6,958		18,996		29,236
Net income before noncontrolling interest	45,604		23,839		129,394		135,247
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	508		1,448		1,685		2,281
Net income attributable to parent	$	45,096	$	22,391	$	127,709	$	132,966
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	1.69	$	0.76	$	4.63	$	4.44
Diluted	$	1.68	$	0.76	$	4.62	$	4.44

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income before noncontrolling interest	$	45,604	$	23,839	$	129,394	$	135,247
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on debt securities	(26,664)		(81,841)		6,574		(184,614)
Net (gain) realized on investment securities	(9)		(198)		(91)		(595)
	(26,673)		(82,039)		6,483		(185,209)
Unrealized gain (loss) on currency translation	495		(520)		942		(311)
Deferred income tax effect	(6,111)		(20,526)		2,241		(46,514)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(20,067)		(62,033)		5,184		(139,006)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	25,537		(38,194)		134,578		(3,759)
Total comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	508		1,448		1,685		2,281
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to parent	$	25,029	$	(39,642)	$	132,893	$	(6,040)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Pathward Financial, Inc.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total Pathward Financial Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	271	$	623,250	$	245,046	$	(187,829)	$	(6,943)	$	673,795	$	(551)	$	673,244
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.05 per share)	—		—		(1,327)		—		—		(1,327)		—		(1,327)
Repurchases of common stock	(5)		5		(21,715)		—		—		(21,715)		—		(21,715)
Stock compensation	—		2,570		—		—		—		2,570		—		2,570
Total other comprehensive (loss)	—		—		—		(20,067)		—		(20,067)		—		(20,067)
Net income	—		—		45,096		—		—		45,096		508		45,604
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		—		(588)		(588)
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	266	$	625,825	$	267,100	$	(207,896)	$	(6,943)	$	678,352	$	(631)	$	677,721
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	294	$	612,917	$	223,760	$	(69,374)	$	(4,513)	$	763,084	$	322	$	763,406
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.05 per share)	—		—		(1,465)		—		—		(1,465)		—		(1,465)
Repurchases of common stock	—		—		—		—		(110)		(110)		—		(110)
Stock compensation	—		2,242		—		—		—		2,242		—		2,242
Total other comprehensive (loss)	—		—		—		(62,033)		—		(62,033)		—		(62,033)
Net income	—		—		22,391		—		—		22,391		1,448		23,839
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,105)		(1,105)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	294	$	615,159	$	244,686	$	(131,407)	$	(4,623)	$	724,109	$	665	$	724,774

5

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Pathward Financial, Inc.
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total Pathward Financial Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, September 30, 2022	$	288	$	617,403	$	245,394	$	(213,080)	$	(4,835)	$	645,170	$	(30)	$	645,140
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.15 per share)	—		—		(4,115)		—		—		(4,115)		—		(4,115)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Repurchases of common stock	(23)		23		(101,888)		—		(2,108)		(103,996)		—		(103,996)
Stock compensation	—		8,399		—		—		—		8,399		—		8,399
Total other comprehensive income	—		—		—		5,184		—		5,184		—		5,184
Net income	—		—		127,709		—		—		127,709		1,685		129,394
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,286)		(2,286)
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	266	$	625,825	$	267,100	$	(207,896)	$	(6,943)	$	678,352	$	(631)	$	677,721
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022
Balance, September 30, 2021	$	317	$	604,484	$	259,189	$	7,599	$	(860)	$	870,729	$	1,155	$	871,884
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.15 per share)	—		—		(4,469)		—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Issuance of common stock due to ESOP	1		2,885		—		—		—		2,886		—		2,886
Repurchases of common stock	(25)		25		(143,000)		—		(3,763)		(146,763)		—		(146,763)
Stock compensation	—		7,765		—		—		—		7,765		—		7,765
Total other comprehensive (loss)	—		—		—		(139,006)		—		(139,006)		—		(139,006)
Net income	—		—		132,966		—		—		132,966		2,281		135,247
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,771)		(2,771)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	294	$	615,159	$	244,686	$	(131,407)	$	(4,623)	$	724,109	$	665	$	724,774

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income before noncontrolling interest	$	129,394	$	135,247
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net	49,506		47,193
Provision for credit losses	48,312		31,186
Provision for deferred taxes	4,895		18,517
Originations of loans held for sale	(941,502)		(769,672)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	870,132		898,442
Net change in loans held for sale	5,456		12,568
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	—		(161)
Net realized (gain) loss on loans held for sale	(235)		3,933
Net realized loss on premise, furniture, and equipment	—		45
Net realized (gain) on lease receivables and equipment	(335)		(2,180)
Net realized (gain) on trademarks	(10,000)		(50,000)
Net realized (gain) on other assets	(91)		(434)
Impairment on rental equipment	24		—
Impairment of intangibles	—		670
Net change in accrued interest receivable	(4,353)		(564)
Net change in other assets	22,528		(8,959)
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities	6,519		(36,577)
Stock compensation	8,399		7,765
Net cash provided by operating activities	188,649		287,019
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of securities available for sale	(150,751)		(689,515)
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale	—		244,305
Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale	127,071		264,808
Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity	3,758		12,189
Purchases of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock	(206,104)		(134,293)
Redemption of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock	204,026		133,880
Purchases of loans and leases	(197,549)		(108,570)
Proceeds from sales of loans and leases	—		45,784
Net change in loans and leases	(42,484)		35,462
Purchases of premises, furniture, and equipment	(4,973)		(5,860)
Proceeds from sales of premises, furniture, and equipment	—		35
Purchases of rental equipment	(373,063)		(270,262)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	9,373		8,236
Net change in rental equipment	(279)		(1,879)
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets	1		1,814
Proceeds from sale of trademarks	10,000		50,000
Proceeds from sale of other assets	—		2,925
Net cash (used in) investing activities	(620,974)		(410,941)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits	440,939		195,828
Net change in short-term borrowings	230,000		—
Redemption of long-term borrowings	—		(75,000)
Principal payments on capital lease obligations	—		(75)
Principal payments on other liabilities	(1,416)		(2,163)
Proceeds from other liabilities	—		—
Payment of debt issuance costs	(511)		—
Dividends paid on common stock	(4,115)		(4,469)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1		1
Issuance of common stock due to ESOP	—		2,886
Repurchases of common stock	(103,996)		(146,763)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest	(2,286)		(2,771)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	558,616		(32,526)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	942		(311)

7

Net change in cash and cash equivalents	127,233		(156,759)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of fiscal year	388,038		314,019
Cash and cash equivalents at end of fiscal period	$	515,271	$	157,260

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	5,556	$	4,779
Income taxes	11,260		10,898
Franchise taxes	200		200
Other taxes	449		516
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activities:
Purchases/sales of securities accrued, not settled
Trade Date Purchases - AFS	3,026		101,993
Transfers
Held for sale to loans and leases	158		14,731
Loans and leases to held for sale	—		169,045
Loans and leases to rental equipment	2,168		3,393
Rental equipment to loan and leases	311,278		233,634
Recognition of operating lease ROU assets, net of measurements	—		389

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The interim unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 included in Pathward Financial, Inc.’s (“Pathward” or the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on November 22, 2022. Accordingly, footnote disclosures which would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in the audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted.

The financial information of the Company included herein has been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and has been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Such information reflects all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. The results of the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023.

Certain prior fiscal year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year financial statement presentation. These changes and reclassifications did not impact previously reported net income or comprehensive income.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU")

Significant accounting policies in effect and disclosed within the Company’s most recent audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2022 remain substantially unchanged, except for the following:

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Pathward Financial, Inc. ("Pathward Financial" or the “Company” or "us"), a registered bank holding company located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries include Pathward®, National Association ("Pathward®, N.A." or "Pathward" or "the “Bank”), a national bank whose primary federal regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"), and Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of Pathward, N.A. which invests in companies in the financial services industry. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company also owns 100% of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I (the “Trust”), which was formed in July 2001 for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, and Crestmark Capital Trust I, which was acquired from the Crestmark Acquisition in August 2018. The Trust and Crestmark Capital Trust I are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

In addition, the Company is a variable interest holder in certain entities in which the equity holders do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or where the entity does not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support (referred to as variable interest entities or "VIEs"). The Company's variable interest arises from contractual ownership or other monetary interests that change with fluctuations in the VIE's net asset value. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest the Company holds could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of the Company's involvement with the VIE. Further, the Company assesses whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis. If the determination is made that the Company is the primary beneficiary, then that entity is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net income and equity attributable to third-party owners of consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned by Pathward Financial. All of the Company's noncontrolling interests relate to the Company's Commercial Finance business line.

9

Variable Interest Entities

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities ("SPEs"), which can be structured as corporations, trusts, limited liability companies, or partnerships and are established for a limited purpose. Currently, the Company utilizes a SPE facility for certain term lending products within the Company's Commercial Finance business line. The Company participated in the structuring of the SPE, has a minority ownership interest in the SPE, and acts as servicer for the SPE in exchange for a servicing fee. Pathward is not the primary beneficiary of the SPE as our risk of loss or right to benefits from the SPE are not significant. As of June 30, 2023, there are $9.9 million of commercial term loans held at the SPE, and the Company’s equity investment in the SPE is $0.9 million. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from the SPE is limited to its equity investment. As of June 30, 2023, there are $3.0 million of commercial term loans classified as held for sale related to this VIE. Additional information on loans transferred during the period is included in Note 5. Loans and Leases, Net.

Loan Servicing and Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of loans, portions of loans meeting the definition of a participating interest, and other financial assets are accounted for as sales on the transaction settlement date when control has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been legally isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of such right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through a repurchase agreement or other means. Upon sale, the loans or other financial assets are derecognized from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. If the transfer does not satisfy the aforementioned control criteria, the transaction is recorded as a secured borrowing with the loans or other financial assets remaining on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and proceeds recognized as a liability.

The Company sells loan participations, generally without recourse, in both the commercial and consumer segments. The Company also sells commercial Small Business Administration ("SBA") and United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") loans to third parties, generally without recourse. The Bank generally retains the right to service the sold loans for a fee. If the fee is determined commensurate and customary with market terms, no servicing asset or liability is recorded. Any fee that is above or below market terms results in a servicing asset or liability and is included within Other Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The following ASU became effective for the Company on October 1, 2022, and did not have a material impact on the Company’s significant accounting policies or Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

–ASU 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments.

NOTE 3. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Rebranding

On December 7, 2021, the Company executed a Purchase Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Beige Key, LLC (the “Assignee”) for the sale of all of the Company’s worldwide right, title and interest in and to company names and tradenames including Meta and other "Meta" formative names including MetaBank and Meta Financial Group, and the domain names, social media accounts and goodwill associated with the foregoing (collectively, the “Meta” tradenames) in exchange for $60.0 million in cash. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement, the Company had one year from the Agreement execution date to phase out and cease all use of the Meta tradenames. The Company received $50.0 million upon execution and delivery of the Agreement and was reflected in noninterest income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The remaining $10.0 million was received by the Company upon completion of phase out activities during the quarter ended December 31, 2022. There have been no additional rebrand activities since completion of these activities.

10

NOTE 4. SECURITIES

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of available for sale ("AFS") and held to maturity ("HTM") debt securities are presented below.

(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(6,250)	$	18,750
SBA securities	98,342		—		(7,737)		90,605
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,384		—		(73)		2,311
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	272,818		—		(34,443)		238,375
Asset-backed securities	265,794		—		(11,228)		254,566
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		—		(216,636)		1,309,664
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,190,638	$	—	$	(276,367)	$	1,914,271
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(2,813)	$	22,187
SBA securities	105,238		—		(7,470)		97,768
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,469		—		(125)		2,344
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	290,754		—		(26,971)		263,783
Asset-backed securities	160,806		—		(13,016)		147,790
Mortgage-backed securities	1,581,452		—		(232,455)		1,348,997
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,165,719	$	—	$	(282,850)	$	1,882,869
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	35,450	$	—	$	(3,822)	$	31,628
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		—		(233)		2,042
Total debt securities HTM	$	37,725	$	—	$	(4,055)	$	33,670
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	39,093	$	—	$	(3,190)	$	35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,589		—		(321)		2,268
Total debt securities HTM	$	41,682	$	—	$	(3,511)	$	38,171

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Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:

	LESS THAN 12 MONTHS				OVER 12 MONTHS				TOTAL
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	18,750	$	(6,250)	$	18,750	$	(6,250)
SBA securities	39,964		(2,048)		50,641		(5,689)		90,605		(7,737)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	—		—		2,311		(73)		2,311		(73)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	38,703		(2,128)		198,715		(32,315)		237,418		(34,443)
Asset-backed securities	98,655		(1,170)		155,911		(10,058)		254,566		(11,228)
Mortgage-backed securities	284,959		(16,159)		1,021,679		(200,477)		1,306,638		(216,636)
Total debt securities AFS	$	462,281	$	(21,505)	$	1,448,007	$	(254,862)	$	1,910,288	$	(276,367)
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	22,187	$	(2,813)	$	22,187	$	(2,813)
SBA securities	97,767		(7,470)		—		—		97,767		(7,470)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	2,345		(125)		—		—		2,345		(125)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	195,816		(19,743)		67,967		(7,228)		263,783		(26,971)
Asset-backed securities	64,886		(1,838)		82,904		(11,178)		147,790		(13,016)
Mortgage-backed securities	816,657		(106,583)		532,340		(125,872)		1,348,997		(232,455)
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,177,471	$	(135,759)	$	705,398	$	(147,091)	$	1,882,869	$	(282,850)
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	—	$	—	$	31,628	$	(3,822)	$	31,628	$	(3,822)
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—		2,042		(233)		2,042		(233)
Total debt securities HTM	$	—	$	—	$	33,670	$	(4,055)	$	33,670	$	(4,055)
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	3,984	$	(300)	$	31,919	$	(2,890)	$	35,903	$	(3,190)
Mortgage-backed securities	2,268		(321)		—		—		2,268		(321)
Total debt securities HTM	$	6,252	$	(621)	$	31,919	$	(2890)	$	38,171	$	(3,511)

At June 30, 2023, there were 203 securities AFS in an unrealized loss position. All of the mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2023 were government guaranteed. Management assessed each investment security with unrealized losses for credit loss and determined substantially all unrealized losses on these securities were due to adverse market conditions and/or changes in interest rates versus credit loss. As part of that assessment, management evaluated and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required and does not intend to sell any of the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost. At June 30, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for debt securities AFS.

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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features that allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023				At September 30, 2022
Securities AFS at Fair Value	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,784	$	4,728	$	718	$	715
Due after one year through five years	4,814		4,400		9,921		9,395
Due after five years through ten years	86,500		75,126		89,921		81,819
Due after ten years	568,240		520,353		483,707		441,943
	664,338		604,607		584,267		533,872
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		1,309,664		1,581,452		1,348,997
Total securities AFS, at fair value	$	2,190,638	$	1,914,271	$	2,165,719	$	1,882,869
Securities HTM at Fair Value
Due after ten years	$	35,450	$	31,628	$	39,093	$	35,903
	35,450		31,628		39,093		35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		2,042		2,589		2,268
Total securities HTM, at cost	$	37,725	$	33,670	$	41,682	$	38,171

Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") Stock. The Bank is required by federal law to subscribe to capital stock (divided into shares of $100 each) as a member of the FRB of Minneapolis with an amount equal to six per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus. One-half of the subscription is paid at time of application, and one-half is subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FRB of Minneapolis stock held by the Bank totaled $19.7 million at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be owned by member banks.

Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") Stock. The Company's borrowings from the FHLB are secured by specific investment securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities.

The investments in the FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company's membership in and current borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines. The investments in the FHLB of Des Moines could be adversely impacted by the financial operations of the FHLB and actions of their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

The FHLB stock is carried at cost since it is generally redeemable at par value. The carrying value of the stock held at the FHLB was $11.2 million and $9.1 million at June 30, 2023 and at September 30, 2022, respectively.

These equity securities are ‘restricted’ in that they can only be sold back to the respective institution from which they were acquired or another member institution at par. Therefore, FRB and FHLB stocks are less liquid than other marketable equity securities, and the fair value approximates cost.

Equity Securities. The Company held $3.5 million at June 30, 2023 and $2.9 million at September 30, 2022 in marketable equity securities. The Company recognized $0.2 million and $3.8 million in unrealized losses on marketable equity securities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is attributable to an investee becoming publicly traded during fiscal year 2021. All other marketable equity securities and related activity were insignificant for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. No such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

13

Non-marketable equity securities with a readily determinable fair value totaled $8.5 million at June 30, 2023 and $7.2 million at September 30, 2022. The Company recognized $0.1 million in unrealized losses and $0.6 million in unrealized gains during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled $15.8 million at June 30, 2023 and $18.2 million at September 30, 2022. There were two such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Equity Securities Impairment. The Company evaluates impairment for investments held at cost on at least an annual basis based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. All other equity investments, including those under the equity method, are reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis. The Company recognized $3.2 million and no impairment for such investments for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 5. LOANS AND LEASES, NET

Loans and leases consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	1,253,841	$	1,090,289
Asset based lending	373,160		351,696
Factoring	351,133		372,595
Lease financing	201,996		210,692
Insurance premium finance	666,265		479,754
SBA/USDA	422,389		359,238
Other commercial finance	171,954		159,409
Commercial finance	3,440,738		3,023,673
Consumer credit products	175,158		144,353
Other consumer finance	24,963		25,306
Consumer finance	200,121		169,659
Tax services	47,194		9,098
Warehouse finance	380,458		326,850
Total loans and leases	4,068,511		3,529,280
Net deferred loan origination costs	4,388		7,025
Total gross loans and leases	4,072,899		3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)		(45,947)
Total loans and leases, net	$	3,990,983	$	3,490,358

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company originated $941.5 million and $769.7 million of consumer finance and SBA/USDA as held for sale, respectively.

The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $870.1 million and gain on sale of $0.2 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2023. The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $898.4 million and loss on sale of $3.9 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2022.

14

Loans purchased and sold by portfolio segment, including participation interests, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Loans Purchased
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,098
Warehouse finance	9,715		19,657		197,549		105,472
Total purchases	$	9,715	$	19,657	$	197,549	$	108,570
Loans Sold
Loans held for sale:
Commercial finance	$	11,114	$	1,216	$	12,263	$	48,329
Consumer finance	254,655		173,284		857,869		696,891
Community banking	—		—		—		153,222
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	—		—		—		15,549
Community banking	—		—		—		30,235
Total sales	$	265,769	$	174,500	$	870,132	$	944,226

Leasing Portfolio. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases was comprised of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Carrying amount	$	212,275	$	216,880
Unguaranteed residual assets	13,152		13,037
Unamortized initial direct costs	160		295
Unearned income	(23,431)		(19,225)
Total net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases	$	202,156	$	210,987

Undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases, and a reconciliation to the carrying amount recorded at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	23,963
2024	76,232
2025	46,603
2026	24,781
2027	15,865
Thereafter	24,831
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases	212,275
Third-party residual value guarantees	—
Total carrying amount of direct financing and sales-type leases	$	212,275

The Company did not record any contingent rental income from direct financing and sales-type leases in the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

15

The COVID-19 pandemic began impacting the U.S. and global economies in the first calendar quarter of 2020, with significant deterioration of macroeconomic conditions and markets into 2021. Although macroeconomic conditions and markets have improved since the beginning of 2021, other factors have been affecting the economic environment in 2022 and 2023 including geopolitical conflict, supply chain disruptions, inflation, rising interest rates, and bank failures brought on by, among other things, rising interest rates, deposit outflows and liquidity crises. While the ultimate impact of the pandemic and these other factors on the Company's loan and lease portfolio remains difficult to predict, management continues to evaluate the loan and lease portfolio in order to assess the impact on repayment sources and underlying collateral that could result in additional losses and the impact to our customers and businesses as a result of COVID-19 and other factors impacting the economy and will refine its estimate as developments occur and more information becomes available.

16

Activity in the allowance for credit losses and balances of loans and leases by portfolio segment was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	28,415	$	250	$	(2,852)	$	825	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,081		68		—		154		1,303
Factoring	5,588		493		(140)		1		5,942
Lease financing	4,549		(355)		(302)		(26)		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,263		1,094		(443)		158		2,072
SBA/USDA	2,640		24		—		—		2,664
Other commercial finance	4,332		(253)		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	47,868		1,321		(3,737)		1,112		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,219		522		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	1,746		216		(1,860)		—		102
Consumer finance	2,965		738		(1,860)		—		1,843
Tax services	33,094		(229)		(404)		671		33,132
Warehouse finance	377		—		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	84,304		1,830		(6,001)		1,783		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	356		(57)		—		—		299
Total	$	84,660	$	1,773	$	(6,001)	$	1,783	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	27,568	$	9	$	(3,086)	$	1,316	$	25,807
Asset based lending	2,583		(1,553)		—		295		1,325
Factoring	6,526		533		(194)		268		7,133
Lease financing	6,471		(429)		—		107		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,057		583		(230)		41		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,943		338		(408)		25		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,197		(79)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,345		(598)		(3,918)		2,052		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,621		(170)		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	7,388		(205)		(2,428)		88		4,843
Consumer finance	9,009		(375)		(2,428)		88		6,294
Tax services	30,757		(166)		(7,998)		6		22,599
Warehouse finance	441		(9)		—		—		432
Total loans and leases	88,552		(1,148)		(14,344)		2,146		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	551		(154)		—		—		397
Total	$	89,103	$	(1,302)	$	(14,344)	$	2,146	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

17

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	24,621	$	7,895	$	(7,374)	$	1,496	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,050		2,972		(2,873)		154		1,303
Factoring	6,556		(311)		(323)		20		5,942
Lease financing	5,902		(976)		(1,315)		255		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,450		1,202		(852)		272		2,072
SBA/USDA	3,263		(625)		—		26		2,664
Other commercial finance	1,310		2,769		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	44,152		12,926		(12,737)		2,223		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,400		341		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	63		2,232		(2,193)		—		102
Consumer finance	1,463		2,573		(2,193)		—		1,843
Tax services	5		32,830		(2,135)		2,432		33,132
Warehouse finance	327		50		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	45,947		48,379		(17,065)		4,655		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	366		(67)		—		—		299
Total	$	46,312	$	48,312	$	(17,065)	$	4,655	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	29,351	$	1,104	$	(6,993)	$	2,345	$	25,807
Asset based lending	1,726		(817)		(16)		432		1,325
Factoring	3,997		13,857		(11,057)		336		7,133
Lease financing	7,629		(1,647)		(112)		279		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,394		374		(514)		197		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,978		517		(624)		27		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,168		(50)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,243		13,338		(19,316)		3,616		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,242		209		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	6,112		2,513		(4,049)		267		4,843
Consumer finance	7,354		2,722		(4,049)		267		6,294
Tax services	2		28,093		(8,253)		2,757		22,599
Warehouse finance	420		12		—		—		432
Community banking	12,262		(12,686)		—		424		—
Total loans and leases	68,281		31,479		(31,618)		7,064		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	690		(293)		—		—		397
Total	$	68,971	$	31,186	$	(31,618)	$	7,064	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

18

Information on loans and leases that are deemed to be collateral dependent and are evaluated individually for the ACL was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023		At September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	4,767	$	2,885
Asset based lending	14,414		—
Factoring	—		550
Lease financing	591		2,787
SBA/USDA	750		1,199
Commercial finance(1)	20,522		7,421
Total	$	20,522	$	7,421
(1) For Commercial Finance, collateral dependent financial assets have collateral in the form of cash, equipment, or other business assets.

Management has identified certain structured finance credits for alternative energy projects in which a substantial cash collateral account has been established to mitigate credit risk. Due to the nature of the transactions and significant cash collateral positions, these credits are evaluated individually. The balance of these pass rated cash collateral loans totaled $68.2 million and $120.7 million at June 30, 2023 and at September 30, 2022, respectively.

Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered by the Bank's primary regulator, the OCC, to be of lesser quality as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” The loan classification and risk rating definitions are as follows:

Pass - A pass asset is of sufficient quality in terms of repayment, collateral and management to preclude a special mention or an adverse rating.

Watch - A watch asset is generally a credit performing well under current terms and conditions but with identifiable weakness meriting additional scrutiny and corrective measures. Watch is not a regulatory classification but can be used to designate assets that are exhibiting one or more weaknesses that deserve management’s attention. These assets are of better quality than special mention assets.

Special Mention - A special mention asset is a credit with potential weaknesses deserving management’s close attention and, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Special mention is a temporary status with aggressive credit management required to garner adequate progress and move to watch or higher.

The adverse classifications are as follows:

Substandard - A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the net worth and/or repayment ability or by a weak collateral position. Assets so classified will have well-defined weaknesses creating a distinct possibility the Bank will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected. Loss potential does not have to exist for an asset to be classified as substandard.

Doubtful - A doubtful asset has weaknesses similar to those classified substandard, with the degree of weakness causing the likely loss of some principal in any reasonable collection effort. Due to pending factors, the asset’s classification as loss is not yet appropriate.

Loss - A loss asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that the asset’s continuance on the Bank’s balance sheet is no longer warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean an asset has no recovery or salvage value leaving room for future collection efforts.

19

Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are generally charged off when collection of principal becomes doubtful. Typically, this is associated with a delay or shortfall in payments of 210 days or more for commercial insurance premium finance, 120 days or more for consumer credit products and leases, and 90 days or more for commercial finance loans. Action is taken to charge off electronic return originator ("ERO") loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of June and refund advance loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of the calendar year. Nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructurings are generally individually evaluated for expected credit losses.

The Company recognizes that concentrations of credit may naturally occur and may take the form of a large volume of related loans and leases to an individual, a specific industry, or a geographic location. Credit concentration is a direct, indirect, or contingent obligation that has a common bond where the aggregate exposure equals or exceeds a certain percentage of the Company’s Tier 1 Capital plus the allowable Allowance for Credit Losses.

The Company has various portfolios of consumer finance and tax services loans that present unique risks that are statistically managed. Due to the unique risks associated with these portfolios, the Company monitors other credit quality indicators in its evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL on these portfolios, and as such, these loans are not included in the asset classification table below. The outstanding balances of consumer finance loans and tax services loans were $200.1 million and $47.2 million at June 30, 2023, respectively, and $169.7 million and $9.1 million at September 30, 2022, respectively. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases by asset classification and year of origination was as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	313,587	$	201,918	$	119,763	$	82,834	$	18,380	$	203,059	$	—	$	939,541
Watch	47,005		50,336		61,125		11,832		6,964		14,399		—		191,661
Special mention	1,174		12,080		11,369		1,383		1,106		1,753		—		28,865
Substandard	2,715		34,238		19,320		25,326		4,485		2,135		—		88,219
Doubtful	103		1,934		1,110		931		235		1,242		—		5,555
Total	364,584		300,506		212,687		122,306		31,170		222,588		—		1,253,841
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,401		163,401
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,215		163,215
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		23,264		23,264
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		15,748		15,748
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		7,532		7,532
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		373,160		373,160
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		257,636		257,636
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		71,351		71,351
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		11,875		11,875
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		10,271		10,271
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133
Lease financing
Pass	8,249		18,748		21,365		34,127		2,091		50,807		—		135,387
Watch	190		10,301		11,617		3,370		2,222		477		—		28,177
Special mention	—		—		1,374		602		281		—		—		2,257
Substandard	—		8,185		8,168		3,960		6,269		9,278		—		35,860
Doubtful	—		—		81		100		—		134		—		315
Total	8,439		37,234		42,605		42,159		10,863		60,696		—		201,996
Insurance premium finance
Pass	655,755		8,822		9		—		—		—		—		664,586
Watch	374		239		—		—		—		—		—		613
Special mention	115		74		—		—		—		—		—		189
Substandard	55		429		—		—		—		—		—		484

20

Doubtful	80		313		—		—		—		—		—		393
Total	656,379		9,877		9		—		—		—		—		666,265
SBA/USDA
Pass	91,797		198,975		28,116		45,070		9,288		18,745		—		391,991
Watch	—		—		326		53		358		2,391		—		3,128
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	252		1,680		1,156		7,185		8,303		8,694		—		27,270
Total	92,049		200,655		29,598		52,308		17,949		29,830		—		422,389
Other commercial finance
Pass	3,425		18,899		32,908		1,094		10,212		73,785		—		140,323
Watch	1,740		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,740
Special mention	—		—		18,000		—		—		—		—		18,000
Substandard	2,789		464		8,379		—		—		259		—		11,891
Total	7,954		19,363		59,287		1,094		10,212		74,044		—		171,954
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total loans and leases
Pass	1,072,813		447,362		202,161		163,125		39,971		346,396		801,495		3,073,323
Watch	49,309		60,876		73,068		15,255		9,544		17,267		234,566		459,885
Special mention	1,289		12,154		30,743		1,985		1,387		1,753		35,139		84,450
Substandard	5,811		44,996		37,023		36,471		19,057		20,366		26,019		189,743
Doubtful	183		2,247		1,191		1,031		235		1,376		7,532		13,795
Total	$	1,129,405	$	567,635	$	344,186	$	217,867	$	70,194	$	387,158	$	1,104,751	$	3,821,196

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	246,627	$	240,018	$	105,170	$	60,417	$	89,072	$	61,229	$	—	$	802,533
Watch	45,539		24,318		45,052		11,698		21,077		9,799		—		157,483
Special mention	9,500		24,885		14,300		2,861		619		242		—		52,407
Substandard	10,627		16,694		12,248		23,266		10,457		2,255		—		75,547
Doubtful	175		407		469		872		204		192		—		2,319
Total	312,468		306,322		177,239		99,114		121,429		73,717		—		1,090,289
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		154,494		154,494
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		162,990		162,990
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		13,770		13,770
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		20,442		20,442
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,696		351,696
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		254,883		254,883
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		86,219		86,219
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		9,174		9,174
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		22,319		22,319
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595
Lease financing
Pass	7,407		38,818		31,408		26,552		12,361		823		—		117,369
Watch	8,799		17,098		10,284		6,655		2,899		151		—		45,886
Special mention	151		6,151		2,644		481		2,876		2,811		—		15,114
Substandard	825		9,486		11,819		7,273		1,245		—		—		30,648
Doubtful	144		163		1,280		88		—		—		—		1,675
Total	17,326		71,716		57,435		41,049		19,381		3,785		—		210,692

21

Insurance premium finance
Pass	478,504		307		8		—		—		—		—		478,819
Watch	539		7		—		—		—		—		—		546
Special mention	169		40		—		—		—		—		—		209
Substandard	106		46		—		—		—		—		—		152
Doubtful	14		14		—		—		—		—		—		28
Total	479,332		414		8		—		—		—		—		479,754
SBA/USDA
Pass	54,512		111,907		40,474		56,538		28,874		24,305		—		316,610
Watch	—		13,836		1,266		702		—		710		—		16,514
Special mention	—		211		—		869		—		—		—		1,080
Substandard	4,149		10,968		4,278		—		1,094		4,545		—		25,034
Total	58,661		136,922		46,018		58,109		29,968		29,560		—		359,238
Other commercial finance
Pass	5,886		13,607		26,040		20,458		23,098		40,782		—		129,871
Substandard	—		9,538		—		—		—		20,000		—		29,538
Total	5,886		23,145		26,040		20,458		23,098		60,782		—		159,409
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		294,350		294,350
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		32,500		32,500
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850
Total loans and leases
Pass	792,936		404,657		203,100		163,965		153,405		127,139		703,727		2,548,929
Watch	54,877		55,259		56,602		19,055		23,976		10,660		249,209		469,638
Special mention	9,820		31,287		16,944		4,211		3,495		3,053		55,444		124,254
Substandard	15,707		46,732		28,345		30,539		12,796		26,800		42,761		203,680
Doubtful	333		584		1,749		960		204		192		—		4,022
Total	$	873,673	$	538,519	$	306,740	$	218,730	$	193,876	$	167,844	$	1,051,141	$	3,350,523

