7. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:


Level 1:	Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.
Level 2:	Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:
	(a)	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
	(b)	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or
	(c)	Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3:	Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

The availability of observable inputs varies by instrument. In situations where fair value is based on internally developed pricing models or inputs that are unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. The degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is typically greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In many instances, valuation inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The category level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments.

The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company gains assurance that assets and liabilities are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, the Company's processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, the Company assesses the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. The Company performs procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, the Company may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third party valuation sources for selected securities. The Company performs ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, the Company validates them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

The Company has two types of situations where investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The first is where quotes continue to be received from independent third-party valuation service providers and all significant inputs are market observable; however, there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity such that the degree of market observability has declined to a point where categorization as a Level 3 measurement is considered appropriate. The indicators considered in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, the level of credit spreads over historical levels, applicable bid-ask spreads, and price consensus among market participants and other pricing sources.

The second situation where the Company classifies securities in Level 3 is where specific inputs significant to the fair value estimation models are not market observable. This primarily occurs in the Company's use of broker quotes to value certain securities where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, and the use of valuation models that use significant non-market observable inputs.

Certain assets are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including investments such as mortgage loans, limited partnership interests, bank loans and policy loans. Accordingly, such investments are only included in the fair value hierarchy disclosure when the investment is subject to remeasurement at fair value after initial recognition and the resulting remeasurement is reflected in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, derivatives embedded in fixed income securities are not disclosed in the hierarchy as free-standing derivatives since they are presented with the host contracts in fixed income securities.

In determining fair value, the Company principally uses the market approach which generally utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. To a lesser extent, the Company uses the income approach which involves determining fair values from discounted cash flow methodologies. For the majority of Level 2 and Level 3 valuations, a combination of the market and income approaches is used.

Summary of significant valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

Level 1 measurements

•

Fixed income securities:  Comprise certain U.S. Treasuries. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

•

Equity securities:  Comprise actively traded, exchange-listed equity securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that the Company can access.

•

Short-term:  Comprise actively traded money market funds that have daily quoted net asset values for identical assets that the Company can access.

•

Separate account assets:  Comprise actively traded mutual funds that have daily quoted net asset values for identical assets that the Company can access. Net asset values for the actively traded mutual funds in which the separate account assets are invested are obtained daily from the fund managers.

•

Assets held for sale:  Comprise U.S. Treasury fixed income securities, short-term investments and separate account assets. The valuation is based on the respective asset type as described above.

Level 2 measurements

•

Fixed income securities:
- U.S. government and agencies:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.
  
  Municipal:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.
  
  Corporate, including privately placed:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also included are privately placed securities valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses market observable inputs and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. The primary inputs to the discounted cash flow model include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets in markets that are not active that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.
  
  Foreign government:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.
  
  ABS and RMBS:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral performance and credit spreads. Certain ABS are valued based on non-binding broker quotes whose inputs have been corroborated to be market observable.
  
  CMBS:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads.
  
  Redeemable preferred stock:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, underlying stock prices and credit spreads.
•

Equity securities:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

•

Short-term:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. For certain short-term investments, amortized cost is used as the best estimate of fair value.

•

Other investments:  Free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active.

- OTC derivatives, including interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, foreign exchange forward contracts, certain options and certain credit default swaps, are valued using models that rely on inputs such as interest rate yield curves, currency rates, and counterparty credit spreads that are observable for substantially the full term of the contract. The valuation techniques underlying the models are widely accepted in the financial services industry and do not involve significant judgment.
•

Assets held for sale: Comprise U.S. government and agencies, municipal, corporate, foreign government, ABS, RMBS and CMBS fixed income securities, and short-term investments. The valuation is based on the respective asset type as described above.

Level 3 measurements

•: Fixed income securities:

- Municipal:  Municipal bonds that are not rated by third party credit rating agencies but are rated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). The primary inputs to the valuation of these municipal bonds include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also includes auction rate securities ("ARS") primarily backed by student loans that have become illiquid due to failures in the auction market are valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses significant non-market observable inputs, including the anticipated date liquidity will return to the market.
  
  Corporate, including privately placed:  Primarily valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. Also included are equity-indexed notes which are valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses significant non-market observable inputs, such as volatility. Other inputs include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.
  
  ABS, RMBS and CMBS:  Valued based on non-binding broker quotes received from brokers who are familiar with the investments and where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable.
•

Equity securities:  The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements.

