Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

SIFCO Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries are engaged in the production of forgings and machined components primarily in the Aerospace and Energy ("A&E") market. The Company’s operations are conducted in a single business segment, "SIFCO" or the "Company."

B. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for all the Company’s U.S. operations and its Irish subsidiary. For these operations, all gains and losses from completed currency transactions are included in income currently. The functional currency for the Company's other non-U.S. subsidiaries is the Euro. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange at the end of the period, and revenues and expenses are translated using average rates of exchange. Foreign currency translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

C. CASH EQUIVALENTS

The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. A substantial majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalent bank balances exceed federally insured limits as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

D. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK

Receivables are presented net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $520 and $330 at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Accounts receivable outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. The Company writes off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, $186 and $461, respectively, of accounts receivable were written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. Bad debt expense totaled $415 and $77 in fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, respectively.

Most of the Company’s receivables represent trade receivables due from manufacturers of turbine engines and aircraft components as well as turbine engine overhaul companies located throughout the world, including a significant concentration of U.S. based companies. In fiscal 2018, 31% of the Company’s consolidated net sales were from two of its largest customers; and 38% of the Company's consolidated net sales were from the three largest customers and their direct subcontractors, which individually accounted for 14%, 12% and 12%, of consolidated net sales, respectively. In fiscal 2017, 22% of the Company’s consolidated net sales were from two of its largest customers; and 35% of the Company's consolidated net sales were from three of the largest customers and their direct subcontractors which individually accounted for 13%, 11% and 11%, of consolidated net sales, respectively. No other single customer or group represented greater than 10% of total net sales in fiscal 2018 and 2017.

At September 30, 2018, three of the Company’s largest customers had outstanding net accounts receivable which individually accounted for 10% of the total net accounts receivable; and five of the largest customers and direct subcontractors had outstanding net accounts receivable which accounted for 16%, 14%, 12%, 11% and 11% of total net accounts receivable, respectively. At September 30, 2017, one of the Company’s largest customers had outstanding net accounts receivable which individually accounted for 10% of total net accounts receivable; and three of the largest customers and direct subcontractors had outstanding net accounts receivable which accounted for 13%, 10% and 10% of total net accounts receivable, respectively. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions. The Company believes its allowance for doubtful accounts is sufficient based on the credit exposures outstanding at September 30, 2018.

E. INVENTORY VALUATION

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. For a portion of the Company's inventory, cost is determined using the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method. For approximately 54% and 38% of the Company’s inventories at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the LIFO method is used to value the Company’s inventories. The first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method is used to value the remainder of the Company’s inventories.

The Company maintains allowances for obsolete and excess inventory. The Company evaluates its allowances for obsolete and excess inventory each quarter and requires at a minimum that reserves be established based on an analysis of the age of the inventory. In addition, if the Company identifies specific obsolescence, other than that identified by the aging criteria, an additional reserve will be recognized. Specific obsolescence and excess reserve requirements may arise due to technological or market changes or based on cancellation of an order. The Company’s reserves for obsolete and excess inventory were $3,979 and $3,859 at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

F. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method. Depreciation is provided in amounts sufficient to amortize the cost of the assets over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation provisions are based on estimated useful lives: (i) buildings, including building improvements - 5 to 40 years; (ii) machinery and equipment, including office and computer equipment - 3 to 20 years; (iii) software - 3 to 7 years (included in machinery and equipment); and (iv) leasehold improvements - remaining life or length of the lease (included in buildings).

The Company's property, plant and equipment assets by major asset class at September 30 consist of:



	2018		2017
Property, plant and equipment:
Land	$	995	$	1,005
Buildings	15,365		15,084
Machinery and equipment	76,465		75,080
Total property, plant and equipment	92,825		91,169
Less: Accumulated depreciation	57,435		51,661
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	35,390	$	39,508

The (gain) loss on disposal of operating assets is included as a separate line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation expense was $6,754 and $7,820 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

G. ASSET IMPAIRMENT

The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, when events and circumstances indicate a triggering event has occurred. This review is performed using estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, which include proceeds from disposal of assets. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset is greater than the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, then the long-lived asset is considered impaired and an impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

The Company announced the decision to close the Alliance, Ohio ("Alliance") plant in the third quarter of fiscal 2017 and transfer future orders to the Cleveland, Ohio ("Cleveland") plant, resulting in a triggering event, requiring an impairment analysis to be performed by the Company in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 360 Property, Plant and Equipment in fiscal 2017 and further assessment for certain assets held for sale as discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Assets Held for Sale, of the consolidated financial statements in fiscal 2018.

