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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
At March 31, 2024, the Company’s loan portfolio was $17.00 billion, compared to $16.85 billion at December 31, 2023. The various categories of loans are summarized as follows: 
March 31,December 31,
(In thousands)20242023
Consumer:  
Credit cards$182,742 $191,204 
Other consumer124,531 127,462 
Total consumer307,273 318,666 
Real Estate:
Construction and development3,331,739 3,144,220 
Single family residential2,624,738 2,641,556 
Other commercial7,508,049 7,552,410 
Total real estate13,464,526 13,338,186 
Commercial:
Commercial2,499,311 2,490,176 
Agricultural226,642 232,710 
Total commercial2,725,953 2,722,886 
Other504,008 465,932 
Total loans$17,001,760 $16,845,670 

The above table presents total loans at amortized cost. The difference between amortized cost and unpaid principal balance is primarily premiums and discounts associated with acquisition date fair value adjustments on acquired loans as well as deferred origination costs and fees totaling $3.9 million and $6.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Accrued interest on loans, which is excluded from the amortized cost of loans held for investment, totaled $79.8 million and $77.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Loan Origination/Risk Management – The Company seeks to manage its credit risk by diversifying its loan portfolio, determining that borrowers have adequate sources of cash flow for loan repayment without liquidation of collateral; obtaining and monitoring collateral; and providing an adequate allowance for credit losses by regularly reviewing loans through the internal loan review process. The loan portfolio is diversified by borrower, purpose and industry. The Company seeks to use diversification within the loan portfolio to reduce its credit risk, thereby minimizing the adverse impact on the portfolio if weaknesses develop in either the economy or a particular segment of borrowers. Collateral requirements are based on credit assessments of borrowers and may be used to recover the debt in case of default. 
Consumer – The consumer loan portfolio consists of credit card loans and other consumer loans. Credit card loans are diversified by geographic region to reduce credit risk and minimize any adverse impact on the portfolio. Although they are regularly reviewed to facilitate the identification and monitoring of creditworthiness, credit card loans are unsecured loans, making them more susceptible to economic downturns that result in increased unemployment. Other consumer loans include direct installment loans and account overdrafts. Loans in this portfolio segment are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures. 

Real estate – The real estate loan portfolio consists of construction and development loans (“C&D”), single family residential loans and commercial loans. C&D and commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans can be particularly sensitive to valuation of real estate. CRE cycles are inevitable. The long planning and production process for new properties and rapid shifts in business conditions and employment create an inherent tension between supply and demand for commercial properties. While general economic trends often move individual markets in the same direction over time, the timing and magnitude of changes are determined by other forces unique to each market. CRE cycles tend to be local in nature and longer than other credit cycles. Factors influencing the CRE market are traditionally different from those affecting residential real estate markets; thereby making predictions for one market based on the other difficult. Additionally, submarkets within CRE – such as office, industrial, apartment, retail and hotel – also experience different cycles, providing an opportunity to lower the overall risk through diversification across types of CRE loans. Management realizes that local demand and supply conditions will also mean that different geographic areas will experience cycles of different amplitude and duration. The Company monitors these loans closely. 

Commercial – The commercial loan portfolio includes commercial and agricultural loans, representing loans to commercial customers and farmers for use in normal business or farming operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases or other expansion projects. Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans are also included in the commercial loan portfolio. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrowers, particularly cash flow from customers’ business or farming operations. The Company continues its efforts to keep loan terms short, reducing the negative impact of upward movement in interest rates. Term loans are generally set up with one or three year balloons, and the Company has instituted a pricing mechanism for commercial loans. It is standard practice to require personal guaranties on commercial loans for closely-held or limited liability entities.

