18. Equity Incentive Plans

The Company currently has equity incentive plans under which the Company grants nonqualified stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock awards to certain employees and directors of the Company. The total compensation expense related to equity awards was $81 million, $88 million and $93 million and the total income tax benefits were $28 million, $30 million and $32 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Total cash received from the exercise of options was $187 million, $314 million and $212 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Total tax benefit realized on options exercised and stock unrestricted was $82 million, $73 million and $65 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The Company records compensation expense related to awards under these plans over the shorter of the period in which the requisite service is rendered or retirement eligibility is attained. Compensation expense for performance share awards is based on the probable number of awards expected to vest using the performance level most likely to be achieved at the end of the performance period. As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation cost related to all nonvested awards was $71 million, of which $28 million related to nonqualified stock options which are expected to be recognized over the weighted average vesting period of 1.60 years, $35 million related to restricted stock units which are expected to be recognized over the weighted average vesting period of 1.84 years and $8 million related to performance stock awards which are expected to be recognized over the weighted average vesting period of 1.49 years.

Options are granted to employees with exercise prices equal to the closing share price of the Company’s common stock on the applicable grant date. Options granted to employees on or after February 18, 2014 vest ratably over a three-year period. Options granted prior to February 18, 2014 vest 50% on the second anniversary of the grant date and 25% on each of the third and fourth anniversaries of the grant date. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances. Options may be exercised once vested and will expire no later than ten years after the date of grant.

Restricted stock units granted on or after February 18, 2014 vest and convert in full on the third anniversary of the grant date, except for directors whose awards vest immediately and convert after leaving the board. Restricted stock units granted to employees prior to February 18, 2014 convert 50% on the second anniversary of the grant date and 25% on each of the third and fourth anniversaries of the grant date. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances.

Performance stock awards vest and convert into shares of stock on the third anniversary of the grant date. Vesting of the number of performance stock awards earned based on the attainment of performance goals for each of the performance periods is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances, and achievement of performance goals.

A total of 97.6 million shares of common stock were authorized to be used for awards under the plans, subject to adjustment in accordance with the plans’ terms. As of December 31, 2015, 25.8 million shares were reserved and remained available for future issuance under these plans. The Company uses its treasury shares for these issuances.

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using a binomial lattice model. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. In addition, separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the binominal lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The expected volatility of the price of the underlying shares is implied based on traded options and historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected dividends were based on the current dividend yield of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The assumptions used are shown in the following table.



	2015		2014		2013
Weighted average expected term	6.5 years		6.5 years		8.2 years
Expected volatility	16.0 - 37.8%		16.8 - 42.2%		19.1 - 48.1%
Weighted average volatility	24.7	%	28.3	%	31.0	%
Expected dividends	1.6 - 2.1%		1.7 - 2.2%		1.9 - 2.2%
Weighted average expected dividends	1.7	%	2.1	%	2.2	%
Risk-free rate	0.0 - 2.4%		0.0 - 3.0%		0.0 - 2.9%

A summary of option activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 is shown in the following table.



	Number (in 000s)		Weighted average exercise price		Aggregate intrinsic value (in 000s)		Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)
Outstanding as of January 1, 2015	17,989		$	42.05
Granted	2,264		70.26
Exercised	(4,375	)	42.71
Forfeited	(156	)	54.58
Expired	(6	)	54.31
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015	15,716		45.81		$	274,191	5.5
Outstanding, net of expected forfeitures	15,601		45.68		273,702		5.5
Outstanding, exercisable (“vested”)	10,097		40.62		217,292		4.1

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $15.45, $12.50 and $11.99 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The intrinsic value, which is the difference between the fair value and the exercise price, of options exercised was $117 million, $151 million and $92 million during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The changes in restricted stock units are shown in the following table for the year ended December 31, 2015.



	Number (in 000s)		Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested as of January 1, 2015	2,280		$	42.71
Granted	579		69.25
Vested	(891	)	37.36
Forfeited	(129	)	54.00
Nonvested as of December 31, 2015	1,839		52.86

The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the market value of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected. The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted was $69.25, $52.70 and $45.78 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested was $63 million, $60 million and $104 million during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The changes in performance stock awards are shown in the following table for the year ended December 31, 2015.



	Number (in 000s)		Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested as of January 1, 2015	1,304		$	39.70
Granted	229		70.37
Adjustment for performance achievement	199		36.96
Vested	(802	)	32.05
Nonvested as of December 31, 2015	930		53.27

The increase in PSA’s comprises those initially granted in 2015 and the adjustment to previously granted PSA’s for performance achievement. The fair value of performance stock awards is based on the market value of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected. The weighted average grant date fair value of performance stock awards granted was $70.37, $52.18 and $45.61 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The total fair value of performance stock awards vested was $56 million during 2015. None of the performance stock awards vested during 2014 or 2013.

The tax benefit realized in 2015, 2014 and 2013 related to tax deductions from stock option exercises and included in shareholders’ equity was $23 million, $23 million and $12 million, respectively. The tax benefit realized in 2015, 2014 and 2013 related to all stock-based compensation and recorded directly to shareholders’ equity was $46 million, $32 million and $30 million, respectively.