Past due loans and leases were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At June 30, 2023	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	10	$	87,341	$	87,351	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	30,464		3,423		8,074		41,961		1,211,880		1,253,841		1,862		13,207		15,069
Asset based lending	—		—		218		218		372,942		373,160		218		14,407		14,625
Factoring	—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133		—		364		364
Lease financing	2,945		729		1,940		5,614		196,382		201,996		1,627		1,494		3,121
Insurance premium finance	1,884		874		2,394		5,152		661,113		666,265		2,394		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	51		908		1,002		1,961		420,428		422,389		349		698		1,047
Other commercial finance	—		—		92		92		171,862		171,954		92		—		92
Commercial finance	35,344		5,934		13,720		54,998		3,385,740		3,440,738		6,542		30,170		36,712
Consumer credit products	2,512		2,030		2,058		6,600		168,558		175,158		2,058		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	26		20		29		75		24,888		24,963		29		—		29
Consumer finance	2,538		2,050		2,087		6,675		193,446		200,121		2,087		—		2,087
Tax services	—		47,194		—		47,194		—		47,194		—		—		—
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	37,882		55,178		15,807		108,867		3,959,644		4,068,511		8,629		30,170		38,799
Total loans and leases	$	37,892	$	55,178	$	15,807	$	108,877	$	4,046,985	$	4,155,862	$	8,629	$	30,170	$	38,799

22

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At September 30, 2022	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,071	$	21,071	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	14,066		2,576		4,458		21,100		1,069,189		1,090,289		2,035		7,576		9,611
Asset based lending	—		—		68		68		351,628		351,696		39		29		68
Factoring	—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595		—		569		569
Lease financing	8,265		2,253		1,714		12,232		198,460		210,692		440		3,750		4,190
Insurance premium finance	2,550		1,379		1,628		5,557		474,197		479,754		1,628		—		1,628
SBA/USDA	—		—		—		—		359,238		359,238		—		1,451		1,451
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		159,409		159,409		—		—		—
Commercial finance	24,881		6,208		7,868		38,957		2,984,716		3,023,673		4,142		13,375		17,517
Consumer credit products	3,209		2,558		2,669		8,436		135,917		144,353		2,669		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	113		51		124		288		25,018		25,306		124		—		124
Consumer finance	3,322		2,609		2,793		8,724		160,935		169,659		2,793		—		2,793
Tax services	—		—		8,873		8,873		225		9,098		8,873		—		8,873
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	28,203		8,817		19,534		56,554		3,472,726		3,529,280		15,808		13,375		29,183
Total loans and leases	$	28,203	$	8,817	$	19,534	$	56,554	$	3,493,797	$	3,550,351	$	15,808	$	13,375	$	29,183

Nonaccrual loans and leases by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	103	$	3,819	$	2,245	$	2,017	$	3,380	$	1,643	$	—	$	13,207	$	—
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		14,407		14,407		14,407
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		364		364		—
Lease financing	—		269		596		—		—		629		—		1,494		591
SBA/USDA	—		401		12		32		—		253		—		698		401
Commercial finance	103		4,489		2,853		2,049		3,380		2,525		14,771		30,170		15,399
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	103	$	4,489	$	2,853	$	2,049	$	3,380	$	2,525	$	14,771	$	30,170	$	15,399

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	251	$	1,110	$	1,964	$	989	$	3,096	$	166	$	—	$	7,576	$	2,885
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29		—
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		569		569		550
Lease financing	977		310		2,442		13		8		—		—		3,750		—
SBA/USDA	—		—		1,199		—		—		252		—		1,451		1,199
Commercial finance	1,228		1,420		5,605		1,002		3,104		418		598		13,375		4,634
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	1,228	$	1,420	$	5,605	$	1,002	$	3,104	$	418	$	598	$	13,375	$	4,634

23

Loans and leases that are 90 days or more delinquent and accruing by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	128	$	917	$	658	$	107	$	52	$	—	$	—	$	1,862
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		218		218
Lease financing	—		479		969		152		20		7		—		1,627
Insurance premium finance	1,149		1,241		4		—		—		—		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	—		349		—		—		—		—		—		349
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		—		92		—		92
Commercial finance	1,277		2,986		1,631		259		72		99		218		6,542
Consumer credit products	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29
Consumer finance	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		29		2,087
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	1,612	$	4,225	$	2,046	$	309	$	91	$	99	$	247	$	8,629

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	207	$	720	$	716	$	130	$	70	$	192	$	—	$	2,035
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		39		39
Lease financing	8		158		98		131		45		—		—		440
Insurance premium finance	1,513		110		5		—		—		—		—		1,628
Commercial finance	1,728		988		819		261		115		192		39		4,142
Consumer credit products	2,123		481		42		23		—		—		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	—		124		—		—		—		—		—		124
Consumer finance	2,123		605		42		23		—		—		—		2,793
Tax services	8,873		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,873
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	12,724	$	1,593	$	861	$	284	$	115	$	192	$	39	$	15,808

Certain loans and leases 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal continue to accrue because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due.

The following table provides the average recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and leases:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Term lending	$	12,637	$	11,114	$	10,397	$	11,908
Asset based lending	15,792		3,500		8,452		4,502
Factoring	545		1,903		592		7,980
Lease financing	2,675		3,529		3,308		3,194
SBA/USDA	1,261		1,776		1,353		1,152
Commercial finance	32,910		21,822		24,102		28,736
Total loans and leases	$	32,910	$	21,822	$	24,102	$	28,736

The recognized interest income on the Company's nonaccrual loans and leases for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was not significant.

24

The Company’s troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") typically involve forgiving a portion of interest or principal on existing loans, making loans at a rate materially less than current market rates, or extending the term of the loan. No loans were modified in a TDR during the three months ended June 30, 2023. There were $0.2 million of commercial finance loans and $0.5 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR during the three months ended June 30, 2022, all of which were modified to extend the term of the loan.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, there were no loans that were modified in a TDR. There were $10.4 million of commercial finance loans and $0.7 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR during the nine months ended June 30, 2022, all of which were modified to extend the term of the loan.

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, there was an immaterial amount of commercial finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company had $1.4 million of commercial finance loans and $0.3 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR with the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company had $0.4 million of commercial finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. During the nine months ended June 30, 2022, the Company had $3.9 million of commercial finance loans and $1.1 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. TDR net charge-offs and the impact of TDRs on the Company's allowance for credit losses were insignificant during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

NOTE 6. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")

The Company has granted restricted share awards with dividend rights that are considered to be participating securities. Accordingly, a portion of the Company’s earnings is allocated to those participating securities in the earnings per share calculation under the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method by dividing income available to common stockholders after the allocation of dividends and undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated using the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, and is computed after giving consideration to the weighted average dilutive effect of the Company’s stock options, performance share units, and nonvested restricted stock, where applicable. Diluted EPS under the two-class method also considers the allocation of earnings to the participating securities. Antidilutive securities are disregarded in earnings per share calculations. Diluted EPS shown below reflects the two-class method, as diluted EPS under the two-class method was more dilutive than under the treasury stock method.

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A reconciliation of net income and common stock share amounts used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic income per common share:
Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.	$	45,096	$	22,391	$	127,709	$	132,966
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(690)		(377)		(1,920)		(2,166)
Basic net earnings available to common stockholders	44,406		22,014		125,789		130,800
Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stockholders	670		352		1,858		2,093
Reallocation of undistributed earnings to nonvested restricted stockholders	(667)		(352)		(1,852)		(2,092)
Diluted net earnings available to common stockholders	$	44,409	$	22,014	$	125,795	$	130,801
Total weighted-average basic common shares outstanding	26,346,693		28,868,136		27,152,773		29,444,979
Effect of dilutive securities(1)
Performance share units	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total effect of dilutive securities	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding	26,447,032		28,868,136		27,238,801		29,454,586
Net earnings per common share:
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.69	$	0.76	$	4.63	$	4.44
Diluted earnings per common share(2)	$	1.68	$	0.76	$	4.62	$	4.44

(1) Represents the effect of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of performance share units and restricted stock, as applicable, utilizing the treasury stock method.

(2) Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 409,666 and 493,800 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 414,539 and 487,538 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

NOTE 7. RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET

Rental equipment consists of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Computers and IT networking equipment	$	25,681	$	21,669
Motor vehicles and other	123,374		107,648
Other furniture and equipment	49,214		34,254
Solar panels and equipment	137,809		133,765
Total	336,078		297,336
Accumulated depreciation	(113,122)		(94,355)
Unamortized initial direct costs	1,256		1,390
Net book value	$	224,212	$	204,371

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Future minimum lease payments expected to be received for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	11,844
2024	40,640
2025	33,086
2026	23,247
2027	15,506
Thereafter	17,484
Total	$	141,807

NOTE 8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company held a total of $309.5 million of goodwill at June 30, 2023. The recorded goodwill is a result of multiple business combinations that occurred from 2015 to 2018. There have been no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s intangible assets were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Trademark(1)		Non-Compete		Customer Relationships(2)		All Others(3)		Total
Intangible Assets
At September 30, 2022	$	8,605	$	—	$	12,395	$	4,691	$	25,691
Amortization during the period	(868)		—		(2,595)		(398)		(3,861)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(6,887)		(2,481)		(61,370)		(5,429)		(76,167)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
At September 30, 2021	$	9,823	$	40	$	17,868	$	5,417	$	33,148
Acquisitions during the period	—		—		—		1		1
Amortization during the period	(871)		(40)		(3,884)		(393)		(5,188)
Write-offs during the period	—		—		(670)		(203)		(873)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(5,672)		(2,481)		(57,856)		(4,900)		(70,909)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088

(1) Book amortization period of 5-15 years. Amortized using the straight line and accelerated methods.

(2) Book amortization period of 10-30 years. Amortized using the accelerated method.

(3) Book amortization period of 3-20 years. Amortized using the straight line method.

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The estimated amortization expense of intangible assets assumes no activities, such as acquisitions, which would result in additional amortizable intangible assets. Estimated amortization expense of intangible assets in the remaining three months of fiscal 2023 and subsequent fiscal years at June 30, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,082
2024	4,123
2025	3,561
2026	3,215
2027	2,569
Thereafter	7,280
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$	21,830

There were no impairments to intangible assets during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Intangible impairment expense is recorded within the impairment expense line of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 9. OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, included in other assets, were $27.7 million and $31.0 million at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Operating lease liabilities, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, were $29.6 million and $32.9 million at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Undiscounted future minimum operating lease payments and a reconciliation to the amount recorded as operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,091
2024	3,913
2025	3,718
2026	3,195
2027	3,092
Thereafter	18,639
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	33,648
Discount	(4,003)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,645

The weighted-average discount rate and remaining lease term for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

Weighted-average discount rate	2.37	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	9.82

The components of total lease costs for operating leases were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Lease expense	$	978	$	1,119	$	2,974	$	3,375
Short-term and variable lease cost	22		58		106		133
ROU asset impairment	—		670		—		670
Sublease income	(368)		(375)		(1,040)		(906)
Total lease cost for operating leases	$	632	$	1,472	$	2,040	$	3,272

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NOTE 10. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Repurchase of Common Stock. The Company's Board of Directors authorized the September 3, 2021 share repurchase program to repurchase up to 6,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock. This authorization is effective from September 3, 2021 through September 30, 2024. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 2,316,814 and 2,447,699 shares, respectively, as part of the share repurchase program.

Under the repurchase program, repurchased shares were retired and designated as authorized but unissued shares. The Company accounts for repurchased shares using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. As of June 30, 2023, 1,978,163 shares of common stock remained available for repurchase.

For the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company also repurchased 59,626 and 67,158 shares, or $2.1 million and $3.8 million of common stock, respectively, in settlement of employee tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting of restricted stock.

Retirement of Treasury Stock. The Company accounts for the retirement of repurchased shares, including treasury stock, using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. The Company retired zero shares of common stock held in treasury during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 11. STOCK COMPENSATION

The Company maintains the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan"), which, among other things, provides for the awarding of stock options, nonvested (restricted) shares, and performance share units ("PSUs") to certain officers and directors of the Company. Awards are granted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors based on the performance of the award recipients or other relevant factors. No new awards are made under the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan following November 25, 2022, the date that the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan expired by its terms.

Compensation expense for share-based awards is recorded over the vesting period at the fair value of the award at the time of the grant. The exercise price of options or fair value of nonvested (restricted) shares and performance share units granted under the Company’s 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan is equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date, adjusted for dividends where applicable. The Company has elected, with the adoption of ASU 2016-09, to record forfeitures as they occur.

The following tables show the activity of nonvested (restricted) shares and PSUs granted, vested, or forfeited under the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan for the nine months ended June 30, 2023. There were no options granted, exercised, or forfeited under this plan during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

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	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2022	474,348	$	36.52
Granted	160,881	38.95
Vested	(209,440)	36.59
Forfeited or expired	(33,293)	48.90
Nonvested shares outstanding, June 30, 2023	392,496	$	36.42
Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2022	96,689	$	42.59
Granted(1)	59,115	38.94
Vested	—	—
Forfeited or expired	—	—
Performance share units outstanding, June 30, 2023	155,804	$	41.20
(1) The number of PSUs granted reflects the target number of PSUs able to be earned under a given award.

At June 30, 2023, stock-based compensation expense not yet recognized in income totaled $8.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of 1.45 years.

NOTE 12. INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $19.0 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2023, resulting in an effective tax rate of 12.80%, compared to an income tax expense of $29.2 million, or an effective tax rate of 17.77%, for the nine months ended June 30, 2022. The Company’s effective tax rate was lower than the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily because of the effect of investment tax credits during fiscal year 2023. The Company's effective tax rate in the future will depend in part on actual investment tax credits generated from qualified renewable energy property.

The table below compares the income tax expense components for the periods presented.

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Provision at statutory rate	$	30,808		$	34,063
Tax-exempt income	(600)			(541)
State income taxes	6,109			6,728
Interim period effective rate adjustment	(3,065)			(2,849)
Tax credit investments, net - federal	(13,669)			(6,994)
Research tax credit	(805)			(355)
IRC 162(m) nondeductible compensation	928			801
Other, net	(710)			(1,617)
Income tax expense	$	18,996		$	29,236
Effective tax rate	12.80		%	17.77		%

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NOTE 13. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Topic 606 applies to all contracts with customers unless such revenue is specifically addressed under existing guidance. The table below presents the Company’s revenue by operating segment. For additional descriptions of the Company’s operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 14. Segment Reporting to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Consolidated Company
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income(1)	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	8,262		10,289		—		—		—		—		8,262		10,289
Refund advance fee income(1)	(927)		(20)		—		—		—		—		(927)		(20)
Card and deposit fees	39,450		24,673		253		252		5		10		39,708		24,935
Rental income(1)	—		—		13,756		11,890		224		192		13,980		12,082
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		9		198		9		198
Gain on sale of other(1)	—		—		812		1,239		—		—		812		1,239
Other income(1)	1,929		1,284		1,888		2,479		2,072		1,508		5,889		5,271
Total noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Revenue	$	89,397	$	59,439	$	69,776	$	62,662	$	6,025	$	4,044	$	165,198	$	126,145
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income(1)	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	39,144		38,674		—		—		—		—		39,144		38,674
Refund advance fee income(1)	37,685		40,513		—		—		—		—		37,685		40,513
Card and deposit fees	118,730		76,075		766		728		17		22		119,513		76,825
Rental income(1)	—		—		39,008		34,192		620		342		39,628		34,534
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		91		595		91		595
Gain on sale of trademarks	—		—		—		—		10,000		50,000		10,000		50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other(1)	—		—		566		7,331		—		(8,932)		566		(1,601)
Other income(1)	4,470		3,434		4,907		8,103		4,544		(726)		13,921		10,811
Total noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Revenue	$	316,402	$	238,019	$	187,396	$	187,277	$	39,677	$	52,619	$	543,475	$	477,915
(1) These revenues are not within the scope of Topic 606. Additional details are included in other footnotes to the accompanying financial statements. The scope of Topic 606 explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities, including loans, leases, and securities.

Following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of Topic 606. The Company provides services to customers that have related performance obligations that must be completed to recognize revenue. Revenues are generally recognized immediately upon the completion of the service or over time as services are performed. Any services performed over time generally require that the Company renders services each period; therefore, the Company measures progress in completing these services based upon the passage of time. Revenue from contracts with customers did not generate significant contract assets and liabilities for the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

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Refund Transfer Product Fees. Refund transfer fees are specific to the Banking as a Service ("BaaS") business line and reflect product fees offered by the Company through third-party tax preparers and tax preparation software providers where the Company acts as the partnering financial institution. A refund transfer allows a taxpayer to pay tax preparation and filing fees directly from their federal or state government tax refund, with the remainder of the refund being disbursed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the taxpayer agreement, which may include satisfaction of other disbursement obligations before going directly to the taxpayer via check, direct deposit, or prepaid card. Refund transfer fees are recognized by the Company immediately after the taxpayer's refund has been disbursed in accordance with the contract and are based on standalone pricing included within the terms and conditions. Certain expenses to tax preparation software providers are netted with refund transfer fee income as the Company is considered the agent in these contractual relationships. All refund transfer fees are recorded within the Consumer reporting segment.

Card and Deposit Fees. Card fees relate to the BaaS business line and consists of income from prepaid cards and merchant services, including interchange fees from prepaid cards processed through card association networks, merchant services and other card related services. Interchange rates are generally set by card association networks based on transaction volume and other factors. Since interchange fees are generated by cardholder activity, the Company recognizes the income as transactions occur. Fee income for merchant services and other card related services reflect account management and transaction fees charged to merchants for processing card association network transactions. The associated income is recognized as transactions occur or as services are performed. For the Company's internally managed prepaid card programs, fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the cardholder agreement. The Company is considered the principal of these relationships resulting in all fee income being presented on a gross basis within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the Company's sponsorship prepaid card programs where a third-party is considered the Program Manager, the fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the Program Manager, networks and associations are netted with card fee revenue. All card fee income is included in the Consumer reporting segment.

Deposit fees relate to the BaaS and Commercial Finance business lines and consist of income from banking and deposit-related services, including account services, overdraft protection, and wire transfers. Fee income for account services is recognized over the course of the month as the performance obligation is satisfied. Fee income for overdraft protection and wire transfers is recognized at the point in time when such event occurs. For BaaS, the fees for account services and overdraft protection are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement with the sponsorship partner. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the partner are netted with deposit fee revenue. For Commercial Finance, fees for wire transfers are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the customer deposit agreement. Bank and deposit fees for the BaaS and Commercial Finance business lines are included in the Consumer and Commercial reporting segments, respectively. Also included within Card and Deposit Fees for the Consumer reporting segment are servicing fees the Company recognizes for custodial off-balance sheet deposits. This fee income is for services the Bank performs to maintain records of cardholder funds placed at one or more third-party banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The servicing fee is typically reflective of the effective federal funds rate ("EFFR").

NOTE 14. SEGMENT REPORTING

An operating segment is generally defined as a component of a business for which discrete financial information is available and whose results are reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker. Operating segments are aggregated into reportable segments if certain criteria are met.

The Company reports its results of operations through the following three business segments: Consumer, Commercial, and Corporate Services/Other. The BaaS business line is reported in the Consumer segment. The Commercial Finance business line is reported in the Commercial segment. The Corporate Services/Other segment includes certain shared services as well as treasury related functions such as the investment portfolio, warehouse finance, wholesale deposits and borrowings.

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The following tables present segment data for the Company:

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Total
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	508		(279)		1,265		(752)		—		(271)		1,773		(1,302)
Noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Noninterest expense	39,666		23,960		33,594		31,336		41,318		41,354		114,578		96,650
Income (loss) before income tax expense	49,223		35,758		34,917		32,078		(35,293)		(37,039)		48,847		30,797
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	35,402		30,667		12,860		13,045		50		(12,526)		48,312		31,186
Noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Noninterest expense	124,070		73,509		105,189		95,845		117,514		112,892		346,773		282,246
Income (loss) before income tax expense	156,930		133,843		69,347		78,387		(77,887)		(47,747)		148,390		164,483
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799

NOTE 15. FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities using a hierarchy system and requires disclosures about fair value measurement. It clarifies that fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts.

The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at measurement date.

Level 2 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 Inputs - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market and are used only to the extent that observable inputs are not available. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Debt Securities Available for Sale and Held to Maturity. Debt securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and debt securities held to maturity are carried at amortized cost.

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The fair value of debt securities available for sale, categorized primarily as Level 2, is recorded using prices obtained from independent asset pricing services that are based on observable transactions, but not quoted markets. Management reviews the prices obtained from independent asset pricing services for unusual fluctuations and compares to current market trading activity.

Equity Securities. Marketable equity securities and certain non-marketable equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of marketable equity securities are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1 inputs).

The following tables summarize the fair values of debt securities available for sale and equity securities as they are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	18,750	$	—	$	18,750	$	—
SBA securities	90,605		—		90,605		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,311		—		2,311		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	238,375		—		238,375		—
Asset-backed securities	254,566		—		254,566		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664		—		1,309,664		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,914,271	$	—	$	1,914,271	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	3,527	$	3,527	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	8,469	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	22,187	$	—	$	22,187	$	—
SBA securities	97,768		—		97,768		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,344		—		2,344		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	263,783		—		263,783		—
Asset-backed securities	147,790		—		147,790		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,348,997		—		1,348,997		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,882,869	$	—	$	1,882,869	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	2,874	$	2,874	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	7,212	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

Loans and Leases. The Company does not record loans and leases at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if a loan or lease is individually evaluated for risk of credit loss and repayment is expected to be solely provided by the values of the underlying collateral, the Company measures fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is determined by the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The fair value of the collateral is determined based on the internal estimates and/or assessment provided by third-party appraisers and the valuation relies on discount rates ranging from 3% to 18%.

34

The following table summarizes the assets of the Company that are measured at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition on a non-recurring basis:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	4,113		—		—		4,113
Total	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	1,575	$	—	$	—	$	1,575
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	1,575		—		—		1,575
Foreclosed assets, net	1		—		—		1
Total	$	1,576	$	—	$	—	$	1,576

	Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value at June 30, 2023		Fair Value at September 30, 2022		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range of Inputs
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	$	4,113	$	1,575	Market approach	Appraised values(1)	3% - 18%

(1) The Company generally relies on external appraisers to develop this information. Management reduced the appraised value by estimating selling costs and other inputs in a range of 3% to 18%.

Management discloses the estimated fair value of financial instruments, including assets and liabilities on and off the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. These fair value estimates were made at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. Fair value estimates are intended to represent the price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be settled. However, since there is no active market for certain financial instruments of the Company, the estimates of fair value are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties, and include matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions as well as tax considerations could significantly affect the estimated values. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value estimates are not intended to represent the underlying value of the Company, on either a going concern or a liquidation basis.

35

The following tables present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the financial instruments held by the Company:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271		1,914,271		—		1,914,271		—
Debt securities held to maturity	37,725		33,670		—		33,670		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	3,527		3,527		3,527		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	20,533		20,533		—		12,064		—
Loans held for sale	87,351		87,351		—		87,351		—
Loans and leases	4,068,511		4,006,176		—		—		4,006,176
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890		30,890		—		30,890		—
Accrued interest receivable	22,332		22,332		22,332		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,306,976		6,306,818		6,301,147		5,671		—
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000		230,000		230,000		—		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	34,178		31,853		—		31,853		—
Accrued interest payable	802		802		802		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,882,869		1,882,869		—		1,882,869		—
Debt securities held to maturity	41,682		38,171		—		38,171		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	2,874		2,874		2,874		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	22,526		22,526		—		15,314		—
Loans held for sale	21,071		21,071		—		21,071		—
Loans and leases	3,529,280		3,525,803		—		—		3,525,803
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	28,812		28,812		—		28,812		—
Accrued interest receivable	17,979		17,979		17,979		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	5,866,037		5,865,854		5,858,283		7,571		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	36,028		35,986		—		35,986		—
Accrued interest payable	192		192		192		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

NOTE 16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events that occurred after June 30, 2023. During this period, up to the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, management did not identify any material subsequent events that would require recognition or disclosure in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of or for the quarter ended June 30, 2023.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.®

AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. ("Pathward Financial" or the "Company" or "us") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pathward®, National Association ("Pathward®, N.A" or "Pathward" or "the Bank") may from time to time make written or oral “forward-looking statements,” including statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), the Company’s reports to stockholders, and other communications by the Company and Pathward, N.A, which are made in good faith by the Company pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “may,” “hope,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “could,” “future,” or the negative of those terms, or other words of similar meaning or similar expressions. You should carefully read statements that contain these words because they discuss our future expectations or state other “forward-looking” information. These forward-looking statements are based on information currently available to us and assumptions about future events, and include statements with respect to the Company’s beliefs, expectations, estimates, and intentions, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, some of which are beyond the Company’s control. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual growth, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, performance and business prospects and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Such statements address, among others, the following subjects: future operating results including our performance expectations; the performance of our securities portfolio; the impact of card balances related to government stimulus programs; customer retention; loan and other product demand; new products and services; credit quality; the level of net charge-offs and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses; and technology. The following factors, among others, could cause the Company's financial performance and results of operations to differ materially from the expectations, estimates, and intentions expressed in such forward-looking statements: maintaining our executive management team; expected growth opportunities may not be realized or may take longer to realize than expected; the potential adverse effects of unusual and infrequently occurring events, including the impact on financial markets from geopolitical conflicts such as the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, weather-related disasters, or public health events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and any governmental or societal responses thereto; our ability to achieve brand recognition for Pathward equal to or greater than we enjoyed for MetaBank; our ability to successfully implement measures designed to reduce expenses and increase efficiencies; changes in trade, monetary, and fiscal policies and laws, including actual changes in interest rates and the Fed Funds rate, and their related impacts on macroeconomic conditions, customer behavior, funding costs and loan and securities portfolios; changes in tax laws; the strength of the United States' economy, and the local economies in which the Company operates; adverse developments in the financial services industry generally such as bank failures, responsive measures to mitigate and manage such developments, related supervisory and regulatory actions and costs, and related impacts on customer behavior; inflation, market, and monetary fluctuations; the timely and efficient development of new products and services offered by the Company or its strategic partners, as well as risks (including reputational and litigation) attendant thereto, and the perceived overall value of these products and services by users; Pathward's ability to maintain its Durbin Amendment exemption; the risks of dealing with or utilizing third parties, including, in connection with the Company’s prepaid card and tax refund advance businesses, the risk of reduced volume of refund advance loans as a result of reduced customer demand for or usage of Pathward’s strategic partners’ refund advance products; our relationship with, and any actions which may be initiated by, our regulators; changes in financial services laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to the tax refund industry and the insurance premium finance industry; technological changes, including, but not limited to, the protection of our electronic systems and information; the impact of acquisitions and divestitures; litigation risk; the growth of the Company’s business, as well as expenses related thereto; continued maintenance by Pathward of its status as a well-capitalized institution; changes in consumer borrowing, spending, and saving habits; losses from fraudulent or illegal activity; technological risks and developments and cyber threats, attacks, or events; and the success of the Company at maintaining its high quality asset level and managing and collecting assets of borrowers in default should problem assets increase.

The foregoing list of factors is not exclusive. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date hereof, and the Company does not undertake any obligation to update, revise, or clarify these forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in its entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Additional discussions of factors affecting the Company’s business and prospects are reflected under the caption “Risk Factors” and in other sections of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Company’s fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, and in the Company's other filings made with the SEC. The Company expressly disclaims any intent or obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company or its subsidiaries, whether as a result of new information, changed circumstances, or future events or for any other reason.

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GENERAL

The Company, a registered bank holding company, is a Delaware corporation, the principal assets of which are all the issued and outstanding shares of the Bank, a national bank. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to the Company include Pathward Financial and the Bank, and all direct or indirect subsidiaries of Pathward Financial on a consolidated basis.

The Company’s common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CASH.”

The following discussion focuses on the consolidated financial condition of the Company at June 30, 2023, compared to September 30, 2022, and the consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and the related management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Company Highlights

•The Company launched a new line of credit for consumers with Propel Holdings Inc. and paired with Clair to offer spending and savings accounts as well as earned wage advances. Additionally, the Company announced a new partnership where it has become the banking partner to Finix to support their launch as a payments processor.

•On July 24, 2023, the Company published its third annual ESG report, which can be found on its website. The report documents the Company's progress over fiscal year 2022 showing the implementation of plans, programs and policies that built on its culture as well as the Company's purpose to power Financial Inclusion for All.

Financial Highlights for the 2023 Fiscal Third Quarter

•Total revenue for the third quarter was $165.2 million, an increase of $39.1 million, or 31%, compared to the same quarter in fiscal 2022, driven by an increase in both net interest income and noninterest income.

•Net interest margin ("NIM") increased 142 basis points to 6.18% for the third quarter from 4.76% during the same period of last year primarily driven by increased yields and an improved earnings asset mix from the continued optimization of the portfolio.

•Total gross loans and leases at June 30, 2023 increased $384.3 million to $4.07 billion compared to June 30, 2022 and increased $347.3 million, or 9%, when compared to March 31, 2023. The increase compared to the prior year quarter was primarily due to growth in the commercial finance portfolio, partially offset by a reduction in consumer finance loans driven by the sale of the $81.5 million student loan portfolio during the fiscal 2022 fourth quarter and a reduction in warehouse finance loans. The primary drivers for the increase on a linked quarter basis was growth in both commercial finance and consumer finance loans.

•During the 2023 fiscal third quarter, the Company repurchased 490,120 shares of common stock at an average share price of $43.83.

Tax Season Recap

For the nine months ended June 30, 2023, total tax services product revenue was $79.7 million, a decrease of 3% compared to the same period of the prior year. This was driven by a decrease in refund advance fee income partially offset by an increase in refund transfer fee income. Provision expense for refund advances increased 17% compared to the prior year. This increase was due to a mix shift from partnerships channels to independent tax providers, which was expected.

Total tax services product income, net of losses and direct product expenses, decreased 19% to $35.3 million from $43.5 million, when comparing the first nine months of fiscal 2023 to the same period of the prior fiscal year. The overall decrease in tax services product income was primarily due to higher provision expense and the two tax partners that the Company did not renew heading into the 2023 tax season, as previously disclosed.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

At June 30, 2023, the Company’s total assets increased by $711.2 million to $7.46 billion compared to September 30, 2022, primarily due to growth of $536.6 million in total loans and leases, $127.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, and $66.3 million in loans held for sale, partially offset by a reduction of $22.8 million in other assets.

Total cash and cash equivalents was $515.3 million at June 30, 2023, increasing from $388.0 million at September 30, 2022. The Company maintains its cash investments primarily in interest-bearing overnight deposits with the FHLB of Des Moines and the FRB. At June 30, 2023, the Company did not have any federal funds sold.