Paycheck Protection Program Loans – The Company originated loans pursuant to multiple PPP appropriations of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act which provided 100% federally guaranteed loans for small businesses to cover up to 24 weeks of payroll costs and assistance with mortgage interest, rent and utilities. Notably, these small business loans may be forgiven by the SBA if borrowers maintain their payrolls and satisfy certain other conditions. PPP loans have a zero percent risk-weight for regulatory capital ratios. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total outstanding balance of PPP loans was $4.2 million and $4.8 million, respectively.

Other – The other loan portfolio includes mortgage warehouse loans, representing warehouse lines of credit to mortgage originators for the disbursement of newly originated 1-4 family residential loans. Also included in the other loan portfolio are loans to public sector customers, including state and local governments.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans – Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
The amortized cost basis of nonaccrual loans segregated by category of loans are as follows:
March 31,December 31,
(In thousands)20242023
Consumer:  
Credit cards$522 $487 
Other consumer466 589 
Total consumer988 1,076 
Real estate:
Construction and development2,764 2,457 
Single family residential30,237 27,209 
Other commercial20,967 11,960 
Total real estate53,968 41,626 
Commercial:
Commercial50,168 39,886 
Agricultural661 734 
Total commercial50,829 40,620 
Other3 3 
Total$105,788 $83,325 

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, nonaccrual loans for which there was no related allowance for credit losses had an amortized cost of $4.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively. These loans are individually assessed and do not hold an allowance due to being adequately collateralized under the collateral-dependent valuation method.

An age analysis of the amortized cost basis of past due loans, including nonaccrual loans, segregated by class of loans is as follows: 
(In thousands)Gross
30-89 Days
Past Due		90 Days
or More
Past Due		Total
Past Due		CurrentTotal
Loans		90 Days
Past Due &
Accruing
March 31, 2024      
Consumer:      
Credit cards$1,697 $666 $2,363 $180,379 $182,742 $558 
Other consumer983 172 1,155 123,376 124,531 4 
Total consumer2,680 838 3,518 303,755 307,273 562 
Real estate:
Construction and development5,409 1,584 6,993 3,324,746 3,331,739 — 
Single family residential24,818 13,440 38,258 2,586,480 2,624,738 716 
Other commercial3,049 4,402 7,451 7,500,598 7,508,049 — 
Total real estate33,276 19,426 52,702 13,411,824 13,464,526 716 
Commercial:
Commercial12,418 25,611 38,029 2,461,282 2,499,311 249 
Agricultural65 597 662 225,980 226,642 — 
Total commercial12,483 26,208 38,691 2,687,262 2,725,953 249 
Other281 3 284 503,724 504,008 — 
Total$48,720 $46,475 $95,195 $16,906,565 $17,001,760 $1,527 
(In thousands)Gross
30-89 Days
Past Due		90 Days
or More
Past Due		Total
Past Due		CurrentTotal
Loans		90 Days
Past Due &
Accruing
December 31, 2023
Consumer:
Credit cards$1,734 $892 $2,626 $188,578 $191,204 $791 
Other consumer1,471 216 1,687 125,775 127,462 — 
Total consumer3,205 1,108 4,313 314,353 318,666 791 
Real estate:
Construction and development3,171 2,190 5,361 3,138,859 3,144,220 — 
Single family residential30,697 12,522 43,219 2,598,337 2,641,556 7 
Other commercial4,702 3,612 8,314 7,544,096 7,552,410 — 
Total real estate38,570 18,324 56,894 13,281,292 13,338,186 7 
Commercial:
Commercial13,799 22,750 36,549 2,453,627 2,490,176 349 
Agricultural92 516 608 232,102 232,710 — 
Total commercial13,891 23,266 37,157 2,685,729 2,722,886 349 
Other— 3 3 465,929 465,932 — 
Total$55,666 $42,701 $98,367 $16,747,303 $16,845,670 $1,147 
 
Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company has internal loan modification programs for borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties may include interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness and/or term extensions. The Company primarily uses interest rate reduction and/or payment modifications or extensions, with an occasional forgiveness of principal.