•

Other investments:  Certain OTC derivatives, such as interest rate caps, certain credit default swaps and certain options (including swaptions), are valued using models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs such as volatility. Other primary inputs include interest rate yield curves and credit spreads.

•

Assets held for sale:  Comprise municipal, corporate, ABS and CMBS fixed income securities. The valuation is based on the respective asset type as described above.

•

Contractholder funds:  Derivatives embedded in certain life and annuity contracts are valued internally using models widely accepted in the financial services industry that determine a single best estimate of fair value for the embedded derivatives within a block of contractholder liabilities. The models primarily use stochastically determined cash flows based on the contractual elements of embedded derivatives, projected option cost and applicable market data, such as interest rate yield curves and equity index volatility assumptions. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs.

•

Liabilities held for sale:  Comprise derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts. The valuation is the same as described above for contractholder funds.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

Mortgage loans written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing impairments are valued based on the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. Limited partnership interests written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing other-than-temporary impairments are valued using net asset values. The carrying value of the LBL business was written-down to fair value in connection with being classified as held for sale.

The following table summarizes the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2013:

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of December 31, 2013

Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	1,801		$	1,105		$	7					$	2,913
Municipal		—			8,380			343						8,723
Corporate		—			39,494			1,109						40,603
Foreign government		—			1,824			—						1,824
ABS		—			4,326			192						4,518
RMBS		—			1,472			2						1,474
CMBS		—			786			43						829
Redeemable preferred stock		—			25			1						26


Total fixed income securities		1,801			57,412			1,697						60,910
Equity securities		4,268			697			132						5,097
Short-term investments		752			1,626			15						2,393
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives		—			284			9		$	(24	)		269
Separate account assets		5,039			—			—						5,039
Other assets		1			—			—						1
Assets held for sale		1,854			9,812			362						12,028


Total recurring basis assets		13,715			69,831			2,215			(24	)		85,737
Non-recurring basis (1)		—			—			24						24


Total assets at fair value	$	13,715		$	69,831		$	2,239		$	(24	)	$	85,761




% of total assets at fair value		16.0	%		81.4	%		2.6	%		—	%		100.0	%
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(307	)				$	(307	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives		—			(194	)		(14	)	$	11			(197	)
Liabilities held for sale		—			—			(246	)					(246	)


Total recurring basis liabilities		—			(194	)		(567	)		11			(750	)
Non-recurring basis (2)		—			—			(11,088	)					(11,088	)


Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(194	)	$	(11,655	)	$	11		$	(11,838	)




% of total liabilities at fair value		—	%		1.6	%		98.5	%		(0.1	)%		100.0	%

(1): Includes $8 million of mortgage loans and $16 million of limited partnership interests written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing other-than-temporary impairments.
(2): Relates to LBL business held for sale (see Note 4). The total fair value measurement includes $15,593 million of assets held for sale and $(14,899) million of liabilities held for sale, less $12,028 million of assets and $(246) million of liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The following table summarizes the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2012.

($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Balance as of December 31, 2012

Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	2,790		$	1,915		$	8					$	4,713
Municipal		—			12,104			965						13,069
Corporate		—			46,920			1,617						48,537
Foreign government		—			2,517			—						2,517
ABS		—			3,373			251						3,624
RMBS		—			3,029			3						3,032
CMBS		—			1,446			52						1,498
Redeemable preferred stock		—			26			1						27


Total fixed income securities		2,790			71,330			2,897						77,017
Equity securities		3,008			858			171						4,037
Short-term investments		703			1,633			—						2,336
Other investments: Free-standing derivatives		—			187			3		$	(57	)		133
Separate account assets		6,610			—			—						6,610
Other assets		5			—			1						6


Total recurring basis assets		13,116			74,008			3,072			(57	)		90,139
Non-recurring basis (1)		—			—			9						9


Total assets at fair value	$	13,116		$	74,008		$	3,081		$	(57	)	$	90,148




% of total assets at fair value		14.6	%		82.1	%		3.4	%		(0.1	)%		100.0	%
Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—		$	—		$	(553	)				$	(553	)
Other liabilities: Free-standing derivatives		—			(98	)		(30	)	$	33			(95	)


Total liabilities at fair value	$	—		$	(98	)	$	(583	)	$	33		$	(648	)




% of total liabilities at fair value		—	%		15.1	%		90.0	%		(5.1	)%		100.0	%

(1): Includes $4 million of mortgage loans, $4 million of limited partnership interests and $1 million of other investments written-down to fair value in connection with recognizing other-than-temporary impairments.