The Company's investment security balances increased $27.4 million, or 1%, to $1.95 billion at June 30, 2023, compared to $1.92 billion at September 30, 2022, as purchases exceeded maturities and principal pay downs. The Company’s portfolio of securities customarily consists primarily of MBS, which have expected lives much shorter than the stated final maturity, non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions, which mature in approximately 15 years or less, and other tax exempt municipal mortgage related pass through securities which have average lives much shorter than their stated final maturities. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company made $150.8 million purchases of investment securities.

Loans held for sale at June 30, 2023 totaled $87.4 million, increasing from $21.1 million at September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by growth in consumer credit products held for sale at June 30, 2023 compared to September 30, 2022.

Total gross loans and leases totaled $4.07 billion at June 30, 2023, as compared to $3.54 billion at September 30, 2022. The primary driver for the increase was due to increases in commercial finance, consumer finance, warehouse finance, and seasonal tax services loans. See Note 5 to the “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Commercial finance loans, which comprised 85% of the Company's gross loan and lease portfolio, totaled $3.44 billion at June 30, 2023, reflecting an increase of $417.1 million, or 14%, from September 30, 2022.

Through the Bank, the Company owns stock in the FHLB due to the Bank’s membership and participation in this banking system as well as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank. The FHLB requires a level of stock investment based on a pre-determined formula. The Company’s investment in these stocks was $30.9 million at June 30, 2023 and $28.8 million at September 30, 2022, as purchases were partially offset by redemptions of FHLB membership stock during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Total end-of-period deposits increased 8% to $6.31 billion at June 30, 2023, compared to $5.87 billion at September 30, 2022, primarily driven by an increase in noninterest-bearing deposits of $435.5 million.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $966.6 million in deposits related to government stimulus programs. Of the total amount of government stimulus program deposits, $349.4 million are on activated cards while $617.2 million are on inactivated cards. Between July 2023 and the end of fiscal year 2024, the inactive card balances are expected to decrease by approximately $450 million as the Company actively returns unclaimed balances to the U.S. Treasury.

The Company's total borrowings increased $228.2 million from $36.0 million at September 30, 2022 to $264.2 million at June 30, 2023, primarily driven by an increase in short-term borrowings of $230.0 million partially offset by payments on long-term borrowings.

At June 30, 2023, the Company’s stockholders’ equity totaled $677.7 million, an increase of $32.6 million, from $645.1 million at September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a change in additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. The Company and Bank remained above the federal regulatory minimum capital requirements at June 30, 2023, and continued to be classified as well-capitalized, and in good standing with the regulatory agencies. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.

39

Noninterest-bearing Checking Deposits. The Company may hold negative balances associated with cardholder programs in the BaaS business line that are included within noninterest-bearing deposits on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Negative balances can relate to any of the following payments functions:

–Prefundings: The Company deploys funds to cards prior to receiving cash (typically 2-3 days) where the prefunding balance is netted at a pooled partner level utilizing ASC 210-20.

–Discount fundings: The Company funds cards in alignment to expected breakage values on the card. Consumers may spend more than is estimated. These discounts are netted at a pooled partner level using ASC 210-20. The majority of these discount fundings relate to a small number of partners and are analyzed on an ongoing basis.

–Demand Deposit Account ("DDA") overdrafts: Certain programs offered allow cardholders traditional DDA overdraft protection services whereby cardholders can spend a limited amount in excess of their available card balance. When overdrawn, these accounts are re-classed as loans on the balance sheet within the Consumer Finance category.

The Company meets the Right of Set off criteria in ASC 210-20, Balance Sheet - Offsetting, for all payments negative deposit balances with the exception of DDA overdrafts. The following table summarizes the Company's negative deposit balances within the BaaS business line:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	6,428,523	$	5,916,142
Prefunding	(331,834)		(244,462)
Discount funding	(5,915)		(15,991)
DDA overdrafts	(8,137)		(8,587)
Noninterest-bearing checking, net	$	6,082,637	$	5,647,102

Custodial Off-Balance Sheet Deposits. The Bank utilizes a custodial deposit transference structure for certain prepaid and deposit programs whereby the Bank, acting as custodian of cardholder funds, places a portion of such cardholder funds that are not needed to support near term settlement at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC (each, a “Program Bank”). Accounts opened at Program Banks are established in the Bank’s name as custodian, for the benefit of the Bank’s cardholders. The Bank remains the issuer of all cards and holder of all accounts under the applicable cardholder agreements and has sole custodial control and transaction authority over the accounts opened at Program Banks.

The Bank maintains the records of each cardholder’s deposits maintained at Program Banks. Program Banks undergo robust due diligence prior to becoming a Program Bank and are also subject to continuous monitoring.

In return for record keeping services at Program Banks, the Bank receives a servicing fee (“Servicing Fee”). For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $14.6 million and $45.7 million, respectively, in servicing fee income as compared to an insignificant amount for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022. The Servicing Fee has been typically reflective of the EFFR upon a renegotiation of the contracts with Program Banks.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company managed $781.0 million of customer deposits at other banks in its capacity as custodian. These deposits provide the Company with excess deposits that can earn record keeping service fee income, typically reflective of the EFFR.

Approximately 48% of the deposit portfolio was subject to these higher card processing expenses during the 2023 fiscal third quarter that are derived from the terms of contractual agreements with certain BaaS partners. These agreements are tied to a rate index, typically the EFFR.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General

The Company recorded net income of $45.1 million, or $1.68 per diluted share, for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to net income of $22.4 million, or $0.76 per diluted share, for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Total revenue for the fiscal 2023 third quarter was $165.2 million, an increase of $39.1 million, or 31%, compared to the same quarter in fiscal 2022, primarily driven by an increase in both noninterest income and net interest income.

The Company recorded net income of $127.7 million, or $4.62 per diluted share, for the nine months ended June 30, 2023, compared to net income of $133.0 million, or $4.44 per diluted share, for the nine months ended June 30, 2022. Total revenue for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was $543.5 million, an increase of $65.6 million, or 31%, compared to the same period of the prior fiscal year. The increase is primarily driven by increases in interest income and card and deposit fees along with the $10.0 million gain on sale of trademarks recognized during the nine months ended June 30, 2023, partially offset by the $50.0 million gain on sale of trademarks recognized during the prior fiscal year period.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income for the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was $97.5 million, an increase of 35% from the same quarter in fiscal 2022. The increase was mainly attributable to increased yields, higher interest-earning asset balances and an improved earning asset mix. For the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the net interest income was $282.9 million, an increase of 24%, from $227.6 million compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year.

The Company’s average interest-earning assets for the third fiscal quarter increased by $244.4 million to $6.33 billion compared with the same quarter in fiscal 2022, primarily due to growth in loans and leases and an increase in total investment balances, partially offset by a decrease in cash balances. The third quarter average outstanding balance of loans and leases increased $171.6 million compared to the same quarter of the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase in commercial finance loans, partially offset by decreases in consumer finance loans, warehouse finance loans, and tax services loans.

Fiscal 2023 third quarter NIM increased to 6.18% from 4.76% in the third fiscal quarter of last year. When including contractual card processing expense, adjusted NIM would have been 4.88% in the fiscal 2023 third quarter compared to 4.62% during the fiscal 2022 third quarter. The overall reported tax equivalent yield (“TEY”) on average earning assets increased 142 basis points to 6.31% compared to the prior fiscal year quarter, primarily driven by an increase in loan and lease, investment securities, and cash yields. The yield on the loan and lease portfolio was 8.31% compared to 6.69% for the comparable period last year and the TEY on the securities portfolio was 2.96% compared to 2.14% over that same period.

For the nine months ended June 30, 2023, NIM was 5.98%, an increase of 126 basis points from 4.72% compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year. NIM, tax-equivalent for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 increased to 6.00% from 4.73% in the same period of the prior fiscal year.

The Company's cost of funds for all deposits and borrowings averaged 0.13% during the fiscal 2023 third quarter, as compared to 0.12% during the prior fiscal year quarter. The Company's overall cost of deposits was 0.01% in the fiscal third quarter of 2023, as compared to 0.01% during the prior year quarter. When including contractual card processing expense, the Company's overall cost of deposits was 1.41% in the fiscal 2023 third quarter, as compared to 0.16% during the prior year quarter.

The following tables present, for the periods indicated, the Company’s total dollar amount of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resulting yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, expressed both in dollars and rates. The balances presented in the table below are calculated on a daily average balance. Tax-equivalent adjustments have been made in yield on interest-bearing assets and net interest margin. Nonaccruing loans and leases have been included in the table as loans carrying a zero yield.

41

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2023						2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Earned / Paid		Yield / Rate(1)		Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Earned / Paid		Yield / Rate(1)
Interest-earning assets:
Cash and fed funds sold	$	248,865	$	2,441	3.93	%	$	309,324	$	787	1.02	%
Mortgage-backed securities	1,533,122		10,234		2.68	%	1,395,149		7,381		2.12	%
Tax exempt investment securities	145,474		989		3.45	%	173,192		851		2.50	%
Asset-backed securities	188,039		2,120		4.52	%	210,815		750		1.43	%
Other investment securities	292,025		2,320		3.19	%	246,218		1,596		2.60	%
Total investments	2,158,660		15,663		2.96	%	2,025,374		10,578		2.14	%
Commercial finance	3,268,780		68,174		8.37	%	2,949,813		50,785		6.91	%
Consumer finance	225,470		4,665		8.30	%	300,352		4,964		6.63	%
Tax services	52,477		25		0.19	%	62,934		53		0.34	%
Warehouse finance	372,498		8,378		9.02	%	434,532		6,739		6.22	%
Total loans and leases	3,919,225		81,242		8.31	%	3,747,631		62,541		6.69	%
Total interest-earning assets	6,326,750		$	99,346	6.31	%	6,082,329		$	73,906	4.89	%
Noninterest-earning assets	574,840						695,468
Total assets	$	6,901,590					$	6,777,797
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking	$	339	$	—	0.22	%	$	292	$	—	0.33	%
Savings	69,310		7		0.04	%	82,989		7		0.03	%
Money markets	126,994		76		0.24	%	101,943		53		0.21	%
Time deposits	6,224		3		0.19	%	8,709		9		0.40	%
Wholesale deposits	5,794		78		5.38	%	8,554		25		1.19	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	208,661		164		0.32	%	202,487		94		0.19	%
Overnight fed funds purchased	78,320		1,057		5.42	%	19,353		72		1.50	%
Subordinated debentures	19,549		355		7.28	%	36,480		1,444		15.87	%
Other borrowings	14,850		305		8.24	%	17,056		145		3.40	%
Total borrowings	112,719		1,717		6.11	%	72,889		1,661		9.14	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	321,380		1,881		2.35	%	275,376		1,755		2.56	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits	5,686,581		—		—	%	5,538,585		—		—	%
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities	6,007,961		$	1,881	0.13	%	5,813,961		$	1,755	0.12	%
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities	206,708						213,293
Total liabilities	6,214,669						6,027,254
Shareholders' equity	686,921						750,543
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	6,901,590					$	6,777,797
Net interest income and net interest rate spread including noninterest-bearing deposits			$	97,465	6.19	%			$	72,151	4.77	%
Net interest margin					6.18	%					4.76	%
Tax-equivalent effect					0.02	%					0.01	%
Net interest margin, tax-equivalent(2)					6.20	%					4.77	%
(1) Tax rate used to arrive at the TEY for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was 21%.
(2) Net interest margin expressed on a fully-taxable-equivalent basis ("net interest margin, tax-equivalent") is a non-GAAP financial measure. The tax-equivalent adjustment to net interest income recognizes the estimated income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and adjusting for federal and state exemption of interest income. The Company believes that it is a standard practice in the banking industry to present net interest margin expressed on a fully taxable equivalent basis and, accordingly, believes the presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure may be useful for peer comparison purposes.

42

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
	2023						2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Earned / Paid		Yield / Rate(1)		Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Earned / Paid		Yield / Rate(1)
Interest-earning assets:
Cash and fed funds sold	$	345,268	$	10,000	3.87	%	$	570,806	$	2,067	0.48	%
Mortgage-backed securities	1,551,208		30,972		2.67	%	1,194,869		16,690		1.87	%
Tax exempt investment securities	150,065		2,959		3.34	%	190,076		2,575		2.29	%
Asset-backed securities	162,049		4,541		3.75	%	323,080		3,045		1.26	%
Other investment securities	297,278		7,104		3.19	%	269,561		4,482		2.22	%
Total investments	2,160,600		45,576		2.87	%	1,977,586		26,792		1.86	%
Commercial finance	3,111,814		187,038		8.04	%	2,858,837		148,678		6.95	%
Consumer finance	203,928		15,279		10.02	%	315,933		18,970		8.03	%
Tax services	173,905		10,637		8.18	%	228,181		13,126		7.69	%
Warehouse finance	327,982		20,563		8.38	%	448,358		20,816		6.21	%
Community banking	—		—		—	%	46,471		1,525		4.39	%
Total loans and leases	3,817,629		233,517		8.18	%	3,897,780		203,115		6.97	%
Total interest-earning assets	6,323,497		$	289,093	6.13	%	6,446,172		$	231,974	4.83	%
Noninterest-earning assets	592,064						783,251
Total assets	$	6,915,561					$	7,229,423
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking	$	352	$	1	0.29	%	$	324	$	1	0.32	%
Savings	67,287		19		0.04	%	82,211		18		0.03	%
Money markets	130,403		225		0.23	%	93,262		157		0.23	%
Time deposits	6,791		7		0.14	%	8,670		34		0.52	%
Wholesale deposits	65,314		2,150		0.41	%	82,754		190		0.23	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	270,147		2,402		1.19	%	267,221		400		0.20	%
Overnight fed funds purchased	49,865		1,845		4.95	%	38,111		135		0.47	%
Subordinated debentures	19,555		1,065		7.28	%	61,505		3,432		7.46	%
Other borrowings	15,319		854		7.46	%	17,857		443		3.32	%
Total borrowings	84,739		3,764		5.94	%	117,473		4,010		4.56	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	354,886		6,166		2.32	%	384,694		4,410		1.53	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits	5,699,937		—		—	%	5,843,962		—		—	%
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities	6,054,823		$	6,166	0.14	%	6,228,656		$	4,410	0.10	%
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities	192,240						203,283
Total liabilities	6,247,063						6,431,939
Shareholders' equity	668,498						797,484
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	6,915,561					$	7,229,423
Net interest income and net interest rate spread including noninterest-bearing deposits			$	282,927	5.99	%			$	227,564	4.73	%
Net interest margin					5.98	%					4.72	%
Tax-equivalent effect					0.02	%					0.01	%
Net interest margin, tax-equivalent(2)					6.00	%					4.73	%

(1) Tax rate used to arrive at the TEY for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was 21%.

(2) Net interest margin expressed on a fully-taxable-equivalent basis ("net interest margin, tax-equivalent") is a non-GAAP financial measure. The tax-equivalent adjustment to net interest income recognizes the estimated income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and adjusting for federal and state exemption of interest income. The Company believes that it is a standard practice in the banking industry to present net interest margin expressed on a fully taxable equivalent basis and, accordingly, believes the presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure may be useful for peer comparison purposes.

43

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company recognized a provision for credit losses of $1.8 million and $48.3 million for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, compared to a reversal of provision for credit losses expense of $1.3 million and a provision of $31.2 million for the comparable periods in the prior fiscal year. The increase in provision for credit losses during the current quarter compared to the prior fiscal year period was primarily driven by increases in the commercial finance portfolio. Net charge-offs were $4.2 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, compared to $12.2 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2022. Net charge-offs attributable to the commercial finance and consumer finance portfolios for the current quarter were $2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, while a recovery of $0.3 million was recognized in the tax services portfolio.

Noninterest Income

Fiscal 2023 third quarter noninterest income increased to $67.7 million, compared to $54.0 million for the same period of the prior fiscal year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in card and deposit fees, rental income, and other income. The period-over-period increase was partially offset by a reduction in tax services fee income.

The increase in card and deposit fee income was primarily from servicing fee income on off-balance sheet deposits, which totaled $14.6 million during the 2023 fiscal third quarter, as compared to $18.2 million for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 and $0.5 million for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Noninterest income for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 increased to $260.5 million from $250.4 million for the same period of the prior fiscal year.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense increased 19% to $114.6 million for the fiscal 2023 third quarter, from $96.7 million for the same quarter last year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in compensation expense, card processing expense, operating lease equipment depreciation, impairment expense, and other expense. The period-over-period increase was partially offset by a decrease in legal and consulting expense and tax services expense. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, the Company recognized $2.7 million of impairment expense related to its Pathward Venture Capital business.

The card processing expense increase was due to structured agreements with BaaS partners. The amount of expense paid under those agreements is based on an agreed upon rate index that varies depending on the deposit levels, floor rates, market conditions, and other performance conditions. Generally, this rate index averages between 50% to 85% of the EFFR and reprices immediately upon a change in the EFFR. Approximately 48% of the deposit portfolio was subject to these higher card processing expenses during the 2023 fiscal third quarter. For the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, card processing expenses related to these structured agreements were $20.5 million, as compared to $20.4 million for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 and $2.2 million for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Noninterest expense for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 increased to $346.8 million from $282.2 million for the same period of the prior fiscal year.

Income Tax Expense

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $3.2 million, representing an effective tax rate of 6.6%, for the fiscal 2023 third quarter, compared to income tax expense of $7.0 million, representing an effective tax rate of 22.6%, for the third quarter last fiscal year. The current quarter decrease in income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in investment tax credits recognized ratably when compared to the prior year quarter.

The Company originated $21.4 million in renewable energy leases during the fiscal 2023 third quarter, resulting in $5.8 million in total net investment tax credits. During the third quarter of fiscal 2022, the Company originated $4.4 million in renewable energy leases resulting in $1.0 million in total net investment tax credits. Investment tax credits related to renewable energy leases are recognized ratably based on income throughout each fiscal year. For the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company originated $50.9 million in renewable energy leases, compared to $26.9 million for the comparable prior year period. The timing and impact of future renewable energy tax credits are expected to vary from period to period, and the Company intends to undertake only those tax credit opportunities that meet the Company's underwriting and return criteria.

44

Asset Quality

Generally, when a loan or lease becomes delinquent 90 days or more or when the collection of principal or interest becomes doubtful, the Company will place the loan or lease on a nonaccrual status and, as a result, previously accrued interest income on the loan or lease is reversed against current income. The loan or lease will generally remain on a non-accrual status until six months of good payment history has been established or management believes the financial status of the borrower has been significantly restored. Certain relationships in the table below are over 90 days past due and still accruing. The Company considers these relationships as being in the process of collection. Insurance premium finance loans, consumer finance and tax services loans are generally not placed on nonaccrual status but are instead written off when the collection of principal and interest become doubtful.

Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are charged-off when collection of principal becomes doubtful. Generally, this is associated with a delay or shortfall in payments of greater than 210 days for insurance premium finance, 180 days for tax and other specialty lending loans, 120 days for consumer credit products and 90 days for other loans. Action is taken to charge off ERO loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of June and refund advance loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of the calendar year. Nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructurings are generally considered impaired.

The Company believes that the level of allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023 was appropriate and reflected probable losses related to these loans and leases; however, there can be no assurance that all loans and leases will be fully collectible or that the present level of the allowance will be adequate in the future. See the section below titled “Allowance for Credit Losses” for further information.

The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of the Company's nonperforming assets.

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023			September 30, 2022
Nonperforming Loans and Leases
Nonaccruing loans and leases:
Commercial finance	$	30,170		$	13,375
Total nonaccruing loans and leases	30,170			13,375
Accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more:
Commercial finance	6,542			4,142
Consumer finance	2,087			2,793
Tax services(1)	—			8,873
Total accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more	8,629			15,808
Total nonperforming loans and leases	38,799			29,183
Other Assets
Nonperforming operating leases	1,981			1,736
Foreclosed and repossessed assets:
Commercial finance	—			1
Total foreclosed and repossessed assets	—			1
Total other assets	1,981			1,737
Total nonperforming assets	$	40,780		$	30,920
Total as a percentage of total assets	0.55		%	0.46		%
(1) Certain tax services loans do not bear interest.

The Company's nonperforming loans and leases at June 30, 2023 were $38.8 million, representing 0.93% of total gross loans and leases, compared to $29.2 million, or 0.82% of total gross loans and leases at September 30, 2022. The increase in the nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets at June 30, 2023 compared to September 30, 2022, was primarily driven by an increase nonperforming loans in the commercial finance portfolio.

45

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of certain loans, leases, and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered by the Bank's primary regulator, the OCC, to be of lesser quality as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss,” with each such classification dependent on the facts and circumstances surrounding the assets in question. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the Bank will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such minimal value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted.

General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When assets are classified as “loss,” the Bank is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge off such amount. The Bank’s determinations as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances are subject to review by its regulatory authorities, which may order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

On the basis of management’s review of its loans, leases, and other assets, at June 30, 2023, the Company had classified loans and leases of $189.7 million as substandard, $13.8 million as doubtful and none as loss. At September 30, 2022, the Company classified loans and leases of $203.7 million as substandard, $4.0 million as doubtful and none as loss.

Allowance for Credit Losses. The ACL represents management’s estimate of current credit losses expected to be incurred by the loan and lease portfolio over the life of each financial asset as of the balance sheet date. The Company individually evaluates loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, which generally means loans and leases identified as troubled debt restructurings or loans and leases on nonaccrual status. All other loans and leases are evaluated collectively for credit loss. A reserve for unfunded credit commitments such as letters of credit and binding unfunded loan commitments is recorded in other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Individually evaluated loans and leases are a key component of the ACL. Generally, the Company measures credit loss on individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, as the Company considers these financial assets to be collateral dependent. If an individually evaluated loan or lease is not collateral dependent, credit loss is measured at the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan or lease initial effective interest rate.

The Company's ACL totaled $81.9 million at June 30, 2023, an increase compared to $45.9 million at September 30, 2022. The increase in the ACL at June 30, 2023, when compared to September 30, 2022, was primarily due to a $33.1 million increase in the seasonal tax services loan portfolio and a $2.4 million increase in the commercial finance portfolio.

The following table presents the Company's ACL as a percentage of its total loans and leases.

	As of the Period Ended
	June 30, 2023		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022		June 30, 2022
Commercial finance	1.35	%	1.53	%	1.62	%	1.46	%	1.56	%
Consumer finance	0.92	%	1.99	%	1.54	%	0.86	%	2.44	%
Tax services	70.20	%	53.77	%	2.01	%	0.05	%	54.29	%
Warehouse finance	0.10	%	0.10	%	0.10	%	0.10	%	0.10	%
Total loans and leases	2.01	%	2.27	%	1.50	%	1.30	%	2.04	%
Total loans and leases excluding tax services	1.21	%	1.40	%	1.50	%	1.30	%	1.44	%

46

The Company's ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases decreased to 2.01% at June 30, 2023 from 2.27% at March 31, 2023 and increased from 1.30% at September 30, 2022. The decrease in the total loans and leases coverage ratio at June 30, 2023 compared to March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the commercial finance and consumer finance portfolios, partially offset by an increase in the seasonal tax services portfolio. The decrease in the consumer finance was related to seasonal activity. The increase in the total loans and leases coverage ratio at June 30, 2023 when compared to September 30, 2022 was primarily driven by the seasonal tax services portfolio. The year-over-year increase in the allowance related to the seasonal tax services portfolio was primarily attributable to prior year charge-off activity related to a partner the Company did not renew after the 2022 tax season. The Company expects to continue to diligently monitor the ACL and adjust as necessary in future periods to maintain an appropriate and supportable level.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within these financial statements is, to a significant extent, based on approximate measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. Management has identified its critical accounting policies, which are those policies that, in management's view, are most important in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. These policies involve complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Some of these estimates may be uncertain at the time they are made, could change from period to period, and could have a material impact on the financial statements. A discussion of the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates can be found in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. There were no significant changes to these critical accounting policies and estimates during the first nine months of fiscal 2023.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company’s primary sources of funds are deposits, derived principally through its BaaS business line, borrowings, principal and interest payments on loans and leases and mortgage-backed securities, and maturing investment securities. In addition, the Company utilizes wholesale deposit sources to provide temporary funding when necessary or when favorable terms are available. While scheduled loan repayments and maturing investments are relatively predictable, deposit flows and early loan repayments are influenced by the level of interest rates, general economic conditions and competition. The Company uses its capital resources principally to meet ongoing commitments to fund maturing certificates of deposit and loan commitments, to maintain liquidity, and to meet operating expenses. 

At June 30, 2023, the Company had unfunded loan and lease commitments of $1.71 billion. Management believes that loan repayment and other sources of funds will be adequate to meet its foreseeable short- and long-term liquidity needs. The liquidity sources as of June 30, 2023 include $781 million in off-balance sheet deposits and $515 million in cash and cash equivalents. When factoring in additional resources, such as the Federal Home Loan Bank, the Fed Discount Window and other unsecured funding and wholesale options, the Company has over $3 billion in total available liquidity options as of June 30, 2023.

As U.S. banking organizations, the Company and the Bank are required to comply with the regulatory capital rules adopted by the Federal Reserve and the OCC (the "Capital Rules") that became effective on January 1, 2015, subject to phase-in periods for certain requirements and other provisions of the Capital Rules. Under the Capital Rules and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s and Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s and Bank’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

The Capital Rules require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum ratios (set forth in the table below) of total risk-based capital and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and a leverage ratio consisting of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). At June 30, 2023, both the Company and the Bank exceeded federal regulatory minimum capital requirements to be classified as well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action requirements. The Company and the Bank took the AOCI opt-out election; under the rule, non-advanced approach banking organizations were given a one-time option to exclude certain AOCI components.

47

The tables below include certain non-GAAP financial measures that are used by investors, analysts and bank regulatory agencies to assess the capital position of financial services companies. Management reviews these measures along with other measures of capital as part of its financial analyses and has included this non-GAAP financial information, and corresponding reconciliation to total equity. Regulatory Capital is not affected by the unrealized loss on AOCI. The securities portfolio is primarily comprised of amortizing securities that should provide consistent cash flow. The Company does not intend to sell these securities, or recognize the unrealized losses on its income statement, to fund future loan growth.

At June 30, 2023	Company		Bank		Minimum to be Adequately Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions		Minimum to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio	8.40	%	8.67	%	4.00	%	5.00	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio	11.52		12.17		4.50		6.50
Tier 1 capital ratio	11.79		12.17		6.00		8.00
Total capital ratio	13.45		13.42		8.00		10.00

The following table provides a reconciliation of the amounts included in the table above for the Company.

(Dollars in thousands)	Standardized Approach(1) June 30, 2023
Total stockholders' equity	$	677,721
Adjustments:
LESS: Goodwill, net of associated deferred tax liabilities	298,092
LESS: Certain other intangible assets	22,372
LESS: Net deferred tax assets from operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards	12,157
LESS: Net unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities	(207,358)
LESS: Noncontrolling interest	(631)
ADD: Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13	2,017
Common Equity Tier 1(1)	555,106
Long-term borrowings and other instruments qualifying as Tier 1	13,661
Tier 1 minority interest not included in common equity Tier 1 capital	(454)
Total Tier 1 capital	568,313
Allowance for credit losses	60,489
Subordinated debentures, net of issuance costs	19,566
Total capital	$	648,368
(1) Capital ratios were determined using the Basel III capital rules that became effective on January 1, 2015. Basel III revised the definition of capital, increased minimum capital ratios, and introduced a minimum common equity tier 1 capital ratio; those changes were fully phased in through the end of 2021.

The following table provides a reconciliation of tangible common equity and tangible common equity excluding AOCI, each of which is used in calculating tangible book value data, to total stockholders' equity. Each of tangible common equity and tangible common equity excluding AOCI is a non-GAAP financial measure that is commonly used within the banking industry.

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023
Total stockholders' equity	$	677,721
LESS: Goodwill	309,505
LESS: Intangible assets	21,830
Tangible common equity	346,386
LESS: AOCI	(207,896)
Tangible common equity excluding AOCI	$	554,282

48

Since January 1, 2016, the Company and the Bank have been required to maintain a capital conservation buffer above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid certain limitations on capital distributions, stock repurchases and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The capital conservation buffer is exclusively composed of Common Equity Tier 1 capital, and it applies to each of the three risk-based capital ratios but not the leverage ratio. The required Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and total risk-based capital ratios with the buffer are currently 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively.

Based on current and expected continued profitability and subject to continued access to capital markets, we believe that the Company and the Bank will continue to meet the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% in addition to required minimum capital ratios.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Contractual Obligations" in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 for a summary of our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2022. There were no material changes outside the ordinary course of our business in contractual obligations from September 30, 2022 through June 30, 2023.

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

MARKET RISK

The Company derives a portion of its income from the excess of interest collected over interest paid. The rates of interest the Company earns on assets and pays on liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Market interest rates change over time. Accordingly, the Company’s results of operations, like those of most financial institutions, are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. The risk associated with changes in interest rates and the Company’s ability to adapt to these changes is known as interest rate risk and is the Company’s only significant “market” risk.

The Company monitors and measures its exposure to changes in interest rates in order to comply with applicable government regulations and risk policies established by the Board of Directors, and in order to preserve stockholder value. In monitoring interest rate risk, the Company analyzes assets and liabilities based on characteristics including size, coupon rate, repricing frequency, maturity date, likelihood of prepayment, and deposit behaviors.

The Company’s primary objective for its investment portfolio is to provide a source of liquidity for the Company. In addition, the investment portfolio may be used in the management of the Company’s interest rate risk profile. The investment policy generally calls for funds to be invested among various categories of security types and maturities based upon the Company’s need for liquidity, desire to achieve a proper balance between minimizing risk while maximizing yield, the need to provide collateral for borrowings, and the need to fulfill the Company’s asset/liability management goals.

The Company believes that its growing portfolio of longer duration deposits generated from its BaaS business line provides a stable and profitable funding vehicle, but also subjects the Company to greater risk in a falling interest rate environment than it would otherwise have without this portfolio. This risk is due to the fact that, while asset yields may decrease in a falling interest rate environment, the Company cannot significantly reduce interest costs associated with these deposits, which thereby compress the Company’s net interest margin.

A portion of the Company’s deposit balances are subject to variable card processing expenses, derived from contractual agreements with certain BaaS partners tied to a rate index, typically the EFFR. These costs reprice immediately upon a change in the application rate index.

The Bank, acting as custodian of cardholder funds, places a portion of such cardholder funds at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC (each, a “Program Bank”). These custodial deposits earn recordkeeping service fee income, typically reflective of the EFFR.

The Board of Directors and relevant government regulations establish limits on the level of acceptable interest rate risk at the Company, to which management adheres. There can be no assurance, however, that, in the event of an adverse change in interest rates, the Company’s efforts to limit interest rate risk will be successful.

49

Interest Rate Risk (“IRR”)

Overview. The Company actively manages interest rate risk, as changes in market interest rates can have a significant impact on reported earnings. The Company's interest rate risk analysis is designed to compare income and economic valuation simulations in market scenarios designed to alter the direction, magnitude and speed of interest rate changes, as well as the slope of the yield curve. This analysis may not represent all impacts driven by changes in the interest rate environment, such as certain other card fee income and expense line items. The Company does not currently engage in trading activities to control interest rate risk although it may do so in the future, if deemed necessary, to help manage interest rate risk.

Earnings at risk and economic value analysis. As a continuing part of its financial strategy, the Bank considers methods of managing an asset/liability mismatch consistent with maintaining acceptable levels of net interest income. In order to monitor interest rate risk, the Company has created an Asset/Liability Committee whose principal responsibilities are to assess the Bank’s asset/liability mix and implement strategies that will enhance income while managing the Bank’s vulnerability to changes in interest rates.

