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Company Restructuring
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Company Restructuring
Note 13
Company Restructuring
The Company undertakes various programs to reduce expenses. These programs generally involve a reduction in staffing levels, and in certain cases, office closures. Restructuring and related charges primarily include the following costs related to these programs:
•
Employee - severance and relocation benefits
•
Exit - contract termination penalties
The expenses related to these activities are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as restructuring and related charges, and totaled $41 million, $67 million and $96 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Restructuring expenses in 2019 primarily related to realignment of certain employees to centralized talent centers as well as claims reorganization initiatives.
Restructuring activity during the period
($ in millions)
 
Employee costs
 
Exit costs
 
Total liability
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018
 
$
29

 
$
15

 
$
44

Expense incurred
 
43

 
7

 
50

Adjustments to liability
 
(9
)
 
—

 
(9
)
Payments and non-cash pension settlements
 
(49
)
 
(14
)
 
(63
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2019
 
$
14

 
$
8

 
$
22


As of December 31, 2019, the cumulative amount incurred to date for active programs related to employee severance, relocation benefits and post-exit
rent expenses totaled $112 million for employee costs and $12 million for exit costs.