The following table summarizes quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements.

($ in millions)	Fair value			Valuation technique	Unobservable input	Range	Weighted average

December 31, 2013
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts — Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(247	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.0%	1.75%
Liabilities held for sale — Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(246	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.0%	1.91%
December 31, 2012
ARS backed by student loans	$	394		Discounted cash flow model	Anticipated date liquidity will return to the market	18 - 60 months	31 - 43 months
Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts — Equity-indexed and forward starting options	$	(419	)	Stochastic cash flow model	Projected option cost	1.0 - 2.0%	1.92%

If the anticipated date liquidity will return to the market is sooner (later), it would result in a higher (lower) fair value. If the projected option cost increased (decreased), it would result in a higher (lower) liability fair value.

As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, Level 3 fair value measurements include $1.27 billion and $1.87 billion, respectively, of fixed income securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and $208 million and $395 million, respectively, of municipal fixed income securities that are not rated by third party credit rating agencies. As of December 31, 2013, Level 3 fair value measurements for assets held for sale include $319 million of fixed income securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable. The Company does not develop the unobservable inputs used in measuring fair value; therefore, these are not included in the table above. However, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads for fixed income securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes would result in a lower (higher) fair value, and an increase (decrease) in the credit rating of municipal bonds that are not rated by third party credit rating agencies would result in a higher (lower) fair value.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2013.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:

	Balance as of December 31, 2012			Net income ⁽¹⁾			OCI			Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	8		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Municipal		965			(33	)		47			6		(63	)
Corporate		1,617			35			(32	)		84		(323	)
ABS		251			—			29			29		(86	)
RMBS		3			—			—			—		—
CMBS		52			(1	)		2			4		—
Redeemable preferred stock		1			—			—			—		—


Total fixed income securities		2,897			1			46			123		(472	)
Equity securities		171			3			7			—		—
Free-standing derivatives, net		(27	)		19			—			—		—
Other assets		1			(1	)		—			—		—
Assets held for sale		—			(2	)		(6	)		13		(13	)


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	3,042		$	20		$	47		$	136	$	(485	)




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(553	)	$	89		$	—		$	—	$	—
Liabilities held for sale		—			20			—			—		—


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(553	)	$	109		$	—		$	—	$	—

	Transfer to held for sale			Purchases/ Issues ⁽²⁾			Sales			Settlements			Balance as of December 31, 2013

Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(1	)	$	7
Municipal		(51	)		55			(558	)		(25	)		343
Corporate		(244	)		504			(389	)		(143	)		1,109
ABS		(85	)		174			(82	)		(38	)		192
RMBS		—			—			—			(1	)		2
CMBS		(5	)		11			(19	)		(1	)		43
Redeemable preferred stock		—			—			—			—			1


Total fixed income securities		(385	)		744			(1,048	)		(209	)		1,697
Equity securities		—			1			(50	)		—			132
Free-standing derivatives, net		—			9			—			(6	)		(5	) ⁽³⁾
Other assets		—			—			—			—			—
Assets held for sale		385			—			(10	)		(5	)		362


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	—		$	754		$	(1,108	)	$	(220	)	$	2,186




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	265		$	(111	)	$	—		$	3		$	(307	)
Liabilities held for sale		(265	)		(6	)		—			5			(246	)


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—		$	(117	)	$	—		$	8		$	(553	)

(1): The effect to net income totals $129 million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $3 million in realized capital gains and losses, $18 million in net investment income, $40 million in interest credited to contractholder funds, $74 million in life and annuity contract benefits and $(6) million in loss on disposition of operations.
(2): Represents purchases for assets and issues for liabilities.
(3): Comprises $9 million of assets and $14 million of liabilities.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2012.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:

	Balance as of December 31, 2011			Net income ⁽¹⁾			OCI		Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	8	$	—
Municipal		1,332			(35	)		76		53		(28	)
Corporate		1,405			20			68		387		(92	)
ABS		297			26			61		43		(81	)
RMBS		51			—			—		—		(47	)
CMBS		60			(4	)		9		—		(5	)
Redeemable preferred stock		1			—			—		—		—


Total fixed income securities		3,146			7			214		491		(253	)
Equity securities		43			(7	)		9		—		—
Free-standing derivatives, net		(95	)		27			—		—		—
Other assets		1			—			—		—		—


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	3,095		$	27		$	223	$	491	$	(253	)