The Company uses two approaches to model interest rate risk: Earnings at Risk (“EAR analysis”) and Economic Value of Equity (“EVE analysis”). Under EAR analysis, net interest income is calculated for each interest rate scenario and compared to the net interest income forecast in the base case. EAR analysis measures the sensitivity of interest-sensitive earnings over a one-year minimum time horizon. The results are affected by projected rates, prepayments, caps and floors. Management exercises its best judgment in making assumptions regarding events that management can influence, such as non-contractual deposit re-pricing, as well as events outside of management's control, such as customer behavior on loan and deposit activity and the effect that competition has on both lending and deposit pricing. These assumptions are subjective and, as a result, net interest income simulation results will differ from actual results due to the timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes, changes in market conditions, customer behavior and management strategies, among other factors. The Company performs various sensitivity analyses on assumptions of deposit attrition, loan prepayments, and asset re-pricing, as well as market-implied forward rates and various likely and extreme interest rate scenarios, including rapid and gradual interest rate ramps, rate shocks and yield curve twists.

The EAR analysis used in the following table reflects the required analysis used no less than quarterly by management. It models basis point parallel shifts in market interest rates over the next one-year period. The following table shows the results of the scenarios as of June 30, 2023:

Net Sensitive Earnings at Risk
		Change in Interest Income/Expense for a given change in interest rates
		Over/(Under) Base Case Parallel Shift
(Dollars in Thousands)	Book Value	-200		-100		Base		+100		+200		+300		+400
Total interest-sensitive income	6,607,817	375,358		402,027		428,318		454,263		480,236		506,128		532,178
Total interest-sensitive expense	455,290	8,601		11,312		14,441		18,191		21,941		25,729		29,492
Net interest-sensitive income		366,757		390,715		413,877		436,072		458,295		480,399		502,686
Percentage change from base		-11.4	%	-5.6	%	—	%	5.4	%	10.7	%	16.1	%	21.5	%

The EAR analysis reported at June 30, 2023, shows that total interest-sensitive income will change more rapidly than total interest-sensitive expense over the next year. IRR is a snapshot in time. The Company’s business and deposits are predictably cyclical on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis. The Company’s static IRR results could vary depending on which day of the week the month ends, primarily related to payroll processing and timing of when certain programs are prefunded and when the funds are received.

Under EVE analysis, the economic value of financial assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments is derived under each rate scenario. The economic value of equity is calculated as the difference between the estimated market value of assets and liabilities, net of the impact of off-balance sheet instruments.

50

The EVE analysis used in the following table reflects the required analysis used no less than quarterly by management. It models immediate basis point parallel shifts in market interest rates. The following table shows the results of the scenarios as June 30, 2023:

Economic Value Sensitivity
	Standard (Parallel Shift)
	Economic Value of Equity at Risk %
	-200		-100		+100		+200		+300		+400
Percentage change from base	-10.3	%	-4.3	%	3.3	%	6.1	%	8.4	%	10.9	%

The EVE at risk reported at June 30, 2023 shows that the economic value of equity position is expected to benefit from rising interest rates due to the large amount of noninterest-bearing funding.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management, under the direction of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, management evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. The evaluation was performed under the direction of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to determine the effectiveness, as of June 30, 2023, of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2023, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were designed effectively to ensure timely alerting of material information relating to the Company required to be included in the Company's periodic SEC filings.

The Company had previously disclosed a material weakness related to access permissions in two loan systems which resulted in a lack of segregation of duties over disbursements in which select individuals had the ability to both initiate and approve disbursements indicating that the user access provisioning and user entitlement review monitoring controls did not function to a precise level to ensure segregation of duties was maintained. The remediation of this condition was completed as of June 30, 2023.

REMEDIATION PLAN FOR PREVIOUSLY REPORTED MATERIAL WEAKNESS

The Company completed a broad risk assessment across all financially significant applications to identify and monitor conflicting roles which has strengthened the control environment surrounding user access controls.

User access provisioning preventative controls were strengthened to monitor for the conflicting roles identified in the risk assessment described above. System entitlement detective reviews have increased frequency from annual to quarterly cycles. Management has also implemented a system application control to systematically restrict the ability to both initiate and disburse funds in one of the significant commercial systems which had inappropriate access leading to the material weakness. In combination, management believes remediation of the material weakness has occurred as of June 30, 2023.

51

INHERENT LIMITATIONS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS

Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable (not absolute) assurance that its objectives will be met. Furthermore, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management conducted an evaluation of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, there were changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the 1934 Act) that were reported in the prior fiscal year and prior quarters where remediation was completed during the fiscal third quarter to which this report relates that could have materially affected the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting, as described above.

52

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

FORM 10-Q

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or to which any of our properties are subject. There are no material proceedings known to us to be contemplated by any governmental authority. We are involved in a variety of litigation matters in the ordinary course of our business and anticipate that we will become involved in new litigation matters in the future.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

A description of our risk factors can be found in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. There were no material changes to those risk factors during the nine months ended June 30, 2023, except that the following risk factors are hereby updated or added:

Our business could suffer if consumer behaviors, or other factors, in connection with the use of prepaid cards change, or there are adverse developments with respect to the prepaid financial services industry in general.

As the prepaid financial services industry evolves, consumers may either find prepaid financial services to be less attractive than other financial services or may change the way in which they utilize the service prepaid cards provide. Consumers might not use prepaid financial services for any number of reasons. For example, negative publicity surrounding us or other prepaid financial service providers could impact the Payments business and prospects for growth to the extent it adversely impacts the perception of prepaid financial services. Consumer spend behaviors could increase or decrease, or become more difficult to accurately predict, thereby impacting operating revenues and/or expenses of the Company. Growth of prepaid financial services as an electronic payment mechanism may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The loss or transition of key members of our senior management team or key employees in the Bank's divisions, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.

We believe that our success depends largely on the efforts and abilities of our senior executive management team and other key employees. Their experience and industry contacts significantly benefit us. Our future success also depends in part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate key management and operating personnel. We completed a Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer transition in October 2021 and announced a Chief Financial Officer transition in October 2022 that would have been effective April 30, 2023. This transition has been extended as the Company commenced a search for a successor on March 27, 2023, after announcing the Deputy Chief Financial Officer will no longer be succeeding the Chief Financial Officer. Management transitions may create uncertainty and involve a diversion of resources and management attention, be disruptive to our daily operations or impact public or market perception, any of which could negatively impact our ability to operate effectively or execute our strategies and result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Additionally, as we continue to develop and expand our operations, we may require personnel with different skills and experiences, with a sound understanding of our business and the industries in which we operate. The competition for qualified personnel in the financial services industry is intense, and the loss of any of our key personnel or an inability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate key personnel could adversely affect our business.

53

Adverse developments or concerns affecting the financial services industry in general or specific financial institutions, such as bank closures and other developments in the United States banking industry could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar events, have in the past and may in the future lead to erosion of customer confidence in the banking system, deposit volatility, liquidity issues, stock price volatility, and other adverse developments. For example, the closures of Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB") and Signature Bank in March 2023 led to disruption and volatility, including deposit outflows and increased need for liquidity, at certain banks. Although a statement by the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC indicated that all depositors of SVB would have access to all of their money after only one business day of closure, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, it is not certain that the Federal Reserve or FDIC will treat future bank failures similarly. On May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank was also closed by its primary state regulator, which appointed the FDIC as receiver, and the FDIC announced that JP Morgan Chase Bank, National Association agreed to assume all of First Republic Bank's deposits and substantially all of its assets with an estimated cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund of approximately $13 billion.

Similarly, inflation and rapid increases in interest rates have led to a decline in the trading value of previously issued government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates. Any sale of investment securities that are held in an unrealized loss position by financial institutions for liquidity or other purposes will cause actual losses to be realized. There can be no assurance that there will not be additional bank failures or issues such as liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry or in the U.S. financial system as a whole. Adverse financial market and economic conditions can exert downward pressure on stock prices, security prices, and credit availability for financial institutions without regard to their underlying financial strength. The volatility and economic disruption resulting from the failures of SVB and Signature Bank particularly impacted the price of securities issued by financial institutions, including us.

While we did not experience any abnormal changes in our total outstanding deposit balances following the bank closures and related events, we experienced changes in deposit balances resulting from typical seasonal fluctuations due to the nature of our business. While our deposit base primarily consists of millions of retail cards and other small dollar accounts with an average balance less than $1,000 and we maintain a liquidity position with numerous funding options available totaling over $3.0 billion as of June 30, 2023, we cannot be assured that unusual deposit withdrawal activity will not affect banks generally in the future or us in particular. Continued uncertainty regarding or worsening of the severity or duration of the volatility in the banking industry could also adversely impact our estimate of our ACL and related provision for credit losses. In connection with the bank closures, the United States federal bank regulators announced that losses to support uninsured deposits of the closed banks would be recovered via a special assessment on banks, which along with related costs to the Deposit Insurance Fund could led to an increase in our deposit insurance assessments.

Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the events described above, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

54

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a) None.

(b) None.

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The Company's Board of Directors authorized a 6,000,000 share repurchase program on September 3, 2021 that was publicly announced on September 7, 2021 and is scheduled to expire on September 30, 2024. The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases of our common stock during the fiscal 2023 third quarter.

Period	Total Number of Shares Repurchased(1)	Average Price Paid per Share(1)(2)		Total Number Of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number Of Shares that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1 to 30	—	$	—	—	2,468,283
May 1 to 31	490,120	43.83		490,120	1,978,163
June 1 to 30	—	—		—	1,978,163
Total	490,120			490,120

(1) All shares not purchased as part of the Company's publicly announced repurchase program were acquired in satisfaction of the tax withholding obligations of holders of restricted stock unit awards, which vested during the quarter.

(2) The average price paid per share is calculated on a trade date basis for all open market transactions and excludes commissions and other transaction expenses.

Item 5. Other Information

Adoption or Termination of Trading Arrangements by Directors and Executive Officers

During the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the 1934 Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, except as described in the table below.

Name and Title	Date Adopted	Character of Trading Arrangement(1)	Aggregate Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Purchased or Sold Pursuant to Trading Arrangement	Duration(2)	Date Terminated
Glen Herrick, EVP Chief Financial Officer	May 16, 2023	Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement(3)	Up to 20,000 shares to be sold	November 1, 2023 to January 30, 2024	Not applicable

(1) Except as indicated by footnote, the trading arrangement marked as "Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement" in the above table (the "Trading Arrangement") is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), as amended (the "Rule").

(2) The Trading Arrangement permits transactions through: (a) the termination or suspension of the Trading Arrangement, or (b) the earliest to occur of (i) the date set forth in the above table, (ii) completion of all sales under the Trading Arrangement, (iii) receipt of notice of Mr. Herrick’s death, or (iv) receipt of notice of the commencement of any proceedings in respect of or triggered by Mr. Herrick’s bankruptcy or insolvency. The Trading Arrangement only permits transactions after expiration of the applicable mandatory cooling-off period under the Rule.

(3) Compiled with the then-applicable requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c) when adopted in May 2023.

55

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1	Section 302 certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2	Section 302 certification of Chief Financial Officer.
32.1	Section 906 certification of Chief Executive Officer.
32.2	Section 906 certification of Chief Financial Officer.
101	The following financial information from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) includes: (i) Cover Page, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity, (vi) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged in summary and in detail.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

56

PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.
Date: August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Brett L. Pharr
		Brett L. Pharr,
		Chief Executive Officer and Director
Date: August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Glen W. Herrick
		Glen W. Herrick,
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

57

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Brett L. Pharr, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pathward Financial, Inc.;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report), that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023	/s/ Brett L. Pharr
	Chief Executive Officer and Director

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Glen W. Herrick, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pathward Financial, Inc.;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report), that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023	/s/ Glen W. Herrick
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pathward Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Brett L. Pharr, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)    the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)    the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

By: /s/ Brett L. Pharr

Name: Brett L. Pharr

Chief Executive Officer and Director

August 8, 2023

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pathward Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Glen W. Herrick, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)    the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)    the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

By: /s/ Glen W. Herrick

Name: Glen W. Herrick

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

August 8, 2023

XML

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Aug. 02, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	0-22140
Entity Registrant Name	PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	42-1406262
Entity Address, Address Line One	5501 South Broadband Lane
Entity Address, City or Town	Sioux Falls
Entity Address, State or Province	SD
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	57108
City Area Code	877
Local Phone Number	497-7497
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	CASH
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		26,225,563
Entity Central Index Key	0000907471
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 515,271	$ 388,038
Securities available for sale, at fair value	1,914,271	1,882,869
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $33,670 and $38,171, respectively)	37,725	41,682
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank Stock, at cost	30,890	28,812
Loans held for sale	87,351	21,071
Loans and leases	4,072,899	3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)	(45,947)
Accrued interest receivable	22,332	17,979
Premises, furniture, and equipment, net	38,601	41,710
Rental equipment, net	224,212	204,371
Goodwill and intangible assets	331,335	335,196
Other assets	265,654	295,324
Total assets	7,458,625	6,747,410
LIABILITIES
Deposits	6,306,976	5,866,037
Short-term borrowings	230,000	0
Long-term borrowings	34,178	36,028
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	209,750	200,205
Total liabilities	6,780,904	6,102,270
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	625,825	617,403
Retained earnings	267,100	245,394
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(207,896)	(213,080)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149,679 and 90,053 common shares at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	(6,943)	(4,835)
Total equity attributable to parent	678,352	645,170
Noncontrolling interest	(631)	(30)
Total stockholders’ equity	677,721	645,140
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	7,458,625	6,747,410
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 26,688,951 and 28,878,177 shares issued, 26,539,272 and 28,788,124 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock	266	288
Common stock, Nonvoting, $0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Investment securities held to maturity, fair value	$ 33,670	$ 38,171
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	3,000,000	3,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Treasury stock (in shares)	149,679	90,053
Common Stock
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	90,000,000	90,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	26,688,951	28,878,177
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	26,539,272	28,788,124
Common Stock, Nonvoting
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	3,000,000	3,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Interest and dividend income:
Loans and leases, including fees	$ 81,242	$ 62,541	$ 233,517	$ 203,115
Mortgage-backed securities	10,234	7,381	30,972	16,690
Other investments	7,870	3,984	24,604	12,169
Total interest and dividend income	99,346	73,906	289,093	231,974
Interest expense:
Deposits	164	94	2,402	400
FHLB advances and other borrowings	1,717	1,661	3,764	4,010
Total interest expense	1,881	1,755	6,166	4,410
Net interest income	97,465	72,151	282,927	227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	1,773	(1,302)	48,312	31,186
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	95,692	73,453	234,615	196,378
Noninterest income:
Gain on sale of securities	9	198	91	595
Gain on sale of trademarks	0	0	10,000	50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other	812	1,239	566	(1,601)
Other income	5,889	5,271	13,921	10,811
Total noninterest income	67,733	53,994	260,548	250,351
Noninterest expense:
Compensation and benefits	47,402	45,091	137,966	128,364
Refund transfer product expense	1,727	2,457	9,695	8,855
Refund advance expense	239	(29)	1,869	2,156
Card processing	26,342	8,438	75,949	23,067
Occupancy and equipment expense	8,595	8,996	25,417	25,845
Operating lease equipment depreciation	10,517	9,145	34,864	26,331
Legal and consulting	5,089	11,724	19,469	27,279
Intangible amortization	1,168	1,532	3,861	5,188
Impairment expense	2,749	670	3,273	670
Other expense	10,750	8,626	34,410	34,491
Total noninterest expense	114,578	96,650	346,773	282,246
Income before income tax expense	48,847	30,797	148,390	164,483
Income tax expense	3,243	6,958	18,996	29,236
Net income before noncontrolling interest	45,604	23,839	129,394	135,247
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	508	1,448	1,685	2,281
Net income attributable to parent	$ 45,096	$ 22,391	$ 127,709	$ 132,966
Earnings per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 1.69	$ 0.76	$ 4.63	$ 4.44
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 1.68	$ 0.76	$ 4.62	$ 4.44
Refund transfer product fees
Noninterest income:
Noninterest income	$ 8,262	$ 10,289	$ 39,144	$ 38,674
Refund advance fee income
Noninterest income:
Noninterest income	(927)	(20)	37,685	40,513
Card and deposit fees
Noninterest income:
Noninterest income	39,708	24,935	119,513	76,825
Rental income
Noninterest income:
Noninterest income	$ 13,980	$ 12,082	$ 39,628	$ 34,534

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income before noncontrolling interest	$ 45,604	$ 23,839	$ 129,394	$ 135,247
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on debt securities	(26,664)	(81,841)	6,574	(184,614)
Net (gain) realized on investment securities	(9)	(198)	(91)	(595)
Total	(26,673)	(82,039)	6,483	(185,209)
Unrealized gain (loss) on currency translation	495	(520)	942	(311)
Deferred income tax effect	(6,111)	(20,526)	2,241	(46,514)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(20,067)	(62,033)	5,184	(139,006)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	25,537	(38,194)	134,578	(3,759)
Total comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	508	1,448	1,685	2,281
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to parent	$ 25,029	$ (39,642)	$ 132,893	$ (6,040)

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Total Pathward Financial Stockholders’ Equity	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Treasury Stock	Noncontrolling interest
Beginning Balance at Sep. 30, 2021	$ 871,884	$ 870,729	$ 317	$ 604,484	$ 259,189	$ 7,599	$ (860)	$ 1,155
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(4,469)	(4,469)			(4,469)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1	1	1
Issuance of common stock due to ESOP	2,886	2,886	1	2,885
Repurchases of common stock	(146,763)	(146,763)	(25)	25	(143,000)		(3,763)
Stock compensation	7,765	7,765		7,765
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(139,006)	(139,006)				(139,006)
Net income	135,247	132,966			132,966			2,281
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	(2,771)							(2,771)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	724,774	724,109	294	615,159	244,686	(131,407)	(4,623)	665
Beginning Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	763,406	763,084	294	612,917	223,760	(69,374)	(4,513)	322
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(1,465)	(1,465)			(1,465)
Repurchases of common stock	(110)	(110)					(110)
Stock compensation	2,242	2,242		2,242
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(62,033)	(62,033)				(62,033)
Net income	23,839	22,391			22,391			1,448
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	(1,105)							(1,105)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	724,774	724,109	294	615,159	244,686	(131,407)	(4,623)	665
Beginning Balance at Sep. 30, 2022	645,140	645,170	288	617,403	245,394	(213,080)	(4,835)	(30)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(4,115)	(4,115)			(4,115)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1	1	1
Repurchases of common stock	(103,996)	(103,996)	(23)	23	(101,888)		(2,108)
Stock compensation	8,399	8,399		8,399
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	5,184	5,184				5,184
Net income	129,394	127,709			127,709			1,685
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	(2,286)							(2,286)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	677,721	678,352	266	625,825	267,100	(207,896)	(6,943)	(631)
Beginning Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	673,244	673,795	271	623,250	245,046	(187,829)	(6,943)	(551)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(1,327)	(1,327)			(1,327)
Repurchases of common stock	(21,715)	(21,715)	(5)	5	(21,715)
Stock compensation	2,570	2,570		2,570
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(20,067)	(20,067)				(20,067)
Net income	45,604	45,096			45,096			508
Net investment by (distribution to) noncontrolling interests	(588)							(588)
Ending Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 677,721	$ 678,352	$ 266	$ 625,825	$ 267,100	$ (207,896)	$ (6,943)	$ (631)

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared on common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.05	$ 0.05	$ 0.15	$ 0.15

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income before noncontrolling interest	$ 129,394	$ 135,247
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net	49,506	47,193
Provision for credit losses	48,312	31,186
Provision for deferred taxes	4,895	18,517
Originations of loans held for sale	(941,502)	(769,672)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	870,132	898,442
Net change in loans held for sale	5,456	12,568
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	0	(161)
Net realized (gain) loss on loans held for sale	(235)	3,933
Net realized loss on premise, furniture, and equipment	0	45
Net realized (gain) on lease receivables and equipment	(335)	(2,180)
Net realized (gain) on trademarks	(10,000)	(50,000)
Net realized (gain) on other assets	(91)	(434)
Impairment on rental equipment	24	0
Impairment of intangibles	0	670
Net change in accrued interest receivable	(4,353)	(564)
Net change in other assets	22,528	(8,959)
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities	6,519	(36,577)
Stock compensation	8,399	7,765
Net cash provided by operating activities	188,649	287,019
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of securities available for sale	(150,751)	(689,515)
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale	0	244,305
Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale	127,071	264,808
Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity	3,758	12,189
Purchases of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock	(206,104)	(134,293)
Redemption of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock	204,026	133,880
Purchases of loans and leases	(197,549)	(108,570)
Proceeds from sales of loans and leases	0	45,784
Net change in loans and leases	(42,484)	35,462
Purchases of premises, furniture, and equipment	(4,973)	(5,860)
Proceeds from sales of premises, furniture, and equipment	0	35
Purchases of rental equipment	(373,063)	(270,262)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	9,373	8,236
Net change in rental equipment	(279)	(1,879)
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets	1	1,814
Proceeds from sale of trademarks	10,000	50,000
Proceeds from sale of other assets	0	2,925
Net cash (used in) investing activities	(620,974)	(410,941)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits	440,939	195,828
Net change in short-term borrowings	230,000	0
Redemption of long-term borrowings	0	(75,000)
Principal payments on capital lease obligations	0	(75)
Principal payments on other liabilities	(1,416)	(2,163)
Proceeds from other liabilities	0	0
Payment of debt issuance costs	(511)	0
Dividends paid on common stock	(4,115)	(4,469)
Issuance of common stock due to restricted stock	1	1
Issuance of common stock due to ESOP	0	2,886
Repurchases of common stock	(103,996)	(146,763)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest	(2,286)	(2,771)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	558,616	(32,526)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	942	(311)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	127,233	(156,759)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of fiscal year	388,038	314,019
Cash and cash equivalents at end of fiscal period	515,271	157,260
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest	5,556	4,779
Income taxes	11,260	10,898
Franchise taxes	200	200
Other taxes	449	516
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activities:
Trade Date Purchases - AFS	3,026	101,993
Held for sale to loans and leases	158	14,731
Loans and leases to held for sale	0	169,045
Loans and leases to rental equipment	2,168	3,393
Rental equipment to loan and leases	311,278	233,634
Recognition of operating lease ROU assets, net of measurements	$ 0	$ 389

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The interim unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 included in Pathward Financial, Inc.’s (“Pathward” or the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on November 22, 2022. Accordingly, footnote disclosures which would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in the audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted.

The financial information of the Company included herein has been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and has been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Such information reflects all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. The results of the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023.

Certain prior fiscal year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year financial statement presentation. These changes and reclassifications did not impact previously reported net income or comprehensive income.

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU")

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES (ASU)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU")

Significant accounting policies in effect and disclosed within the Company’s most recent audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2022 remain substantially unchanged, except for the following:

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Pathward Financial, Inc. ("Pathward Financial" or the “Company” or "us"), a registered bank holding company located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries include Pathward®, National Association ("Pathward®, N.A." or "Pathward" or "the “Bank”), a national bank whose primary federal regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"), and Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of Pathward, N.A. which invests in companies in the financial services industry. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company also owns 100% of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I (the “Trust”), which was formed in July 2001 for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, and Crestmark Capital Trust I, which was acquired from the Crestmark Acquisition in August 2018. The Trust and Crestmark Capital Trust I are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

In addition, the Company is a variable interest holder in certain entities in which the equity holders do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or where the entity does not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support (referred to as variable interest entities or "VIEs"). The Company's variable interest arises from contractual ownership or other monetary interests that change with fluctuations in the VIE's net asset value. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest the Company holds could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of the Company's involvement with the VIE. Further, the Company assesses whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis. If the determination is made that the Company is the primary beneficiary, then that entity is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net income and equity attributable to third-party owners of consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned by Pathward Financial. All of the Company's noncontrolling interests relate to the Company's Commercial Finance business line.

Variable Interest Entities

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities ("SPEs"), which can be structured as corporations, trusts, limited liability companies, or partnerships and are established for a limited purpose. Currently, the Company utilizes a SPE facility for certain term lending products within the Company's Commercial Finance business line. The Company participated in the structuring of the SPE, has a minority ownership interest in the SPE, and acts as servicer for the SPE in exchange for a servicing fee. Pathward is not the primary beneficiary of the SPE as our risk of loss or right to benefits from the SPE are not significant. As of June 30, 2023, there are $9.9 million of commercial term loans held at the SPE, and the Company’s equity investment in the SPE is $0.9 million. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from the SPE is limited to its equity investment. As of June 30, 2023, there are $3.0 million of commercial term loans classified as held for sale related to this VIE. Additional information on loans transferred during the period is included in Note 5. Loans and Leases, Net.

Loan Servicing and Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of loans, portions of loans meeting the definition of a participating interest, and other financial assets are accounted for as sales on the transaction settlement date when control has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been legally isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of such right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through a repurchase agreement or other means. Upon sale, the loans or other financial assets are derecognized from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. If the transfer does not satisfy the aforementioned control criteria, the transaction is recorded as a secured borrowing with the loans or other financial assets remaining on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and proceeds recognized as a liability.

The Company sells loan participations, generally without recourse, in both the commercial and consumer segments. The Company also sells commercial Small Business Administration ("SBA") and United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") loans to third parties, generally without recourse. The Bank generally retains the right to service the sold loans for a fee. If the fee is determined commensurate and customary with market terms, no servicing asset or liability is recorded. Any fee that is above or below market terms results in a servicing asset or liability and is included within Other Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The following ASU became effective for the Company on October 1, 2022, and did not have a material impact on the Company’s significant accounting policies or Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

–ASU 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments.

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SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Unusual or Infrequent Items, or Both [Abstract]

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Rebranding

On December 7, 2021, the Company executed a Purchase Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Beige Key, LLC (the “Assignee”) for the sale of all of the Company’s worldwide right, title and interest in and to company names and tradenames including Meta and other "Meta" formative names including MetaBank and Meta Financial Group, and the domain names, social media accounts and goodwill associated with the foregoing (collectively, the “Meta” tradenames) in exchange for $60.0 million in cash. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement, the Company had one year from the Agreement execution date to phase out and cease all use of the Meta tradenames. The Company received $50.0 million upon execution and delivery of the Agreement and was reflected in noninterest income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The remaining $10.0 million was received by the Company upon completion of phase out activities during the quarter ended December 31, 2022. There have been no additional rebrand activities since completion of these activities.

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SECURITIES

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

SECURITIES

SECURITIES

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of available for sale ("AFS") and held to maturity ("HTM") debt securities are presented below.

(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(6,250)	$	18,750
SBA securities	98,342		—		(7,737)		90,605
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,384		—		(73)		2,311
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	272,818		—		(34,443)		238,375
Asset-backed securities	265,794		—		(11,228)		254,566
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		—		(216,636)		1,309,664
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,190,638	$	—	$	(276,367)	$	1,914,271
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(2,813)	$	22,187
SBA securities	105,238		—		(7,470)		97,768
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,469		—		(125)		2,344
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	290,754		—		(26,971)		263,783
Asset-backed securities	160,806		—		(13,016)		147,790
Mortgage-backed securities	1,581,452		—		(232,455)		1,348,997
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,165,719	$	—	$	(282,850)	$	1,882,869
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	35,450	$	—	$	(3,822)	$	31,628
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		—		(233)		2,042
Total debt securities HTM	$	37,725	$	—	$	(4,055)	$	33,670
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	39,093	$	—	$	(3,190)	$	35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,589		—		(321)		2,268
Total debt securities HTM	$	41,682	$	—	$	(3,511)	$	38,171

Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:

	LESS THAN 12 MONTHS				OVER 12 MONTHS				TOTAL
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	18,750	$	(6,250)	$	18,750	$	(6,250)
SBA securities	39,964		(2,048)		50,641		(5,689)		90,605		(7,737)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	—		—		2,311		(73)		2,311		(73)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	38,703		(2,128)		198,715		(32,315)		237,418		(34,443)
Asset-backed securities	98,655		(1,170)		155,911		(10,058)		254,566		(11,228)
Mortgage-backed securities	284,959		(16,159)		1,021,679		(200,477)		1,306,638		(216,636)
Total debt securities AFS	$	462,281	$	(21,505)	$	1,448,007	$	(254,862)	$	1,910,288	$	(276,367)
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	22,187	$	(2,813)	$	22,187	$	(2,813)
SBA securities	97,767		(7,470)		—		—		97,767		(7,470)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	2,345		(125)		—		—		2,345		(125)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	195,816		(19,743)		67,967		(7,228)		263,783		(26,971)
Asset-backed securities	64,886		(1,838)		82,904		(11,178)		147,790		(13,016)
Mortgage-backed securities	816,657		(106,583)		532,340		(125,872)		1,348,997		(232,455)
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,177,471	$	(135,759)	$	705,398	$	(147,091)	$	1,882,869	$	(282,850)
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	—	$	—	$	31,628	$	(3,822)	$	31,628	$	(3,822)
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—		2,042		(233)		2,042		(233)
Total debt securities HTM	$	—	$	—	$	33,670	$	(4,055)	$	33,670	$	(4,055)
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	3,984	$	(300)	$	31,919	$	(2,890)	$	35,903	$	(3,190)
Mortgage-backed securities	2,268		(321)		—		—		2,268		(321)
Total debt securities HTM	$	6,252	$	(621)	$	31,919	$	(2890)	$	38,171	$	(3,511)

At June 30, 2023, there were 203 securities AFS in an unrealized loss position. All of the mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2023 were government guaranteed. Management assessed each investment security with unrealized losses for credit loss and determined substantially all unrealized losses on these securities were due to adverse market conditions and/or changes in interest rates versus credit loss. As part of that assessment, management evaluated and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required and does not intend to sell any of the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost. At June 30, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for debt securities AFS.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features that allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023				At September 30, 2022
Securities AFS at Fair Value	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,784	$	4,728	$	718	$	715
Due after one year through five years	4,814		4,400		9,921		9,395
Due after five years through ten years	86,500		75,126		89,921		81,819
Due after ten years	568,240		520,353		483,707		441,943
	664,338		604,607		584,267		533,872
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		1,309,664		1,581,452		1,348,997
Total securities AFS, at fair value	$	2,190,638	$	1,914,271	$	2,165,719	$	1,882,869
Securities HTM at Fair Value
Due after ten years	$	35,450	$	31,628	$	39,093	$	35,903
	35,450		31,628		39,093		35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		2,042		2,589		2,268
Total securities HTM, at cost	$	37,725	$	33,670	$	41,682	$	38,171

Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") Stock. The Bank is required by federal law to subscribe to capital stock (divided into shares of $100 each) as a member of the FRB of Minneapolis with an amount equal to six per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus. One-half of the subscription is paid at time of application, and one-half is subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FRB of Minneapolis stock held by the Bank totaled $19.7 million at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be owned by member banks.

Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") Stock. The Company's borrowings from the FHLB are secured by specific investment securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities.

The investments in the FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company's membership in and current borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines. The investments in the FHLB of Des Moines could be adversely impacted by the financial operations of the FHLB and actions of their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

The FHLB stock is carried at cost since it is generally redeemable at par value. The carrying value of the stock held at the FHLB was $11.2 million and $9.1 million at June 30, 2023 and at September 30, 2022, respectively.