There were no loan modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There was one commercial loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty with a period-end amortized cost basis of $23,000 that was modified during the previous twelve months and which subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2024. There were no loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and were modified in the twelve months prior to default. In relation to loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, the Company defines a payment default as a payment received more than 90 days after its due date.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.3 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $230,000 and $506,000, respectively, of Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) secured by residential real estate properties.

Credit Quality Indicators – As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to (i) the weighted-average risk rating of commercial and real estate loans, (ii) the level of classified commercial and real estate loans, (iii) net charge-offs, (iv) non-performing loans (see details above) and (v) the general economic conditions of the Company’s local markets.
The Company utilizes a risk rating matrix to assign a risk rate to each of its commercial and real estate loans. Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes including lending management monitoring, executive management and board committee oversight, and independent credit review. A description of the general characteristics of the risk ratings is as follows:
 
•Pass (Excellent) – This category includes loans which are virtually free of credit risk. Borrowers in this category represent the highest credit quality and greatest financial strength.
•Pass (Good) - Loans under this category possess a nominal risk of default. This category includes borrowers with strong financial strength and superior financial ratios and trends. These loans are generally fully secured by cash or equivalents (other than those rated “excellent”).
•Pass (Acceptable – Average) - Loans in this category are considered to possess a normal level of risk. Borrowers in this category have satisfactory financial strength and adequate cash flow coverage to service debt requirements. If secured, the perfected collateral should be of acceptable quality and within established borrowing parameters.
•Pass (Monitor) - Loans in the Watch (Monitor) category exhibit an overall acceptable level of risk, but that risk may be increased by certain conditions, which represent “red flags”. These “red flags” require a higher level of supervision or monitoring than the normal “Pass” rated credit. The borrower may be experiencing these conditions for the first time, or it may be recovering from weakness, which at one time justified a higher rating. These conditions may include: weaknesses in financial trends; marginal cash flow; one-time negative operating results; non-compliance with policy or borrowing agreements; poor diversity in operations; lack of adequate monitoring information or lender supervision; questionable management ability/stability.
•Special Mention - A loan in this category has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention loans are not adversely classified (although they are “criticized”) and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends or an ill-proportioned balance sheet. Non-financial characteristics of a Special Mention rating may include management problems, pending litigation, a non-existent or ineffective loan agreement or other material structural weakness, and/or other significant deviation from prudent lending practices.
•Substandard - A Substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. The loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. This does not imply ultimate loss of the principal, but may involve burdensome administrative expenses and the accompanying cost to carry the loan.
•Doubtful - A loan classified Doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard loan except that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full (on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values) highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as loss is deferred. Pending factors include: proposed merger or acquisition; liquidation procedures; capital injection; perfection of liens on additional collateral; and refinancing plans. Loans classified as Doubtful are placed on nonaccrual status.
•Loss - Loans classified Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loans has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless loan, even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Borrowers in the Loss category are often in bankruptcy, have formally suspended debt repayments, or have otherwise ceased normal business operations. Loans should be classified as Loss and charged-off in the period in which they become uncollectible.
The Company monitors credit quality in the consumer portfolio by delinquency status. The delinquency status of loans is updated daily. A description of the delinquency credit quality indicators is as follows:

•Current - Loans in this category are either current in payments or are under 30 days past due. These loans are considered to have a normal level of risk.
•30-89 Days Past Due - Loans in this category are between 30 and 89 days past due and are subject to the Company’s loss mitigation process. These loans are considered to have a moderate level of risk.
•90+ Days Past Due - Loans in this category are 90 days or more past due and are placed on nonaccrual status. These loans have been subject to the Company’s loss mitigation process and foreclosure and/or charge-off proceedings have commenced.