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(723	)	$	168		$	—	$	—	$	—


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(723	)	$	168		$	—	$	—	$	—

	Purchases		Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of December 31, 2012

Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	8
Municipal		46		(463	)		—			(16	)		965
Corporate		276		(310	)		—			(137	)		1,617
ABS		155		(217	)		—			(33	)		251
RMBS		—		—			—			(1	)		3
CMBS		34		(27	)		—			(15	)		52
Redeemable preferred stock		1		(1	)		—			—			1


Total fixed income securities		512		(1,018	)		—			(202	)		2,897
Equity securities		164		(38	)		—			—			171
Free-standing derivatives, net		27		—			—			14			(27	) ⁽²⁾
Other assets		—		—			—			—			1


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	703	$	(1,056	)	$	—		$	(188	)	$	3,042




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—	$	—		$	(79	)	$	81		$	(553	)


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—	$	—		$	(79	)	$	81		$	(553	)

(1): The effect to net income totals $195 million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $27 million in net investment income, $132 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $36 million in life and annuity contract benefits.
(2): Comprises $3 million of assets and $30 million of liabilities.

The following table presents the rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2011.

($ in millions)				Total gains (losses) included in:

	Balance as of December 31, 2010			Net income ⁽¹⁾			OCI			Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	2,016		$	(44	)	$	54		$	70	$	(82	)
Corporate		1,908			62			(44	)		239		(523	)
ABS		2,417			23			(65	)		—		(2,137	)
RMBS		1,794			(86	)		107			—		(1,256	)
CMBS		923			(43	)		113			86		(966	)
Redeemable preferred stock		1			—			—			—		—


Total fixed income securities		9,059			(88	)		165			395		(4,964	)
Equity securities		63			(10	)		—			—		(10	)
Free-standing derivatives, net		(21	)		(91	)		—			—		—
Other assets		1			—			—			—		—


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	9,102		$	(189	)	$	165		$	395	$	(4,974	)




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	(653	)	$	(134	)	$	—		$	—	$	—


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	(653	)	$	(134	)	$	—		$	—	$	—

	Purchases		Sales			Issues			Settlements			Balance as of December 31, 2011

Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	14	$	(689	)	$	—		$	(7	)	$	1,332
Corporate		387		(537	)		—			(87	)		1,405
ABS		504		(169	)		—			(276	)		297
RMBS		4		(378	)		—			(134	)		51
CMBS		17		(66	)		—			(4	)		60
Redeemable preferred stock		—		—			—			—			1


Total fixed income securities		926		(1,839	)		—			(508	)		3,146
Equity securities		1		(1	)		—			—			43
Free-standing derivatives, net		70		—			—			(53	)		(95	) ⁽²⁾
Other assets		—		—			—			—			1


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	997	$	(1,840	)	$	—		$	(561	)	$	3,095




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	—	$	—		$	(100	)	$	164		$	(723	)


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	—	$	—		$	(100	)	$	164		$	(723	)

(1): The effect to net income totals $(323) million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: $(221) million in realized capital gains and losses, $36 million in net investment income, $(106) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $(32) million in life and annuity contract benefits.
(2): Comprises $1 million of assets and $96 million of liabilities.

Transfers between level categorizations may occur due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs, which generally are caused by changes in market conditions such as liquidity, trading volume or bid-ask spreads. Transfers between level categorizations may also occur due to changes in the valuation source. For example, in situations where a fair value quote is not provided by the Company's independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price is stale or has been replaced with a broker quote whose inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, the security is transferred into Level 3. Transfers in and out of level categorizations are reported as having occurred at the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurred. Therefore, for all transfers into Level 3, all realized and changes in unrealized gains and losses in the quarter of transfer are reflected in the Level 3 rollforward table.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2013 or 2011. During 2012, certain U.S. government securities were transferred into Level 1 from Level 2 as a result of increased liquidity in the market and a sustained increase in the market activity for these assets.

During 2011, certain ABS, RMBS and CMBS were transferred into Level 2 from Level 3 as a result of increased liquidity in the market and a sustained increase in the market activity for these assets. Additionally, in 2011 certain ABS that were valued based on non-binding broker quotes were transferred into Level 2 from Level 3 since the inputs were corroborated to be market observable.