These equity securities are ‘restricted’ in that they can only be sold back to the respective institution from which they were acquired or another member institution at par. Therefore, FRB and FHLB stocks are less liquid than other marketable equity securities, and the fair value approximates cost.

Equity Securities. The Company held $3.5 million at June 30, 2023 and $2.9 million at September 30, 2022 in marketable equity securities. The Company recognized $0.2 million and $3.8 million in unrealized losses on marketable equity securities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is attributable to an investee becoming publicly traded during fiscal year 2021. All other marketable equity securities and related activity were insignificant for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. No such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Non-marketable equity securities with a readily determinable fair value totaled $8.5 million at June 30, 2023 and $7.2 million at September 30, 2022. The Company recognized $0.1 million in unrealized losses and $0.6 million in unrealized gains during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled $15.8 million at June 30, 2023 and $18.2 million at September 30, 2022. There were two such securities were sold during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Equity Securities Impairment. The Company evaluates impairment for investments held at cost on at least an annual basis based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. All other equity investments, including those under the equity method, are reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis. The Company recognized $3.2 million and no impairment for such investments for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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LOANS AND LEASES, NET

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Abstract]

LOANS AND LEASES, NET

LOANS AND LEASES, NET

Loans and leases consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	1,253,841	$	1,090,289
Asset based lending	373,160		351,696
Factoring	351,133		372,595
Lease financing	201,996		210,692
Insurance premium finance	666,265		479,754
SBA/USDA	422,389		359,238
Other commercial finance	171,954		159,409
Commercial finance	3,440,738		3,023,673
Consumer credit products	175,158		144,353
Other consumer finance	24,963		25,306
Consumer finance	200,121		169,659
Tax services	47,194		9,098
Warehouse finance	380,458		326,850
Total loans and leases	4,068,511		3,529,280
Net deferred loan origination costs	4,388		7,025
Total gross loans and leases	4,072,899		3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)		(45,947)
Total loans and leases, net	$	3,990,983	$	3,490,358

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company originated $941.5 million and $769.7 million of consumer finance and SBA/USDA as held for sale, respectively.

The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $870.1 million and gain on sale of $0.2 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2023. The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $898.4 million and loss on sale of $3.9 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2022.

Loans purchased and sold by portfolio segment, including participation interests, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Loans Purchased
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,098
Warehouse finance	9,715		19,657		197,549		105,472
Total purchases	$	9,715	$	19,657	$	197,549	$	108,570
Loans Sold
Loans held for sale:
Commercial finance	$	11,114	$	1,216	$	12,263	$	48,329
Consumer finance	254,655		173,284		857,869		696,891
Community banking	—		—		—		153,222
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	—		—		—		15,549
Community banking	—		—		—		30,235
Total sales	$	265,769	$	174,500	$	870,132	$	944,226

Leasing Portfolio. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases was comprised of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Carrying amount	$	212,275	$	216,880
Unguaranteed residual assets	13,152		13,037
Unamortized initial direct costs	160		295
Unearned income	(23,431)		(19,225)
Total net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases	$	202,156	$	210,987

Undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases, and a reconciliation to the carrying amount recorded at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	23,963
2024	76,232
2025	46,603
2026	24,781
2027	15,865
Thereafter	24,831
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases	212,275
Third-party residual value guarantees	—
Total carrying amount of direct financing and sales-type leases	$	212,275

The Company did not record any contingent rental income from direct financing and sales-type leases in the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

The COVID-19 pandemic began impacting the U.S. and global economies in the first calendar quarter of 2020, with significant deterioration of macroeconomic conditions and markets into 2021. Although macroeconomic conditions and markets have improved since the beginning of 2021, other factors have been affecting the economic environment in 2022 and 2023 including geopolitical conflict, supply chain disruptions, inflation, rising interest rates, and bank failures brought on by, among other things, rising interest rates, deposit outflows and liquidity crises. While the ultimate impact of the pandemic and these other factors on the Company's loan and lease portfolio remains difficult to predict, management continues to evaluate the loan and lease portfolio in order to assess the impact on repayment sources and underlying collateral that could result in additional losses and the impact to our customers and businesses as a result of COVID-19 and other factors impacting the economy and will refine its estimate as developments occur and more information becomes available.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses and balances of loans and leases by portfolio segment was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	28,415	$	250	$	(2,852)	$	825	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,081		68		—		154		1,303
Factoring	5,588		493		(140)		1		5,942
Lease financing	4,549		(355)		(302)		(26)		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,263		1,094		(443)		158		2,072
SBA/USDA	2,640		24		—		—		2,664
Other commercial finance	4,332		(253)		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	47,868		1,321		(3,737)		1,112		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,219		522		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	1,746		216		(1,860)		—		102
Consumer finance	2,965		738		(1,860)		—		1,843
Tax services	33,094		(229)		(404)		671		33,132
Warehouse finance	377		—		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	84,304		1,830		(6,001)		1,783		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	356		(57)		—		—		299
Total	$	84,660	$	1,773	$	(6,001)	$	1,783	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	27,568	$	9	$	(3,086)	$	1,316	$	25,807
Asset based lending	2,583		(1,553)		—		295		1,325
Factoring	6,526		533		(194)		268		7,133
Lease financing	6,471		(429)		—		107		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,057		583		(230)		41		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,943		338		(408)		25		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,197		(79)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,345		(598)		(3,918)		2,052		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,621		(170)		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	7,388		(205)		(2,428)		88		4,843
Consumer finance	9,009		(375)		(2,428)		88		6,294
Tax services	30,757		(166)		(7,998)		6		22,599
Warehouse finance	441		(9)		—		—		432
Total loans and leases	88,552		(1,148)		(14,344)		2,146		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	551		(154)		—		—		397
Total	$	89,103	$	(1,302)	$	(14,344)	$	2,146	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	24,621	$	7,895	$	(7,374)	$	1,496	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,050		2,972		(2,873)		154		1,303
Factoring	6,556		(311)		(323)		20		5,942
Lease financing	5,902		(976)		(1,315)		255		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,450		1,202		(852)		272		2,072
SBA/USDA	3,263		(625)		—		26		2,664
Other commercial finance	1,310		2,769		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	44,152		12,926		(12,737)		2,223		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,400		341		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	63		2,232		(2,193)		—		102
Consumer finance	1,463		2,573		(2,193)		—		1,843
Tax services	5		32,830		(2,135)		2,432		33,132
Warehouse finance	327		50		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	45,947		48,379		(17,065)		4,655		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	366		(67)		—		—		299
Total	$	46,312	$	48,312	$	(17,065)	$	4,655	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	29,351	$	1,104	$	(6,993)	$	2,345	$	25,807
Asset based lending	1,726		(817)		(16)		432		1,325
Factoring	3,997		13,857		(11,057)		336		7,133
Lease financing	7,629		(1,647)		(112)		279		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,394		374		(514)		197		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,978		517		(624)		27		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,168		(50)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,243		13,338		(19,316)		3,616		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,242		209		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	6,112		2,513		(4,049)		267		4,843
Consumer finance	7,354		2,722		(4,049)		267		6,294
Tax services	2		28,093		(8,253)		2,757		22,599
Warehouse finance	420		12		—		—		432
Community banking	12,262		(12,686)		—		424		—
Total loans and leases	68,281		31,479		(31,618)		7,064		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	690		(293)		—		—		397
Total	$	68,971	$	31,186	$	(31,618)	$	7,064	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Information on loans and leases that are deemed to be collateral dependent and are evaluated individually for the ACL was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023		At September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	4,767	$	2,885
Asset based lending	14,414		—
Factoring	—		550
Lease financing	591		2,787
SBA/USDA	750		1,199
Commercial finance(1)	20,522		7,421
Total	$	20,522	$	7,421
(1) For Commercial Finance, collateral dependent financial assets have collateral in the form of cash, equipment, or other business assets.

Management has identified certain structured finance credits for alternative energy projects in which a substantial cash collateral account has been established to mitigate credit risk. Due to the nature of the transactions and significant cash collateral positions, these credits are evaluated individually. The balance of these pass rated cash collateral loans totaled $68.2 million and $120.7 million at June 30, 2023 and at September 30, 2022, respectively.

Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered by the Bank's primary regulator, the OCC, to be of lesser quality as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” The loan classification and risk rating definitions are as follows:

Pass - A pass asset is of sufficient quality in terms of repayment, collateral and management to preclude a special mention or an adverse rating.

Watch - A watch asset is generally a credit performing well under current terms and conditions but with identifiable weakness meriting additional scrutiny and corrective measures. Watch is not a regulatory classification but can be used to designate assets that are exhibiting one or more weaknesses that deserve management’s attention. These assets are of better quality than special mention assets.

Special Mention - A special mention asset is a credit with potential weaknesses deserving management’s close attention and, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Special mention is a temporary status with aggressive credit management required to garner adequate progress and move to watch or higher.

The adverse classifications are as follows:

Substandard - A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the net worth and/or repayment ability or by a weak collateral position. Assets so classified will have well-defined weaknesses creating a distinct possibility the Bank will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected. Loss potential does not have to exist for an asset to be classified as substandard.

Doubtful - A doubtful asset has weaknesses similar to those classified substandard, with the degree of weakness causing the likely loss of some principal in any reasonable collection effort. Due to pending factors, the asset’s classification as loss is not yet appropriate.

Loss - A loss asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that the asset’s continuance on the Bank’s balance sheet is no longer warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean an asset has no recovery or salvage value leaving room for future collection efforts.

Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are generally charged off when collection of principal becomes doubtful. Typically, this is associated with a delay or shortfall in payments of 210 days or more for commercial insurance premium finance, 120 days or more for consumer credit products and leases, and 90 days or more for commercial finance loans. Action is taken to charge off electronic return originator ("ERO") loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of June and refund advance loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of the calendar year. Nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructurings are generally individually evaluated for expected credit losses.

The Company recognizes that concentrations of credit may naturally occur and may take the form of a large volume of related loans and leases to an individual, a specific industry, or a geographic location. Credit concentration is a direct, indirect, or contingent obligation that has a common bond where the aggregate exposure equals or exceeds a certain percentage of the Company’s Tier 1 Capital plus the allowable Allowance for Credit Losses.

The Company has various portfolios of consumer finance and tax services loans that present unique risks that are statistically managed. Due to the unique risks associated with these portfolios, the Company monitors other credit quality indicators in its evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL on these portfolios, and as such, these loans are not included in the asset classification table below. The outstanding balances of consumer finance loans and tax services loans were $200.1 million and $47.2 million at June 30, 2023, respectively, and $169.7 million and $9.1 million at September 30, 2022, respectively. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases by asset classification and year of origination was as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	313,587	$	201,918	$	119,763	$	82,834	$	18,380	$	203,059	$	—	$	939,541
Watch	47,005		50,336		61,125		11,832		6,964		14,399		—		191,661
Special mention	1,174		12,080		11,369		1,383		1,106		1,753		—		28,865
Substandard	2,715		34,238		19,320		25,326		4,485		2,135		—		88,219
Doubtful	103		1,934		1,110		931		235		1,242		—		5,555
Total	364,584		300,506		212,687		122,306		31,170		222,588		—		1,253,841
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,401		163,401
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,215		163,215
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		23,264		23,264
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		15,748		15,748
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		7,532		7,532
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		373,160		373,160
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		257,636		257,636
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		71,351		71,351
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		11,875		11,875
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		10,271		10,271
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133
Lease financing
Pass	8,249		18,748		21,365		34,127		2,091		50,807		—		135,387
Watch	190		10,301		11,617		3,370		2,222		477		—		28,177
Special mention	—		—		1,374		602		281		—		—		2,257
Substandard	—		8,185		8,168		3,960		6,269		9,278		—		35,860
Doubtful	—		—		81		100		—		134		—		315
Total	8,439		37,234		42,605		42,159		10,863		60,696		—		201,996
Insurance premium finance
Pass	655,755		8,822		9		—		—		—		—		664,586
Watch	374		239		—		—		—		—		—		613
Special mention	115		74		—		—		—		—		—		189
Substandard	55		429		—		—		—		—		—		484

Doubtful	80		313		—		—		—		—		—		393
Total	656,379		9,877		9		—		—		—		—		666,265
SBA/USDA
Pass	91,797		198,975		28,116		45,070		9,288		18,745		—		391,991
Watch	—		—		326		53		358		2,391		—		3,128
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	252		1,680		1,156		7,185		8,303		8,694		—		27,270
Total	92,049		200,655		29,598		52,308		17,949		29,830		—		422,389
Other commercial finance
Pass	3,425		18,899		32,908		1,094		10,212		73,785		—		140,323
Watch	1,740		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,740
Special mention	—		—		18,000		—		—		—		—		18,000
Substandard	2,789		464		8,379		—		—		259		—		11,891
Total	7,954		19,363		59,287		1,094		10,212		74,044		—		171,954
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total loans and leases
Pass	1,072,813		447,362		202,161		163,125		39,971		346,396		801,495		3,073,323
Watch	49,309		60,876		73,068		15,255		9,544		17,267		234,566		459,885
Special mention	1,289		12,154		30,743		1,985		1,387		1,753		35,139		84,450
Substandard	5,811		44,996		37,023		36,471		19,057		20,366		26,019		189,743
Doubtful	183		2,247		1,191		1,031		235		1,376		7,532		13,795
Total	$	1,129,405	$	567,635	$	344,186	$	217,867	$	70,194	$	387,158	$	1,104,751	$	3,821,196

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	246,627	$	240,018	$	105,170	$	60,417	$	89,072	$	61,229	$	—	$	802,533
Watch	45,539		24,318		45,052		11,698		21,077		9,799		—		157,483
Special mention	9,500		24,885		14,300		2,861		619		242		—		52,407
Substandard	10,627		16,694		12,248		23,266		10,457		2,255		—		75,547
Doubtful	175		407		469		872		204		192		—		2,319
Total	312,468		306,322		177,239		99,114		121,429		73,717		—		1,090,289
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		154,494		154,494
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		162,990		162,990
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		13,770		13,770
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		20,442		20,442
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,696		351,696
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		254,883		254,883
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		86,219		86,219
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		9,174		9,174
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		22,319		22,319
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595
Lease financing
Pass	7,407		38,818		31,408		26,552		12,361		823		—		117,369
Watch	8,799		17,098		10,284		6,655		2,899		151		—		45,886
Special mention	151		6,151		2,644		481		2,876		2,811		—		15,114
Substandard	825		9,486		11,819		7,273		1,245		—		—		30,648
Doubtful	144		163		1,280		88		—		—		—		1,675
Total	17,326		71,716		57,435		41,049		19,381		3,785		—		210,692

Insurance premium finance
Pass	478,504		307		8		—		—		—		—		478,819
Watch	539		7		—		—		—		—		—		546
Special mention	169		40		—		—		—		—		—		209
Substandard	106		46		—		—		—		—		—		152
Doubtful	14		14		—		—		—		—		—		28
Total	479,332		414		8		—		—		—		—		479,754
SBA/USDA
Pass	54,512		111,907		40,474		56,538		28,874		24,305		—		316,610
Watch	—		13,836		1,266		702		—		710		—		16,514
Special mention	—		211		—		869		—		—		—		1,080
Substandard	4,149		10,968		4,278		—		1,094		4,545		—		25,034
Total	58,661		136,922		46,018		58,109		29,968		29,560		—		359,238
Other commercial finance
Pass	5,886		13,607		26,040		20,458		23,098		40,782		—		129,871
Substandard	—		9,538		—		—		—		20,000		—		29,538
Total	5,886		23,145		26,040		20,458		23,098		60,782		—		159,409
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		294,350		294,350
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		32,500		32,500
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850
Total loans and leases
Pass	792,936		404,657		203,100		163,965		153,405		127,139		703,727		2,548,929
Watch	54,877		55,259		56,602		19,055		23,976		10,660		249,209		469,638
Special mention	9,820		31,287		16,944		4,211		3,495		3,053		55,444		124,254
Substandard	15,707		46,732		28,345		30,539		12,796		26,800		42,761		203,680
Doubtful	333		584		1,749		960		204		192		—		4,022
Total	$	873,673	$	538,519	$	306,740	$	218,730	$	193,876	$	167,844	$	1,051,141	$	3,350,523

Past due loans and leases were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At June 30, 2023	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	10	$	87,341	$	87,351	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	30,464		3,423		8,074		41,961		1,211,880		1,253,841		1,862		13,207		15,069
Asset based lending	—		—		218		218		372,942		373,160		218		14,407		14,625
Factoring	—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133		—		364		364
Lease financing	2,945		729		1,940		5,614		196,382		201,996		1,627		1,494		3,121
Insurance premium finance	1,884		874		2,394		5,152		661,113		666,265		2,394		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	51		908		1,002		1,961		420,428		422,389		349		698		1,047
Other commercial finance	—		—		92		92		171,862		171,954		92		—		92
Commercial finance	35,344		5,934		13,720		54,998		3,385,740		3,440,738		6,542		30,170		36,712
Consumer credit products	2,512		2,030		2,058		6,600		168,558		175,158		2,058		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	26		20		29		75		24,888		24,963		29		—		29
Consumer finance	2,538		2,050		2,087		6,675		193,446		200,121		2,087		—		2,087
Tax services	—		47,194		—		47,194		—		47,194		—		—		—
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	37,882		55,178		15,807		108,867		3,959,644		4,068,511		8,629		30,170		38,799
Total loans and leases	$	37,892	$	55,178	$	15,807	$	108,877	$	4,046,985	$	4,155,862	$	8,629	$	30,170	$	38,799

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At September 30, 2022	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,071	$	21,071	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	14,066		2,576		4,458		21,100		1,069,189		1,090,289		2,035		7,576		9,611
Asset based lending	—		—		68		68		351,628		351,696		39		29		68
Factoring	—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595		—		569		569
Lease financing	8,265		2,253		1,714		12,232		198,460		210,692		440		3,750		4,190
Insurance premium finance	2,550		1,379		1,628		5,557		474,197		479,754		1,628		—		1,628
SBA/USDA	—		—		—		—		359,238		359,238		—		1,451		1,451
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		159,409		159,409		—		—		—
Commercial finance	24,881		6,208		7,868		38,957		2,984,716		3,023,673		4,142		13,375		17,517
Consumer credit products	3,209		2,558		2,669		8,436		135,917		144,353		2,669		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	113		51		124		288		25,018		25,306		124		—		124
Consumer finance	3,322		2,609		2,793		8,724		160,935		169,659		2,793		—		2,793
Tax services	—		—		8,873		8,873		225		9,098		8,873		—		8,873
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	28,203		8,817		19,534		56,554		3,472,726		3,529,280		15,808		13,375		29,183
Total loans and leases	$	28,203	$	8,817	$	19,534	$	56,554	$	3,493,797	$	3,550,351	$	15,808	$	13,375	$	29,183

Nonaccrual loans and leases by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	103	$	3,819	$	2,245	$	2,017	$	3,380	$	1,643	$	—	$	13,207	$	—
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		14,407		14,407		14,407
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		364		364		—
Lease financing	—		269		596		—		—		629		—		1,494		591
SBA/USDA	—		401		12		32		—		253		—		698		401
Commercial finance	103		4,489		2,853		2,049		3,380		2,525		14,771		30,170		15,399
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	103	$	4,489	$	2,853	$	2,049	$	3,380	$	2,525	$	14,771	$	30,170	$	15,399

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	251	$	1,110	$	1,964	$	989	$	3,096	$	166	$	—	$	7,576	$	2,885
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29		—
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		569		569		550
Lease financing	977		310		2,442		13		8		—		—		3,750		—
SBA/USDA	—		—		1,199		—		—		252		—		1,451		1,199
Commercial finance	1,228		1,420		5,605		1,002		3,104		418		598		13,375		4,634
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	1,228	$	1,420	$	5,605	$	1,002	$	3,104	$	418	$	598	$	13,375	$	4,634

Loans and leases that are 90 days or more delinquent and accruing by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	128	$	917	$	658	$	107	$	52	$	—	$	—	$	1,862
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		218		218
Lease financing	—		479		969		152		20		7		—		1,627
Insurance premium finance	1,149		1,241		4		—		—		—		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	—		349		—		—		—		—		—		349
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		—		92		—		92
Commercial finance	1,277		2,986		1,631		259		72		99		218		6,542
Consumer credit products	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29
Consumer finance	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		29		2,087
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	1,612	$	4,225	$	2,046	$	309	$	91	$	99	$	247	$	8,629

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	207	$	720	$	716	$	130	$	70	$	192	$	—	$	2,035
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		39		39
Lease financing	8		158		98		131		45		—		—		440
Insurance premium finance	1,513		110		5		—		—		—		—		1,628
Commercial finance	1,728		988		819		261		115		192		39		4,142
Consumer credit products	2,123		481		42		23		—		—		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	—		124		—		—		—		—		—		124
Consumer finance	2,123		605		42		23		—		—		—		2,793
Tax services	8,873		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,873
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	12,724	$	1,593	$	861	$	284	$	115	$	192	$	39	$	15,808

Certain loans and leases 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal continue to accrue because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due.

The following table provides the average recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and leases:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Term lending	$	12,637	$	11,114	$	10,397	$	11,908
Asset based lending	15,792		3,500		8,452		4,502
Factoring	545		1,903		592		7,980
Lease financing	2,675		3,529		3,308		3,194
SBA/USDA	1,261		1,776		1,353		1,152
Commercial finance	32,910		21,822		24,102		28,736
Total loans and leases	$	32,910	$	21,822	$	24,102	$	28,736

The recognized interest income on the Company's nonaccrual loans and leases for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was not significant.

The Company’s troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") typically involve forgiving a portion of interest or principal on existing loans, making loans at a rate materially less than current market rates, or extending the term of the loan. No loans were modified in a TDR during the three months ended June 30, 2023. There were $0.2 million of commercial finance loans and $0.5 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR during the three months ended June 30, 2022, all of which were modified to extend the term of the loan.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, there were no loans that were modified in a TDR. There were $10.4 million of commercial finance loans and $0.7 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR during the nine months ended June 30, 2022, all of which were modified to extend the term of the loan.

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, there was an immaterial amount of commercial finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company had $1.4 million of commercial finance loans and $0.3 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR with the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company had $0.4 million of commercial finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. During the nine months ended June 30, 2022, the Company had $3.9 million of commercial finance loans and $1.1 million of consumer finance loans that were modified in a TDR within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default. TDR net charge-offs and the impact of TDRs on the Company's allowance for credit losses were insignificant during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

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EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")The Company has granted restricted share awards with dividend rights that are considered to be participating securities. Accordingly, a portion of the Company’s earnings is allocated to those participating securities in the earnings per share calculation under the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method by dividing income available to common stockholders after the allocation of dividends and undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated using the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, and is computed after giving consideration to the weighted average dilutive effect of the Company’s stock options, performance share units, and nonvested restricted stock, where applicable. Diluted EPS under the two-class method also considers the allocation of earnings to the participating securities. Antidilutive securities are disregarded in earnings per share calculations. Diluted EPS shown below reflects the two-class method, as diluted EPS under the two-class method was more dilutive than under the treasury stock method.

A reconciliation of net income and common stock share amounts used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic income per common share:
Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.	$	45,096	$	22,391	$	127,709	$	132,966
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(690)		(377)		(1,920)		(2,166)
Basic net earnings available to common stockholders	44,406		22,014		125,789		130,800
Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stockholders	670		352		1,858		2,093
Reallocation of undistributed earnings to nonvested restricted stockholders	(667)		(352)		(1,852)		(2,092)
Diluted net earnings available to common stockholders	$	44,409	$	22,014	$	125,795	$	130,801
Total weighted-average basic common shares outstanding	26,346,693		28,868,136		27,152,773		29,444,979
Effect of dilutive securities(1)
Performance share units	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total effect of dilutive securities	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding	26,447,032		28,868,136		27,238,801		29,454,586
Net earnings per common share:
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.69	$	0.76	$	4.63	$	4.44
Diluted earnings per common share(2)	$	1.68	$	0.76	$	4.62	$	4.44

(1) Represents the effect of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of performance share units and restricted stock, as applicable, utilizing the treasury stock method.

(2) Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 409,666 and 493,800 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 414,539 and 487,538 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

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RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET

RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET

Rental equipment consists of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Computers and IT networking equipment	$	25,681	$	21,669
Motor vehicles and other	123,374		107,648
Other furniture and equipment	49,214		34,254
Solar panels and equipment	137,809		133,765
Total	336,078		297,336
Accumulated depreciation	(113,122)		(94,355)
Unamortized initial direct costs	1,256		1,390
Net book value	$	224,212	$	204,371

Future minimum lease payments expected to be received for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	11,844
2024	40,640
2025	33,086
2026	23,247
2027	15,506
Thereafter	17,484
Total	$	141,807

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GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company held a total of $309.5 million of goodwill at June 30, 2023. The recorded goodwill is a result of multiple business combinations that occurred from 2015 to 2018. There have been no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s intangible assets were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Trademark(1)		Non-Compete		Customer Relationships(2)		All Others(3)		Total
Intangible Assets
At September 30, 2022	$	8,605	$	—	$	12,395	$	4,691	$	25,691
Amortization during the period	(868)		—		(2,595)		(398)		(3,861)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(6,887)		(2,481)		(61,370)		(5,429)		(76,167)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
At September 30, 2021	$	9,823	$	40	$	17,868	$	5,417	$	33,148
Acquisitions during the period	—		—		—		1		1
Amortization during the period	(871)		(40)		(3,884)		(393)		(5,188)
Write-offs during the period	—		—		(670)		(203)		(873)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(5,672)		(2,481)		(57,856)		(4,900)		(70,909)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088

(1) Book amortization period of 5-15 years. Amortized using the straight line and accelerated methods.

(2) Book amortization period of 10-30 years. Amortized using the accelerated method.

(3) Book amortization period of 3-20 years. Amortized using the straight line method.

The estimated amortization expense of intangible assets assumes no activities, such as acquisitions, which would result in additional amortizable intangible assets. Estimated amortization expense of intangible assets in the remaining three months of fiscal 2023 and subsequent fiscal years at June 30, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,082
2024	4,123
2025	3,561
2026	3,215
2027	2,569
Thereafter	7,280
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$	21,830

There were no impairments to intangible assets during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Intangible impairment expense is recorded within the impairment expense line of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, included in other assets, were $27.7 million and $31.0 million at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Operating lease liabilities, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, were $29.6 million and $32.9 million at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Undiscounted future minimum operating lease payments and a reconciliation to the amount recorded as operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,091
2024	3,913
2025	3,718
2026	3,195
2027	3,092
Thereafter	18,639
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	33,648
Discount	(4,003)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,645

The weighted-average discount rate and remaining lease term for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

Weighted-average discount rate	2.37	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	9.82

The components of total lease costs for operating leases were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Lease expense	$	978	$	1,119	$	2,974	$	3,375
Short-term and variable lease cost	22		58		106		133
ROU asset impairment	—		670		—		670
Sublease income	(368)		(375)		(1,040)		(906)
Total lease cost for operating leases	$	632	$	1,472	$	2,040	$	3,272

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Repurchase of Common Stock. The Company's Board of Directors authorized the September 3, 2021 share repurchase program to repurchase up to 6,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock. This authorization is effective from September 3, 2021 through September 30, 2024. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 2,316,814 and 2,447,699 shares, respectively, as part of the share repurchase program.

Under the repurchase program, repurchased shares were retired and designated as authorized but unissued shares. The Company accounts for repurchased shares using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. As of June 30, 2023, 1,978,163 shares of common stock remained available for repurchase.

For the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company also repurchased 59,626 and 67,158 shares, or $2.1 million and $3.8 million of common stock, respectively, in settlement of employee tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting of restricted stock.

Retirement of Treasury Stock. The Company accounts for the retirement of repurchased shares, including treasury stock, using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. The Company retired zero shares of common stock held in treasury during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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STOCK COMPENSATION

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

STOCK COMPENSATION

STOCK COMPENSATION

The Company maintains the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan"), which, among other things, provides for the awarding of stock options, nonvested (restricted) shares, and performance share units ("PSUs") to certain officers and directors of the Company. Awards are granted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors based on the performance of the award recipients or other relevant factors. No new awards are made under the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan following November 25, 2022, the date that the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan expired by its terms.

Compensation expense for share-based awards is recorded over the vesting period at the fair value of the award at the time of the grant. The exercise price of options or fair value of nonvested (restricted) shares and performance share units granted under the Company’s 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan is equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date, adjusted for dividends where applicable. The Company has elected, with the adoption of ASU 2016-09, to record forfeitures as they occur.

The following tables show the activity of nonvested (restricted) shares and PSUs granted, vested, or forfeited under the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan for the nine months ended June 30, 2023. There were no options granted, exercised, or forfeited under this plan during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2022	474,348	$	36.52
Granted	160,881	38.95
Vested	(209,440)	36.59
Forfeited or expired	(33,293)	48.90
Nonvested shares outstanding, June 30, 2023	392,496	$	36.42
Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2022	96,689	$	42.59
Granted(1)	59,115	38.94
Vested	—	—
Forfeited or expired	—	—
Performance share units outstanding, June 30, 2023	155,804	$	41.20
(1) The number of PSUs granted reflects the target number of PSUs able to be earned under a given award.

At June 30, 2023, stock-based compensation expense not yet recognized in income totaled $8.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of 1.45 years.

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INCOME TAXES

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $19.0 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2023, resulting in an effective tax rate of 12.80%, compared to an income tax expense of $29.2 million, or an effective tax rate of 17.77%, for the nine months ended June 30, 2022. The Company’s effective tax rate was lower than the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily because of the effect of investment tax credits during fiscal year 2023. The Company's effective tax rate in the future will depend in part on actual investment tax credits generated from qualified renewable energy property.

The table below compares the income tax expense components for the periods presented.

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Provision at statutory rate	$	30,808		$	34,063
Tax-exempt income	(600)			(541)
State income taxes	6,109			6,728
Interim period effective rate adjustment	(3,065)			(2,849)
Tax credit investments, net - federal	(13,669)			(6,994)
Research tax credit	(805)			(355)
IRC 162(m) nondeductible compensation	928			801
Other, net	(710)			(1,617)
Income tax expense	$	18,996		$	29,236
Effective tax rate	12.80		%	17.77		%

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REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Topic 606 applies to all contracts with customers unless such revenue is specifically addressed under existing guidance. The table below presents the Company’s revenue by operating segment. For additional descriptions of the Company’s operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 14. Segment Reporting to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Consolidated Company
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income(1)	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	8,262		10,289		—		—		—		—		8,262		10,289
Refund advance fee income(1)	(927)		(20)		—		—		—		—		(927)		(20)
Card and deposit fees	39,450		24,673		253		252		5		10		39,708		24,935
Rental income(1)	—		—		13,756		11,890		224		192		13,980		12,082
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		9		198		9		198
Gain on sale of other(1)	—		—		812		1,239		—		—		812		1,239
Other income(1)	1,929		1,284		1,888		2,479		2,072		1,508		5,889		5,271
Total noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Revenue	$	89,397	$	59,439	$	69,776	$	62,662	$	6,025	$	4,044	$	165,198	$	126,145
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income(1)	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	39,144		38,674		—		—		—		—		39,144		38,674
Refund advance fee income(1)	37,685		40,513		—		—		—		—		37,685		40,513
Card and deposit fees	118,730		76,075		766		728		17		22		119,513		76,825
Rental income(1)	—		—		39,008		34,192		620		342		39,628		34,534
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		91		595		91		595
Gain on sale of trademarks	—		—		—		—		10,000		50,000		10,000		50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other(1)	—		—		566		7,331		—		(8,932)		566		(1,601)
Other income(1)	4,470		3,434		4,907		8,103		4,544		(726)		13,921		10,811
Total noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Revenue	$	316,402	$	238,019	$	187,396	$	187,277	$	39,677	$	52,619	$	543,475	$	477,915
(1) These revenues are not within the scope of Topic 606. Additional details are included in other footnotes to the accompanying financial statements. The scope of Topic 606 explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities, including loans, leases, and securities.