As required by ASC 360, an impairment loss shall be recognized only if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. The Company used May 31, 2017 as the triggering date to evaluate the carrying values and test for recoverability of the Alliance machinery and equipment, customer list and trade name as this was the date of when the decision to close Alliance was approved. The fair value of the assets was estimated using Level 2 and Level 3 inputs based on the orderly liquidation value as determined by a third-party appraisal and undiscounted cash flows. As a result, in fiscal 2017, the Company recorded asset impairment charges of $4,786, which is included in the consolidated statements of operations within (gain) loss on disposal or impairment of operating assets; $2,497 of the total impairment charge related to machinery and equipment and the remaining $2,289 related to intangible assets. In addition, the Company also impaired assets totaling $174 in fiscal 2017 related to development of an ERP solution for one of its operating plants.

H. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

The assets held for sale at September 30, 2018 and 2017, were $35 and $2,524, respectively. A portion of the September 30, 2017 assets held for sale related to the Alliance machinery and equipment which were auctioned in July 2018, and the Company recorded a net loss on disposal and impairment of assets to the consolidated statements of operations of $500 after considering $515 in cash proceeds, net of costs to sell. The balance remaining at September 30, 2018 relates to the Alliance building and certain machinery and equipment, which the Company expects to sell within the next 12 months. See Note 12, Subsequent Events to the consolidated statements for discussion on sale of the Alliance building.

Included in asset held for sale balance at September 30, 2017 was the asset related to the Company’s Cork, Ireland building ("Irish Building") with a net carrying amount of $1,447. Prior to the sale of the Irish Building, it was subject to a lease arrangement with the acquirer of the business that expires in June 2027. Rental income was previously earned in quarterly installments of $103. Rental income was $78 and $413 in each of fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is recorded in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations. In the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company executed the sale of the Irish Building. The sale transaction was finalized on December 15, 2017 for cash proceeds of approximately $3,078, resulting in a net gain of $1,545 included within the consolidated statement of operations within (gain) loss of disposal and impairment of assets. No loss was incurred as of September 30, 2017 as the carrying amount of the Irish Building was less than the fair value less expected costs to sell. The net cash proceeds after paying third party costs and related taxes were received in January 2018. A portion of the proceeds received in the amount of $2,447 was used to pay down the Term Facility and revolving credit facility as discussed further in Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements.

I. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of an acquired business. Goodwill is subject to impairment testing if triggered in the interim, and if not, on an annual basis. The Company has selected July 31 as the annual impairment testing date. Since the adoption of Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2017-04, Step 2 has been eliminated from the goodwill impairment test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compares the fair value of a reporting unit (as defined) with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired. However, if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, the Company should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. See Note 3, Goodwill and Intangibles, of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the July 31, 2018 and 2017 annual impairment test results and its interim goodwill test performed as of May 31, 2017 for one of its reporting units.

Intangible assets consist of identifiable intangibles acquired or recognized in the accounting for the acquisition of a business and include such items as a trade name, a non-compete agreement, below market lease, customer relationships and order backlog. Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives ranging from one year to ten years. Identifiable intangible assets assessment for impairment is evaluated when events and circumstances warrant such a review, as noted within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Asset Impairment, of the consolidated financial statements.

J. NET LOSS PER SHARE

The Company’s net loss per basic share has been computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Due to the net loss for each reporting period, zero restricted shares are included in the calculation of basic or diluted earnings per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive. The dilutive effect is as follows:



	September 30,
	2018			2017
Net loss	$	(7,170	)	$	(14,209	)

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (basic and diluted)	5,523			5,487

Net loss per share – basic and diluted:
Net loss per share	$	(1.30	)	$	(2.59	)

Anti-dilutive weighted-average common shares excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share	144			93

K. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Revenue is generally recognized from the sale of products shipped when the title and risk of loss passes to the customer, which is generally at the time of shipment. Substantially all product sales are made pursuant to a firm, fixed-price purchase orders or supply agreement demand forecasts received from customers. Provisions for estimated returns and uncollectible accounts provisions are provided for in the same period as the related revenues are recorded and are principally based on historical results modified, as appropriate, by the most current information available. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, it is possible that actual results may vary from the estimates.

L. CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS

Capital leases are accounted for as the acquisition of an asset and the commitment of an obligation by the lessee and as a sale or financing by the lessor. All other leases are accounted for as operating leases.

M. IMPACT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

In 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-09, "Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting," which amends existing guidance related to accounting for employee share-based payments affecting the income tax consequences of awards, classification of awards as equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. ASU 2016-09 was adopted by the Company effective October 1, 2017.