The Company uses a dual risk rating scale that utilizes quantitative models and qualitative factors (“score cards”) to assist in determining the appropriate risk rating for its commercial loans. This dual risk rating methodology incorporates a “probability of default” analysis which utilizes quantified metrics such as loan terms and financial performance, as well as a “loss given default” analysis which utilizes collateral values and economics of the market, among other attributes. Model outputs are reviewed and analyzed to ensure the projected risk levels are commensurate with underwriting and credit leader expectations. The risk rating scale includes Probability of Default levels of 1 – 16 and Loss Given Default levels of A – I. The scale allows for more granular recognition of risk and diversification of grading among traditional Pass grades.

The following is a reconciliation between the expanded risk rating scale and the Company’s traditional risk rating segments utilized within the commercial loan classes presented in the credit quality indicator tables.

•Pass - Includes loans with an expanded risk rating of 1 through 11. Loans with a risk rating of 10 and 11 equate to loans included on management’s “watch list” and is intended to be utilized on a temporary basis for pass grade borrowers where a significant risk-modifying action is anticipated in the near term.
•Special Mention - Includes loans with an expanded risk rating of 12.
•Substandard - Includes loans with an expanded risk rating of 13 and 14.
•Doubtful and loss - Includes loans with an expanded risk rating of 15 and 16.
The following table presents a summary of loans by credit quality indicator, as of March 31, 2024, segregated by class of loans.

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)2024 (YTD)20232022202120202019 and PriorLines of Credit (“LOC”) Amortized Cost BasisLOC Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
Consumer - credit cards    
Delinquency:
Current$— $— $— $— $— $— $180,379 $— $180,379 
30-89 days past due— — — — — — 1,697 — 1,697 
90+ days past due— — — — — — 666 — 666 
Total consumer - credit cards— — — — — — 182,742 — 182,742 
Current-period consumer - credit cards gross charge-offs— — — — — — 1,646 — 1,646 
Consumer - other
Delinquency:
Current31,333 31,588 31,036 9,688 2,872 1,967 14,892 — 123,376 
30-89 days past due15 230 576 69 18 43 32 — 983 
90+ days past due— 26 125 15 — 5 1 — 172 
Total consumer - other31,348 31,844 31,737 9,772 2,890 2,015 14,925 — 124,531 
Current-period consumer - other gross charge-offs— 327 108 24 — 1 74 — 534 
Real estate - C&D
Risk rating:
Pass26,238 95,941 141,929 44,891 42,816 30,014 2,913,901 — 3,295,730 
Special mention— — 3,599 7,295 — 391 16,654 — 27,939 
Substandard— 125 65 3,943 — 165 3,772 — 8,070 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total real estate - C&D26,238 96,066 145,593 56,129 42,816 30,570 2,934,327 — 3,331,739 
Current-period real estate - C&D gross charge-offs— — — — — — 52 — 52 
Real estate - SF residential
Delinquency:
Current35,875 342,821 604,406 341,357 209,198 651,331 401,492 — 2,586,480 
30-89 days past due— 1,321 5,371 4,261 2,332 9,255 2,278 — 24,818 
90+ days past due— 428 2,825 1,647 973 5,521 2,046 — 13,440 
Total real estate - SF residential35,875 344,570 612,602 347,265 212,503 666,107 405,816 — 2,624,738 
Current-period real estate - SF residential gross charge-offs— — 109 — 1 2 9 — 121 
Real estate - other commercial
Risk rating:
Pass82,399 540,854 1,606,704 1,232,595 492,911 815,082 2,324,178 — 7,094,723 
Special mention— 27,408 10,761 12,049 5,805 30,300 100,201 — 186,524 
Substandard3,601 5,024 19,991 7,586 9,249 42,097 139,254 — 226,802 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total real estate - other commercial86,000 573,286 1,637,456 1,252,230 507,965 887,479 2,563,633 — 7,508,049 
Current-period real estate - other commercial gross charge-offs— 2,516 — — — — 168 — 2,684 
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)2024 (YTD)20232022202120202019 and PriorLines of Credit (“LOC”) Amortized Cost BasisLOC Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
Commercial
Risk rating:
Pass50,412 381,038 334,283 193,308 49,834 92,665 1,320,314 — 2,421,854 
Special mention— 141 7,399 277 228 1,079 10,110 — 19,234 
Substandard350 1,278 10,584 6,254 3,482 8,745 27,530 — 58,223 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial50,762 382,457 352,266 199,839 53,544 102,489 1,357,954 — 2,499,311 
Current-period commercial - gross charge-offs— 105 830 738 282 883 1,747 — 4,585 
Commercial - agriculture
Risk rating:
Pass13,011 30,436 29,231 12,565 4,929 2,449 128,943 — 221,564 
Special mention— 270 211 1,068 — — 2,868 — 4,417 
Substandard— — 494 62 87 14 4 — 661 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial - agriculture13,011 30,706 29,936 13,695 5,016 2,463 131,815 — 226,642 
Current-period commercial - agriculture gross charge-offs— — — 8 — — — — 8 
Other
Delinquency:
Current7,965 44,641 144,163 28,212 2,192 38,390 238,161 — 503,724 
30-89 days past due— 281 — — — — — — 281 
90+ days past due— — — — — 3 — — 3 
Total other7,965 44,922 144,163 28,212 2,192 38,393 238,161 — 504,008 
Current-period other - gross charge-offs— — — — — — 198 — 198 
Total$251,199 $1,503,851 $2,953,753 $1,907,142 $826,926 $1,729,516 $7,829,373 $— $17,001,760 
The following table presents a summary of loans by credit quality indicator, as of December 31, 2023, segregated by class of loans.