Following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of Topic 606. The Company provides services to customers that have related performance obligations that must be completed to recognize revenue. Revenues are generally recognized immediately upon the completion of the service or over time as services are performed. Any services performed over time generally require that the Company renders services each period; therefore, the Company measures progress in completing these services based upon the passage of time. Revenue from contracts with customers did not generate significant contract assets and liabilities for the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Refund Transfer Product Fees. Refund transfer fees are specific to the Banking as a Service ("BaaS") business line and reflect product fees offered by the Company through third-party tax preparers and tax preparation software providers where the Company acts as the partnering financial institution. A refund transfer allows a taxpayer to pay tax preparation and filing fees directly from their federal or state government tax refund, with the remainder of the refund being disbursed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the taxpayer agreement, which may include satisfaction of other disbursement obligations before going directly to the taxpayer via check, direct deposit, or prepaid card. Refund transfer fees are recognized by the Company immediately after the taxpayer's refund has been disbursed in accordance with the contract and are based on standalone pricing included within the terms and conditions. Certain expenses to tax preparation software providers are netted with refund transfer fee income as the Company is considered the agent in these contractual relationships. All refund transfer fees are recorded within the Consumer reporting segment.

Card and Deposit Fees. Card fees relate to the BaaS business line and consists of income from prepaid cards and merchant services, including interchange fees from prepaid cards processed through card association networks, merchant services and other card related services. Interchange rates are generally set by card association networks based on transaction volume and other factors. Since interchange fees are generated by cardholder activity, the Company recognizes the income as transactions occur. Fee income for merchant services and other card related services reflect account management and transaction fees charged to merchants for processing card association network transactions. The associated income is recognized as transactions occur or as services are performed. For the Company's internally managed prepaid card programs, fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the cardholder agreement. The Company is considered the principal of these relationships resulting in all fee income being presented on a gross basis within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the Company's sponsorship prepaid card programs where a third-party is considered the Program Manager, the fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the Program Manager, networks and associations are netted with card fee revenue. All card fee income is included in the Consumer reporting segment.

Deposit fees relate to the BaaS and Commercial Finance business lines and consist of income from banking and deposit-related services, including account services, overdraft protection, and wire transfers. Fee income for account services is recognized over the course of the month as the performance obligation is satisfied. Fee income for overdraft protection and wire transfers is recognized at the point in time when such event occurs. For BaaS, the fees for account services and overdraft protection are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement with the sponsorship partner. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the partner are netted with deposit fee revenue. For Commercial Finance, fees for wire transfers are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the customer deposit agreement. Bank and deposit fees for the BaaS and Commercial Finance business lines are included in the Consumer and Commercial reporting segments, respectively. Also included within Card and Deposit Fees for the Consumer reporting segment are servicing fees the Company recognizes for custodial off-balance sheet deposits. This fee income is for services the Bank performs to maintain records of cardholder funds placed at one or more third-party banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The servicing fee is typically reflective of the effective federal funds rate ("EFFR").

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SEGMENT REPORTING

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SEGMENT REPORTING

SEGMENT REPORTING

An operating segment is generally defined as a component of a business for which discrete financial information is available and whose results are reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker. Operating segments are aggregated into reportable segments if certain criteria are met.

The Company reports its results of operations through the following three business segments: Consumer, Commercial, and Corporate Services/Other. The BaaS business line is reported in the Consumer segment. The Commercial Finance business line is reported in the Commercial segment. The Corporate Services/Other segment includes certain shared services as well as treasury related functions such as the investment portfolio, warehouse finance, wholesale deposits and borrowings.

The following tables present segment data for the Company:

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Total
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	508		(279)		1,265		(752)		—		(271)		1,773		(1,302)
Noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Noninterest expense	39,666		23,960		33,594		31,336		41,318		41,354		114,578		96,650
Income (loss) before income tax expense	49,223		35,758		34,917		32,078		(35,293)		(37,039)		48,847		30,797
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	35,402		30,667		12,860		13,045		50		(12,526)		48,312		31,186
Noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Noninterest expense	124,070		73,509		105,189		95,845		117,514		112,892		346,773		282,246
Income (loss) before income tax expense	156,930		133,843		69,347		78,387		(77,887)		(47,747)		148,390		164,483
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities using a hierarchy system and requires disclosures about fair value measurement. It clarifies that fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts.

The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at measurement date.

Level 2 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 Inputs - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market and are used only to the extent that observable inputs are not available. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Debt Securities Available for Sale and Held to Maturity. Debt securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and debt securities held to maturity are carried at amortized cost.

The fair value of debt securities available for sale, categorized primarily as Level 2, is recorded using prices obtained from independent asset pricing services that are based on observable transactions, but not quoted markets. Management reviews the prices obtained from independent asset pricing services for unusual fluctuations and compares to current market trading activity.

Equity Securities. Marketable equity securities and certain non-marketable equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of marketable equity securities are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1 inputs).

The following tables summarize the fair values of debt securities available for sale and equity securities as they are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	18,750	$	—	$	18,750	$	—
SBA securities	90,605		—		90,605		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,311		—		2,311		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	238,375		—		238,375		—
Asset-backed securities	254,566		—		254,566		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664		—		1,309,664		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,914,271	$	—	$	1,914,271	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	3,527	$	3,527	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	8,469	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	22,187	$	—	$	22,187	$	—
SBA securities	97,768		—		97,768		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,344		—		2,344		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	263,783		—		263,783		—
Asset-backed securities	147,790		—		147,790		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,348,997		—		1,348,997		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,882,869	$	—	$	1,882,869	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	2,874	$	2,874	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	7,212	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

Loans and Leases. The Company does not record loans and leases at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if a loan or lease is individually evaluated for risk of credit loss and repayment is expected to be solely provided by the values of the underlying collateral, the Company measures fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is determined by the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The fair value of the collateral is determined based on the internal estimates and/or assessment provided by third-party appraisers and the valuation relies on discount rates ranging from 3% to 18%.

The following table summarizes the assets of the Company that are measured at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition on a non-recurring basis:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	4,113		—		—		4,113
Total	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	1,575	$	—	$	—	$	1,575
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	1,575		—		—		1,575
Foreclosed assets, net	1		—		—		1
Total	$	1,576	$	—	$	—	$	1,576

	Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value at June 30, 2023		Fair Value at September 30, 2022		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range of Inputs
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	$	4,113	$	1,575	Market approach	Appraised values(1)	3% - 18%

(1) The Company generally relies on external appraisers to develop this information. Management reduced the appraised value by estimating selling costs and other inputs in a range of 3% to 18%.

Management discloses the estimated fair value of financial instruments, including assets and liabilities on and off the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. These fair value estimates were made at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. Fair value estimates are intended to represent the price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be settled. However, since there is no active market for certain financial instruments of the Company, the estimates of fair value are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties, and include matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions as well as tax considerations could significantly affect the estimated values. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value estimates are not intended to represent the underlying value of the Company, on either a going concern or a liquidation basis.

The following tables present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the financial instruments held by the Company:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271		1,914,271		—		1,914,271		—
Debt securities held to maturity	37,725		33,670		—		33,670		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	3,527		3,527		3,527		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	20,533		20,533		—		12,064		—
Loans held for sale	87,351		87,351		—		87,351		—
Loans and leases	4,068,511		4,006,176		—		—		4,006,176
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890		30,890		—		30,890		—
Accrued interest receivable	22,332		22,332		22,332		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,306,976		6,306,818		6,301,147		5,671		—
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000		230,000		230,000		—		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	34,178		31,853		—		31,853		—
Accrued interest payable	802		802		802		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,882,869		1,882,869		—		1,882,869		—
Debt securities held to maturity	41,682		38,171		—		38,171		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	2,874		2,874		2,874		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	22,526		22,526		—		15,314		—
Loans held for sale	21,071		21,071		—		21,071		—
Loans and leases	3,529,280		3,525,803		—		—		3,525,803
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	28,812		28,812		—		28,812		—
Accrued interest receivable	17,979		17,979		17,979		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	5,866,037		5,865,854		5,858,283		7,571		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	36,028		35,986		—		35,986		—
Accrued interest payable	192		192		192		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS	SUBSEQUENT EVENTSManagement has evaluated subsequent events that occurred after June 30, 2023. During this period, up to the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, management did not identify any material subsequent events that would require recognition or disclosure in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of or for the quarter ended June 30, 2023.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.	$ 45,096	$ 22,391	$ 127,709	$ 132,966

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Insider Trading Arrangements

3 Months Ended

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

shares

Jun. 30, 2023

shares

Glen Herrick [Member]

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Material Terms of Trading Arrangement

Name and Title	Date Adopted	Character of Trading Arrangement(1)	Aggregate Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Purchased or Sold Pursuant to Trading Arrangement	Duration(2)	Date Terminated
Glen Herrick, EVP Chief Financial Officer	May 16, 2023	Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement(3)	Up to 20,000 shares to be sold	November 1, 2023 to January 30, 2024	Not applicable

(1) Except as indicated by footnote, the trading arrangement marked as "Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement" in the above table (the "Trading Arrangement") is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), as amended (the "Rule").

(2) The Trading Arrangement permits transactions through: (a) the termination or suspension of the Trading Arrangement, or (b) the earliest to occur of (i) the date set forth in the above table, (ii) completion of all sales under the Trading Arrangement, (iii) receipt of notice of Mr. Herrick’s death, or (iv) receipt of notice of the commencement of any proceedings in respect of or triggered by Mr. Herrick’s bankruptcy or insolvency. The Trading Arrangement only permits transactions after expiration of the applicable mandatory cooling-off period under the Rule.

(3) Compiled with the then-applicable requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c) when adopted in May 2023.

Name

Glen Herrick

Title

Chief Financial Officer

Adoption Date

May 16, 2023

Arrangement Duration

61 days

Aggregate Available

20,000

20,000

Director and Officer Trading Arrangement [Member]

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU") (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Adopted ASUs

Significant accounting policies in effect and disclosed within the Company’s most recent audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2022 remain substantially unchanged, except for the following:

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Pathward Financial, Inc. ("Pathward Financial" or the “Company” or "us"), a registered bank holding company located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries include Pathward®, National Association ("Pathward®, N.A." or "Pathward" or "the “Bank”), a national bank whose primary federal regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"), and Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of Pathward, N.A. which invests in companies in the financial services industry. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company also owns 100% of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I (the “Trust”), which was formed in July 2001 for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, and Crestmark Capital Trust I, which was acquired from the Crestmark Acquisition in August 2018. The Trust and Crestmark Capital Trust I are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

In addition, the Company is a variable interest holder in certain entities in which the equity holders do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or where the entity does not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support (referred to as variable interest entities or "VIEs"). The Company's variable interest arises from contractual ownership or other monetary interests that change with fluctuations in the VIE's net asset value. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest the Company holds could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of the Company's involvement with the VIE. Further, the Company assesses whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis. If the determination is made that the Company is the primary beneficiary, then that entity is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net income and equity attributable to third-party owners of consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned by Pathward Financial. All of the Company's noncontrolling interests relate to the Company's Commercial Finance business line.

Variable Interest Entities

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities ("SPEs"), which can be structured as corporations, trusts, limited liability companies, or partnerships and are established for a limited purpose. Currently, the Company utilizes a SPE facility for certain term lending products within the Company's Commercial Finance business line. The Company participated in the structuring of the SPE, has a minority ownership interest in the SPE, and acts as servicer for the SPE in exchange for a servicing fee. Pathward is not the primary beneficiary of the SPE as our risk of loss or right to benefits from the SPE are not significant. As of June 30, 2023, there are $9.9 million of commercial term loans held at the SPE, and the Company’s equity investment in the SPE is $0.9 million. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from the SPE is limited to its equity investment. As of June 30, 2023, there are $3.0 million of commercial term loans classified as held for sale related to this VIE. Additional information on loans transferred during the period is included in Note 5. Loans and Leases, Net.

Loan Servicing and Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of loans, portions of loans meeting the definition of a participating interest, and other financial assets are accounted for as sales on the transaction settlement date when control has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been legally isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of such right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through a repurchase agreement or other means. Upon sale, the loans or other financial assets are derecognized from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. If the transfer does not satisfy the aforementioned control criteria, the transaction is recorded as a secured borrowing with the loans or other financial assets remaining on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and proceeds recognized as a liability.

The Company sells loan participations, generally without recourse, in both the commercial and consumer segments. The Company also sells commercial Small Business Administration ("SBA") and United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") loans to third parties, generally without recourse. The Bank generally retains the right to service the sold loans for a fee. If the fee is determined commensurate and customary with market terms, no servicing asset or liability is recorded. Any fee that is above or below market terms results in a servicing asset or liability and is included within Other Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The following ASU became effective for the Company on October 1, 2022, and did not have a material impact on the Company’s significant accounting policies or Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:

–ASU 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments.

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SECURITIES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Securities Available for Sale

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of available for sale ("AFS") and held to maturity ("HTM") debt securities are presented below.

(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(6,250)	$	18,750
SBA securities	98,342		—		(7,737)		90,605
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,384		—		(73)		2,311
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	272,818		—		(34,443)		238,375
Asset-backed securities	265,794		—		(11,228)		254,566
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		—		(216,636)		1,309,664
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,190,638	$	—	$	(276,367)	$	1,914,271
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	25,000	$	—	$	(2,813)	$	22,187
SBA securities	105,238		—		(7,470)		97,768
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,469		—		(125)		2,344
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	290,754		—		(26,971)		263,783
Asset-backed securities	160,806		—		(13,016)		147,790
Mortgage-backed securities	1,581,452		—		(232,455)		1,348,997
Total debt securities AFS	$	2,165,719	$	—	$	(282,850)	$	1,882,869
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	35,450	$	—	$	(3,822)	$	31,628
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		—		(233)		2,042
Total debt securities HTM	$	37,725	$	—	$	(4,055)	$	33,670
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	39,093	$	—	$	(3,190)	$	35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,589		—		(321)		2,268
Total debt securities HTM	$	41,682	$	—	$	(3,511)	$	38,171

Securities Held to Maturity

Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments, AFS

Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:

	LESS THAN 12 MONTHS				OVER 12 MONTHS				TOTAL
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)
Debt Securities AFS
At June 30, 2023
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	18,750	$	(6,250)	$	18,750	$	(6,250)
SBA securities	39,964		(2,048)		50,641		(5,689)		90,605		(7,737)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	—		—		2,311		(73)		2,311		(73)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	38,703		(2,128)		198,715		(32,315)		237,418		(34,443)
Asset-backed securities	98,655		(1,170)		155,911		(10,058)		254,566		(11,228)
Mortgage-backed securities	284,959		(16,159)		1,021,679		(200,477)		1,306,638		(216,636)
Total debt securities AFS	$	462,281	$	(21,505)	$	1,448,007	$	(254,862)	$	1,910,288	$	(276,367)
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	22,187	$	(2,813)	$	22,187	$	(2,813)
SBA securities	97,767		(7,470)		—		—		97,767		(7,470)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	2,345		(125)		—		—		2,345		(125)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	195,816		(19,743)		67,967		(7,228)		263,783		(26,971)
Asset-backed securities	64,886		(1,838)		82,904		(11,178)		147,790		(13,016)
Mortgage-backed securities	816,657		(106,583)		532,340		(125,872)		1,348,997		(232,455)
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,177,471	$	(135,759)	$	705,398	$	(147,091)	$	1,882,869	$	(282,850)
Debt Securities HTM
At June 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	—	$	—	$	31,628	$	(3,822)	$	31,628	$	(3,822)
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—		2,042		(233)		2,042		(233)
Total debt securities HTM	$	—	$	—	$	33,670	$	(4,055)	$	33,670	$	(4,055)
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	3,984	$	(300)	$	31,919	$	(2,890)	$	35,903	$	(3,190)
Mortgage-backed securities	2,268		(321)		—		—		2,268		(321)
Total debt securities HTM	$	6,252	$	(621)	$	31,919	$	(2890)	$	38,171	$	(3,511)

Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features that allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023				At September 30, 2022
Securities AFS at Fair Value	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,784	$	4,728	$	718	$	715
Due after one year through five years	4,814		4,400		9,921		9,395
Due after five years through ten years	86,500		75,126		89,921		81,819
Due after ten years	568,240		520,353		483,707		441,943
	664,338		604,607		584,267		533,872
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300		1,309,664		1,581,452		1,348,997
Total securities AFS, at fair value	$	2,190,638	$	1,914,271	$	2,165,719	$	1,882,869
Securities HTM at Fair Value
Due after ten years	$	35,450	$	31,628	$	39,093	$	35,903
	35,450		31,628		39,093		35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275		2,042		2,589		2,268
Total securities HTM, at cost	$	37,725	$	33,670	$	41,682	$	38,171

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LOANS AND LEASES, NET (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Loans Receivable

Loans and leases consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	1,253,841	$	1,090,289
Asset based lending	373,160		351,696
Factoring	351,133		372,595
Lease financing	201,996		210,692
Insurance premium finance	666,265		479,754
SBA/USDA	422,389		359,238
Other commercial finance	171,954		159,409
Commercial finance	3,440,738		3,023,673
Consumer credit products	175,158		144,353
Other consumer finance	24,963		25,306
Consumer finance	200,121		169,659
Tax services	47,194		9,098
Warehouse finance	380,458		326,850
Total loans and leases	4,068,511		3,529,280
Net deferred loan origination costs	4,388		7,025
Total gross loans and leases	4,072,899		3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)		(45,947)
Total loans and leases, net	$	3,990,983	$	3,490,358

Schedule of Loans Purchased and Sold by Portfolio Segment

Loans purchased and sold by portfolio segment, including participation interests, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Loans Purchased
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,098
Warehouse finance	9,715		19,657		197,549		105,472
Total purchases	$	9,715	$	19,657	$	197,549	$	108,570
Loans Sold
Loans held for sale:
Commercial finance	$	11,114	$	1,216	$	12,263	$	48,329
Consumer finance	254,655		173,284		857,869		696,891
Community banking	—		—		—		153,222
Loans held for investment:
Commercial finance	—		—		—		15,549
Community banking	—		—		—		30,235
Total sales	$	265,769	$	174,500	$	870,132	$	944,226

Sales-type Lease, Lease Income

The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases was comprised of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Carrying amount	$	212,275	$	216,880
Unguaranteed residual assets	13,152		13,037
Unamortized initial direct costs	160		295
Unearned income	(23,431)		(19,225)
Total net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases	$	202,156	$	210,987

Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable, Maturity

Undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases, and a reconciliation to the carrying amount recorded at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	23,963
2024	76,232
2025	46,603
2026	24,781
2027	15,865
Thereafter	24,831
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases	212,275
Third-party residual value guarantees	—
Total carrying amount of direct financing and sales-type leases	$	212,275

Annual Activity in Allowance for Loan Losses, Allowance for Loan Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans

Activity in the allowance for credit losses and balances of loans and leases by portfolio segment was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	28,415	$	250	$	(2,852)	$	825	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,081		68		—		154		1,303
Factoring	5,588		493		(140)		1		5,942
Lease financing	4,549		(355)		(302)		(26)		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,263		1,094		(443)		158		2,072
SBA/USDA	2,640		24		—		—		2,664
Other commercial finance	4,332		(253)		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	47,868		1,321		(3,737)		1,112		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,219		522		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	1,746		216		(1,860)		—		102
Consumer finance	2,965		738		(1,860)		—		1,843
Tax services	33,094		(229)		(404)		671		33,132
Warehouse finance	377		—		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	84,304		1,830		(6,001)		1,783		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	356		(57)		—		—		299
Total	$	84,660	$	1,773	$	(6,001)	$	1,783	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	27,568	$	9	$	(3,086)	$	1,316	$	25,807
Asset based lending	2,583		(1,553)		—		295		1,325
Factoring	6,526		533		(194)		268		7,133
Lease financing	6,471		(429)		—		107		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,057		583		(230)		41		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,943		338		(408)		25		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,197		(79)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,345		(598)		(3,918)		2,052		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,621		(170)		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	7,388		(205)		(2,428)		88		4,843
Consumer finance	9,009		(375)		(2,428)		88		6,294
Tax services	30,757		(166)		(7,998)		6		22,599
Warehouse finance	441		(9)		—		—		432
Total loans and leases	88,552		(1,148)		(14,344)		2,146		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	551		(154)		—		—		397
Total	$	89,103	$	(1,302)	$	(14,344)	$	2,146	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	24,621	$	7,895	$	(7,374)	$	1,496	$	26,638
Asset based lending	1,050		2,972		(2,873)		154		1,303
Factoring	6,556		(311)		(323)		20		5,942
Lease financing	5,902		(976)		(1,315)		255		3,866
Insurance premium finance	1,450		1,202		(852)		272		2,072
SBA/USDA	3,263		(625)		—		26		2,664
Other commercial finance	1,310		2,769		—		—		4,079
Commercial finance	44,152		12,926		(12,737)		2,223		46,564
Consumer credit products	1,400		341		—		—		1,741
Other consumer finance	63		2,232		(2,193)		—		102
Consumer finance	1,463		2,573		(2,193)		—		1,843
Tax services	5		32,830		(2,135)		2,432		33,132
Warehouse finance	327		50		—		—		377
Total loans and leases	45,947		48,379		(17,065)		4,655		81,916
Unfunded commitments(1)	366		(67)		—		—		299
Total	$	46,312	$	48,312	$	(17,065)	$	4,655	$	82,215
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

	Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision (Reversal)		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Ending Balance
Allowance for credit losses:
Term lending	$	29,351	$	1,104	$	(6,993)	$	2,345	$	25,807
Asset based lending	1,726		(817)		(16)		432		1,325
Factoring	3,997		13,857		(11,057)		336		7,133
Lease financing	7,629		(1,647)		(112)		279		6,149
Insurance premium finance	1,394		374		(514)		197		1,451
SBA/USDA	2,978		517		(624)		27		2,898
Other commercial finance	1,168		(50)		—		—		1,118
Commercial finance	48,243		13,338		(19,316)		3,616		45,881
Consumer credit products	1,242		209		—		—		1,451
Other consumer finance	6,112		2,513		(4,049)		267		4,843
Consumer finance	7,354		2,722		(4,049)		267		6,294
Tax services	2		28,093		(8,253)		2,757		22,599
Warehouse finance	420		12		—		—		432
Community banking	12,262		(12,686)		—		424		—
Total loans and leases	68,281		31,479		(31,618)		7,064		75,206
Unfunded commitments(1)	690		(293)		—		—		397
Total	$	68,971	$	31,186	$	(31,618)	$	7,064	$	75,603
(1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Impaired Loans and Leases

Information on loans and leases that are deemed to be collateral dependent and are evaluated individually for the ACL was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2023		At September 30, 2022
Term lending	$	4,767	$	2,885
Asset based lending	14,414		—
Factoring	—		550
Lease financing	591		2,787
SBA/USDA	750		1,199
Commercial finance(1)	20,522		7,421
Total	$	20,522	$	7,421
(1) For Commercial Finance, collateral dependent financial assets have collateral in the form of cash, equipment, or other business assets.

The following table provides the average recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and leases:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Term lending	$	12,637	$	11,114	$	10,397	$	11,908
Asset based lending	15,792		3,500		8,452		4,502
Factoring	545		1,903		592		7,980
Lease financing	2,675		3,529		3,308		3,194
SBA/USDA	1,261		1,776		1,353		1,152
Commercial finance	32,910		21,822		24,102		28,736
Total loans and leases	$	32,910	$	21,822	$	24,102	$	28,736

Asset Classification by Credit Quality Indicators of Loans and Leases

The amortized cost basis of loans and leases by asset classification and year of origination was as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	313,587	$	201,918	$	119,763	$	82,834	$	18,380	$	203,059	$	—	$	939,541
Watch	47,005		50,336		61,125		11,832		6,964		14,399		—		191,661
Special mention	1,174		12,080		11,369		1,383		1,106		1,753		—		28,865
Substandard	2,715		34,238		19,320		25,326		4,485		2,135		—		88,219
Doubtful	103		1,934		1,110		931		235		1,242		—		5,555
Total	364,584		300,506		212,687		122,306		31,170		222,588		—		1,253,841
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,401		163,401
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		163,215		163,215
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		23,264		23,264
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		15,748		15,748
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		7,532		7,532
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		373,160		373,160
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		257,636		257,636
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		71,351		71,351
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		11,875		11,875
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		10,271		10,271
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133
Lease financing
Pass	8,249		18,748		21,365		34,127		2,091		50,807		—		135,387
Watch	190		10,301		11,617		3,370		2,222		477		—		28,177
Special mention	—		—		1,374		602		281		—		—		2,257
Substandard	—		8,185		8,168		3,960		6,269		9,278		—		35,860
Doubtful	—		—		81		100		—		134		—		315
Total	8,439		37,234		42,605		42,159		10,863		60,696		—		201,996
Insurance premium finance
Pass	655,755		8,822		9		—		—		—		—		664,586
Watch	374		239		—		—		—		—		—		613
Special mention	115		74		—		—		—		—		—		189
Substandard	55		429		—		—		—		—		—		484

Doubtful	80		313		—		—		—		—		—		393
Total	656,379		9,877		9		—		—		—		—		666,265
SBA/USDA
Pass	91,797		198,975		28,116		45,070		9,288		18,745		—		391,991
Watch	—		—		326		53		358		2,391		—		3,128
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	252		1,680		1,156		7,185		8,303		8,694		—		27,270
Total	92,049		200,655		29,598		52,308		17,949		29,830		—		422,389
Other commercial finance
Pass	3,425		18,899		32,908		1,094		10,212		73,785		—		140,323
Watch	1,740		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,740
Special mention	—		—		18,000		—		—		—		—		18,000
Substandard	2,789		464		8,379		—		—		259		—		11,891
Total	7,954		19,363		59,287		1,094		10,212		74,044		—		171,954
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458
Total loans and leases
Pass	1,072,813		447,362		202,161		163,125		39,971		346,396		801,495		3,073,323
Watch	49,309		60,876		73,068		15,255		9,544		17,267		234,566		459,885
Special mention	1,289		12,154		30,743		1,985		1,387		1,753		35,139		84,450
Substandard	5,811		44,996		37,023		36,471		19,057		20,366		26,019		189,743
Doubtful	183		2,247		1,191		1,031		235		1,376		7,532		13,795
Total	$	1,129,405	$	567,635	$	344,186	$	217,867	$	70,194	$	387,158	$	1,104,751	$	3,821,196

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending
Pass	$	246,627	$	240,018	$	105,170	$	60,417	$	89,072	$	61,229	$	—	$	802,533
Watch	45,539		24,318		45,052		11,698		21,077		9,799		—		157,483
Special mention	9,500		24,885		14,300		2,861		619		242		—		52,407
Substandard	10,627		16,694		12,248		23,266		10,457		2,255		—		75,547
Doubtful	175		407		469		872		204		192		—		2,319
Total	312,468		306,322		177,239		99,114		121,429		73,717		—		1,090,289
Asset based lending
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		154,494		154,494
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		162,990		162,990
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		13,770		13,770
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		20,442		20,442
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		351,696		351,696
Factoring
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		254,883		254,883
Watch	—		—		—		—		—		—		86,219		86,219
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		9,174		9,174
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		22,319		22,319
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595
Lease financing
Pass	7,407		38,818		31,408		26,552		12,361		823		—		117,369
Watch	8,799		17,098		10,284		6,655		2,899		151		—		45,886
Special mention	151		6,151		2,644		481		2,876		2,811		—		15,114
Substandard	825		9,486		11,819		7,273		1,245		—		—		30,648
Doubtful	144		163		1,280		88		—		—		—		1,675
Total	17,326		71,716		57,435		41,049		19,381		3,785		—		210,692

Insurance premium finance
Pass	478,504		307		8		—		—		—		—		478,819
Watch	539		7		—		—		—		—		—		546
Special mention	169		40		—		—		—		—		—		209
Substandard	106		46		—		—		—		—		—		152
Doubtful	14		14		—		—		—		—		—		28
Total	479,332		414		8		—		—		—		—		479,754
SBA/USDA
Pass	54,512		111,907		40,474		56,538		28,874		24,305		—		316,610
Watch	—		13,836		1,266		702		—		710		—		16,514
Special mention	—		211		—		869		—		—		—		1,080
Substandard	4,149		10,968		4,278		—		1,094		4,545		—		25,034
Total	58,661		136,922		46,018		58,109		29,968		29,560		—		359,238
Other commercial finance
Pass	5,886		13,607		26,040		20,458		23,098		40,782		—		129,871
Substandard	—		9,538		—		—		—		20,000		—		29,538
Total	5,886		23,145		26,040		20,458		23,098		60,782		—		159,409
Warehouse finance
Pass	—		—		—		—		—		—		294,350		294,350
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		32,500		32,500
Total	—		—		—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850
Total loans and leases
Pass	792,936		404,657		203,100		163,965		153,405		127,139		703,727		2,548,929
Watch	54,877		55,259		56,602		19,055		23,976		10,660		249,209		469,638
Special mention	9,820		31,287		16,944		4,211		3,495		3,053		55,444		124,254
Substandard	15,707		46,732		28,345		30,539		12,796		26,800		42,761		203,680
Doubtful	333		584		1,749		960		204		192		—		4,022
Total	$	873,673	$	538,519	$	306,740	$	218,730	$	193,876	$	167,844	$	1,051,141	$	3,350,523

Past Due Loans and Leases

Past due loans and leases were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At June 30, 2023	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	10	$	87,341	$	87,351	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	30,464		3,423		8,074		41,961		1,211,880		1,253,841		1,862		13,207		15,069
Asset based lending	—		—		218		218		372,942		373,160		218		14,407		14,625
Factoring	—		—		—		—		351,133		351,133		—		364		364
Lease financing	2,945		729		1,940		5,614		196,382		201,996		1,627		1,494		3,121
Insurance premium finance	1,884		874		2,394		5,152		661,113		666,265		2,394		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	51		908		1,002		1,961		420,428		422,389		349		698		1,047
Other commercial finance	—		—		92		92		171,862		171,954		92		—		92
Commercial finance	35,344		5,934		13,720		54,998		3,385,740		3,440,738		6,542		30,170		36,712
Consumer credit products	2,512		2,030		2,058		6,600		168,558		175,158		2,058		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	26		20		29		75		24,888		24,963		29		—		29
Consumer finance	2,538		2,050		2,087		6,675		193,446		200,121		2,087		—		2,087
Tax services	—		47,194		—		47,194		—		47,194		—		—		—
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		380,458		380,458		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	37,882		55,178		15,807		108,867		3,959,644		4,068,511		8,629		30,170		38,799
Total loans and leases	$	37,892	$	55,178	$	15,807	$	108,877	$	4,046,985	$	4,155,862	$	8,629	$	30,170	$	38,799