This guidance requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the consolidated statements of operations and also requires a policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur. The Company changed its policy to recognize the impact of forfeitures when they actually occur. There was no impact to the consolidated condensed financial statements as of October 1, 2017. Also, this guidance requires cash paid by an employer when directly withholding shares for tax withholding purposes to be classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows as a financing activity, which differs from the Company's previous method of classification of such cash payments as an operating activity. The Company applied this provision retrospectively, and for the first quarter of fiscal 2017, the impact between operating activities to financing activities was nominal. This guidance also requires the tax effects of exercised or vested awards to be treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur, which was applied prospectively, beginning October 1, 2017. Due to the Company having recorded a domestic valuation allowance, the tax impact upon adoption of this ASU was not material to the consolidated financial statements. Lastly, the guidance requires that excess tax benefits should be classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows, which differs from the Company’s historical classification of excess tax benefits as cash inflows from financing activities. The Company elected to apply this provision using the prospective transition method.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, "Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory," which provides new guidance to simplify the measurement of inventory valuation at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The adoption of this ASU in the first quarter ended December 31, 2017 had no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

N. IMPACT OF NEWLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, "Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20)." The ASU amends certain disclosures by removing disclosure requirements that no longer are considered cost beneficial, clarifying the specific requirements of disclosures, and adding disclosure requirements identified as relevant. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, "Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." The ASU simplifies the accounting for share-based payments to non-employees by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. The standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This ASU allows an optional reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for standard tax effects resulting from the Act. ASU 2018-02 must be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Act is recognized. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within, beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted in any interim period. Due to the valuation allowance in the U.S., the Company has elected not to adopt this optional reclassification.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, "Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost," which relates to pension related costs that require an entity to report the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs. The other components of the net periodic benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside of any subtotal of operating income. Additionally, only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. The ASU is effective October 1, 2018, and the ASU should be applied retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost in the income statement and prospectively for the capitalization of the service cost component. The amendment allows for a practical expedient that permits an employer to use the amounts disclosed in its pension and other post-retirement benefit plan note for the prior comparative periods as the estimation basis for applying the retrospective presentation requirements. The Company would need to disclose if the practical expedient was used. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact to its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash," requiring that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash would be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This amendment is effective October 1, 2018. The Company does not expect that this ASU would have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory," which requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs and eliminates the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. This ASU will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2018. The Company does not expect that this ASU would have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments," which amends certain cash flow issues which apply to all entities required to present a statement of cash flow. The amendment is effective October 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements together with evaluating the adoption date.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This ASU requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset on the balance sheet and aligns many of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard requires a modified retrospective transition for capital and operating leases existing at or entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, but it does not require transition accounting for leases that expire prior to the date of initial adoption. Subsequent to this ASU, the FASB has released additional ASUs, such as, ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11 to provide technical improvements and clarify transitional methods. The ASU, along with subsequent updates, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company will adopt the new guidance on October 1, 2019 and is currently evaluating the requirements of ASU 2016-02 and anticipates that the adoption will impact the consolidated condensed balance sheets due to the recognition of the right-to-use asset and lease liability related to its current operating leases.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 completes the joint effort by the FASB and International Accounting Standards Board to improve financial reporting by creating common revenue recognition guidance for generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and International Financial Reporting Standards. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net).” ASU 2016-08 clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing.” This ASU 2016-10 clarifies the implementation guidance on identifying performance obligations. These ASUs, along with subsequent updates, apply to all companies that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services, and are effective for public entities for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017.

The standard permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (the “full retrospective method”), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying Topic 606 recognized at the date of initial application (the “modified retrospective method”) effective October 1, 2018. The Company is substantially complete in performing the five-step contract review for all existing contracts with customers, across all locations, and opening retained earnings adjustment as it plans to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective method transition method on October 1, 2018 and will use practical expedients permitted by the standard when applicable.

These practical expedients include:


•	applying the new guidance only to contracts that are not completed as of October 1, 2018; and


•	expensing the incremental costs to obtain a contract as incurred when the expected amortization period is one year or less.

The Company executed a bottom up approach to analyze the standard's impact on its revenues by looking at historical policies and practices and identifying the differences from applying the new standard to its revenue streams. The Company has determined that many of its long-term agreements contain variable consideration clauses and believes the impact is determined to be insignificant to its consolidated financial statements.

While the Company continues to assess all potential impacts of the standard, the Company currently believes that the most significant impact relates to the accounting for agreements which include production of military forgings and certain agreements for commercial forgings which include terms and conditions that require the Company to recognize revenue over time. These terms and conditions relate to assets with no alternative use that have an enforceable right to payment upon termination for convenience. The remainder of the Company's current revenues, including all commercial parts that do not have a long-term agreement clause requiring over time recognition will continue to be recognized at a point-in-time.

The Company anticipates the adoption of the standard will result in an increase of between approximately $2,300 and $3,100 to retained earnings (net of tax) and corresponding contract asset due to revenue being accelerated from the shift of some customers and product revenue being recognized over a period of time. Adoption of the standard is not anticipated to impact cash from or used in operating, financing, or investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

The Company future disclosures will be expanded to comply with the standard. Additionally, the Company is in process of updating its processes and internal control framework as it relates to the new standard. The Company is in the process of implementing a system to automate the calculation of overtime revenue recognition.