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)202320222021202020192018 and PriorLines of Credit (“LOC”) Amortized Cost BasisLOC Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
Consumer - credit cards    
Delinquency:
Current$— $— $— $— $— $— $188,578 $— $188,578 
30-89 days past due— — — — — — 1,734 — 1,734 
90+ days past due— — — — — — 892 — 892 
Total consumer - credit cards— — — — — — 191,204 — 191,204 
Current-period consumer - credit cards gross charge-offs— — — — — — 5,303 — 5,303 
Consumer - other
Delinquency:
Current55,091 35,904 12,115 3,838 1,471 1,106 16,250 — 125,775 
30-89 days past due400 719 127 53 2 16 154 — 1,471 
90+ days past due35 127 46 — — — 8 — 216 
Total consumer - other55,526 36,750 12,288 3,891 1,473 1,122 16,412 — 127,462 
Current-period consumer - other gross charge-offs220 826 493 79 29 128 449 — 2,224 
Real estate - C&D
Risk rating:
Pass138,749 143,711 52,081 45,027 10,278 13,632 2,710,853 504 3,114,835 
Special mention— 1,143 7,284 — — 396 16,682 — 25,505 
Substandard— 101 48 — — 247 3,484 — 3,880 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total real estate - C&D138,749 144,955 59,413 45,027 10,278 14,275 2,731,019 504 3,144,220 
Current-period real estate - C&D gross charge-offs— 1,148 — — — 8 349 — 1,505 
Real estate - SF residential
Delinquency:
Current371,326 620,933 352,589 238,128 121,416 504,675 388,705 565 2,598,337 
30-89 days past due5,222 5,061 3,667 2,283 1,741 9,759 2,964 — 30,697 
90+ days past due1,313 2,443 1,810 1,661 120 3,465 1,710 — 12,522 
Total real estate - SF residential377,861 628,437 358,066 242,072 123,277 517,899 393,379 565 2,641,556 
Current-period real estate - SF residential gross charge-offs— 111 12 73 — 677 232 — 1,105 
Real estate - other commercial
Risk rating:
Pass729,602 1,651,010 1,237,810 621,595 171,230 417,122 2,333,637 — 7,162,006 
Special mention37,302 8,458 10,149 7,844 1,364 11,604 84,978 — 161,699 
Substandard40,664 10,290 4,495 16,646 6,293 9,861 140,454 — 228,703 
Doubtful and loss— — — 2 — — — — 2 
Total real estate - other commercial807,568 1,669,758 1,252,454 646,087 178,887 438,587 2,559,069 — 7,552,410 
Current-period real estate - other commercial gross charge-offs— — — 7 2 35 9,731 — 9,775 
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)202320222021202020192018 and PriorLines of Credit (“LOC”) Amortized Cost BasisLOC Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
Commercial
Risk rating:
Pass440,872 354,016 200,941 67,320 27,374 42,953 1,271,826 — 2,405,302 
Special mention157 14,117 316 367 98 889 8,228 — 24,172 
Substandard1,998 11,874 6,272 2,934 1,722 3,392 32,510 — 60,702 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial443,027 380,007 207,529 70,621 29,194 47,234 1,312,564 — 2,490,176 
Current-period commercial - gross charge-offs463 2,081 778 197 244 815 1,351 — 5,929 
Commercial - agriculture
Risk rating:
Pass39,680 30,075 13,940 6,280 2,071 303 134,180 — 226,529 
Special mention363 733 1,068 — — — 3,257 — 5,421 
Substandard518 37 71 104 26 — 4 — 760 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial - agriculture40,561 30,845 15,079 6,384 2,097 303 137,441 — 232,710 
Current-period commercial - agriculture gross charge-offs— 7 — — — 26 — — 33 
Other
Delinquency:
Current45,234 144,732 28,413 2,543 3,255 36,719 205,033 — 465,929 
30-89 days past due— — — — — — — — — 
90+ days past due— — — — — 3 — — 3 
Total other45,234 144,732 28,413 2,543 3,255 36,722 205,033 — 465,932 
Current-period other - gross charge-offs— — — — — — 298 — 298 
Total$1,908,526 $3,035,484 $1,933,242 $1,016,625 $348,461 $1,056,142 $7,546,121 $1,069 $16,845,670 