(Dollars in thousands)	Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases												Nonperforming Loans and Leases
At September 30, 2022	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		> 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases Receivable		> 89 Days Past Due and Accruing		Nonaccrual Balance		Total
Loans held for sale	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,071	$	21,071	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term lending	14,066		2,576		4,458		21,100		1,069,189		1,090,289		2,035		7,576		9,611
Asset based lending	—		—		68		68		351,628		351,696		39		29		68
Factoring	—		—		—		—		372,595		372,595		—		569		569
Lease financing	8,265		2,253		1,714		12,232		198,460		210,692		440		3,750		4,190
Insurance premium finance	2,550		1,379		1,628		5,557		474,197		479,754		1,628		—		1,628
SBA/USDA	—		—		—		—		359,238		359,238		—		1,451		1,451
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		159,409		159,409		—		—		—
Commercial finance	24,881		6,208		7,868		38,957		2,984,716		3,023,673		4,142		13,375		17,517
Consumer credit products	3,209		2,558		2,669		8,436		135,917		144,353		2,669		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	113		51		124		288		25,018		25,306		124		—		124
Consumer finance	3,322		2,609		2,793		8,724		160,935		169,659		2,793		—		2,793
Tax services	—		—		8,873		8,873		225		9,098		8,873		—		8,873
Warehouse finance	—		—		—		—		326,850		326,850		—		—		—
Total loans and leases held for investment	28,203		8,817		19,534		56,554		3,472,726		3,529,280		15,808		13,375		29,183
Total loans and leases	$	28,203	$	8,817	$	19,534	$	56,554	$	3,493,797	$	3,550,351	$	15,808	$	13,375	$	29,183

Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual

Nonaccrual loans and leases by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	103	$	3,819	$	2,245	$	2,017	$	3,380	$	1,643	$	—	$	13,207	$	—
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		14,407		14,407		14,407
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		364		364		—
Lease financing	—		269		596		—		—		629		—		1,494		591
SBA/USDA	—		401		12		32		—		253		—		698		401
Commercial finance	103		4,489		2,853		2,049		3,380		2,525		14,771		30,170		15,399
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	103	$	4,489	$	2,853	$	2,049	$	3,380	$	2,525	$	14,771	$	30,170	$	15,399

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total		Nonaccrual with No ACL
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	251	$	1,110	$	1,964	$	989	$	3,096	$	166	$	—	$	7,576	$	2,885
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29		—
Factoring	—		—		—		—		—		—		569		569		550
Lease financing	977		310		2,442		13		8		—		—		3,750		—
SBA/USDA	—		—		1,199		—		—		252		—		1,451		1,199
Commercial finance	1,228		1,420		5,605		1,002		3,104		418		598		13,375		4,634
Total nonaccrual loans and leases	$	1,228	$	1,420	$	5,605	$	1,002	$	3,104	$	418	$	598	$	13,375	$	4,634

Loans and leases that are 90 days or more delinquent and accruing by year of origination were as follows:

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Term lending	$	128	$	917	$	658	$	107	$	52	$	—	$	—	$	1,862
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		218		218
Lease financing	—		479		969		152		20		7		—		1,627
Insurance premium finance	1,149		1,241		4		—		—		—		—		2,394
SBA/USDA	—		349		—		—		—		—		—		349
Other commercial finance	—		—		—		—		—		92		—		92
Commercial finance	1,277		2,986		1,631		259		72		99		218		6,542
Consumer credit products	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		—		2,058
Other consumer finance	—		—		—		—		—		—		29		29
Consumer finance	335		1,239		415		50		19		—		29		2,087
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	1,612	$	4,225	$	2,046	$	309	$	91	$	99	$	247	$	8,629

	Amortized Cost Basis
(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year												Revolving Loans and Leases		Total
At September 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Term lending	$	207	$	720	$	716	$	130	$	70	$	192	$	—	$	2,035
Asset based lending	—		—		—		—		—		—		39		39
Lease financing	8		158		98		131		45		—		—		440
Insurance premium finance	1,513		110		5		—		—		—		—		1,628
Commercial finance	1,728		988		819		261		115		192		39		4,142
Consumer credit products	2,123		481		42		23		—		—		—		2,669
Other consumer finance	—		124		—		—		—		—		—		124
Consumer finance	2,123		605		42		23		—		—		—		2,793
Tax services	8,873		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,873
Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing	$	12,724	$	1,593	$	861	$	284	$	115	$	192	$	39	$	15,808

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EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS") (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Net Income and Common Stock Share Amounts Used in Computation of Basic and Diluted EPS

A reconciliation of net income and common stock share amounts used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic income per common share:
Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.	$	45,096	$	22,391	$	127,709	$	132,966
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(690)		(377)		(1,920)		(2,166)
Basic net earnings available to common stockholders	44,406		22,014		125,789		130,800
Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stockholders	670		352		1,858		2,093
Reallocation of undistributed earnings to nonvested restricted stockholders	(667)		(352)		(1,852)		(2,092)
Diluted net earnings available to common stockholders	$	44,409	$	22,014	$	125,795	$	130,801
Total weighted-average basic common shares outstanding	26,346,693		28,868,136		27,152,773		29,444,979
Effect of dilutive securities(1)
Performance share units	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total effect of dilutive securities	100,339		—		86,028		9,607
Total weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding	26,447,032		28,868,136		27,238,801		29,454,586
Net earnings per common share:
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.69	$	0.76	$	4.63	$	4.44
Diluted earnings per common share(2)	$	1.68	$	0.76	$	4.62	$	4.44

(1) Represents the effect of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of performance share units and restricted stock, as applicable, utilizing the treasury stock method.

(2) Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 409,666 and 493,800 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were 414,539 and 487,538 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

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RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Rental Equipment

Rental equipment consists of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Computers and IT networking equipment	$	25,681	$	21,669
Motor vehicles and other	123,374		107,648
Other furniture and equipment	49,214		34,254
Solar panels and equipment	137,809		133,765
Total	336,078		297,336
Accumulated depreciation	(113,122)		(94,355)
Unamortized initial direct costs	1,256		1,390
Net book value	$	224,212	$	204,371

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases

Future minimum lease payments expected to be received for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	11,844
2024	40,640
2025	33,086
2026	23,247
2027	15,506
Thereafter	17,484
Total	$	141,807

Undiscounted future minimum operating lease payments and a reconciliation to the amount recorded as operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,091
2024	3,913
2025	3,718
2026	3,195
2027	3,092
Thereafter	18,639
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	33,648
Discount	(4,003)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,645

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GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s intangible assets were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	Trademark(1)		Non-Compete		Customer Relationships(2)		All Others(3)		Total
Intangible Assets
At September 30, 2022	$	8,605	$	—	$	12,395	$	4,691	$	25,691
Amortization during the period	(868)		—		(2,595)		(398)		(3,861)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(6,887)		(2,481)		(61,370)		(5,429)		(76,167)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2023	$	7,737	$	—	$	9,800	$	4,293	$	21,830
At September 30, 2021	$	9,823	$	40	$	17,868	$	5,417	$	33,148
Acquisitions during the period	—		—		—		1		1
Amortization during the period	(871)		(40)		(3,884)		(393)		(5,188)
Write-offs during the period	—		—		(670)		(203)		(873)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088
Gross carrying amount	$	14,624	$	2,481	$	82,088	$	9,940	$	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(5,672)		(2,481)		(57,856)		(4,900)		(70,909)
Accumulated impairment	—		—		(10,918)		(218)		(11,136)
At June 30, 2022	$	8,952	$	—	$	13,314	$	4,822	$	27,088

(1) Book amortization period of 5-15 years. Amortized using the straight line and accelerated methods.

(2) Book amortization period of 10-30 years. Amortized using the accelerated method.

(3) Book amortization period of 3-20 years. Amortized using the straight line method.

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense

Estimated amortization expense of intangible assets in the remaining three months of fiscal 2023 and subsequent fiscal years at June 30, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,082
2024	4,123
2025	3,561
2026	3,215
2027	2,569
Thereafter	7,280
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$	21,830

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OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases

Future minimum lease payments expected to be received for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	11,844
2024	40,640
2025	33,086
2026	23,247
2027	15,506
Thereafter	17,484
Total	$	141,807

Undiscounted future minimum operating lease payments and a reconciliation to the amount recorded as operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Remaining in 2023	$	1,091
2024	3,913
2025	3,718
2026	3,195
2027	3,092
Thereafter	18,639
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	33,648
Discount	(4,003)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,645

Weighted-Average Discount Rate and Remaining Lease Term for Operating Leases

The weighted-average discount rate and remaining lease term for operating leases at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

Weighted-average discount rate	2.37	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	9.82

The components of total lease costs for operating leases were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Lease expense	$	978	$	1,119	$	2,974	$	3,375
Short-term and variable lease cost	22		58		106		133
ROU asset impairment	—		670		—		670
Sublease income	(368)		(375)		(1,040)		(906)
Total lease cost for operating leases	$	632	$	1,472	$	2,040	$	3,272

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STOCK COMPENSATION (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Nonvested Share Activity

The following tables show the activity of nonvested (restricted) shares and PSUs granted, vested, or forfeited under the 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan for the nine months ended June 30, 2023. There were no options granted, exercised, or forfeited under this plan during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2022	474,348	$	36.52
Granted	160,881	38.95
Vested	(209,440)	36.59
Forfeited or expired	(33,293)	48.90
Nonvested shares outstanding, June 30, 2023	392,496	$	36.42
Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2022	96,689	$	42.59
Granted(1)	59,115	38.94
Vested	—	—
Forfeited or expired	—	—
Performance share units outstanding, June 30, 2023	155,804	$	41.20
(1) The number of PSUs granted reflects the target number of PSUs able to be earned under a given award.

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INCOME TAXES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

The table below compares the income tax expense components for the periods presented.

	Nine Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Provision at statutory rate	$	30,808		$	34,063
Tax-exempt income	(600)			(541)
State income taxes	6,109			6,728
Interim period effective rate adjustment	(3,065)			(2,849)
Tax credit investments, net - federal	(13,669)			(6,994)
Research tax credit	(805)			(355)
IRC 162(m) nondeductible compensation	928			801
Other, net	(710)			(1,617)
Income tax expense	$	18,996		$	29,236
Effective tax rate	12.80		%	17.77		%

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REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue by Major Customers by Reporting Segments

The table below presents the Company’s revenue by operating segment. For additional descriptions of the Company’s operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 14. Segment Reporting to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Consolidated Company
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income(1)	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	8,262		10,289		—		—		—		—		8,262		10,289
Refund advance fee income(1)	(927)		(20)		—		—		—		—		(927)		(20)
Card and deposit fees	39,450		24,673		253		252		5		10		39,708		24,935
Rental income(1)	—		—		13,756		11,890		224		192		13,980		12,082
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		9		198		9		198
Gain on sale of other(1)	—		—		812		1,239		—		—		812		1,239
Other income(1)	1,929		1,284		1,888		2,479		2,072		1,508		5,889		5,271
Total noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Revenue	$	89,397	$	59,439	$	69,776	$	62,662	$	6,025	$	4,044	$	165,198	$	126,145
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income(1)	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Noninterest income:
Refund transfer product fees	39,144		38,674		—		—		—		—		39,144		38,674
Refund advance fee income(1)	37,685		40,513		—		—		—		—		37,685		40,513
Card and deposit fees	118,730		76,075		766		728		17		22		119,513		76,825
Rental income(1)	—		—		39,008		34,192		620		342		39,628		34,534
Gain on sale of securities(1)	—		—		—		—		91		595		91		595
Gain on sale of trademarks	—		—		—		—		10,000		50,000		10,000		50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other(1)	—		—		566		7,331		—		(8,932)		566		(1,601)
Other income(1)	4,470		3,434		4,907		8,103		4,544		(726)		13,921		10,811
Total noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Revenue	$	316,402	$	238,019	$	187,396	$	187,277	$	39,677	$	52,619	$	543,475	$	477,915
(1) These revenues are not within the scope of Topic 606. Additional details are included in other footnotes to the accompanying financial statements. The scope of Topic 606 explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities, including loans, leases, and securities.

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SEGMENT REPORTING (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information of Entity

The following tables present segment data for the Company:

(Dollars in thousands)	Consumer				Commercial				Corporate Services/Other				Total
Three Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Net interest income	$	40,683	$	23,213	$	53,067	$	46,802	$	3,715	$	2,136	$	97,465	$	72,151
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	508		(279)		1,265		(752)		—		(271)		1,773		(1,302)
Noninterest income	48,714		36,226		16,709		15,860		2,310		1,908		67,733		53,994
Noninterest expense	39,666		23,960		33,594		31,336		41,318		41,354		114,578		96,650
Income (loss) before income tax expense	49,223		35,758		34,917		32,078		(35,293)		(37,039)		48,847		30,797
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799
Nine Months Ended June 30,
Net interest income	$	116,373	$	79,323	$	142,149	$	136,923	$	24,405	$	11,318	$	282,927	$	227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	35,402		30,667		12,860		13,045		50		(12,526)		48,312		31,186
Noninterest income	200,029		158,696		45,247		50,354		15,272		41,301		260,548		250,351
Noninterest expense	124,070		73,509		105,189		95,845		117,514		112,892		346,773		282,246
Income (loss) before income tax expense	156,930		133,843		69,347		78,387		(77,887)		(47,747)		148,390		164,483
Total assets	455,540		373,019		3,914,924		3,457,004		3,088,161		2,898,155		7,458,625		6,728,178
Total goodwill	87,145		87,145		222,360		222,360		—		—		309,505		309,505
Total deposits	6,130,524		5,573,768		7,550		11,177		168,902		125,854		6,306,976		5,710,799

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Fair Values of Securities Available for Sale and Held to Maturity

The following tables summarize the fair values of debt securities available for sale and equity securities as they are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	18,750	$	—	$	18,750	$	—
SBA securities	90,605		—		90,605		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,311		—		2,311		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	238,375		—		238,375		—
Asset-backed securities	254,566		—		254,566		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664		—		1,309,664		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,914,271	$	—	$	1,914,271	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	3,527	$	3,527	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	8,469	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Debt securities AFS
Corporate securities	$	22,187	$	—	$	22,187	$	—
SBA securities	97,768		—		97,768		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,344		—		2,344		—
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	263,783		—		263,783		—
Asset-backed securities	147,790		—		147,790		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,348,997		—		1,348,997		—
Total debt securities AFS	$	1,882,869	$	—	$	1,882,869	$	—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	$	2,874	$	2,874	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable equity securities(2)	$	7,212	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on Nonrecurring Basis

The following table summarizes the assets of the Company that are measured at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition on a non-recurring basis:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	4,113		—		—		4,113
Total	$	4,113	$	—	$	—	$	4,113

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Commercial finance	$	1,575	$	—	$	—	$	1,575
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	1,575		—		—		1,575
Foreclosed assets, net	1		—		—		1
Total	$	1,576	$	—	$	—	$	1,576

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

	Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value at June 30, 2023		Fair Value at September 30, 2022		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range of Inputs
Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss	$	4,113	$	1,575	Market approach	Appraised values(1)	3% - 18%

(1) The Company generally relies on external appraisers to develop this information. Management reduced the appraised value by estimating selling costs and other inputs in a range of 3% to 18%.

Carrying Amount and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following tables present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the financial instruments held by the Company:

	At June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	515,271	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271		1,914,271		—		1,914,271		—
Debt securities held to maturity	37,725		33,670		—		33,670		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	3,527		3,527		3,527		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	20,533		20,533		—		12,064		—
Loans held for sale	87,351		87,351		—		87,351		—
Loans and leases	4,068,511		4,006,176		—		—		4,006,176
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890		30,890		—		30,890		—
Accrued interest receivable	22,332		22,332		22,332		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,306,976		6,306,818		6,301,147		5,671		—
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000		230,000		230,000		—		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	34,178		31,853		—		31,853		—
Accrued interest payable	802		802		802		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at June 30, 2023.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

	At September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	388,038	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	1,882,869		1,882,869		—		1,882,869		—
Debt securities held to maturity	41,682		38,171		—		38,171		—
Common equities and mutual funds(1)	2,874		2,874		2,874		—		—
Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)	22,526		22,526		—		15,314		—
Loans held for sale	21,071		21,071		—		21,071		—
Loans and leases	3,529,280		3,525,803		—		—		3,525,803
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	28,812		28,812		—		28,812		—
Accrued interest receivable	17,979		17,979		17,979		—		—
Financial liabilities
Deposits	5,866,037		5,865,854		5,858,283		7,571		—
Other short- and long-term borrowings	36,028		35,986		—		35,986		—
Accrued interest payable	192		192		192		—		—

(1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022.

(2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU") (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Loans	$ 4,068,511	$ 3,529,280
Loans held for sale	87,351	21,071
National Lending | Commercial finance
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Loans	3,440,738	$ 3,023,673
Special Purpose Entity
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Equity investment	900
Special Purpose Entity | National Lending | Commercial finance
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Loans	9,900
Loans held for sale	$ 3,000

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SIGNIFICANT EVENTS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		9 Months Ended
	Dec. 07, 2021	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Unusual or Infrequent Item, or Both [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of trademarks		$ 10,000	$ 50,000
Rebranding
Unusual or Infrequent Item, or Both [Line Items]
Cash received in purchase agreement	$ 60,000
Proceeds from sale of trademarks	50,000
Remaining consideration to be paid	$ 10,000

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SECURITIES - Available for Sale (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	$ 2,190,638	$ 2,165,719
Fair Value	1,914,271	1,882,869
Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less	4,784	718
Due after one year through five years	4,814	9,921
Due after five years through ten years	86,500	89,921
Due after ten years	568,240	483,707
Total	664,338	584,267
Mortgage-backed securities	1,526,300	1,581,452
Fair Value
Due in one year or less	4,728	715
Due after one year through five years	4,400	9,395
Due after five years through ten years	75,126	81,819
Due after ten years	520,353	441,943
Total	604,607	533,872
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664	1,348,997
Corporate securities
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	25,000	25,000
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(6,250)	(2,813)
Fair Value	18,750	22,187
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	0	0
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	0	0
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	18,750	22,187
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(6,250)	(2,813)
TOTAL, Fair Value	18,750	22,187
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(6,250)	(2,813)
SBA securities
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	98,342	105,238
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(7,737)	(7,470)
Fair Value	90,605	97,768
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	39,964	97,767
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(2,048)	(7,470)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	50,641	0
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(5,689)	0
TOTAL, Fair Value	90,605	97,767
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(7,737)	(7,470)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	2,384	2,469
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(73)	(125)
Fair Value	2,311	2,344
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	0	2,345
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	0	(125)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	2,311	0
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(73)	0
TOTAL, Fair Value	2,311	2,345
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(73)	(125)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	272,818	290,754
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(34,443)	(26,971)
Fair Value	238,375	263,783
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	38,703	195,816
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(2,128)	(19,743)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	198,715	67,967
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(32,315)	(7,228)
TOTAL, Fair Value	237,418	263,783
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(34,443)	(26,971)
Asset-backed securities
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	265,794	160,806
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(11,228)	(13,016)
Fair Value	254,566	147,790
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	98,655	64,886
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(1,170)	(1,838)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	155,911	82,904
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(10,058)	(11,178)
TOTAL, Fair Value	254,566	147,790
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(11,228)	(13,016)
Mortgage-backed securities
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	1,526,300	1,581,452
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(216,636)	(232,455)
Fair Value	1,309,664	1,348,997
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	284,959	816,657
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(16,159)	(106,583)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	1,021,679	532,340
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(200,477)	(125,872)
TOTAL, Fair Value	1,306,638	1,348,997
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(216,636)	(232,455)
Total debt securities AFS
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	2,190,638	2,165,719
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(276,367)	(282,850)
Fair Value	1,914,271	1,882,869
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	462,281	1,177,471
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(21,505)	(135,759)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	1,448,007	705,398
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(254,862)	(147,091)
TOTAL, Fair Value	1,910,288	1,882,869
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	$ (276,367)	$ (282,850)

XML

SECURITIES - Held to Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Fair Value to Amortized Cost [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	$ 37,725	$ 41,682
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(4,055)	(3,511)
Fair Value	33,670	38,171
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position [Abstract]
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	0	6,252
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	0	(621)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	33,670	31,919
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(4,055)	(2,890)
TOTAL, Fair Value	33,670	38,171
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(4,055)	(3,511)
Amortized Cost
Due after ten years	35,450	39,093
Total	35,450	39,093
Mortgage-backed securities	2,275	2,589
Fair Value
Due after ten years	31,628	35,903
Total	31,628	35,903
Mortgage-backed securities	2,042	2,268
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Fair Value to Amortized Cost [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	35,450	39,093
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(3,822)	(3,190)
Fair Value	31,628	35,903
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position [Abstract]
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	0	3,984
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	0	(300)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	31,628	31,919
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(3,822)	(2,890)
TOTAL, Fair Value	31,628	35,903
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(3,822)	(3,190)
Mortgage-backed securities
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Fair Value to Amortized Cost [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	2,275	2,589
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(233)	(321)
Fair Value	2,042	2,268
Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position [Abstract]
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	0	2,268
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	0	(321)
OVER 12 MONTHS, Fair Value	2,042	0
OVER 12 MONTHS, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(233)	0
TOTAL, Fair Value	2,042	2,268
TOTAL, Gross Unrealized (Losses)	$ (233)	$ (321)

XML

SECURITIES - Narrative (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) security	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
AFS number of securities in an unrealized loss position (in securities) | security	203
Federal reserve bank stock	$ 19,700,000		$ 19,700,000
Federal home loan bank stock	11,200,000		9,100,000
Impairment recognized	3,200,000	$ 0
Marketable
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Equity securities	3,500,000		2,900,000
Unrealized losses on equity securities	200,000	3,800,000
Non-marketable
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Equity securities	8,500,000		7,200,000
Unrealized losses on equity securities	100,000
Unrealized gains on equity securities		$ 600,000
Equity securities without readily determinable fair value, amount	$ 15,800,000		$ 18,200,000

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Summary of Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	$ 4,068,511		$ 3,529,280
Net deferred loan origination costs	4,388		7,025
Total gross loans and leases	4,072,899		3,536,305
Allowance for credit losses	(81,916)		(45,947)
Total loans and leases, net	3,990,983		3,490,358
National Lending | Term lending
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	1,253,841		1,090,289
Allowance for credit losses	(26,638)	$ (28,415)	(24,621)	$ (25,807)	$ (27,568)	$ (29,351)
National Lending | Asset based lending
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	373,160		351,696
Allowance for credit losses	(1,303)	(1,081)	(1,050)	(1,325)	(2,583)	(1,726)
National Lending | Factoring
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	351,133		372,595
Allowance for credit losses	(5,942)	(5,588)	(6,556)	(7,133)	(6,526)	(3,997)
National Lending | Lease financing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	201,996		210,692
Allowance for credit losses	(3,866)	(4,549)	(5,902)	(6,149)	(6,471)	(7,629)
National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	666,265		479,754
Allowance for credit losses	(2,072)	(1,263)	(1,450)	(1,451)	(1,057)	(1,394)
National Lending | SBA/USDA
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	422,389		359,238
Allowance for credit losses	(2,664)	(2,640)	(3,263)	(2,898)	(2,943)	(2,978)
National Lending | Other commercial finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	171,954		159,409
Allowance for credit losses	(4,079)	(4,332)	(1,310)	(1,118)	(1,197)	(1,168)
National Lending | Commercial finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	3,440,738		3,023,673
Allowance for credit losses	(46,564)	(47,868)	(44,152)	(45,881)	(48,345)	(48,243)
National Lending | Consumer credit products
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	175,158		144,353
Allowance for credit losses	(1,741)	(1,219)	(1,400)	(1,451)	(1,621)	(1,242)
National Lending | Other consumer finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	24,963		25,306
Allowance for credit losses	(102)	(1,746)	(63)	(4,843)	(7,388)	(6,112)
National Lending | Consumer finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	200,121		169,659
Allowance for credit losses	(1,843)	(2,965)	(1,463)	(6,294)	(9,009)	(7,354)
National Lending | Tax services
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	47,194		9,098
Allowance for credit losses	(33,132)	(33,094)	(5)	(22,599)	(30,757)	(2)
National Lending | Warehouse finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans and leases	380,458		326,850
Allowance for credit losses	$ (377)	$ (377)	$ (327)	$ (432)	$ (441)	$ (420)

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LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Originated loans held for sale	$ 941,502	$ 769,672
Proceeds from sale of loans held-for-sale	870,100	898,400
Gain (loss) on sale of loans and leases	200	(3,900)
Loans and leases	4,072,899		$ 3,536,305
Pass
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,073,323		2,548,929
Pass | Asset Pledged as Collateral
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	68,200		120,700
Consumer finance portfolio segment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	200,100		169,700
Tax services loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	47,200		9,100
National Lending | Consumer Finance and SBA/USDA Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Originated loans held for sale	941,500	$ 769,700
National Lending | Term lending | Pass
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	939,541		802,533
National Lending | Asset based lending | Pass
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	163,401		154,494
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Pass
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	664,586		478,819
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Pass
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans and leases	$ 391,991		$ 316,610

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Schedule of Loans Purchased and Sold, by Portfolio Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans Purchased, Loans held for investment	$ 9,715	$ 19,657	$ 197,549	$ 108,570
Loans Sold, Loans held for sale			870,132	898,442
Loans Sold, Total sales	265,769	174,500	870,132	944,226
National Lending | Commercial finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans Purchased, Loans held for investment	0	0	0	3,098
Loans Sold, Loans held for sale	11,114	1,216	12,263	48,329
Loans Sold, Loans held for investment	0	0	0	15,549
National Lending | Warehouse finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans Purchased, Loans held for investment	9,715	19,657	197,549	105,472
National Lending | Consumer finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans Sold, Loans held for sale	254,655	173,284	857,869	696,891
Community Banking
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans Sold, Loans held for sale	0	0	0	153,222
Loans Sold, Loans held for investment	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 30,235

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LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Direct Financing and Sales-type Leases, and Lease Receivable Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net Investment in Lease [Abstract]
Carrying amount	$ 212,275	$ 216,880
Unguaranteed residual assets	13,152	13,037
Unamortized initial direct costs	160	295
Unearned income	(23,431)	(19,225)
Total net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases	202,156	$ 210,987
Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Remaining in 2023	23,963
2024	76,232
2025	46,603
2026	24,781
2027	15,865
Thereafter	24,831
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases	212,275
Third-party residual value guarantees	0
Total carrying amount of direct financing and sales-type leases	$ 212,275

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Allowance for Loan Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance			$ 45,947
Provision (Reversal)	$ 1,773	$ (1,302)	48,312	$ 31,186
Ending Balance	81,916		81,916
Total Committed Loans
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	84,304	88,552	45,947	68,281
Provision (Reversal)	1,830	(1,148)	48,379	31,479
Charge-offs	(6,001)	(14,344)	(17,065)	(31,618)
Recoveries	1,783	2,146	4,655	7,064
Ending Balance	81,916	75,206	81,916	75,206
Unfunded commitments
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	356	551	366	690
Provision (Reversal)	(57)	(154)	(67)	(293)
Charge-offs	0	0	0	0
Recoveries	0	0	0	0
Ending Balance	299	397	299	397
Total Loans
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	84,660	89,103	46,312	68,971
Provision (Reversal)	1,773	(1,302)	48,312	31,186
Charge-offs	(6,001)	(14,344)	(17,065)	(31,618)
Recoveries	1,783	2,146	4,655	7,064
Ending Balance	82,215	75,603	82,215	75,603
National Lending | Term lending
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	28,415	27,568	24,621	29,351
Provision (Reversal)	250	9	7,895	1,104
Charge-offs	(2,852)	(3,086)	(7,374)	(6,993)
Recoveries	825	1,316	1,496	2,345
Ending Balance	26,638	25,807	26,638	25,807
National Lending | Asset based lending
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	1,081	2,583	1,050	1,726
Provision (Reversal)	68	(1,553)	2,972	(817)
Charge-offs	0	0	(2,873)	(16)
Recoveries	154	295	154	432
Ending Balance	1,303	1,325	1,303	1,325
National Lending | Factoring
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	5,588	6,526	6,556	3,997
Provision (Reversal)	493	533	(311)	13,857
Charge-offs	(140)	(194)	(323)	(11,057)
Recoveries	1	268	20	336
Ending Balance	5,942	7,133	5,942	7,133
National Lending | Lease financing
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	4,549	6,471	5,902	7,629
Provision (Reversal)	(355)	(429)	(976)	(1,647)
Charge-offs	(302)	0	(1,315)	(112)
Recoveries		107	255	279
Ending Balance	3,866	6,149	3,866	6,149
National Lending | Lease financing | Revision of Prior Period, Error Correction, Adjustment
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Recoveries	(26)
National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	1,263	1,057	1,450	1,394
Provision (Reversal)	1,094	583	1,202	374
Charge-offs	(443)	(230)	(852)	(514)
Recoveries	158	41	272	197
Ending Balance	2,072	1,451	2,072	1,451
National Lending | SBA/USDA
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	2,640	2,943	3,263	2,978
Provision (Reversal)	24	338	(625)	517
Charge-offs	0	(408)	0	(624)
Recoveries	0	25	26	27
Ending Balance	2,664	2,898	2,664	2,898
National Lending | Other commercial finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	4,332	1,197	1,310	1,168
Provision (Reversal)	(253)	(79)	2,769	(50)
Charge-offs	0	0	0	0
Recoveries	0	0	0	0
Ending Balance	4,079	1,118	4,079	1,118
National Lending | Commercial finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	47,868	48,345	44,152	48,243
Provision (Reversal)	1,321	(598)	12,926	13,338
Charge-offs	(3,737)	(3,918)	(12,737)	(19,316)
Recoveries	1,112	2,052	2,223	3,616
Ending Balance	46,564	45,881	46,564	45,881
National Lending | Consumer credit products
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	1,219	1,621	1,400	1,242
Provision (Reversal)	522	(170)	341	209
Charge-offs	0	0	0	0
Recoveries	0	0	0	0
Ending Balance	1,741	1,451	1,741	1,451
National Lending | Other consumer finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	1,746	7,388	63	6,112
Provision (Reversal)	216	(205)	2,232	2,513
Charge-offs	(1,860)	(2,428)	(2,193)	(4,049)
Recoveries	0	88	0	267
Ending Balance	102	4,843	102	4,843
National Lending | Consumer finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	2,965	9,009	1,463	7,354
Provision (Reversal)	738	(375)	2,573	2,722
Charge-offs	(1,860)	(2,428)	(2,193)	(4,049)
Recoveries	0	88	0	267
Ending Balance	1,843	6,294	1,843	6,294
National Lending | Tax services
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	33,094	30,757	5	2
Provision (Reversal)	(229)	(166)	32,830	28,093
Charge-offs	(404)	(7,998)	(2,135)	(8,253)
Recoveries	671	6	2,432	2,757
Ending Balance	33,132	22,599	33,132	22,599
National Lending | Warehouse finance
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	377	441	327	420
Provision (Reversal)	0	(9)	50	12
Charge-offs	0	0	0	0
Recoveries	0	0	0	0
Ending Balance	$ 377	432	$ 377	432
Community Banking
Allowance for Credit Losses [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance				12,262
Provision (Reversal)				(12,686)
Charge-offs				0
Recoveries				424
Ending Balance		$ 0		$ 0