O. USE OF ESTIMATES

Accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. require management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period in preparing these financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

P. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

As part of the 2016 Credit Agreement (described further in Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements), the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement on November 30, 2016 to reduce risk related to the variable rate debt over the life of the term loan. The cash flows related to the interest rate swap agreement were included in interest expense. The Company’s interest rate swap agreement and its variable rate term debt were based upon LIBOR. The interest rate swap qualified as a fully-effective cash flow hedge against the Company’s variable rate term note through the second quarter of fiscal 2018.

In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the interest rate swap was de-designated as a cash flow hedge. As a result of the de-designation of the interest rate swap, changes in fair value were recorded in the current period's earnings, which are included in interest expense. The interest rate swap was terminated in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, resulting in a realized gain of $43, which was recognized within interest expense. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $4,059, which qualified as a fully effective cash flow hedge at the time. The mark-to-market valuation was a $4 asset at September 30, 2017.

Q. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expense was nominal in fiscal 2018 and 2017.

R. DEFERRED FINANCING COSTS

Debt issuance costs are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related debt. Amortization of deferred financing costs is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

S. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as shown on the consolidated balance sheets at September 30 are as follows:



	2018			2017
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of income tax benefit of $0 and $0, respectively	$	(4,955	)	$	(4,607	)
Net retirement plan liability adjustment, net of income tax benefit of ($3,758) and ($3,758), respectively	(3,674		)	(4,648		)
Interest rate swap agreement, net of income tax benefit of $0 and $0, respectively	—			4
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(8,629	)	$	(9,251	)

The following table provides additional details of the amounts recognized into net earnings from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:



	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment			Retirement Plan Liability Adjustment			Interest Rates Swap Adjustment			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at September 30, 2016	$	(5,623	)	$	(7,197	)	$	(30	)	$	(12,850	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	1,016			1,655			28			2,699
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—			894			6			900
Net current-period other comprehensive loss	1,016			2,549			34			3,599

Balance at September 30, 2017	(4,607		)	(4,648		)	4			(9,251		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(348		)	333			19			4
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (income)	—			641			(23		)	618
Net current-period other comprehensive loss	(348		)	974			(4		)	622
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(4,955	)	$	(3,674	)	$	—		$	(8,629	)

The following table reflects the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the Company for September 30, 2018 and 2017:



	Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
Details about accumulated other comprehensive loss components	2018		2017			Affected line item in the Consolidated Statement of Operations

Amortization of Retirement plan liability:
Prior service costs	$	—	$	15		(1)
Net actuarial loss	974		927			(1)
Settlements/curtailments	—		(48		)	(1)
	974		894			Total before taxes
	—		—			Income tax expense
	$	974	$	894		Net of taxes

(1) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 7, Retirement Benefit Plans, of the consolidated financial statements for further information.

T. INCOME TAXES

The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and tax returns in various state and local jurisdictions. The Company’s Irish and Italian subsidiaries also file tax returns in the respective jurisdictions.

The Company provides deferred income taxes for the temporary difference between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Such taxes are measured using the enacted tax rates that are assumed to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deductible temporary differences result principally from recording certain expenses in the financial statements in excess of amounts currently deductible for tax purposes. Taxable temporary differences result principally from tax depreciation in excess of book depreciation.

The Company evaluates for uncertain tax positions taken at each balance sheet date. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest cumulative benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company's policy for interest and/or penalties related to underpayments of income taxes is to include interest and penalties in tax expenses.

The Company maintains a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets when management believes it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset may not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are recorded in the period of change. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, the Company evaluates factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carry-back and carry-forward periods and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset.

U. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and/or the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Based on the examination of the inputs used in the valuation techniques, the Company is required to provide the following information according to the fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values.

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 - Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The book value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and revolving credit facilities are considered to be representative of their fair values because of their short maturities. Fair value measurements of non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities are primarily used in goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets impairment analysis, the valuation of acquired intangibles and in the valuation of assets held for sale. Goodwill and intangible assets are valued using Level 3 inputs.

V. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award and the probability of meeting its performance condition, and is recognized as expense when it is probable that the performance conditions will be met over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). Share-based expense includes expense related to restricted shares and performance shares issued under the Company's 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2007 Plan") and the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2016 Plan"). The Company recognizes share-based expense within selling, general, and administrative expense.

W. SHIPPING AND HANDLING COSTS

The Company classifies all amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling as revenue and reflects shipping and handling costs in cost of sales.

X. RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

The Company’s policy is to recognize restructuring costs in accordance with the accounting rules related to exit or disposal activities and compensation and non-retirement post-employment benefits. Detailed documentation is maintained and updated to ensure that accruals are properly supported. If management determines that there is a change in estimate, the accruals are adjusted to reflect this change.