Transfers into Level 3 during 2013, 2012 and 2011 included situations where a fair value quote was not provided by the Company's independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price was stale or had been replaced with a broker quote where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3. Transfers out of Level 3 during 2013, 2012 and 2011 included situations where a broker quote was used in the prior period and a fair value quote became available from the Company's independent third-party valuation service provider in the current period. A quote utilizing the new pricing source was not available as of the prior period, and any gains or losses related to the change in valuation source for individual securities were not significant.

The following table provides the change in unrealized gains and losses included in net income for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31.



($ in millions)	2013			2012			2011
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	(19	)	$	(28	)	$	(28	)
Corporate		13			15			20
ABS		(1	)		—			(33	)
RMBS		(1	)		(1	)		—
CMBS		(2	)		(3	)		(11	)


Total fixed income securities		(10	)		(17	)		(52	)
Equity securities		—			(6	)		(10	)
Free-standing derivatives, net		10			6			(41	)
Other assets		(1	)		—			—
Assets held for sale		(2	)		—			—


Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	(3	)	$	(17	)	$	(103	)




Liabilities
Contractholder funds: Derivatives embedded in life and annuity contracts	$	89		$	168		$	(134	)
Liabilities held for sale		20			—			—


Total recurring Level 3 liabilities	$	109		$	168		$	(134	)

The amounts in the table above represent the change in unrealized gains and losses included in net income for the period of time that the asset or liability was determined to be in Level 3. These gains and losses total $106 million in 2013 and are reported as follows: $(9) million in realized capital gains and losses, $12 million in net investment income, $35 million in interest credited to contractholder funds, $74 million in life and annuity contract benefits and $(6) million in loss on disposition of operations. These gains and losses total $151 million in 2012 and are reported as follows: $(37) million in realized capital gains and losses, $21 million in net investment income, $131 million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $36 million in life and annuity contract benefits. These gains and losses total $(237) million in 2011 and are reported as follows: $(147) million in realized capital gains and losses, $44 million in net investment income, $(102) million in interest credited to contractholder funds and $(32) million in life and annuity contract benefits.

Presented below are the carrying values and fair value estimates of financial instruments not carried at fair value.

Financial assets

($ in millions)	December 31, 2013				December 31, 2012

	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Mortgage loans	$	4,721	$	4,871	$	6,570	$	6,886
Cost method limited partnerships		1,443		1,835		1,406		1,714
Bank loans		1,242		1,244		682		684
Agent loans		341		325		319		314
Assets held for sale		1,458		1,532		—		—

The fair value of mortgage loans, including those classified as assets held for sale, is based on discounted contractual cash flows or, if the loans are impaired due to credit reasons, the fair value of collateral less costs to sell. Risk adjusted discount rates are selected using current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar characteristics, using similar types of properties as collateral. The fair value of cost method limited partnerships is determined using reported net asset values of the underlying funds. The fair value of bank loans, which are reported in other investments or assets held for sale, is based on broker quotes from brokers familiar with the loans and current market conditions. The fair value of agent loans, which are reported in other investments, is based on discounted cash flow calculations that use discount rates with a spread over U.S. Treasury rates. Assumptions used in developing estimated cash flows and discount rates consider the loan's credit and liquidity risks. The fair value measurements for mortgage loans, cost method limited partnerships, bank loans, agent loans and assets held for sale are categorized as Level 3.

Financial liabilities

($ in millions)	December 31, 2013				December 31, 2012

	Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Contractholder funds on investment contracts	$	15,569	$	16,225	$	27,014	$	28,019
Long-term debt		6,201		6,509		6,057		7,141
Liability for collateral		624		624		808		808
Liabilities held for sale		7,417		7,298		—		—

The fair value of contractholder funds on investment contracts, including those classified as liabilities held for sale, is based on the terms of the underlying contracts utilizing prevailing market rates for similar contracts adjusted for the Company's own credit risk. Deferred annuities included in contractholder funds are valued using discounted cash flow models which incorporate market value margins, which are based on the cost of holding economic capital, and the Company's own credit risk. Immediate annuities without life contingencies and fixed rate funding agreements are valued at the present value of future benefits using market implied interest rates which include the Company's own credit risk. The fair value measurements for contractholder funds on investment contracts and liabilities held for sale are categorized as Level 3.

The fair value of long-term debt is based on market observable data (such as the fair value of the debt when traded as an asset) or, in certain cases, is determined using discounted cash flow calculations based on current interest rates for instruments with comparable terms and considers the Company's own credit risk. The liability for collateral is valued at carrying value due to its short-term nature. The fair value measurements for long-term debt and liability for collateral are categorized as Level 2.