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Impaired Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	$ 20,522		$ 20,522		$ 7,421
Average recorded investment	32,910	$ 21,822	24,102	$ 28,736
National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	4,767		4,767		2,885
Average recorded investment	12,637	11,114	10,397	11,908
National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	14,414		14,414		0
Average recorded investment	15,792	3,500	8,452	4,502
National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	0		0		550
Average recorded investment	545	1,903	592	7,980
National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	591		591		2,787
Average recorded investment	2,675	3,529	3,308	3,194
National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	750		750		1,199
Average recorded investment	1,261	1,776	1,353	1,152
National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Impaired [Line Items]
Impaired loans, unpaid balance	20,522		20,522		$ 7,421
Average recorded investment	$ 32,910	$ 21,822	$ 24,102	$ 28,736

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LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Credit Quality Indicator (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Total gross loans and leases	$ 4,072,899	$ 3,536,305
Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	1,072,813	792,936
2022	447,362	404,657
2021	202,161	203,100
2020	163,125	163,965
2019	39,971	153,405
Prior	346,396	127,139
Revolving Loans and Leases	801,495	703,727
Total gross loans and leases	3,073,323	2,548,929
Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	49,309	54,877
2022	60,876	55,259
2021	73,068	56,602
2020	15,255	19,055
2019	9,544	23,976
Prior	17,267	10,660
Revolving Loans and Leases	234,566	249,209
Total gross loans and leases	459,885	469,638
Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	1,289	9,820
2022	12,154	31,287
2021	30,743	16,944
2020	1,985	4,211
2019	1,387	3,495
Prior	1,753	3,053
Revolving Loans and Leases	35,139	55,444
Total gross loans and leases	84,450	124,254
Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	5,811	15,707
2022	44,996	46,732
2021	37,023	28,345
2020	36,471	30,539
2019	19,057	12,796
Prior	20,366	26,800
Revolving Loans and Leases	26,019	42,761
Total gross loans and leases	189,743	203,680
Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	183	333
2022	2,247	584
2021	1,191	1,749
2020	1,031	960
2019	235	204
Prior	1,376	192
Revolving Loans and Leases	7,532	0
Total gross loans and leases	13,795	4,022
Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	1,129,405	873,673
2022	567,635	538,519
2021	344,186	306,740
2020	217,867	218,730
2019	70,194	193,876
Prior	387,158	167,844
Revolving Loans and Leases	1,104,751	1,051,141
Total gross loans and leases	3,821,196	3,350,523
National Lending | Term lending | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	313,587	246,627
2022	201,918	240,018
2021	119,763	105,170
2020	82,834	60,417
2019	18,380	89,072
Prior	203,059	61,229
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	939,541	802,533
National Lending | Term lending | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	47,005	45,539
2022	50,336	24,318
2021	61,125	45,052
2020	11,832	11,698
2019	6,964	21,077
Prior	14,399	9,799
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	191,661	157,483
National Lending | Term lending | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	1,174	9,500
2022	12,080	24,885
2021	11,369	14,300
2020	1,383	2,861
2019	1,106	619
Prior	1,753	242
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	28,865	52,407
National Lending | Term lending | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	2,715	10,627
2022	34,238	16,694
2021	19,320	12,248
2020	25,326	23,266
2019	4,485	10,457
Prior	2,135	2,255
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	88,219	75,547
National Lending | Term lending | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	103	175
2022	1,934	407
2021	1,110	469
2020	931	872
2019	235	204
Prior	1,242	192
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	5,555	2,319
National Lending | Term lending | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	364,584	312,468
2022	300,506	306,322
2021	212,687	177,239
2020	122,306	99,114
2019	31,170	121,429
Prior	222,588	73,717
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	1,253,841	1,090,289
National Lending | Asset based lending | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	163,401	154,494
Total gross loans and leases	163,401	154,494
National Lending | Asset based lending | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	163,215	162,990
Total gross loans and leases	163,215	162,990
National Lending | Asset based lending | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	23,264	13,770
Total gross loans and leases	23,264	13,770
National Lending | Asset based lending | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	15,748	20,442
Total gross loans and leases	15,748	20,442
National Lending | Asset based lending | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0
2022	0
2021	0
2020	0
2019	0
Prior	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	7,532
Total gross loans and leases	7,532
National Lending | Asset based lending | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	373,160	351,696
Total gross loans and leases	373,160	351,696
National Lending | Factoring | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	257,636	254,883
Total gross loans and leases	257,636	254,883
National Lending | Factoring | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	71,351	86,219
Total gross loans and leases	71,351	86,219
National Lending | Factoring | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	11,875	9,174
Total gross loans and leases	11,875	9,174
National Lending | Factoring | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	10,271	22,319
Total gross loans and leases	10,271	22,319
National Lending | Factoring | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	351,133	372,595
Total gross loans and leases	351,133	372,595
National Lending | Lease financing | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	8,249	7,407
2022	18,748	38,818
2021	21,365	31,408
2020	34,127	26,552
2019	2,091	12,361
Prior	50,807	823
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	135,387	117,369
National Lending | Lease financing | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	190	8,799
2022	10,301	17,098
2021	11,617	10,284
2020	3,370	6,655
2019	2,222	2,899
Prior	477	151
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	28,177	45,886
National Lending | Lease financing | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	151
2022	0	6,151
2021	1,374	2,644
2020	602	481
2019	281	2,876
Prior	0	2,811
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	2,257	15,114
National Lending | Lease financing | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	825
2022	8,185	9,486
2021	8,168	11,819
2020	3,960	7,273
2019	6,269	1,245
Prior	9,278	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	35,860	30,648
National Lending | Lease financing | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	144
2022	0	163
2021	81	1,280
2020	100	88
2019	0	0
Prior	134	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	315	1,675
National Lending | Lease financing | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	8,439	17,326
2022	37,234	71,716
2021	42,605	57,435
2020	42,159	41,049
2019	10,863	19,381
Prior	60,696	3,785
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	201,996	210,692
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	655,755	478,504
2022	8,822	307
2021	9	8
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	664,586	478,819
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	374	539
2022	239	7
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	613	546
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	115	169
2022	74	40
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	189	209
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	55	106
2022	429	46
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	484	152
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	80	14
2022	313	14
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	393	28
National Lending | Insurance premium finance | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	656,379	479,332
2022	9,877	414
2021	9	8
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	666,265	479,754
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	91,797	54,512
2022	198,975	111,907
2021	28,116	40,474
2020	45,070	56,538
2019	9,288	28,874
Prior	18,745	24,305
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	391,991	316,610
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	13,836
2021	326	1,266
2020	53	702
2019	358	0
Prior	2,391	710
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	3,128	16,514
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	211
2021	0	0
2020	0	869
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	0	1,080
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	252	4,149
2022	1,680	10,968
2021	1,156	4,278
2020	7,185	0
2019	8,303	1,094
Prior	8,694	4,545
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	27,270	25,034
National Lending | SBA/USDA | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	92,049	58,661
2022	200,655	136,922
2021	29,598	46,018
2020	52,308	58,109
2019	17,949	29,968
Prior	29,830	29,560
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	422,389	359,238
National Lending | Other commercial finance | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	3,425	5,886
2022	18,899	13,607
2021	32,908	26,040
2020	1,094	20,458
2019	10,212	23,098
Prior	73,785	40,782
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	140,323	129,871
National Lending | Other commercial finance | Watch
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	1,740
2022	0
2021	0
2020	0
2019	0
Prior	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0
Total gross loans and leases	1,740
National Lending | Other commercial finance | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0
2022	0
2021	18,000
2020	0
2019	0
Prior	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0
Total gross loans and leases	18,000
National Lending | Other commercial finance | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	2,789	0
2022	464	9,538
2021	8,379	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	259	20,000
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	11,891	29,538
National Lending | Other commercial finance | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	7,954	5,886
2022	19,363	23,145
2021	59,287	26,040
2020	1,094	20,458
2019	10,212	23,098
Prior	74,044	60,782
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Total gross loans and leases	171,954	159,409
National Lending | Warehouse finance | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	380,458	294,350
Total gross loans and leases	380,458	294,350
National Lending | Warehouse finance | Special mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023		0
2022		0
2021		0
2020		0
2019		0
Prior		0
Revolving Loans and Leases		32,500
Total gross loans and leases		32,500
National Lending | Warehouse finance | Total
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	380,458	326,850
Total gross loans and leases	$ 380,458	$ 326,850

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Past Due Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	$ 4,072,899	$ 3,536,305
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	4,155,862	3,550,351
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	4,068,511	3,529,280
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	87,351	21,071
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,253,841	1,090,289
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	373,160	351,696
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	351,133	372,595
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	201,996	210,692
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	666,265	479,754
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	422,389	359,238
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	171,954	159,409
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,440,738	3,023,673
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	175,158	144,353
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	24,963	25,306
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	200,121	169,659
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	47,194	9,098
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	380,458	326,850
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	37,892	28,203
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	37,882	28,203
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	10	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	30,464	14,066
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,945	8,265
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,884	2,550
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	51	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	35,344	24,881
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,512	3,209
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	26	113
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,538	3,322
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 30-59 Days Past Due | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	55,178	8,817
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	55,178	8,817
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,423	2,576
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	729	2,253
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	874	1,379
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	908	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	5,934	6,208
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,030	2,558
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	20	51
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,050	2,609
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	47,194	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | 60-89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	15,807	19,534
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	15,807	19,534
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	8,074	4,458
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	218	68
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,940	1,714
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,394	1,628
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,002	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	92	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	13,720	7,868
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,058	2,669
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	29	124
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,087	2,793
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	8,873
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	108,877	56,554
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	108,867	56,554
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	10	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	41,961	21,100
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	218	68
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	5,614	12,232
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	5,152	5,557
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,961	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	92	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	54,998	38,957
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	6,600	8,436
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	75	288
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	6,675	8,724
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	47,194	8,873
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Total Past Due | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	4,046,985	3,493,797
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,959,644	3,472,726
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	87,341	21,071
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,211,880	1,069,189
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	372,942	351,628
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	351,133	372,595
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	196,382	198,460
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	661,113	474,197
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	420,428	359,238
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	171,862	159,409
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,385,740	2,984,716
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	168,558	135,917
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	24,888	25,018
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	193,446	160,935
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	225
Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases | Current | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	380,458	326,850
Nonperforming Loans and Leases
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	38,799	29,183
Nonaccrual Balance	30,170	13,375
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	38,799	29,183
Nonaccrual Balance	30,170	13,375
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	15,069	9,611
Nonaccrual Balance	13,207	7,576
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	14,625	68
Nonaccrual Balance	14,407	29
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	364	569
Nonaccrual Balance	364	569
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	3,121	4,190
Nonaccrual Balance	1,494	3,750
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,394	1,628
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,047	1,451
Nonaccrual Balance	698	1,451
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	92	0
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	36,712	17,517
Nonaccrual Balance	30,170	13,375
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,058	2,669
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	29	124
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,087	2,793
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	8,873
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Nonaccrual Balance	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	8,629	15,808
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | Total loans and leases held for investment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	8,629	15,808
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Loans held for sale
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,862	2,035
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	218	39
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	1,627	440
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,394	1,628
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	349	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	92	0
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	6,542	4,142
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,058	2,669
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	29	124
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	2,087	2,793
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	0	8,873
Nonperforming Loans and Leases | > 89 Days Past Due | National Lending | Warehouse finance
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and leases	$ 0	$ 0

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Nonaccrual (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Loans and leases	$ 4,072,899	$ 3,536,305
Nonaccrual Loans
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	103	1,228
2022	4,489	1,420
2021	2,853	5,605
2020	2,049	1,002
2019	3,380	3,104
Prior	2,525	418
Revolving Loans and Leases	14,771	598
Loans and leases	30,170	13,375
Nonaccrual with No ACL	15,399	4,634
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	103	251
2022	3,819	1,110
2021	2,245	1,964
2020	2,017	989
2019	3,380	3,096
Prior	1,643	166
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	13,207	7,576
Nonaccrual with No ACL	0	2,885
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	14,407	29
Loans and leases	14,407	29
Nonaccrual with No ACL	14,407	0
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | Factoring
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	364	569
Loans and leases	364	569
Nonaccrual with No ACL	0	550
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	977
2022	269	310
2021	596	2,442
2020	0	13
2019	0	8
Prior	629	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	1,494	3,750
Nonaccrual with No ACL	591	0
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	401	0
2021	12	1,199
2020	32	0
2019	0	0
Prior	253	252
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	698	1,451
Nonaccrual with No ACL	401	1,199
Nonaccrual Loans | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	103	1,228
2022	4,489	1,420
2021	2,853	5,605
2020	2,049	1,002
2019	3,380	3,104
Prior	2,525	418
Revolving Loans and Leases	14,771	598
Loans and leases	30,170	13,375
Nonaccrual with No ACL	15,399	4,634
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	1,612	12,724
2022	4,225	1,593
2021	2,046	861
2020	309	284
2019	91	115
Prior	99	192
Revolving Loans and Leases	247	39
Loans and leases	8,629	15,808
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Term lending
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	128	207
2022	917	720
2021	658	716
2020	107	130
2019	52	70
Prior	0	192
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	1,862	2,035
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Asset based lending
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	218	39
Loans and leases	218	39
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Lease financing
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	8
2022	479	158
2021	969	98
2020	152	131
2019	20	45
Prior	7	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	1,627	440
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Insurance premium finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	1,149	1,513
2022	1,241	110
2021	4	5
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	2,394	1,628
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Other commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0
2022	0
2021	0
2020	0
2019	0
Prior	92
Revolving Loans and Leases	0
Loans and leases	92
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | SBA/USDA
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0
2022	349
2021	0
2020	0
2019	0
Prior	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0
Loans and leases	349
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	1,277	1,728
2022	2,986	988
2021	1,631	819
2020	259	261
2019	72	115
Prior	99	192
Revolving Loans and Leases	218	39
Loans and leases	6,542	4,142
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Consumer credit products
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	335	2,123
2022	1,239	481
2021	415	42
2020	50	23
2019	19	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	0	0
Loans and leases	2,058	2,669
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Other consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	0	0
2022	0	124
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	29	0
Loans and leases	29	124
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023	335	2,123
2022	1,239	605
2021	415	42
2020	50	23
2019	19	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans and Leases	29	0
Loans and leases	$ 2,087	2,793
90 or More Days Delinquent and Accruing | National Lending | Tax services
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
2023		8,873
2022		0
2021		0
2020		0
2019		0
Prior		0
Revolving Loans and Leases		0
Loans and leases		$ 8,873

XML

LOANS AND LEASES, NET - Troubled Debt Restructured Loans (Details) - National Lending - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Commercial finance
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
TDRs recorded investment	$ 0	$ 200,000	$ 0	$ 10,400,000
TDRs subsequent default, recorded investment		1,400,000	$ 400,000	3,900,000
Consumer finance
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
TDRs recorded investment	$ 0	500,000		700,000
TDRs subsequent default, recorded investment		$ 300,000		$ 1,100,000

XML

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS") (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Basic income per common share:
Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.	$ 45,096	$ 22,391	$ 127,709	$ 132,966
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(690)	(377)	(1,920)	(2,166)
Basic net earnings available to common stockholders	44,406	22,014	125,789	130,800
Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stockholders	670	352	1,858	2,093
Reallocation of undistributed earnings to nonvested restricted stockholders	(667)	(352)	(1,852)	(2,092)
Diluted net earnings available to common stockholders	$ 44,409	$ 22,014	$ 125,795	$ 130,801
Total weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	26,346,693	28,868,136	27,152,773	29,444,979
Effect of dilutive securities
Total effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	100,339	0	86,028	9,607
Weighted average dilutive common shares outstanding (in shares)	26,447,032	28,868,136	27,238,801	29,454,586
Net earnings per common share:
Basic income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.69	$ 0.76	$ 4.63	$ 4.44
Diluted income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.68	$ 0.76	$ 4.62	$ 4.44
Weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock, antidilutive (in shares)	409,666	493,800	414,539	487,538
Performance share units
Effect of dilutive securities
Outstanding options - based upon the two-class method (in shares)	100,339	0	86,028	9,607

XML

RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET - Schedule of Rental Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 336,078	$ 297,336
Accumulated depreciation	(113,122)	(94,355)
Unamortized initial direct costs	1,256	1,390
Net book value	224,212	204,371
Computers and IT networking equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	25,681	21,669
Motor vehicles and other
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	123,374	107,648
Other furniture and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	49,214	34,254
Solar panels and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 137,809	$ 133,765

XML

RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET - Schedule of Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Remaining in 2023	$ 11,844
2024	40,640
2025	33,086
2026	23,247
2027	15,506
Thereafter	17,484
Total	$ 141,807

XML

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Total goodwill	$ 309,505,000	$ 309,505,000
Goodwill, accumulated impairment	0
Asset impairment charges	$ 0	$ 0

XML

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Schedule of Intangible Asses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 25,691	$ 33,148
Acquisitions during the period		1
Amortization during the period	(3,861)	(5,188)
Write-offs during the period		(873)
Ending Balance	21,830	27,088
Gross carrying amount	109,133	109,133
Accumulated amortization	(76,167)	(70,909)
Accumulated impairment	(11,136)	(11,136)
Total anticipated intangible amortization	21,830	27,088
Trademarks
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	8,605	9,823
Acquisitions during the period		0
Amortization during the period	(868)	(871)
Write-offs during the period		0
Ending Balance	7,737	8,952
Gross carrying amount	14,624	14,624
Accumulated amortization	(6,887)	(5,672)
Accumulated impairment	0	0
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$ 7,737	8,952
Trademarks | Minimum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	5 years
Trademarks | Maximum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	15 years
Noncompete
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 0	40
Acquisitions during the period		0
Amortization during the period	0	(40)
Write-offs during the period		0
Ending Balance	0	0
Gross carrying amount	2,481	2,481
Accumulated amortization	(2,481)	(2,481)
Accumulated impairment	0	0
Total anticipated intangible amortization	0	0
Customer Relationships
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	12,395	17,868
Acquisitions during the period		0
Amortization during the period	(2,595)	(3,884)
Write-offs during the period		(670)
Ending Balance	9,800	13,314
Gross carrying amount	82,088	82,088
Accumulated amortization	(61,370)	(57,856)
Accumulated impairment	(10,918)	(10,918)
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$ 9,800	13,314
Customer Relationships | Minimum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	10 years
Customer Relationships | Maximum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	30 years
Other Intangible Assets
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 4,691	5,417
Acquisitions during the period		1
Amortization during the period	(398)	(393)
Write-offs during the period		(203)
Ending Balance	4,293	4,822
Gross carrying amount	9,940	9,940
Accumulated amortization	(5,429)	(4,900)
Accumulated impairment	(218)	(218)
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$ 4,293	$ 4,822
Other Intangible Assets | Minimum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	3 years
Other Intangible Assets | Maximum
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Useful life	20 years

XML

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Schedule of Future Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Remaining in 2023	$ 1,082
2024	4,123
2025	3,561
2026	3,215
2027	2,569
Thereafter	7,280
Total anticipated intangible amortization	$ 21,830	$ 25,691	$ 27,088	$ 33,148

XML

OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other assets	Other assets
Operating lease, right-of-use asset	$ 27,700	$ 31,000
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	Accrued expenses and other liabilities
Operating lease, liability	$ 29,645	$ 32,900

XML

OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES - Lease Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Remaining in 2023	$ 1,091
2024	3,913
2025	3,718
2026	3,195
2027	3,092
Thereafter	18,639
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	33,648
Discount	(4,003)
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 29,645	$ 32,900

XML

OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted-average discount rate	2.37%		2.37%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	9 years 9 months 25 days		9 years 9 months 25 days
Lease expense	$ 978	$ 1,119	$ 2,974	$ 3,375
Short-term and variable lease cost	22	58	106	133
ROU asset impairment	0	670	0	670
Sublease income	(368)	(375)	(1,040)	(906)
Total lease cost for operating leases	$ 632	$ 1,472	$ 2,040	$ 3,272

XML

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 03, 2021
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchased during the period (in shares)	59,626	67,158
Stock repurchased during the period, value	$ 2.1	$ 3.8
Retired common stock held in treasury (in shares)	0	0
Common Stock
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)			6,000,000
Stock repurchased under repurchase program (in shares)	2,316,814	2,447,699
Remaining number of shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)	1,978,163

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STOCK COMPENSATION (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options exercisable (in shares)	0
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Stock based compensation expense not yet recognized in income | $	$ 8.2
Weighted average remaining period for unrecognized stock based compensation (in years)	1 year 5 months 12 days
Restricted Shares
Number of Shares
Nonvested shares outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	474,348
Granted (in shares)	160,881
Vested (in shares)	(209,440)
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	(33,293)
Nonvested shares outstanding, end of period (in shares)	392,496
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Nonvested shares outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 36.52
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	38.95
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	36.59
Forfeited or expired (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	48.90
Nonvested shares outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 36.42
Performance share units
Number of Shares
Nonvested shares outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	96,689
Granted (in shares)	59,115
Vested (in shares)	0
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	0
Nonvested shares outstanding, end of period (in shares)	155,804
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant
Nonvested shares outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 42.59
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	38.94
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Forfeited or expired (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Nonvested shares outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 41.20

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INCOME TAXES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense	$ 3,243	$ 6,958	$ 18,996	$ 29,236
Effective tax rate			12.80%	17.77%

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INCOME TAXES - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Provision at statutory rate			$ 30,808	$ 34,063
Tax-exempt income			(600)	(541)
State income taxes			6,109	6,728
Interim period effective rate adjustment			(3,065)	(2,849)
Tax credit investments, net - federal			(13,669)	(6,994)
Research tax credit			(805)	(355)
IRC 162(m) nondeductible compensation			928	801
Other, net			(710)	(1,617)
Income tax expense	$ 3,243	$ 6,958	$ 18,996	$ 29,236
Effective tax rate			12.80%	17.77%

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REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS - Schedule of Revenue by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net interest income	$ 97,465	$ 72,151	$ 282,927	$ 227,564
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	9	198	91	595
Gain on sale of trademarks	0	0	10,000	50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other	812	1,239	566	(1,601)
Other income	5,889	5,271	13,921	10,811
Noninterest income	67,733	53,994	260,548	250,351
Revenue	165,198	126,145	543,475	477,915
Refund transfer product fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	8,262	10,289	39,144	38,674
Refund advance fee income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	(927)	(20)	37,685	40,513
Card and deposit fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	39,708	24,935	119,513	76,825
Rental income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	13,980	12,082	39,628	34,534
Consumer
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net interest income	40,683	23,213	116,373	79,323
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	0	0	0	0
Gain on sale of trademarks			0	0
Gain (loss) on sale of other	0	0	0	0
Other income	1,929	1,284	4,470	3,434
Noninterest income	48,714	36,226	200,029	158,696
Revenue	89,397	59,439	316,402	238,019
Consumer | Refund transfer product fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	8,262	10,289	39,144	38,674
Consumer | Refund advance fee income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	(927)	(20)	37,685	40,513
Consumer | Card and deposit fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	39,450	24,673	118,730	76,075
Consumer | Rental income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	0	0	0	0
Commercial
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net interest income	53,067	46,802	142,149	136,923
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	0	0	0	0
Gain on sale of trademarks			0	0
Gain (loss) on sale of other	812	1,239	566	7,331
Other income	1,888	2,479	4,907	8,103
Noninterest income	16,709	15,860	45,247	50,354
Revenue	69,776	62,662	187,396	187,277
Commercial | Refund transfer product fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	0	0	0	0
Commercial | Refund advance fee income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	0	0	0	0
Commercial | Card and deposit fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	253	252	766	728
Commercial | Rental income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	13,756	11,890	39,008	34,192
Corporate Services/Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net interest income	3,715	2,136	24,405	11,318
Net realized (gain) on securities available for sale	9	198	91	595
Gain on sale of trademarks			10,000	50,000
Gain (loss) on sale of other	0	0	0	(8,932)
Other income	2,072	1,508	4,544	(726)
Noninterest income	2,310	1,908	15,272	41,301
Revenue	6,025	4,044	39,677	52,619
Corporate Services/Other | Refund transfer product fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	0	0	0	0
Corporate Services/Other | Refund advance fee income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	0	0	0	0
Corporate Services/Other | Card and deposit fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	5	10	17	22
Corporate Services/Other | Rental income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Noninterest income	$ 224	$ 192	$ 620	$ 342

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SEGMENT REPORTING (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | segment			3
Segment data [Abstract]
Net interest income	$ 97,465	$ 72,151	$ 282,927	$ 227,564
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	1,773	(1,302)	48,312	31,186
Noninterest income	67,733	53,994	260,548	250,351
Noninterest expense	114,578	96,650	346,773	282,246
Income before income tax expense	48,847	30,797	148,390	164,483
Total assets	7,458,625	6,728,178	7,458,625	6,728,178	$ 6,747,410
Total goodwill	309,505	309,505	309,505	309,505
Total deposits	6,306,976	5,710,799	6,306,976	5,710,799
Consumer
Segment data [Abstract]
Net interest income	40,683	23,213	116,373	79,323
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	508	(279)	35,402	30,667
Noninterest income	48,714	36,226	200,029	158,696
Noninterest expense	39,666	23,960	124,070	73,509
Income before income tax expense	49,223	35,758	156,930	133,843
Total assets	455,540	373,019	455,540	373,019
Total goodwill	87,145	87,145	87,145	87,145
Total deposits	6,130,524	5,573,768	6,130,524	5,573,768
Commercial
Segment data [Abstract]
Net interest income	53,067	46,802	142,149	136,923
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	1,265	(752)	12,860	13,045
Noninterest income	16,709	15,860	45,247	50,354
Noninterest expense	33,594	31,336	105,189	95,845
Income before income tax expense	34,917	32,078	69,347	78,387
Total assets	3,914,924	3,457,004	3,914,924	3,457,004
Total goodwill	222,360	222,360	222,360	222,360
Total deposits	7,550	11,177	7,550	11,177
Corporate Services/Other
Segment data [Abstract]
Net interest income	3,715	2,136	24,405	11,318
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses	0	(271)	50	(12,526)
Noninterest income	2,310	1,908	15,272	41,301
Noninterest expense	41,318	41,354	117,514	112,892
Income before income tax expense	(35,293)	(37,039)	(77,887)	(47,747)
Total assets	3,088,161	2,898,155	3,088,161	2,898,155
Total goodwill	0	0	0	0
Total deposits	$ 168,902	$ 125,854	$ 168,902	$ 125,854

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS - Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring and Non-recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Level 1
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Total debt securities AFS	$ 0	$ 0
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Level 2
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Total debt securities AFS	1,914,271	1,882,869
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Level 3
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Total debt securities AFS	0	0
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Recurring
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Corporate securities	18,750	22,187
SBA securities	90,605	97,768
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,311	2,344
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	238,375	263,783
Asset-backed securities	254,566	147,790
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664	1,348,997
Total debt securities AFS	1,914,271	1,882,869
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Non-marketable equity securities	8,469	7,212
Recurring | Level 1
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Corporate securities	0	0
SBA securities	0	0
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	0	0
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	0	0
Asset-backed securities	0	0
Mortgage-backed securities	0	0
Total debt securities AFS	0	0
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Non-marketable equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 2
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Corporate securities	18,750	22,187
SBA securities	90,605	97,768
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	2,311	2,344
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	238,375	263,783
Asset-backed securities	254,566	147,790
Mortgage-backed securities	1,309,664	1,348,997
Total debt securities AFS	1,914,271	1,882,869
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Non-marketable equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3
Available-for-sale debt securities [Abstract]
Corporate securities	0	0
SBA securities	0	0
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	0	0
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions	0	0
Asset-backed securities	0	0
Mortgage-backed securities	0	0
Total debt securities AFS	0	0
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Non-marketable equity securities	$ 0	$ 0

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS - Quantitative Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Minimum
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Range of estimated selling cost (percentage)	3.00%
Maximum
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Range of estimated selling cost (percentage)	18.00%
Level 1
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 0	$ 0
Level 2
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Level 3
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	4,006,176	3,525,803
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 3 | Valuation, Market Approach
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 4,113	1,575
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 3 | Valuation, Market Approach | Minimum
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Range of estimated selling cost (percentage)	3.00%
Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 3 | Valuation, Market Approach | Maximum
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Range of estimated selling cost (percentage)	18.00%
Nonrecurring
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 4,113	1,576
Nonrecurring | Level 1
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Level 2
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Level 3
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	4,113	1,576
Nonrecurring | Commercial finance
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	4,113	1,575
Nonrecurring | Commercial finance | Level 1
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Commercial finance | Level 2
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Commercial finance | Level 3
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	4,113	1,575
Nonrecurring | Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	4,113	1,575
Nonrecurring | Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 1
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 2
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	0	0
Nonrecurring | Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss | Level 3
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 4,113	1,575
Nonrecurring | Foreclosed assets, net
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Foreclosed assets, net		1
Nonrecurring | Foreclosed assets, net | Level 1
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Foreclosed assets, net		0
Nonrecurring | Foreclosed assets, net | Level 2
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Foreclosed assets, net		0
Nonrecurring | Foreclosed assets, net | Level 3
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Foreclosed assets, net		$ 1

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS - Balance Sheet Grouping (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Financial assets
Debt securities held to maturity	$ 33,670	$ 38,171
Level 1
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	515,271	388,038
Debt securities available for sale	0	0
Debt securities held to maturity	0	0
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Non-marketable equity securities	0	0
Loans held for sale	0	0
Loans and leases	0	0
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	0	0
Accrued interest receivable	22,332	17,979
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,301,147	5,858,283
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000
Other short- and long-term borrowings	0	0
Accrued interest payable	802	192
Level 2
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271	1,882,869
Debt securities held to maturity	33,670	38,171
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Non-marketable equity securities	12,064	15,314
Loans held for sale	87,351	21,071
Loans and leases	0	0
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890	28,812
Accrued interest receivable	0	0
Financial liabilities
Deposits	5,671	7,571
Overnight federal funds purchased	0
Other short- and long-term borrowings	31,853	35,986
Accrued interest payable	0	0
Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Debt securities available for sale	0	0
Debt securities held to maturity	0	0
Common equities and mutual funds	0	0
Non-marketable equity securities	0	0
Loans held for sale	0	0
Loans and leases	4,006,176	3,525,803
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	0	0
Accrued interest receivable	0	0
Financial liabilities
Deposits	0	0
Overnight federal funds purchased	0
Other short- and long-term borrowings	0	0
Accrued interest payable	0	0
Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	515,271	388,038
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271	1,882,869
Debt securities held to maturity	37,725	41,682
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Non-marketable equity securities	20,533	22,526
Loans held for sale	87,351	21,071
Loans and leases	4,068,511	3,529,280
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890	28,812
Accrued interest receivable	22,332	17,979
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,306,976	5,866,037
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000
Other short- and long-term borrowings	34,178	36,028
Accrued interest payable	802	192
Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	515,271	388,038
Debt securities available for sale	1,914,271	1,882,869
Debt securities held to maturity	33,670	38,171
Common equities and mutual funds	3,527	2,874
Non-marketable equity securities	20,533	22,526
Loans held for sale	87,351	21,071
Loans and leases	4,006,176	3,525,803
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks	30,890	28,812
Accrued interest receivable	22,332	17,979
Financial liabilities
Deposits	6,306,818	5,865,854
Overnight federal funds purchased	230,000
Other short- and long-term borrowings	31,853	35,986
Accrued interest payable	$ 802	$ 192