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses – The allowance for credit losses is a reserve established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimate of lifetime expected losses based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, quantitative factors, and other qualitative considerations. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for expected loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for credit loss methodology includes reserve factors calculated to estimate current expected credit losses to amortized cost balances over the remaining contractual life of the portfolio, adjusted for prepayments, in accordance with ASC Topic 326-20, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Accordingly, the methodology is comprised of two components: individual assessments on loans with unique risk characteristics and collective assessments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. Loans with similar risk characteristics such as loan type, collateral type, and internal risk ratings are aggregated for collective assessment. The Company uses statistically-based models that leverage assumptions about current and future economic conditions throughout the contractual life of the loan. Expected credit losses are estimated by either lifetime loss rates or expected loss cash flows based on three key parameters: probability-of-default (“PD”), exposure-at-default (“EAD”), and loss-given-default (“LGD”). Future economic conditions are incorporated to the extent that they are reasonable and supportable. Beyond the reasonable and supportable periods, the economic variables revert to a historical equilibrium at a pace dependent on the state of the economy reflected within the economic scenarios. To determine the best estimate of credit losses as of March 31, 2024, the Company utilized a probability-weighted, multiple-scenario approach consisting of Baseline, Upside (S1), and Downside (S3) scenarios published by Moody’s Analytics in March 2024 that was updated to reflect the U.S. economic outlook. The Company also includes qualitative adjustments to the allowance based on factors and considerations that have not otherwise been fully accounted for. These factors may include but are not limited to portfolio trends and considerations, other economic considerations, policy actions, concentration risk, or imprecision risk.
Loans with similar risk characteristics such as loan type, collateral type, and internal risk ratings are aggregated into homogeneous segments for assessment. Reserve factors are based on estimated probability of default and loss given default for each segment. The estimates are determined based on economic forecasts over the reasonable and supportable forecast period based on projected performance of economic variables that have a statistical relationship with the historical loss experience of the segments.

Loans that have unique risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. These evaluations are typically performed on loans with a deteriorated internal risk rating. For a collateral-dependent loan, the Company’s evaluation process includes a valuation by appraisal or other collateral analysis adjusted for selling costs, when appropriate. This valuation is compared to the remaining outstanding principal balance of the loan. If a loss is determined to be probable, the loss is included in the allowance for credit losses as a specific allocation.

Loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty had an amortized cost of $148.0 million and $144.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as further detailed in the table below. The collateral securing these loans consist of commercial real estate properties, residential properties, and other business assets.
(In thousands)Real Estate CollateralOther CollateralTotal
March 31, 2024
Construction and development$13,579 $— $13,579 
Single family residential— — — 
Other commercial real estate108,438 — 108,438 
Commercial— 25,944 25,944 
Total$122,017 $25,944 $147,961 
December 31, 2023
Construction and development$43,826 $— $43,826 
Single family residential3,870 — 3,870 
Other commercial real estate76,229 — 76,229 
Commercial— 20,679 20,679 
Total$123,925 $20,679 $144,604 

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. 

(In thousands)CommercialReal
Estate		Credit
Card		Other
Consumer
and Other		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Beginning balance, January 1, 2024$36,470 $177,177 $5,868 $5,716 $225,231 
Provision for credit loss expense2,872 5,359 1,298 677 10,206 
Charge-offs(4,593)(2,857)(1,646)(732)(9,828)
Recoveries442 735 248 333 1,758 
Net charge-offs(4,151)(2,122)(1,398)(399)(8,070)
Ending balance, March 31, 2024$35,191 $180,414 $5,768 $5,994 $227,367 
Activity in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was as follows:

(In thousands)CommercialReal
Estate		Credit
Card		Other
Consumer
and Other		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023$34,406 $150,795 $5,140 $6,614 $196,955 
Provision for credit loss expense(4,804)14,021 2,148 (449)10,916 
Charge-offs(413)(1,204)(1,076)(456)(3,149)
Recoveries1,067 294 234 240 1,835 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries654 (910)(842)(216)(1,314)
Ending balance, March 31, 2023$30,256 $163,906 $6,446 $5,949 $206,557 

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was considered sufficient based upon expected losses that were supported by scenario-weighted economic forecasts. The provision expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to the loan growth experienced during the periods, as well as the impact of updated economic assumptions.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments
 
In addition to the allowance for credit losses, the Company has established a reserve for unfunded commitments, classified in other liabilities. This reserve is maintained at a level management believes to be sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $25.6 million and $25.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The adequacy of the reserve for unfunded commitments is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses. No adjustment was made to the reserve for unfunded commitments during the three month periods ended March 31, 2024, and 2023, as it was considered sufficient to cover any loss expectations.

Provision for Credit Losses

Provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount to be added to the allowance for credit loss accounts for various types of financial instruments including loans, securities and off-balance-sheet credit exposure after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the allowance to a level which, in management’s best estimate, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments.

The components of the provision for credit losses for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In thousands)20242023
Provision for credit losses related to:  
Loans$10,206 $10,916 
Securities - HTM— 500 
Securities - AFS— 12,800 
Total$10,206 $24,216 
Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“PCD”) Loans

Purchased loans that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the allowance for credit loss on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as discussed in the Allowance for Credit Losses section included above.

The following table provides a summary of loans purchased as part of the Spirit acquisition with credit deterioration at acquisition:
(In thousands)CommercialReal
Estate		Credit
Card		Other
Consumer
and Other		Total
Unpaid principal balance$8,258 $66,534 $— $59 $74,851 
PCD allowance for credit loss at acquisition(6,433)(3,187)— (2)(9,622)
Non-credit related discount(378)(998)— (1)(1,377)
Fair value of PCD loans$1,447 $62,349 $— $56 $63,852